首段写作详解 首段写作详解 paragraph writing(2). the general struture of an argumentetive...

首段写作详解首段写作详解 首段写作详解首段写作详解

Paragraph writing(2)

The general struture of an argumentetive essey of pets5:

• 开头段(Background information + thesis statement)

• 主体段落 2 ～ 3 段（ Topic sentence + supporting sentences ）

…• 结尾段落Conclusion

How to write the introduction:

Introduction 的核心任务是 To say what you are going to say, 可以分成 3 个步骤来完成：

1. Introducing the topic ( 对题目进行改写重述 或设置事件发生背景 )

2. opinion ( 可以是别人的看法或者直接陈述我对本问题的看法 )

3. Layout of the main body ( 对文章的布局进行简短介绍 )

开头段一般可以分为三个部分

第一部分：背景句（ 1 － 2 ）

第二部分：主题句 1

第三部分：观点句或者写作目的陈述（也就是简单介绍下文内容） 1

如何写背景句： 首先确定题目讨论的是哪个方面的问

题，然后以这个问题为中心，写一句介绍性的话

( 注意的问题：不要把背景给的过于宽泛或者狭窄，要起到引出主题的作用。 )

使用转换（ Paraphrase ）

– 句式的转换 ( 被动转主动，普通转强调，普通转倒装，简单转复杂，定语从句转非谓语动词，状语从句转非谓语动词 )

– 词汇转换 ( 同义词换用，词性转换，反义词加否定， )

主动转被动 active--passiveAn increasing number of people nowadays begin to be aware of the importance/ seriousness of the problem of...

Currently, the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus.

Recently, the problem/ issue/ phenomenon of ____ has aroused wide concern.

• currently, the phenomenon of …has been brought into such focus that…=recently, the issue of …has aroused such wide concern that…

• (e.g. Recently, the issue of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.)

普通转强调•相互之间的合作很重要。• Mutual cooperation makes a

difference.• Mutual cooperation is of great

importance. • Mutual cooperation ranks in the first

place.• It is mutual cooperation that matters/ counts. • what引导的主从可表强调• What really matters is mutual cooperation.

• 人们很少想到这个问题的严重性。• People think very little of the seriousness of this

problem.• Seldom do people think of the seriousness of

this problem.• Little do people take into account the

seriousness of this problem.

普通转倒装

第一段常用套句•There is a growing/ an

increasing number of people nowadays, who_____

•认为 contend/ suppose/ assume/ maintain/ insist/argue/ assert/ claim

• 2007.6 Parents find it hard to control their children for the children are now influenced by many things outside home like television or movie.

第一段常用套句•There is a growing number of

parents nowadays who find it really difficult to supervise and manage their kids for the reason that the majority of teenagers are increasingly influenced by some factors other than family like movies and TV they watch.

第一段常用套句• Sth. as an inevitable product of

modern technology, has witnessed great economic and social changes in... in the past two decades.

• Now, it is commonly (generally/ widely/ universally) believed (acknowledged/ held/ accepted/ recognized) that it is capable of producing both beneficial and detrimental effects.

第一段常用套句• 2007.9.12 People should be allowed

to use mobile phones in public transportation.

• Mobile phone, as an inevitable product of modern technology, has witnessed great changes in people’s way of communication in the past two decades. Now, it is widely believed that it is capable of producing both beneficial and detrimental effects.

第一段常用套句• As one of the products of modern

society, sth. has become an indispensable part of most people’s lives.

第一段常用套句• One of the universal problems we are faced

with is… • = one of the urgent issues confronting us is…• When it comes to sth., most people

maintain(s)/ contend(s) that... • 2007.8.11The only effective way to encourage

energy conservation is by increasing prices of gasoline and electricity.

第一段常用套句•One of the universal problems we

are faced with is the energy shortage and how to preserve our limited resources and energy. When it comes to ways of encouraging energy conservation, some people maintain that the only effective way is by raising prices of fuels such as gasoline, petrol or electricity.

第一段常用套句• There is a vigorous argument nowadays

among people as to the issue whether---. Opinions vary from individual to individual. As far as I am concerned, ----plays an essential role in ---. In the following, I would like to explore the impacts of ----from several perspectives.

• 2008.1.9 What do you think of the way of giving the same grade to all the members who do the same project together.

第一段常用套句• There is a vigorous argument nowadays

among people as to the issue whether the evaluator ought to grant the same grade to all the team members in one group to finish the same project regardless of their contribution and ability. Opinions vary from individual to individual. As far as I am concerned, grading individuals according to their contribution to the project plays an essential role in encouraging their motivation and initiative. In the following, I would like to explore the impacts of fair assessment from several perspectives.

• Do you agree or disagree with the statement? 2009 年 3 月 27日北美

• Teachers should not show their political or social views known in the classroom.

第一段常用套句• Recently, we often find ourselves

caught/involved in a dilemma whether... • The topic seems to make two irreconcilable

claims. One is that A; the other is B. However, this assumption presents a false dilemma, since A and B are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives.

• Do you agree the statement that High school, colleges, universities should spend less time teaching subjects and more time preparing the students of specific careers and jobs.

第一段常用套句• As science and technology become

increasingly sophisticated, lots of fantastic inventions have come into being and infiltrated into people’s daily life, among which sth. is considered by many to be the most …

• Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

第一段常用套句• As science and technology become

increasingly sophisticated, lots of fantastic inventions have become an indispensable part in our daily life, among which TV is considered by many to be the most debatable one on the grounds that it is capable of producing both beneficial and detrimental effects.

• In the past decade, … is more and more prevalent. One indisputable fact is that … has changed considerably on account of its popularity throughout modern history, and this trend is expected to continue into the future. There is universal awareness of …. Nevertheless, when it comes to the problem of …, people’s notions vary individual to individual. Although plenty of people assert that it is more important for … to… than it is for them to …, I doubt whether the argument bears much analysis.

• Physical exercise is more important for older people than younger people.

• 2009 年 2 月 21日北美• Do you agree or disagree with

the following statement? Newspapers and magazines are the best way of learning about a foreign country.

导入句的个性化写法 • 个性化写法有很多种，比如追根溯源，

亲身经历，下定义，新闻故事，提问式，引用名人名言，格言谚语等

个性化的新闻故事写法• When Jamaican sprinter, Usain Bolt

blazed into the Olympic history books becoming the first man to break world records while winning both 100m and 200m races at a single game, the whole world was shocked by his lightening speed and explosive force. Is it always true that physical strength helps win the game in sports?

引用名言谚语式写法• 引用名人名言，格言谚语等，这些语句具有权威性或

为大家所公认，有很强的说服力。• Francis Bacon once said, “Some books are to

be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Perhaps this is the best advice on how to read.

引用名言谚语法的构成• 引用的谚语或名言 + 意义 + 主题• There is an old English saying which goes “No

pains, no gains.” It illustrates the importance of hard work in the process of success. In other words, diligence is a key factor to success.

• “All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.” is a popular saying in English. There is much truth in this old saying. It means that in order to keep us in good health, we must take sufficient recreation.

• Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

• All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

常用经典表达常用经典表达常用经典表达常用经典表达

引入话题：当谈到…• When it comes to… ， ...

• As far as…is/are concerned,...• As we consider sth ， ...• If we were to consider that…, ... • In the case of…,...

• In view/ light of ..., ...

正面提出自己观点：我认为…• I would point out that• It is quite clear to me that• In/to my opinion/judgment/knowledge• Personally,• In/from my point of view,• As far as I am concerned, • as far as I know• From my angle/perspective• Personally speaking, speaking for myself, as

for me

评价观点：我同意• I absolutely agree to/with it.• I can not agree more to/with the

opinion.• I would go along with this point of view.• There is element of truth in both views.

评价观点：我不同意• I disagree to/with it.• I am against that solution.• I doubt whether the argument can

bear closer analysis.

举例• Do you agree or disagree with the

following statement? • People should read only those books

that are about real events, real people, and established facts.

• Use specific reasons and details to support your opinion. 185--123

标准化写法：对立 opinions 陈述

• It is traditionally held that people should read only those books which tell authentic events, real people, and established facts. Opinions vary from individual to individual. I believe some books which include fiction information also have positive effects on our life. And there are plenty of reasons why a person should read a wide range of books instead.