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1
Standardization systems of telecommunications in Japan
2004 ITS
Yoko Nishioka
InfoCom Research, Inc. /
Keio University
This study is funded by Telecom industry promotion Fund in Japan.
2
Roadmap of this presentation
1. Introduction– Outline of this study (purpose, views)– Trends of standardization activities in Japan
2. Theoretical review– Two approaches to “institution”– Model of institutional change
3. Analysis– Historical analysis of int’l standardization institution– Comparison of three regional standardization organizations a
mong Japan, US and EU
4. Conclusion and implication for Japanese system
3
Purpose of this study
To analyze the Japanese system of standardization of telecommunications in the context of “institutional change ” in international standardization of telecommunication
1. Introduction
4
Views of this study
This study analyze the Japanese standardization system of telecommunications comparing cases of the US and EU along with change of environment around international standardization.
The definition of institution in this study is based on “neo institutional economics” approach.
1. Introduction
5
Structure of this study
1st part– To analyze meaning of creation of regional standard
ization organizations in the context of historical change of institution of international telecommunications
2nd part– To analyze major regional standardization organizati
ons in Japan, US, and EU, and evaluate how they respond new environment of international standardization.
1. Introduction
6
More attention standardization issues in Japan these days
Cooperation with other Asian countries ASTAP(Asia Standard Program)1998
“Report of R & D and standardization toward building -up competitiveness in the information- technology area” 2004.3
Nippon Keidanren published an position paper “strategic international standardization”2004.1
1. Introduction
7
Japan can contribute more to international standardization
The Japanese main contributions to international standards– FAX– MPEG
1. Introduction
8
Roadmap of this presentation
1. Introduction– Outline of this study (purpose, views)– Trends of standardization activities in Japan
2. Theoretical review– Two approaches to “institution”– Model of institutional change
3. Analysis– Historical analysis of int’l standardization institution– Comparison of three regional standardization organizations a
mong Japan, US and EU
4. Conclusion and implication for Japanese system
9
Why not so far?
Communication skill? Cultural difference? Some structural reasons?
This study analyze them from the view of institutional change of international standardization of telecommunications technology
This study analyze them from the view of institutional change of international standardization of telecommunications technology
1. Introduction
10
Two different approaches to “institution” in neo institutional economics
Institutional evolutionary approach
“ Institution qua equilibrium of the gam
e ”(Aoki 2001;26):
<Players influence institutions>
Institutional evolutionary approach
“ Institution qua equilibrium of the gam
e ”(Aoki 2001;26):
<Players influence institutions>
player
player
player
player
institutions
player
player
player
player
institutions
Institutional design approach “Institutions are the rules of the
game” (North 1990;3-4,23)
<Institutions influence players>
Institutional design approach “Institutions are the rules of the
game” (North 1990;3-4,23)
<Institutions influence players>
Both explain institutions by relations between players and institutions, but the emphasis is different.
2. Theoretical review
11
Stability
Institutional evolutionary approach explains well institutional changes
Evolutionary approach explains institutional changes through change of balance of players.
Rather,design approach is useful to analyze incentive structures given by institutions.
ChangeFormation
Process of institutional change
2. Theoretical review
12
Model of institutional change
Institution Institution
Path dependency ( history matters)
Gaps between shared beliefs and reality among
players
Needs of co-evolution of related
institution
Factors to stabilize
institution
Factors to foster institutional change
Environmental change
This is the model of institutional change based evolutionary approach
2. Theoretical review
13
What is “s tandardization” ?
In terms of activities...– Institution of decision-making activities to choose
what most members can agree
In terms of economics..– Activities to promote economic efficiency on
innovation
In terms of players..– Strategic activities for certain members (countries/
firms) to promote their own ideas in the given markets
2. Theoretical review
14
Roadmap of this presentation
1. Introduction– Outline of this study (purpose, views)– Trends of standardization activities in Japan
2. Theoretical review– Two approaches to “institution”– Model of institutional change
3. Analysis– Historical analysis of int’l standardization institution– Comparison of three regional standardization organizations a
mong Japan, US and EU
4. Conclusion and implication for Japanese system
15
Evolution of institution of international standardization of telecommunications ?
Birth of ITU1865: Foundation of the International Telegraph Union
1906:First time of International Radiotelegraph Convention Growth of ITU
1932: Union changes names to International Telecommunication Union along with combining the two organizations
Stabilization of ITU1947:ITU becomes a Specialized Agency of the United Nations
Toward diversification of institution Regional standard organizations created1984:T1in US committee was created with AT&T divestiture
1985:TTC in Japan was created with privatization of NTT
1988:ETSI in EU was created along with EU convergence
1992:Creation of 3 Sectors, ITU-T, ITU-R, ITU-D
1995:ARIB in Japan was created for radio related needs in convergence of telecommunication & broadcasting
Toward cooperation between diversified institutionsITU/ICANN cooperation
The institution of int’l standardization seems to have experienced the life cycle?
3. Analysis
16
More players, more diversified after mid of 1980s
International Telegraph
Union (1865)
International Telegraph
Union (1865)
International Radiotelegraph
Convention(1906)
International Radiotelegraph
Convention(1906)
International Telecommunication Union
(1932)
International Telecommunication Union
(1932)
Became a specialized Agency
of the UN(1947)
Became a specialized Agency
of the UN(1947)
TTC(1985)
T1(1984)
ETSI (1988)
forum
forumforum
ARIB (1995)
20 Europeanmember states (1965)
Needs to pay attention to development issues
More players in the markets De-regulations Attention by users/markets More competition in global marketsShortened innovation cycle
Swifter decision reflecting many and wide range of players with the limited resource
Big increase of member states of developing countries
Gaps between shared beliefs and reality among players (Factors to foster institutional change)
Environmental Change
Birth of ITU Growth of ITU Stabilization of ITU Toward diversification
Reform(1992)
Reform(1992)
As a part of UN, less flexibility to transform itself Needs of co-evolution of related institution (Factors to stabilize institution)
Diversification was resulted by both factors to foster institutional change and to stabilize institution
Toward cooperation
IETF
3. Analysis
New membership of sector member
17
Players involved in standardization (before 1947)
ITU
Member state
NationalOperator
Manufacturers
Member state
NationalOperator
Manufacturers
Member state
NationalOperator
ManufacturersManufacturers Manufacturers Manufacturers
3. Analysis
Before 1947, ITU was like a “salon” of similar players, who were basically developed countries.
Developed countries More interested in standardization and global competitions
18
Players involved in standardization (1947 -1992)
ITU became to have to pay attentions to two different interests which could be contradicted.
ITU
Member state
NationalOperator
Manufacturers
Member state
NationalOperator
ManufacturersManufacturers Manufacturers
3. Analysis
Member state
NationalOperator
Manufacturers
Member state
NationalOperator
ManufacturersManufacturers Manufacturers
Developed countries More interested in standardization and global competitions
Developing countries More interested in development issues
19
Players involved in standardization (after 1992)
Regional organizations should work and be expected as an inter-mediators of players and ITU.
ITU
Member state
Sector member(Operator)
Member state
Sector member(Operator)
Sector member (Manufacturers)
Member state
Sector member(Operator)
Sector member (Manufacturers)
Sector member(Manufacturers)
Sector member (Manufacturers)
Sector member (Manufacturers)
3. Analysis
Sector member(Operator)
Sector member(Operator)Sector member
(Operator)
Developed countries
Developing countries
Multi-national corporationsRegional organization
Regional (national)organization
20
Telecom companies, broadcasters, manufacturers, universities
TTC ARIB JCTA
Recommendations
ITU-T ITU-R
ITU
Recommendations
Recommendations
Cable LaboHATSTechnical regulations
Non-governmentalMPHPT
ITU-TSG
ITU-RSG
Othercommittees
ICT sub- council
Source: MPHPT materials
Japanese system
Down-stream
Up-stream
ICT council mainly prepares contributions, mainly works on downstream.
3. Analysis
21
Major standardization organizations in Japan
MPHPT(Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications)
TTC(The Telecommunication Technology Committee) – Created along with deregulation of telecom market in 1985
ARIB(Association of Radio Industries and Business) – Center for Promotion of Efficient Use of the Radio Spectrum,1995
JCTEA(Japan Cable Television Engineering Association) 1975
HATS(Harmonization of Advanced Telecommunications Systems) 1988
3. Analysis
22
EU system
ETSI can grasp many member states and each member country prepares contributions based on ETSI decision
ITU-T ITU-R
ITU
ETSI EC
National standardization
organization
National government
Telecom companies, broadcasters, manufacturers, universities
Down-streamUp-stream
Source: MPHPT materials
3. Analysis
23
US system
US has many sector members and ITAC, a part of state department, takes a strong leadership of US strategy
ITU-T ITU-R
ITU
ITAC(Int’l telecommunications advisory committee:state department)
Government agenciesFCC,NTIA
T1(network interface etc.)
TIA(Telecommunications industry association)
(terminal equipments, mobile,etc.)
Many telecom companies, broadcasters, manufacturers, universities
Down-streamUp-stream
IEEE(LAN etc.)
ANSI
forumforum
Contribution
Contribution
Source: MPHPT materials
3. Analysis
24
Comparison of three regional organizations
Compared to US and EU, government takes more leadership to contributions to ITU in Japan
Name T1 (Committee T1 --
Telecommunications)
TTC (The Telecommunication
Technology Committee)
ETSI (European Telecommunications
standards Institute) Country/region U.S. Japan EU
Year of establishment
1994 1995 1992
Reasons to establishment
Divestiture of AT&T Privatization of NTT Unification of EU
Membership US organizations Japanese organizations Open to other country, but official members are limited to inside of EU
Number of Members
97(2002.3) 135(2004.7) 580 (inside EU) 768 (including outside EU) 2002.11
Contribution to ITU
Through ITAC prepares contributions to ITU
ICT council mainly prepares
Each member country prepares contributions based on ETSI decision
3. Analysis
25
Roadmap of this presentation
1. Introduction– Outline of this study (purpose, views)– Trends of standardization activities in Japan
2. Theoretical review– Two approaches to “institution”– Model of institutional change
3. Analysis– Historical analysis of int’l standardization institution– Comparison of three regional standardization organizations a
mong Japan, US and EU
4. Conclusion and implication for Japanese system
26
Summary and Conclusion
The institution of Int’l standardization has developed with ITU. ITU has been stabilized since it became an specialized agency of
the UN. The number of members expanded at once by joining developing
countries, therefore, they have to pay more attention to developing issues.
Big environmental changes after deregulation of telecom industry in the mid of 1980s created the gap that ITU can not easily respond.
In order to supply the the gap / support the existing system (ITU), regional / national standardization organizations formed. US:T1 committee, Japan:TTC,EU:ETSI
4. Conclusion
27
Summary and conclusion 2
Comparing the three organizations, in terms of attracting state member ETSI is doing well. T1 and TTC are not successful to attract other state members In terms of upstream activities, TTC is just participating and not taking a central role.ETSI is facilitating state members upstream activities. T1 takes a leadership in that.
Potential of system improvement in Japan can be follows:– Reform the system in order to invite more active participation of private
sector– Merge the organization that currently divided to many specialized
areas– More cooperation with Asian countries
4. Conclusion
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