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Welcome to…

The 2nd part of the 5th session Social Science & Conservation

Training Series WebEx

July 24/25, 2012

Quantitative Data Analysis in Social Science I & II

Session I: June 25Session II: July 25

Supin Wongbusarakum Senior Social ScientistConservation Methods Central Science

Your hosts

Rebecca ShirerSocial Science Coda FellowConservation Scientist, Eastern New York Chapter

Questions

To ask a question, please send your question – via the WebEx chat window to Supin, OR– email to swongbusarakum@tnc.org

Outline of topics• Basic spreadsheet operations• Getting data into Excel• Quality control• Summarizing data

• Functions• Pivot tables• Charts and graphs

• Hypothesis testing• Chi Square• T-tests

How do you use your data?

Why Excel?

Pros

• Standard install for TNC• Variety of functions• Flexible for many types of

data• Integrated graphics• Compatibility

Cons

• Some functions not available or clunky

• Can’t handle relational databases

• Limited graphics• Not generally acceptable

for scientific publication

Using Excel for Statistics - Tips and Warnings:http://www.jic.ac.uk/services/statistics/readingadvice/booklets/topxfs.html

Spreadsheet basics

• Multiple spreadsheet tabs within one file• Tabular format: Rows (samples) and Columns (fields or variables), data in Cells

• Tables can contain numbers, text, or functions• Basic Word text editing and formatting• Can sort, rearrange, cut/copy/paste, drag

Navigation tips

• Arrows move through cells one at a time OR Tab between columns; Enter between rows

• CTRL+arrow jumps to end of row or column• SHIFT+arrow selects the current and adjacent row or column

• CTRL+SHIFT+arrow selects to the end of the row or column

• CTRL+’ copies the cell above• Dragging copies a cell across rows and columns

What types of data do you work with?

Quality control

• Random spot checks• Using filters

• Checking ranges and values• Finding data in large tables• Narrowing to a subset

• Data validation

How do you maintain data quality?

Functions

• Perform operations on the data• Mathematical, Logical, Text• Type an equal sign (=) or use ‘Insert Function’• Reference a cell by column letter and row number (e.g. A3) or specify a range (e.g. A3:B5)

• Use commas to separate terms• Enclose with parentheses

=SUMIF(A3:A10, “>0”)

Some useful summary functions• COUNT(values) or COUNTIF(values, criteria)• SUM(values) or SUMIF(values, criteria)• AVERAGE(values) or AVERAGEIF(values, criteria)• MEDIAN(values)• MODE.SNGL(values)• Percentage = 100*(value/SUM(values)) or

100*(COUNTIF(values, criteria)/COUNT(values))• MIN(values) and MAX(values) • VAR.S and VAR.P, STDEV.S and STDEV.P

95% Confidence Interval = 1.96*(STDEV.S(values)/SQRT(COUNT(values))

What calculations do you need?

Pivot Tables

• Another way to generate summary statistics• Interactive data exploration• Count values in multiple categories at once• Restructure data for other analyses• Cross-tabulate multiple variables• Create Pivot Charts

Do you use pivot tables?

Charts and Graphs• Pie chart

• Show proportion of the total across categories• Best for non-ordinal categories

• Bar chart• Compare non-proportional amounts across categories• Nominal, ordinal, or time slices• Compare differences in composition

• Line graph• Show trends over time in one or more continuous variable

• Scatterplot• Show relationship between two continuous variables

What other graphical tools do you use?

Statistical tests

• Hypothesis testing – know your question• T-tests

• Does a continuous variable differ between two groups• ANOVA

• Does a continuous variable differ among several groups• Chi-Square

• Does the distribution of categorical data differ between groups or from an expected distribution

• Regression• Do two continuous variables correlate?

Statistics in Excel

• Need to load Analysis ToolPak in Excel• A statistics package will give you more options, easier interface, and more reliable results

• BUT Excel can be sufficient for very simple informal analyses on very simple data if you take precautions• Make sure to structure the data correctly• Remove missing data codes, or remove incomplete

observations entirely

What questions do you need to answer?

Where to find more information• Excel 2010

• ELM (TNC): https://connect.tnc.org/about/learntnc/Lists/Master%20list/DispForm.aspx?ID=136

• Microsoft: http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/excel-help/CH010369467.aspx

• Statistics help online• http://onlinestatbook.com/• http://www.statsref.com/

• Statistics software• JMP – http://www.jmp.com/software/jmp10/

• Contact tispal@tnc.org for a license

• R - http://www.r-project.org/ • SPSS -

http://www-01.ibm.com/software/analytics/spss/products/statistics/

http://www.conservationgateway.org/subtopic/integrating-human-well-being-conservation