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CREST
22 10 28 3
CREST
127
2
( )
Taniguchi et al. (2007): Combined effects of urbanization and global warming on subsurface temperature in four Asian cities. Vadose Zone Journal
3
( )
Kooi (2008): Spatial variability in subsurface warming over the last three decades; insight from repeated borehole temperature measurements in the Netherland. Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4
GSHP
2012
CO2 5
GSHP : Ground Source Heat Pump ↓
ASHP : Air Source HP HP
2012
Closed Open
GSHP
6
: (1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
7
50 m Closed
50 m Closed Open
70 m
TAT
2
8
NU
1
2
SU 1
5
2
GSHP
5
8
9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8. GSHP
10
1.
11
2012
GSHP
12
GSHP
GSHP
GSHP
Haehnlein et al., 2010; Bonte et al., 2011GSHP
13
2.
14
SU
Holocene ( 1 )
15
SU
NU
TAT 16
3.
17
(U )
1m W1
2m W2
5m W5
10m W10
18
U (40 )
50m
GL-17 m
→ U
13 2012.8.10 2013.9.10
GL-39 m
19 HP
W1 W2 W5 W10
Dept
h (m
)
20
Lower aquifer GL-39 m
Upper aquifer
GL-17 m
Apr 2012
Jul Oct Jan 2013
Apr Jul 21
( ) Temperature change, T [oC]
z[m
]2 4 6 8 10
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
1 m
s s s sT T T TCt x x y y z z
U Q=58 W/m
22
W1
Time [d]
Tem
pera
ture
chan
ge,
T[o C
]
0 50 100 150 200 250 3000
2
4
6
8
10z=-39.5m
Time [d]
Tem
pera
ture
chan
ge,
T[o C
]
0 20 40 60 80 1000
2
4
6
8
10W1
W1
W2
W5
W10
z = -36 m
W1
z = -17 m
z = -23 m
z = -39.5 m
HCO3-
DOC
HCO3-
DOC HCO
3- (m
g/L)
DOC
(mg/
L)
Conc
entr
atio
n (m
g/L)
Na+
NH4+
K+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Cl-
, 40
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
300 10
8
6
4
2
0
50
150
250
← before thermal loading
thermal loading →
5/3 2012
12/13 2011
9/22 2012
2/11 2013
5/3 2012
12/13 2011
9/22 2012
2/11 2013
7/3 2013
Upper (GL-17 m): W1 Lower (GL-39 m): W1 23
Cr
Ni
As
Se
Al
B
Mn
Fe
Si
Upper (GL-17 m): W1 Lower (GL-39 m): W1
30
20
10
0
0
300
600
150
450
Conc
entr
atio
n (μ
g/L)
Si (m
g/L)
← before thermal loading
thermal loading →
40
30
20
10
0
Conc
entr
atio
n (μ
g/L)
5/3 2012
12/13 2011
9/22 2012
2/11 2013
5/3 2012
12/13 2011
9/22 2012
2/11 2013
7/3 2013
24
DO
C (m
g/L)
8
6
4
2
0
← before thermal loading
thermal loading →
5/3 2012
12/13 2011
9/22 2012
2/11 2013
7/3 2013
25
B (μ
g/L)
350
250
150
50
0
300
200
100
← before thermal loading
thermal loading →
5/3 2012
12/13 2011
9/22 2012
2/11 2013
7/3 2013
26
T / T(initial)
W10
95%
/
C / C
(W10
)
27
B increase↑
DOC increase↑
Mg2+ decrease↓ K+ increase↑
W10
C / C
(W10
)
T / T(initial) Saito et al., Groundwater
28
0
100
200
300
400
0 100 200 300 400
(μg/
L)
(h)
(17.55 17.65m )
B
15 15 40
29
40
7/28
8/
23
9/13
10
/15
11/7
12
/18
3/6
5/6
5/13
5/
22
5/27
6/
4 6/
17
7/28
8/
23
9/13
10
/15
11/7
12
/18
3/21
4/
15
5/22
5/
27
6/4
6/17
5/13
4/1
1 m 10 m
Paludibacter propionicigenes
Clostridium sp.
1 m
( ) , .
( )
Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes Firmicutes β-proteobacteria
30
4.
31
Perm
eabi
lity,
k (c
m2 )
Temperature dependency
Void ratio, e Temperature, T (oC)
Solu
te d
iffus
ion
coef
ficie
nt ,
D s (c
m2 /
s)
, , ,
Mon et al., Temperature Effects on Geotechnical Properties of Kaolin Clay: Simultaneous Measurements of Consolidation characteristics, Shear Stiffness, and Permeability Using a Modified Oedometer. GSTF International Journal of Geological Sciences, 2013 32
(TAT 24.9 m)
Pseudomonas sp. AMS8 (100%)
Pedobacter sp. B4a-b5 (97%)
Variovorax sp. Ms18 (100%)
Acidovorax defluvii strain SQ77-1 (100%)
Herbaspirillum sp. juv973 (99%)
Rhodobacter sp. Bca28 (99%)
Aquamicrobium sp. hun6 (100%)
Parvibaculum sp. MBNA2 (98%)
Polaromonas sp. R3.2 (100%)
Sphingobacterium sp. H-12 (97%)
β
γ
β β
β
α
α α
Bacteroidetes
Bacteroidetes
5ºC 15ºC 25ºC
6 40ºC
33
* 25 or 40 ºC
Temperaturecontroller
Triaxial compression test apparatus
34
5.
35
( )
( )
5km 5km
36
500m 500m 45m
↓
Takemura et al., Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
37
5km 5km
2000 5000 38
6.
39
TAT SU
10m
20m
30m
40m
50m
40
T T T T Tc cu St z x x y y z z
HDPE
, u
din dp
h0S
(Tago, 2004; Schiavi, 2009 Christodoulides, et al., 2012)
41
2 hours 12 hours 48 hours
42
7.
43
EC. ,
10 m ,
40 11 1 m 7-8
. ( GL-17m ) ( DOC )
.
3
TRT
44
Input Data
Output:
ex.
etc.
TRT
Time [s]
Tem
pera
ture
[o C]
0 50000 100000 150000
16
18
20
22
24
Observed Tout
grout = 1.8, Cgrout = 3.0
TRT
45
46
Bonte et al. (2011): Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union. Ecology and Society
GSHP ( )
47
GSHP
Bonte et al. (2011): Underground Thermal Energy Storage: Environmental Risks and Policy Developments in the Netherlands and European Union. Ecology and Society 48
Haehnlein et al. (2010): International Legal Status of the Use of Shallow Geothermal Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
GSHP
49
GSHP
Haehnlein et al. (2010): International Legal Status of the Use of Shallow Geothermal Energy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
50
2012
GSHP
51
http://www.mlit.go.jp/gobuild/gobuild_tk6_000063.html#Q3
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