+2 ntjpapay; kf;fpa xu kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpilfntjpapay; …...2014/09/02 · p.rajasekar (p.g.asst,...
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P.RAJASEKAR (P.G.ASST, CHEMISTRY) GHSS, ANAKKAVOOR , T.V.MALAI DT- (9578134505)
+2 Ntjpapay; Kf;fpa xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpilfNtjpapay; Kf;fpa xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpilfNtjpapay; Kf;fpa xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpilfNtjpapay; Kf;fpa xU kjpg;ngz; tpdhtpilfs;s;s;s;
1 En=- 313.6 Ei=-34.84 vdpy; n kjpg;G
n2
3
2 vyf;l;uhd; <hpay;Gj;jd;ikia tpsf;fpath; BBBB----gpuhf;Nsgpuhf;Nsgpuhf;Nsgpuhf;Ns
3 B-gpuhf;Ns rkd;ghL
λ= h
mv
4 ve;jj;Jfs; xNu ,af;f Mw;wiyAk;>mjpfgl;r B-gpuhf;Ns miy ePsj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;Sj β----Jfs;Jfs;Jfs;Jfs;
5 Xh; mZtpy; cs;s vyf;l;uhdpd; Mw;wy; En. = -2π2me
4
n2h
2
6 Mf;rp[d; %yf;$wpd; gpizg;Gj;juk; 2222 7 SF6 %yf;$wpd; ,df;fyg;G Sp
3d
2 8 .%yf;$wpDs; epfOk; i`l;u[d; gpizg;gpd;rhd;W O-iel;NuhgPdhy;iel;NuhgPdhy;iel;NuhgPdhy;iel;NuhgPdhy; 9 .%yf;$wpdpilNa epfOk; H-gpizg;gpd; rhd;W HF,H2O, vj;jdhy;vj;jdhy;vj;jdhy;vj;jdhy; 10 xU Jfspd; b-gpuhf;Ns miyePsk; 1A˚ vdpy; ce;jk; 6.66.66.66.6x10
-24kgms
-1 11 IF7 %yf;$wpd; ,df;fyg;G Sp
3d
3 12 ePhpd; jputepiyf;F fhuzk; H-gpizg;Ggpizg;Ggpizg;Ggpizg;G
13 iel;u[d; %yf;$wpd; gpizg;Gj;juk; 3333 14 gpizg;Gj;juk; Nb-N2
2222 15 njhFjpapy; NkypUe;J fPohfr;nry;Yk;NghJ madp Muk; mjpfupf;fpwJ.mjpfupf;fpwJ.mjpfupf;fpwJ.mjpfupf;fpwJ. 16 epfu mZf;fU kpd;Rik z
*=z-s
17 ____ mjpf madpahf;Fk; Mw;wiyg;ngw;Ws;sJ caupa thAf;fs;caupa thAf;fs;caupa thAf;fs;caupa thAf;fs;
18 .____ mjpf vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; cilaJ FNshupd;.FNshupd;.FNshupd;.FNshupd;.
19 mZtpd; vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; cUtdTld; vjpu;tpfpj njhlh;GilaJ.vjpu;tpfpj njhlh;GilaJ.vjpu;tpfpj njhlh;GilaJ.vjpu;tpfpj njhlh;GilaJ.
20 vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lk; myF fp.[Py; Nkhy;fp.[Py; Nkhy;fp.[Py; Nkhy;fp.[Py; Nkhy;-1
21 cl2 %yf;$wpd; gpizg;GePsk 1.98 A˚ 22 madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; tupir s>p>d>f
23 xA>>xB vdpy; A-B gpizg;G mamamamaddddpg;gpizg;Gpg;gpizg;Gpg;gpizg;Gpg;gpizg;G
24 G+[;[pa vyf;l;uhd; ehl;l kjpg;Gila njhFjp ke;jthAf;fs;.ke;jthAf;fs;.ke;jthAf;fs;.ke;jthAf;fs;.
25 c-c %yf;$wpd; gpizg;G ePsk; 1.541.541.541.54A˚
26 cs;spg;G+z;bd; kzKila Nrh;kk; p2o3
27 pcl5 tbtk; Kf;Nfhzk; ,UgpukpL tbtk;Kf;Nfhzk; ,UgpukpL tbtk;Kf;Nfhzk; ,UgpukpL tbtk;Kf;Nfhzk; ,UgpukpL tbtk;
28 .Gifj;jpiuapy; gad;gLk; Nrh;kk; gh];gPd;(gh];gPd;(gh];gPd;(gh];gPd;(PH3)
29 -1 Mf;rprNdw;w epiyia ngw;Ws;s jdpkk; F
30 fz;zhbapy; tiuglk; tiua cjTtJ HF
31 N`y[d; mkpyj;jpy; typik Fiwe;jJ HF
32 kpfTk; Nyrhd>vupahj jdpkk; He
33 ,uj;jk; ciwjiy Cf;Ftpg;gJ nghl;lh~; gbfhuk;nghl;lh~; gbfhuk;nghl;lh~; gbfhuk;nghl;lh~; gbfhuk;
34 cs;spg;G+z;bd; RitAila Nrh;kk; H3PO3
35 Nghuhd; njhFjpapy; er;Rj;jd;ikAilJ jhjhjhjhypak;ypak;ypak;ypak;
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P.RAJASEKAR (P.G.ASST, CHEMISTRY) GHSS, ANAKKAVOOR , T.V.MALAI DT- (9578134505)
36 Mfha tpkhd lau;fspy; gad;gLk; thA P̀ypak;P̀ypak;P̀ypak;P̀ypak;
37 Mfha tpkhd tpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLk; thA epahd;epahd;epahd;epahd;
38 d-njhFjp jdpkq;fspd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G (n-1)dHO,ns1-2
39 FNuhkpak; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d54s1
40 fhg;gu; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G 3d104s1
41 Ghuhfhe;jg; gz;gpw;F fhuzk; jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;jdpj;j vyf;l;uhd;fs;
42 Gifg;glj;njhopypy; gad;gLk; rpy;tu;cg;G AgBr
43 fhg;giu cUf;fpg;gpupj;njLj;jypd; NghJ cUthFk; frL tha;ghL
Fesio3
44 kpff;Fiwe;j mZ vz; nfhz;l ,ilepiyj;jdpkk; sc(];fuz;bak;];fuz;bak;];fuz;bak;];fuz;bak;)
45 .mjpfgl;r Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy nfhz;l ,ilepiyj;jdpkk OS( M];kpak;)M];kpak;)M];kpak;)M];kpak;)
46 Nfrpa]; Cjhtpd; epwk; fUCjhepwk;fUCjhepwk;fUCjhepwk;fUCjhepwk;
47 .,Uk;ig fhy;tid~; nra;ag;gad;gLk; cNyhfk; Zn(rpq;f;)rpq;f;)rpq;f;)rpq;f;)
48 Nghh;Nlh fyit vd;gJ cuso4+ca(OH)2
49 rpy;tu; ckpo;jiy jLf;f gad;gLtJ fupg;glyk;fupg;glyk;fupg;glyk;fupg;glyk;
50 yhe;jidL nghJthd Mf;rp[Ndw;wepiy +3
51 yhe;jidL___ y; ,Ue;J gpupj;njLf;fgg;gLfpwJ khNdhirl;khNdhirl;khNdhirl;khNdhirl;
52 .(n-2)f Mu;gpl;lhypy; $Ljy; vyf;l;uhd; EioAk; jdpkq;fs; ‘f’njhFjp jdpkq;fs;.njhFjp jdpkq;fs;.njhFjp jdpkq;fs;.njhFjp jdpkq;fs;.
53 yhe;jidL FWf;fk; cUthf fhuzk; 4444f vyf;l;uhd; rPuw;w kiwg;gpdhy;vyf;l;uhd; rPuw;w kiwg;gpdhy;vyf;l;uhd; rPuw;w kiwg;gpdhy;vyf;l;uhd; rPuw;w kiwg;gpdhy;
54 thAtpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLtJ rPupahrPupahrPupahrPupah(ceo2)
55 .yhe;jidL cNyhff;fyit___ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ kP~; cNyhfk;kP~; cNyhfk;kP~; cNyhfk;kP~; cNyhfk;
56 .___Mf;NrhNeuadpfis cUthf;FfpwJ Mf;bidLfs;.Mf;bidLfs;.Mf;bidLfs;.Mf;bidLfs;.
57 yhe;jidLfspd; kpf mjpfkhd Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +4
58 Mf;bidLfs; mjpfgl;r Mf;rprNdw;w epiy +6
59 Mf;bidLfs; nghJthd Mf;rp[Ndw;w epiy +4
60 .___yhe;jidLfspy; fjphpapf;f jd;ikAilaJ GNuhkPj;jpak;GNuhkPj;jpak;GNuhkPj;jpak;GNuhkPj;jpak;
61 njhiyÀu tpz;ntsp Ma;Tf;fyj;jpy; gad;gLtJ PU-238
62 mZ ciyfspy; vupnghUshf gad;gLtJ U235
63 nfhLf;fpizg;G Nru;kk; <dpr;rhd;W en(<d;)(<d;)(<d;)(<d;)
64 .[Fe(CN)6]4 – miztpd; mikg;G vz;Kfpvz;Kfpvz;Kfpvz;Kfp
65 .[Nicl4]2- miztpd; Mf;rprNdw;w vz; +2
66 .[Ni(CN)4]2- miztpd; mikg;G rJujsk;rJujsk;rJujsk;rJujsk;
67 .gpizg;G <uZ nfhz;l <dp NO-2
68 .[Fe11
(CN)6]4- miztpy; ika cNyhf madp Fe2+
69 .[Ni(CN)4]2-
madpapy; Ni(11)-tpd; mizT vz; 4444
70 CLUTk; Mw;wy; mjpfk; nfhz;l fjpu;tPr;R vJ fhkhfhkhfhkhfhkh-fjpu;fjpu;fjpu;fjpu;
71 13A27
cl;fUit jhf;fp 15P30 cl;fU kw;Wk; epa+l;uhidj;jUk;
jhf;Fk; Jfs;fspd; ngau; My;gh My;gh My;gh My;gh -Jfs;Jfs;Jfs;Jfs;
72 5B8→4Be
8 vd;w tpidapd; ntsptplg;gLk; Jfs; gurpl;uhd; Jfs;gurpl;uhd; Jfs;gurpl;uhd; Jfs;gurpl;uhd; Jfs;
73 fjpu;tPr;Rf;fhd fhuzk; epiyg;Gj;jd;ikaw;w cl;fUepiyg;Gj;jd;ikaw;w cl;fUepiyg;Gj;jd;ikaw;w cl;fUepiyg;Gj;jd;ikaw;w cl;fU
74 β-Jfs; ,og;G___ vd;gjw;F rkk; bNuhl;lud; mjpfupg;G(k)epa+l;uhd; ,og;GbNuhl;lud; mjpfupg;G(k)epa+l;uhd; ,og;GbNuhl;lud; mjpfupg;G(k)epa+l;uhd; ,og;GbNuhl;lud; mjpfupg;G(k)epa+l;uhd; ,og;G
75 cl;fUtpidapy; ,UGwKk; rkd; nra;ag;gLgit mZ vz; kw;Wk; mZ vz; kw;Wk; mZ vz; kw;Wk; mZ vz; kw;Wk; epiw vz;epiw vz;epiw vz;epiw vz;
76 gpuhf; rkd;ghL nλ=2dsinθ
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P.RAJASEKAR (P.G.ASST, CHEMISTRY) GHSS, ANAKKAVOOR , T.V.MALAI DT- (9578134505)
77 cscl gbf mikg;G bcc.
78 .g;nuq;fy; Fiwghl;bw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L Agcl (m)(m)(m)(m)(AgBr)
79 gpuhf; rkd;ghl;by; “n” vd;gJ vjpnuhspg;gpd;gbvjpnuhspg;gpd;gbvjpnuhspg;gpd;gbvjpnuhspg;gpd;gb
80 nghUs; ika fdr;rJu mikg;gpd; mizT vz; 8888
81 vspa fdr;rJu mikg;gpd; mikg;gpd; %iyapy; cs;s mZthdJ gq;fPlg;gl;Ls;s myF $Lfspd; vz;zpf;if
8888
82
mjpFspuitf;fg;gl;l epiyapy; rpyNrh;kq;fs; jilNaJkpd;wpkpd;rhuk; flj;JtJ-------vdg;gLk;
mjpkpd; mjpkpd; mjpkpd; mjpkpd; flj;jp.flj;jp.flj;jp.flj;jp.
83 . bcc gbfj;jpy; Xh; myF $l;by; cs;s nkhj;j mZf;fs; vz;zpf;if
2222
84 .&l;ily; vd;gJ Tio2
85 Fiw cNyhff; Fiwghl;bd; rhd;W Fes,Feo.
86 mzpf;Nfhit Gs;spapy; mZ ,lk;ngau;e;J ,ilntspapy; miktJ
g;nuq;fy; FiwghL.g;nuq;fy; FiwghL.g;nuq;fy; FiwghL.g;nuq;fy; FiwghL.
87 khwhj ntg;gepiy kw;Wk; mOj;jj;jpy; Rw;WGwj;Jld; gupkhw;wk; nra;Ak; ntg;gj;jpd; msT ____ vdg;gLk;.
∆ H.
88 midj;J ,aw;if nray;Kiwfspd; NghJ vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ (m)fl;byh vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ (m)fl;byh vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ (m)fl;byh vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ (m)fl;byh Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ.Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ.Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ.Mw;wy; FiwfpwJ.
89 Xu; ePu;kk; nfhjpf;Fk; NghJ mjd; vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ.vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ.vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ.vd;l;Nuhgp caUfpwJ.
90 Xu; tpidapy; ∆G vjpu;Fwp kjpg;ig ngw;wpUg;gpd; tpid jd;dpr;irahdJ.jd;dpr;irahdJ.jd;dpr;irahdJ.jd;dpr;irahdJ.
91 .___ vd;l;Nuhgpia mjpfupf;fhJ fiurypy; cs;s Rf;Nuhirgbfkhf;Fjy;.fiurypy; cs;s Rf;Nuhirgbfkhf;Fjy;.fiurypy; cs;s Rf;Nuhirgbfkhf;Fjy;.fiurypy; cs;s Rf;Nuhirgbfkhf;Fjy;.
92 ve;jr;nray;Kiw vg;NghJk; rhj;jpakhfhJ ∆H>O,∆S<O.
93 fpg;]; fl;by;yh Mw;wy; khw;wk; ∆G=∆H-T∆S
94 2cl(S)→cl2(S) tpidapy; ∆H kw;Wk; ∆Skjpg;Gfs; KiwNa -, - 95 SI myF1eu vd;gJ 4.1844.1844.1844.184Eu.
96 SI myfpy; vd;l;Nuhgp myF JK-1(OR)EU.kw;Wk; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; cgs myF myF myF myF cal.K-1
(m) (m) (m) (m) eu 97 Xh; mikg;gpypUe;J ngwf;$ba epfuNtiy W-P∆V.(m) (m) (m) (m) – W+P∆V
98 Ntjpr;rkepiyj;jd;ik ,aq;Fr;rkepiy.,aq;Fr;rkepiy.,aq;Fr;rkepiy.,aq;Fr;rkepiy.
99 2A↔Bf;F k1-k;,B↔2Af;F k2-k; rkepiykhwpypfs; vdpy; njhlh;G
K1= 1 K2
100 2HI↔H2+I2 vd;w rkepiy tpidapy; kP ahdJ. kc f;F rkk;.f;F rkk;.f;F rkk;.f;F rkk;.
101 .N2+3H2↔2NH3 vd;w rkepiyapy; mjpfsT mNkhdpah fpilg;gJ
mjpf mOj;jk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiymjpf mOj;jk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiymjpf mOj;jk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiymjpf mOj;jk; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy
102 600 k ntg;gepiyapy; epfOk; gpd;tUk; xUgbj;jhd thA rkepiy tpidapy; kc d; myF4NH3+5O2↔4NO+6H2O
mol-dm-3
103 N`gu;Kiwapy; ngwg;gLk; mjpfgl;r mNkhdpah msT ____ . 37373737%
104 xU thA epiyapy; epfOk; xUgbj;jhd rkepiyapy; ∆ng kjpg;G Neu;;kjpg;ig ngw;wpUe;jhy
Kp>Kc.
105 njhLKiwapy; vj;jid rjtPjk; So3 ngwg;gLfpwJ. 97979797%
106 .njhLKiwapy;SO3 jahupf;f rhjfkhd ntg;gepiy 400400400400˚c-450˚c.
107 2H2O+2CL2↔4HCL+O2 vd;w tpidapy; KP,KC njhlu;G KP>KC.
108 N`gu;Kiwapy; NH3 jahupf;f rhjfkhd ntg;gepiy 500500500500˚c-550˚c.
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P.RAJASEKAR (P.G.ASST, CHEMISTRY) GHSS, ANAKKAVOOR , T.V.MALAI DT- (9578134505)
109 v];liu ePh;j;jHCLKd;dpiyapy; ePuhw;gFj;jy; tpidapd; tpidtif
NghypKjy;tif tpid. NghypKjy;tif tpid. NghypKjy;tif tpid. NghypKjy;tif tpid.
110 .%yf;$W fpsu;TWtjw;F Njitg;gLk; mjpfgl;r Mw;wy; fpsu;TW Mw;wy;. fpsu;TW Mw;wy;. fpsu;TW Mw;wy;. fpsu;TW Mw;wy;.
111 mu;̀ Pdpa]; rkd;ghL K=Ae-Ea/RT
112 mu;̀ Pdpa]; rkd;ghl;by; ‘A’vd;gJ epfo;jfT fhuzpepfo;jfT fhuzpepfo;jfT fhuzpepfo;jfT fhuzp
113 tpidNtfr;rkd;ghl;by; cs;s nrwpTfspd; mLf;Ffspd; $Ljy;
tpidtiftpidtiftpidtiftpidtif
114 miutho;Tfhyk; t1/2= 0.6930.6930.6930.693
k 115 xU tpidgL%yf;$Wfs; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l topfspy;
tpidg;gl;L ntt;NtW tpidnghUs;fisjUk;tpid ,iz tpid,iz tpid,iz tpid,iz tpidfsfsfsfs
116 xU tpidapy; Ea=0 kw;Wk; 300k-y; k =4.2 X 105 tpdhb-1
vdpy;310k-y; kapd; kjpg;G 4.2 X105 tpdhbtpdhbtpdhbtpdhb----1111
117 .$o;kj;Jfs;fs; kpd;Gyj;jpdhy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp miltJ kpd;Kidf;ftu;r;rp(m)fhl;NlhNghurp];.kpd;Kidf;ftu;r;rp(m)fhl;NlhNghurp];.kpd;Kidf;ftu;r;rp(m)fhl;NlhNghurp];.kpd;Kidf;ftu;r;rp(m)fhl;NlhNghurp];.
118 .Giff;$o;kk; fiurypy; cs;sit jpz;kj;jpy;thAjpz;kj;jpy;thAjpz;kj;jpy;thAjpz;kj;jpy;thA
119 bd;lhy; tpiatpw;F cl;glhjJ cz;ikf;fiury;(m)nka;fiury;cz;ikf;fiury;(m)nka;fiury;cz;ikf;fiury;(m)nka;fiury;cz;ikf;fiury;(m)nka;fiury;
120 bd;lhy; tpistpw;fhd fhuzk; xspr;rpjwy;.xspr;rpjwy;.xspr;rpjwy;.xspr;rpjwy;.
121 .,aw;gpay; gug;Gf;ftug;gLjy;___ d; NghJ gug;Gf;ftug;gl;Ls;s nghUs; ntspNaWfpwJ
ntg;gepiy caUk;.ntg;gepiy caUk;.ntg;gepiy caUk;.ntg;gepiy caUk;.
122 .$o;k kUe;Jfs; vspjpy; cl;ftug;glf;fhuzk;____ vspjpy; cl;ftug;gl;L vspjpy; cl;ftug;gl;L vspjpy; cl;ftug;gl;L vspjpy; cl;ftug;gl;L gug;Gf;ftug;gLfpwJ.gug;Gf;ftug;gLfpwJ.gug;Gf;ftug;gLfpwJ.gug;Gf;ftug;gLfpwJ.
123 .ghy;kk; vdg;gLtJ ,uz;Lk; ePu;kq;fs; fye;jJ.,uz;Lk; ePu;kq;fs; fye;jJ.,uz;Lk; ePu;kq;fs; fye;jJ.,uz;Lk; ePu;kq;fs; fye;jJ.
124 .$o;kq;fis Àa;ikg;gLj;Jk; Kiw ilahyprp];($o;kgpupg;G)ilahyprp];($o;kgpupg;G)ilahyprp];($o;kgpupg;G)ilahyprp];($o;kgpupg;G)
125 .$o;kgpshl;bdk; Kd;dpiyapy; H2O2 rpijtiljy Cf;ftpidNtfkhw;wk;Cf;ftpidNtfkhw;wk;Cf;ftpidNtfkhw;wk;Cf;ftpidNtfkhw;wk;
126 thdk; ePyepwkhff; fhzg;gLtjd; fhuzk; xsprpjwxsprpjwxsprpjwxsprpjwy;y;y;y;
127 fz;kUe;jhf gad;gLk; rpy;tu; $o;kk; mu;[puhy;.mu;[puhy;.mu;[puhy;.mu;[puhy;.
128 kclo3 rpijTWk; tpidapy; gad;gLk; tpidNtfkhw;wp Mno2.
129 ghy;kf;fuzp gad; $o;kj;ij rpiyahf itj;jpUf;fpwJ.$o;kj;ij rpiyahf itj;jpUf;fpwJ.$o;kj;ij rpiyahf itj;jpUf;fpwJ.$o;kj;ij rpiyahf itj;jpUf;fpwJ.
130 N`gu;Kiwapy; tpid Ntfkhw;w er;Rg;nghUs H2S.
131 N`gu;Kiwapy; cau;j;jpahf gad;gLtJ khypg;bdk;khypg;bdk;khypg;bdk;khypg;bdk;(Mo)
132 njhLKiwapy; tpidNtfkhw;w er;Rg;nghUs AS2O3.
133 .tapw;W cghijfSf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLtJ nkf;dPrpahghy;kknkf;dPrpahghy;kknkf;dPrpahghy;kknkf;dPrpahghy;kk
134 H2o2 rpijtilAk; NghJ jsu;T tpidNtfkhw;wp fpsprupd;.fpsprupd;.fpsprupd;.fpsprupd;.
135 xU $Âk; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij xU kpd;gFspf;fiury;fs; topNa nrYj;Jk;NghJ kpd;thapy;gbAk; nghUspd; epiw
kpd;Ntjpr;rkhd epiw.kpd;Ntjpr;rkhd epiw.kpd;Ntjpr;rkhd epiw.kpd;Ntjpr;rkhd epiw.
136 Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;il>mrpbf;mkpyj;Jld; Nrh;f;Fk; NghJ mrpbf;mkpyj;jpd; gpupif tPjk
FiwfpwJ.FiwfpwJ.FiwfpwJ.FiwfpwJ.
137 M];thy;;l; ePu;j;j tpjpf;F v.fh CH3COOH,NH4OH.
138 10-6
M fiurypd; PHkjpg;G 6.6.6.6.
139 PH=2 vdpy; i`l;u[d; madp nrwpT kjpg;G 1x10101010----2222
140 0-1N NaoH fiury; pH kjpg;G 13131313
141 rpwpjsT mkpyk;(m)fhuj;ij Nrhh;f;Fk; NghJ xU fiurypy; PH kjpg;G khwtpy;iy vdpy; me;jf;fiury; ___ vdg;gLk;.
jhq;fy;fiuryjhq;fy;fiuryjhq;fy;fiuryjhq;fy;fiury
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142 mkpy-fhu juk;ghh;j;jypy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epwq;fhl;bfs; typikFiwfupkmkpyq;fs;(m)fupkfhuq;fs;.typikFiwfupkmkpyq;fs;(m)fupkfhuq;fs;.typikFiwfupkmkpyq;fs;(m)fupkfhuq;fs;.typikFiwfupkmkpyq;fs;(m)fupkfhuq;fs;.
143 Mf;rhypf;mkpyj;ij Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]Lld; juk; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. epwq;fhl;b
gpdhg;jypd;.gpdhg;jypd;.gpdhg;jypd;.gpdhg;jypd;.
144 xU ghuNl vd;gJ____ 96495$Âk;fs;.96495$Âk;fs;.96495$Âk;fs;.96495$Âk;fs;.
145 mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;iril Hcl -ia nfhz;L juk; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ gad;gLk; epwq;fhl;b
nkjpy; MuQ;R.nkjpy; MuQ;R.nkjpy; MuQ;R.nkjpy; MuQ;R.
146 Nrhbak; cNyhfj;Jld; My;f`hy; tpidGuptjd; tpid tPupa tupir
3˚> 2˚>1˚
147 mNahNlhghu;k; Nrhjidf;F cl;gLk; Nrh;kk; 2222----ngd;lNdhd;.ngd;lNdhd;.ngd;lNdhd;.ngd;lNdhd;.
148 Âfh]; fuzpAld; Ntfkhf tpidGupAk; Nrh;kk; vJ? 2nkj;jpy; Gug;Ngd;2nkj;jpy; Gug;Ngd;2nkj;jpy; Gug;Ngd;2nkj;jpy; Gug;Ngd;----2222----My;(m)My;(m)My;(m)My;(m)(CH3)3COH.
149 gPdhiy [pq;f; ÀSld; fha;r;rp tbf;Fk;NghJ fpilg;gJ ngd;rPd;.ngd;rPd;.ngd;rPd;.ngd;rPd;.
150 GNuhkpNdw;wj;jpw;F vspjhf cl;gLk; Nrh;kk; gPdhy;.gPdhy;.gPdhy;.gPdhy;.
151 vj;jpypd; fpisf;fhy; ntspg;gLj;Jk; khw;wpak; ,lkhw;wpak; kw;Wk; rq;fpyp ,lkhw;wpak; kw;Wk; rq;fpyp ,lkhw;wpak; kw;Wk; rq;fpyp ,lkhw;wpak; kw;Wk; rq;fpyp njhlu;khw;wpak;.njhlu;khw;wpak;.njhlu;khw;wpak;.njhlu;khw;wpak;.
152 vj;jpypd; il mkPid vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhyhf khw;WtJ iel;u]; mkpyk;.iel;u]; mkpyk;.iel;u]; mkpyk;.iel;u]; mkpyk;.
153 nlu;yPd; cz;lhf fpisf;fhYld; Nru;f;f Ntz;baJ vJ? nlupjhypf;mkpyk;.nlupjhypf;mkpyk;.nlupjhypf;mkpyk;.nlupjhypf;mkpyk;.
154 fpspruhypYs;s <upiza My;f`hy; njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if
1111(xd;W)(xd;W)(xd;W)(xd;W)....
155 ildikl;bYs;s tpidjpwDs;s gFjpg;nghUs; vJ?. iel;Nuhfpsprupd;.iel;Nuhfpsprupd;.iel;Nuhfpsprupd;.iel;Nuhfpsprupd;.
156 vj;jpyPd; fpisf;fhy; PI3-cld; tpidGupe;J nfhLg;gJ CH2=CH2.
157 gPdhypd; rpwg;G kzk; fhu;ghypf;mkpyk;.fhu;ghypf;mkpyk;.fhu;ghypf;mkpyk;.fhu;ghypf;mkpyk;.
158 ngd;lhd; fuzp vd;Gj Feso4+H2O2
159 fd;dprhNuh tpidf;F cl;gLk; Nru;kk; C6H5CHO,HCHO.
160 M];Jkh kw;Wk; ff;Fthd; ,UkYf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLk; Nru;kk;.
ngd;iry; ngd;NrhNal;.ngd;iry; ngd;NrhNal;.ngd;iry; ngd;NrhNal;.ngd;iry; ngd;NrhNal;.
161 fpspruhiy gp];kj; iel;Nul; nfhz;L Mf;rprNdw;wk; nra;tjhy; fpilg;gJ
kPNrh Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.kPNrh Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.kPNrh Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.kPNrh Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.
162 gPdhYk;>ghu;khy;bi`Lk; ,ize;J cUthFk; Nru;kk; Ngf;fiyl;.Ngf;fiyl;.Ngf;fiyl;.Ngf;fiyl;.
163 vspa <jUf;F v.fh C2H5-O-C2H5.
164 ilvj;jpy; <jiu rpijg;gjw;F cfe;j fuzp HI.
165 .<jhpd; Mf;rp[d; mZ ke;jj;jd;ikAilaJ.ke;jj;jd;ikAilaJ.ke;jj;jd;ikAilaJ.ke;jj;jd;ikAilaJ.
166 Âap mkpyf;>fhuf;nfhs;ifg;gb><ju;fs; fhuj;jd;ikAilaJ.fhuj;jd;ikAilaJ.fhuj;jd;ikAilaJ.fhuj;jd;ikAilaJ.
167 vj;jpy; mNahilL>cyu;rpy;tu; Mf;irLld; tpidGupe;J cz;lhf;FtJ
ilvj;jpy; <ju;.ilvj;jpy; <ju;.ilvj;jpy; <ju;.ilvj;jpy; <ju;.
168 tpy;ypak;rd; njhFj;jy;tpid ___ tifiar;rhu;e;jJ. fUf;ftu;gjpypl;Ltpid.fUf;ftu;gjpypl;Ltpid.fUf;ftu;gjpypl;Ltpid.fUf;ftu;gjpypl;Ltpid.
169 .<jiu fhw;wpy; rpykzpNeuk; tpl;L itf;Fk;NghJ cz;lhFk; ntbf;Fk; nghUs;
nguhf;irL.nguhf;irL.nguhf;irL.nguhf;irL.
170 my;fhf;iril>my;ify; `hiyLld; tpidg;gLj;jp <jiu ngWk; tpid
tpy;ypak;rd; njhFj;jy;.tpy;ypak;rd; njhFj;jy;.tpy;ypak;rd; njhFj;jy;.tpy;ypak;rd; njhFj;jy;.
171 .<jh;fs; mlh; H2SO4 -cld; fiue;J jUtJ Mf;Nrhdpak; cg;G.Mf;Nrhdpak; cg;G.Mf;Nrhdpak; cg;G.Mf;Nrhdpak; cg;G.
172 n[a;;;;;;;ry; Kiwapy; my;fhf;fp njhFjpfis fz;lwpAk;><jUld; tpidGupAr;nra;tJ?
HI.
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173 C4H10O-vd;w %yf;$W tha;g;ghl;bw;F vj;jid My;f`hy;(k)<ju;fs; khw;wpak; rhj;jpak;?.
My;f`hy;fs; My;f`hy;fs; My;f`hy;fs; My;f`hy;fs; =4kw;Wk; <jh;fs;4kw;Wk; <jh;fs;4kw;Wk; <jh;fs;4kw;Wk; <jh;fs;= 3.3.3.3.
174 .____ ngl;Nuhypaj;jpw;F gjpyhf vupnghUshf gad;gLfpwJ. il vj;jpy;<ju; il vj;jpy;<ju; il vj;jpy;<ju; il vj;jpy;<ju; +vj;jdhy; fyit.vj;jdhy; fyit.vj;jdhy; fyit.vj;jdhy; fyit.
175 mdpNrhy; IUPAC ngau; kPj;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.kPj;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.kPj;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.kPj;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.
176 gpdNlhy; IUPAC ngau; <j;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.<j;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.<j;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.<j;jhf;rp ngd;rPd;.
177 .~pg; fuzp ____cld; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk; nfhLf;fpwJ mrpl;lhy;bi`L.mrpl;lhy;bi`L.mrpl;lhy;bi`L.mrpl;lhy;bi`L.
178 fd;dprhNuh tpidf;Fk; cl;glhjNrh;kk; mrpl;lhy;bi`L.mrpl;lhy;bi`L.mrpl;lhy;bi`L.mrpl;lhy;bi`L.
179 pd kw;Wk; Baso4 Kd;dpiyapy; ngd;rhapy;FNshiuL i`l;u[Ndw;wkile;J fpilg;gJ vJ?
ngd;rhy;bi`L.ngd;rhy;bi`L.ngd;rhy;bi`L.ngd;rhy;bi`L.
180 My;lhy; vd;gJ 3333----i`l;uhf;rp gpi`l;uhf;rp gpi`l;uhf;rp gpi`l;uhf;rp gpa+l;lNdy;.a+l;lNdy;.a+l;lNdy;.a+l;lNdy;.
181 mNahNlhghu;k; Nrhjidf;F cl;glhjJ vJ? ngd;NrhgPNdhd;.ngd;NrhgPNdhd;.ngd;NrhgPNdhd;.ngd;NrhgPNdhd;.
182 ngypq;fiuriy xLf;fhj Nrh;;;;;;kk; vJ? ngd;rhy;bi`L.ngd;rhy;bi`L.ngd;rhy;bi`L.ngd;rhy;bi`L.
183 ry;Nghdhy;(mikjpg;gLj;jp) jahupf;;f cjTtJ vJ? mrpl;Nlhd;.mrpl;Nlhd;.mrpl;Nlhd;.mrpl;Nlhd;.
184 CH3COCH3 mlh; H2SO4 X, ‘X’ vd;gJ vJ? nkrpl;bypd;. nkrpl;bypd;. nkrpl;bypd;. nkrpl;bypd;.
185 lhyd;]; tpidnghUis xLf;Fk; mkpyk; vJ? ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.
186 CH3-CH2-COOHkw;Wk; CH3-COO-CH3-y; fhzg;gLk; khw;wpak;? tpidr;nray;njhFjpkhw;wpak;.tpidr;nray;njhFjpkhw;wpak;.tpidr;nray;njhFjpkhw;wpak;.tpidr;nray;njhFjpkhw;wpak;.
187 fpupf;fdhu;L tpidnghUspdhy; jahupf;fKbahj mkpyk; vJ? ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.ghu;kpf;mkpyk;.
188 xspRow;Wk; gz;Gila Nrh;kk; vJ? CH3-CH(OH)-COOH.
189 CH3-CH(OH)-COOH Fe2+
‘x’
H2O2
igUtpf;mkpyk;(igUtpf;mkpyk;(igUtpf;mkpyk;(igUtpf;mkpyk;(CH3COCOOH)
190 rpWePuf fy;Nghd;W fhzg;gLk; Nrh;kk; vJ? fhy;rpak;Mf;rNyl;.fhy;rpak;Mf;rNyl;.fhy;rpak;Mf;rNyl;.fhy;rpak;Mf;rNyl;.
191 vj;jpyPd; raidil ePuhw;gFj;jhy; fpilg;gJ Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.
192 ghu;kpf;mkpyk; fpilg;gJ nrt;ntWk;G.nrt;ntWk;G.nrt;ntWk;G.nrt;ntWk;G.
193 mrpbf;mkpy Nrhbak; cg;ig kpd;dhw;gFf;ffpilg;gJ <j;Njd;.<j;Njd;.<j;Njd;.<j;Njd;.
194 tpdpfupy; cs;s mkpyk; vJ? mrpbf;mkpyk;.mrpbf;mkpyk;.mrpbf;mkpyk;.mrpbf;mkpyk;.
195 Jzpfspy; Vw;gLk; ,Uk;G fiuia ePf;fg;gad;gLk; mkpyk; vJ?
Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.Mf;rhypf;mkpyk;.
196 tpdlh;fpuPd; ijyk; vd;gJ nkj;jpy; rhyprpNyl;.nkj;jpy; rhyprpNyl;.nkj;jpy; rhyprpNyl;.nkj;jpy; rhyprpNyl;.
197 CH3-CH2-N=Okw;Wk; CH3-CH2-O-N=O mikg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; khw;wpak;
Tpid nray; njhFjp khw;wpak;Tpid nray; njhFjp khw;wpak;Tpid nray; njhFjp khw;wpak;Tpid nray; njhFjp khw;wpak;
198 iel;Nuh my;NfdpYs;s –NO2 njhFjpia –NH2 njhFjpahf khw;Wk; fuzp vJ?
Sn/Hcl.
199 iel;Nuh kPj;Njid Zn/NH4CL fiury; nfhz;L xLf;fpdhy; fpilg;gJ vJ?
CH3NHOH.
200 iel;NuhkPj;Njd; mrpl;lhy;bi`Lld; FWf;f tpidapy;
<Lgl;Lf;nfhLg;gJ vit?
1111----iel;Nuhiel;Nuhiel;Nuhiel;Nuh----2222----Gug;gdhy;.Gug;gdhy;.Gug;gdhy;.Gug;gdhy;.
201 frf;Fk; ghjhk; gUg;gpd; kzKs;s Nrh;kk; vJ? iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;
202 ngd;rPid iel;Nuh Vw;wk; nra;Ak; vyf;l;uhd; ftu; fuzp iel;Nhhdpak; madp ( iel;Nhhdpak; madp ( iel;Nhhdpak; madp ( iel;Nhhdpak; madp ( -NO2+
203 mkPd;fspd; fhug;gz;gpw;F fhuzk; ahJ? iel;u[dpDs;s jdp ,ul;il nyf;l;uhd;.iel;u[dpDs;s jdp ,ul;il nyf;l;uhd;.iel;u[dpDs;s jdp ,ul;il nyf;l;uhd;.iel;u[dpDs;s jdp ,ul;il nyf;l;uhd;.
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204 fhu;igy;kPd; tpidapy; <LgLk; fupkr;Nrh;kk; vJ? (xhpiza mkPd;)(xhpiza mkPd;)(xhpiza mkPd;)(xhpiza mkPd;)CH3-CH2-NH2.
205 xhpiza mkPd; nray;gLk; tpjk; Âapfhuk;.Âapfhuk;.Âapfhuk;.Âapfhuk;.
206 mdpypid K2cr2o7/H2so4 nfhz;L Mf;rprNdw;wk;
nra;af;fpilg;gJ vJ?
P- ngd;NrhFapNdhdngd;NrhFapNdhdngd;NrhFapNdhdngd;NrhFapNdhd
207
C6H5NH2 NaNo2 ‘x’ –‘x’ vd;gJ Hcl
C6H5N2CL.
208 ilaNrh Mf;f tpidapy; <LglhjJ vJ? ngd;iry; mkPd;.ngd;iry; mkPd;.ngd;iry; mkPd;.ngd;iry; mkPd;.
209 mdpypd;>vj;jpykPd; tpidGupAk; NghJ NtWgLk; Nru;kf;fuzp vJ?
iel;u]; mkpyk;.iel;u]; mkpyk;.iel;u]; mkpyk;.iel;u]; mkpyk;.
210 ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuil ePUld; nfhjpf;f itf;f fpilg;gJ
gPdhy;.gPdhy;.gPdhy;.gPdhy;.
211 CCl3-NO2 gad;ghL ____ . kz;Ez;Zapupnfhy;yp.kz;Ez;Zapupnfhy;yp.kz;Ez;Zapupnfhy;yp.kz;Ez;Zapupnfhy;yp.
212 ry;gh kUe;J jahupf;fg;gad;gLtJ vJ? mdpypd;.mdpypd;.mdpypd;.mdpypd;.
213 ngd;rPd; ilaNrhdpak; FNshiuil FNshNuh ngd;rPdhf khw;Wk; tpid vJ?
1111)rhd;l;Nkau; tpid 2)ful;lu;Nkd;)rhd;l;Nkau; tpid 2)ful;lu;Nkd;)rhd;l;Nkau; tpid 2)ful;lu;Nkd;)rhd;l;Nkau; tpid 2)ful;lu;Nkd; tpid.tpid.tpid.tpid.
214 kpu;Ngd; vz;nza; vd;gJ ____. iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;.iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;.iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;.iel;Nuh ngd;rPd;.
215 iel;Nuh>mrpiel;Nuh ,aq;Fr;rkepiyia fhl;Lk; Nrh;kk; vJ? iel;Nuh kPj;Njd;.iel;Nuh kPj;Njd;.iel;Nuh kPj;Njd;.iel;Nuh kPj;Njd;.
216 .`ug;kd; xLf;f tpidf;F cl;glhjJ vJ? nkj;jdikL.nkj;jdikL.nkj;jdikL.nkj;jdikL.
217 xw;iwr;ru;f;fiuf;F v.fh FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.
218 xLf;Fk; ru;;f;;fiu v.fh FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.FSf;Nfh];>gpuf;Nlh];.
219 Rf;Nuhrpy; FSNfh];k;>gpuf;NlhRk; gpizf;fg;gl;bUg;gJ____. C1 - C2.
220 Rf;Nuhrpd; vjpu;Row;rp khw;wk; vd;gJ Rf;Nuh];Rf;Nuh];Rf;Nuh];Rf;Nuh]; FSNfh];>gpuf;Nlh]hfrpijjy;.FSNfh];>gpuf;Nlh]hfrpijjy;.FSNfh];>gpuf;Nlh]hfrpijjy;.FSNfh];>gpuf;Nlh]hfrpijjy;.
221 .FSNfh];+ mrpbf;fPupyp cyu;Nrhbak; mrpl;Nll;. = ------------ ngz;lh mrpl;Nll;L.ngz;lh mrpl;Nll;L.ngz;lh mrpl;Nll;L.ngz;lh mrpl;Nll;L.
222 rPu;ikaw;w fhu;gis nfhz;buhj mkpNdh mkpyk; fpisrpd;.fpisrpd;.fpisrpd;.fpisrpd;.
223 Gujq;fspd; fl;Lkhdg;nghUs; ∞----mkpNdh mkpyk;.mkpNdh mkpyk;.mkpNdh mkpyk;.mkpNdh mkpyk;.
224 mkpNdh mkpyj;jpw;F nghUj;jkpy;yhjJ NaoHfiurypy; fiuahj jd;ik.fiurypy; fiuahj jd;ik.fiurypy; fiuahj jd;ik.fiurypy; fiuahj jd;ik.
225 xUngg;;ily; ,y;yhjJ ,uz;Lngg;igL myFfs;.,uz;Lngg;igL myFfs;.,uz;Lngg;igL myFfs;.,uz;Lngg;igL myFfs;.
226 .Gujq;fs; ePuhw;gFg;gpdhy; ,Wjpahf tpidtJ My;gh My;gh My;gh My;gh ---- mkpNdhmkpyk;.mkpNdhmkpyk;.mkpNdhmkpyk;.mkpNdhmkpyk;.
227 nry;Rthpd; Kf;fpa Ntjpg;nghUs; nry;YNyu];.nry;YNyu];.nry;YNyu];.nry;YNyu];.
228 rhu;gpl;lhy;>khdpl;lhy; ,uz;Lk; vgpku;fs;.vgpku;fs;.vgpku;fs;.vgpku;fs;.
229 D(+) FSNfh];>D(-)gpuf;Nlh]; rk mstpy; cs;s fyit vjpu;Row;rp ru;f;fiu.vjpu;Row;rp ru;f;fiu.vjpu;Row;rp ru;f;fiu.vjpu;Row;rp ru;f;fiu.
230 .];lhu;r;R 200˚c = X vdpy; ‘ X' vd;gJ ----------
250˚c
nlf;];bupd;.nlf;];bupd;.nlf;];bupd;.nlf;];bupd;.
231 .,uj;jk; ciwjypy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ nnnnrghypd;rghypd;rghypd;rghypd;;.;.;.;.
232 .Gujq;fs; vd;git ghypngg;ilLfs;.ghypngg;ilLfs;.ghypngg;ilLfs;.ghypngg;ilLfs;.
233 japu; vd;git fsp(ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk;)fsp(ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk;)fsp(ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk;)fsp(ePh;kj;jpy; jpz;kk;)
234 bfhd; Kiwapy; FNshupd; jahupj;jypy; tpidNtfkhw;wp cucl2
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235 W/O tif ghy;kj;ij epiyg;gLj;Jk; ghy;kf;fuzp tpsf;Ffup.tpsf;Ffup.tpsf;Ffup.tpsf;Ffup.
236 O/w tif ghy;kj;jpy; ghy;kf;fuzp GNuhl;BGNuhl;BGNuhl;BGNuhl;Bd;fs;.d;fs;.d;fs;.d;fs;.
237
238 xUtpidapd; Ea=0 kw;Wk; 300k-y; k=4.2*105vdpy; 310 k- y;
kkjpg;G
4.2x105sec-1
239 Kjy;tif tpidapd; miutho;T Neuk; 100epkplq;fs; vdpy; mjd; tpidNtfkhwpyp
6.936.936.936.93x10-3min-1
240 2H2O(9)+2CL2(9)↔4HCL(9)+O2(9) vd;w tpidapy; KP,KCnjhlu;G. KP>KC.
241 N2kw;Wk; H2 Mfpatw;wpypUe;J NH3njhFf;fg;gLk; tpidapd; KP myF
tsptsptsptsp----2222
242 SO3 jahupg;gpy; gad;gLk; tpidNtfkhw;wp V2O5.
243 N`gu; KiwapyNH;3 jahupg;gpy; gad;gLk; tpidNtfkhw;wp ,Uk;G(,Uk;G(,Uk;G(,Uk;G(Fe).
244 xU ntg;g ,ae;jpuk; 127˚c kw;Wk;27˚c ntg;gepiyfSf;F ,ilNa ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ mjd; mjpfgl;r jpwd;
25252525%
245 100˚ntg;gepiyapy; ePu; Mtpahjypd; vd;l;Nuhgpkhw;wj;ij
fzf;fpLf.(ePupd; Nkhyhu; Mtpahjy; vd;jhy;gp kjpg;G 40850Jmol-1
) 109.52Jmol-1k-1.
246 fl;byh Mw;wy;(G)fl;byh Mw;wy(∆G)Mfpait ____[ rhu;e;jjhFk;
mikg;ig kl;Lk;mikg;ig kl;Lk;mikg;ig kl;Lk;mikg;ig kl;Lk;
247 vd;Nrhgp(S)kw;Wk; vd;Nrhgp khw;wk;(∆S)Mfpait epiyr;rhh;Gfs;.epiyr;rhh;Gfs;.epiyr;rhh;Gfs;.epiyr;rhh;Gfs;.
248 79AU198cl;fUtpd; miutho;Tfhyk; 150 ehl;fs;>mjd; ruhrhp
tho;Tfhyk
216ehl;fs;.216ehl;fs;.216ehl;fs;.216ehl;fs;.
249 .ghuh fhe;jj;jd;ikapd; myF BM.
250 Mo;flypy; ePe;Jgtu;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; fyit He-O2fyit.fyit.fyit.fyit.
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