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GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ALTERNATIVE AVIATION FUEL INDUSTRY
Airservices International Sustainable Aviation Forum
24 February 2015
Dr. Susan M Pond AM
Global Commercial Aviation Industry
Visualization of global flights http://callumprentice.github.io/
~ 100,000 flights per day; CAGR 3-5%
Jet Fuel MSDS
• Energy dense mixture of hydrocarbons (43-48 MJ/kg) • Saturated straight & branched chains + aromatics • Meets ASTM Intl. D1655 specifications • 10% global oil consumption • 1.5 B barrels pa burn by commercial aviation • 2% anthropogenic CO2e; ~ 700 Mt • Significant air quality impacts of major airports
Synonyms Aviation Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Turbine Fuel, Kerosene, Jet A-1 Fuel, Jet A Fuel
Molecular Formula Unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products and biological materials (UVCB)
Components Cas No Weight % Kerosene ( C9-16) 8808-20-6 100 Naphthalene 91-20-3 0-3
IATA Targets to Mitigate Emissions
• Average increase in fuel efficiency, 1.5 % pa • Cap on net aviation CO2e from 2020 (C neutral growth) • Reduction in net aviation CO2e by 2050, relative to 2005 • Solutions based on 4 pillars
– Improved technologies, including Jet A containing synthesized hydrocarbons (ASTM D7566)
– More efficient aircraft operations – Improved infrastructure & systems, e.g. air traffic control – Market-based measures to fill any CO2e gap
www.iata.org/policy/environment/Pages/climate-change.aspx
Critical Success Factors for ASTM D7566 Certified Jet Fuel Industry
• Compatible with aircraft, engines, infrastructure (drop-in) • Fuel meets D7566 specifications – conventional + synthetic
blended components • Sustainable – globally harmonized criteria preferable • Economic viability - eventual minimal or no cost differential • Policy stability & alignment across all transport modes • Innovation ecosystem support for scale-up/deployment • Cooperation & communication across entire spectrum of
customers, corporations and government • Public private partnerships – e.g. CAAFI, aireg, ITAKA • Global and country targets
FT September
2009
Conventional Fuel
HEFA July 2011
DSHC June 2014
Bio-Crude
Syn-Crude
Hydroprocessing
Conventional Refinery Processes
Jet Fuel Blending
Component
Crude Oil
FT 50%
HEFA 50%
SIP 10%
Slide courtesy of Mark Rumizen, US Federal Aviation Administration
ASTM D7566 Approved Jet Fuels
….. We draw added customers fo Co-Products Create Economic Viability Product mix set by feedstock & process chemistry
• High value chemicals • Lubricants; de-icing fluid • Diesel for trucks/buses etc.
• More than 1600 flights/20 airlines thus far • Some regular city pair flights; Lufthansa 1,200 flights
Hamburg & Frankfurt • Mostly HEFA from used cooking oil, oil seeds, algae
ASTM D7566 Fuel Passenger Flights
Lufthansa – Frankfurt to Berlin with 10% DSHC (Amyris Total)
Sep 2014
Used cooking oil, 13 April 2012 Qantas Shell Aviation Biofuel Feasibility Study, June 2013
Biodiesel Ground Transport, May 2012 Actively progressing opportunities for Australia
Country Targets Driving Innovation
• Brazil – IATA Targets • EU Flight Path 2050 Objectives - 70% reduction
CO2e/passenger km • Germany – 10% alternative jet fuel by 2025 • Israel – replace share of oil in transportation
sector by 60% by 2025 • UK – Sustainable Fuels UK Roadmap – AJF
produced in UK reduce CO2e up to 24% by 2050 • US FAA & CAAFI - 5% alternative jet fuel (1B
gallons) per annum by 2018
Global Green Diesel & HEFA Production
AltAir
30 M Gallons CA (Est. 2015)
Diamond Green Diesel
137 M Gallons LA
Sinopec 6 M Gallons
China
Neste Oil 240 M Gallons
Singapore
REG 75 M Gallons
LA
Eni 100 M Gallons
Italy
Neste Oil 114 M Gallons
Finland
Neste Oil 240 M Gallons Netherlands
Petrixo 310 M Gallons
Fujairah, U.A.E. (Est. TBD)
SG Preston 120 M Gallons
OH (Est. 2017)
UPM 38 M Gallons
Finland
Slide courtesy of Michael Lakeman, Boeing
Jet blends from green diesel could supply 1% of global jet demand
© Copyright 2007- NextEnergy Ltd.
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• Collaboration announced 2010 • Binding commitments, 2012 • Feedstock, ~ 565,000 MT London
rubbish – co-benefit for city • 39 M gallons (0.15 GL) FT jet &
diesel + naphtha • Thames estuary site, Pre-FEED
complete • Project construction start 2016
Pending ASTM D7566 Approvals Acronym Synthetic Process ASTM D7566
Approved ATJ Alcohol to jet (Sep 2015) CH Catalytic Hydrothermolysis (2016) DSHC Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbons (C10) ✓ FT Fischer-Tropsch ✓ FT-SKA FT Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics FT-SPK FT Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene HDCJ Hydroprocessed Depolymerized Cellulosic Jet (2016) HEFA Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids ✓ SAK Synthetic Aromatic Kerosene SK Synthetic Kerosene SKA Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene with Aromatics SPK Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene
New, Different & Hot in Deployment of Aviation Biofuels in 2014
• Boeing & SAA, Project Solaris, energy rich tobacco plants
• SAS, Lufthansa, KLM & Statoil agreement for regular supply at Oslo Airport
• First flights for SAS and Norwegian Air with aviation biofuel from used cooking oil
• Southwest Airlines, Red Rock Biofuels agreement on aviation biofuel - forest residues
• UOP and Petrixo Oil & Gas to produce green jet fuel and diesel in UAE
• US Navy’s Air Systems Command – F/A-18 supersonic flight on alcohol-to-jet
• RAN announced plans to run 50 vessels on 50/50 biofuels by 2020 & participate in 2016 GGF
Jim Lane, Editor Biofuels Digest www.biofuelsdigest.com/bdigest/2015/02/19
• From April 2015, Military diesel (F-76) and jet fuel (JP-5) may contain synthesized hydrocarbons • Synthetic hydrocarbons in bulk fuels now part of
supply contracts • By 2020, 50% energy will come from alternative
sources • Great Green Fleet in 2016
Low Carbon Transport on the Move
Save the Date
Sydney 14 May 2015
http://ussc.edu.au/research/alternative-transport-fuels-initiative
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