˘ˇˆ - 東京女子大学opac.library.twcu.ac.jp/opac/repository/1/5335/teikoohtsuka... · tence...
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Pronunciation of English 3Revised by A. Cruftenden, 2008, 45 Gimson6
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4. /i/� /I/�������������� �����
(1) /i/� /I/����������
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/i/����`������B��K� Gimson (2008: 106�107)5a�b
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The front of the tongue raised to a height slightly below and behind
the front close position; the lips are spread; the tongue is tense, with
the side rims making a firm contact with the upper molars. (106)
fg�B />/����`������h� X�QL���,�
The short RP vowel />/ is pronounced with a part of the tongue
nearer to centre than to front raised just above the close-mid
position; the lips are loosely spread; the tongue is lax (compared
with the tension for /i:/), with the side rims making a light contact
with the upper molars. (107)
ijk������l�m�n�o�pqS high. low.B "#� front
. back.�r���B As��h� X�tKYuv,�
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w� �xy��#0 Ladefoged (1993: 191)�z����uv/0#14
� 3 International Phonetic Alphabet (1989)�H
�218�
The quality of a sound such as a vowel depends upon its overtone
structure. Putting this another way, we can say that a vowel sound
contains a number of di#erent pitches simultaneously. There is the
pitch at which it is actually spoken and there are the various
overtone pitches that give it its distinctive quality. We distinguish
one vowel from another by the di#erences in overtones that are
audible.
����� pitch����� ����������������
�� pitch����� !��� �"���#� (overtone)�$%�
&'�('���) �*� ��#��(��&'� ������ [a] [e]
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fgP Ladefoged (2005: 41�43)�h�&,�ij*���)
As we saw when we first discussed formants, the first formant has a
low pitch for i (heed), a high pitch for (hod), and a low pitch again
for u (who’d). This is the opposite of what the tongue does (high in
heed, low in hod, and high again in who’d). So if we want to make a
chart that shows both the vowel formants and an approximation of
the tongue positions, we have to make the scale for the first formant
go downwards, with low values at the top and high values at the
�219�
bottom.�� We also saw that the second formant is high for i (heed)
and lower for u (who’d). Tongue is in the front of the mouth for i
(heed) and the back in u (who’d).�� So it is apparent that the
frequency of the second formant is related to something else as well
as tongue position. The answer is that a major part of the lowering
of the second formant is due to the increase in lip rounding.
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Ashby, M and Maidment, J. (2007) Introducing Phonetic Science. New York, Cam-
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bridge University Press.Catford, J. C. (1977) Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Edinburgh, Edinburgh
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language Learning The path of Speech Technologies in Computer AssistedLanguage Learning from Research toward Practice.
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