202 principles of construction

Unit 202

Start here part 1

1.1 State how different types of information are used in the

construction industry.

O Read the next slides

Unit 2002 Information, quantities and

communicating with others 2

Main sources of information

The main sources of information include:

● Drawings – drawn to scale by the architect

● Specifications – along with the drawings, they give sizes and types of

material to be used.

● Work programmes or Schedules– show what work is to be carried out

and when

● Procedures – show how a company will do things on site.

Work documentation

● Timesheet

● Day worksheet

● Variation order

● Confirmation notice

● Order/requisition

● Delivery note

● Invoice

● Daily record

● Site diary

● Accident report

What site paperwork have you used?

Why must documentation be stored carefully?

1.1) Drawings

O Drawings are done by the architect and are used to pass on the

client’s wishes to the building contractor.

Drawings are usually done to scale because it would be impossible to draw a full-sized version of the project.

A common scale is 1 : 10, which means that a line that’s 10 mm long on the drawing represents 100 mm in real life.

Drawings often contain symbols instead of written words to get the maximum amount of information across without cluttering the page.

O location drawings

O component range drawings

O assembly or detail drawings.

Schedules

O Are used to list repeated design

information used on big sites when there

are several types of similar room or

house.

O A schedule will tell you what sort of door

must be used and where.

O Also a schedule could show you when

work is carried out and materials used.

1.1) Specifications,

O These accompany a drawing and give you

the sizes that are not available on the

drawing; it also tells you the type of

material to be used and the quality that

the work has to be finished to.

1.1 Know how to interpret

information from specifications.

O The specification or ‘spec’ is a document produced alongside the plans and drawings.

O It is used to show information that cannot be shown on the drawings.

O Specifications are almost always used for things such as:

O l foundations, l walls,

O l materials, l surface finish,

O l floors, l roofs, l components.

Specification

A specification should contain:

● site description – including the address

● restrictions – what restrictions apply, such as working hours or limited

access

● services – what services are available, need to be connected and type

of connection

● materials description – type, sizes, quality, moisture content, etc.

● workmanship – methods of fixing, quality of work and finish, etc.

1.1) Programmes of work

O A method of showing very easily what

work is being carried out when.

O The most common form of work

programme is a bar chart, listing tasks

down the left side and a timeline across

the top.

Organisational Charts

O Typically these would be in the form of

Gantt charts or bars charts as these are

easy to read and understand.

O These are used to check progress, time

taken or to plan when trades, materials

and plants will be needed.

Method Statements

O These are used to explain exactly how a

task should be carried out to minimise the

chance of accident taking place.

O They can also state the PPE to be worn

and the correct sequence the task should

be carried out..

Risk Assessments

O These are carried out before a job has

started, it is usually carried out by the

supervisor or person in authority.

O The purpose is to highlight the dangers

and risks involved in the carrying out a job

and how to work safely and reduce the

risks of accidents.

1.1) Manufactures technical information,

O Everything you buy, whether it is a power tool or a bag of cement, will always come with the manufacturer’s technical information.

O This information will list how the component should be used and what its capabilities are.

O Power tools often have their technical information provided in a booklet which will give you detailed instructions on how the machine is set up, etc.

O Bagged materials such as cement, will normally have information on the bag. Even lengths of timber will have technical information, but for this you may need to contact the manufacturer. With lengths of timber this is important as timber is stress graded and you need to be sure that the materials you are planning to use are up for the job.

Bill of Quantities

O They are prepared by quantity surveyors

and building estimators, these are used to

create a cost estimate in regard to the

square area in meters of walls and roofs,

the numbers of doors and windows

needed for the project etc.

Order requisitions

O orders/requisitions – used to order materials from a supplier or internally within a companies store room.

O They are documents evidencing authority to take materials or materials received.

O invoices – these come from a variety of sources and state what services or goods have been provided and the charge for it.

Delivery notes

O Delivery notes – are given to the contractor by the supplier, listing all the materials and components being delivered.

O Each should be checked for accuracy against the order and the delivery to ensure what is delivered is correct and that it matches the note.

O You should always ensure it has been signed and dated, especially if there are mistakes or items missing.

variation orders

O variation orders – are used by the

architect to make any changes to the

original plans, including omissions,

alterations and extra works.

Permits of work

O Where work is identified as having a high risk, strict controls are required. The work must be carried out against previously agreed safety procedures, a ‘permit-to-work' system.

O The permit-to-work is a documented that authorises certain people to carry out specific work within a specified time frame, safely, based on a risk assessment.

O It describes what work will be done and how it will be done; the latter can be detailed in a ‘method statement'

Signs & Notices

O These are used as a visual indicator of

Dangers, Warnings, information and

things that must be carried out.

1.2 Interpret scale ,symbols and hatchings.

O Answer questions from drawings on next

slide.

Scales

O Common scales are:

O • Location/site plan -1:1250 (1mm on the drawing represents 1250mm on the site)

O • Block plan – 1:500, 1:200

O • Plans, elevations and sections – 1:100 and 1:50

O • Detailed drawings – 1:20 up to 1:1 (full size)

1.2 The purpose oflocation drawings.

O Location drawings include block plans and site plans.

O Block plans identify the proposed site by giving a bird’s eye view of the site in relation to the surrounding area.

O Site plans give the position of the proposed building and the general layout of the roads, services, drainage, etc. on site

Projection

Orthographic projection –

parallel lines drawn from

every point on a model

Isometric projection –

object drawn at an angle

Scales

Why are scales used for the main types of drawing?

1.2 State the scales that are used to produce simple location drawings

O A scale rule that contains the following

scales is recommended:

O 1:5/1:50 1:10/1:100 1:20/1:200 1:250/1:2500

O The main scales that may be used on

location drawings are:

O l 1:1 1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 l1:50

1.2 Symbols

Symbols

DPC Subsoil

https://hwb.wales.gov.uk/cms/hwbcontent/Shared%20Documents/vtc/ngfl/citb/e

nglish/downloads/s9_039_setting_out/s9_039_teacher/s9_039_setting_out_work1.

Construction bench marks are used to mark a point

onto a piece of work or location, that a measurement

or level is taken from.

2.1Describe the thermal material Polyisocyanurate ( PIR)

• Polyisocyanurate, also referred to as PIR, is a thermoset plastic typically produced as a foam and used as rigid thermal insulation.

Expanded Polystyrene• Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from

the monomer styrene, a liquid petrochemical. Polystyrene can be rigid or foamed. General purpose polystyrene is clear, hard and brittle. It is a very inexpensive resin per unit weight. It is a rather poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor.

Fibre Glass

• Fiberglass is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass.

• Fiberglass is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material.

• Its bulk strength and weight properties are also very good compared to metals, and it can be easily formed using molding processes.

Mineral Wool

• When pressed into rolls and sheets, pockets of air makes them excellent heat insulators and sound absorbers. They are a good form of fire resistance. Often being used as spray fireproofing, in stud cavities in drywall assemblies and as packing materials in firestops.

• Mineral wools are unattractive to rodents, but will provide a structure for bacterial growth if allowed to become wet.

Double Glazed Units

• Insulated glazing (IG), more commonly known as double glazing are double or triple glass window panes separated by an air or other gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope.

Multi Foil Insulation

• Thin multifoil insulation is made up of

multi-layered reflective films, only a few

microns thick.

• These layers, which are separated by

wadding or foam are sewn together to

form a thin insulating blanket.

2.2) How to make buildings water efficient.

• Toilets

• The WC typically uses 30-40% of total household water use.

• The more effective answer is to install, water-efficient WCs.

• These are specifically designed to clear the pan effectively with smaller flush volumes.

• ES4is a 4 litre siphon flush WC with a concealed cistern. It is highly water efficient and the siphon flush is inherently leak-free. It is robust, requires little maintenance.

Urinals

• Waterless urinals are now being installed extensively in the UK, leading to a reduction in commercial water use.

• The most effective methods of reducing water use from taps are to fit spray inserts, flow restrictors or aerators to new or existing taps.

White goods

• Ratings for water efficiency, as well as energy and wash efficiency are now given for all new appliances. When replacing choose the best rating you can afford.

Showers & baths

• Generally, showers use less water than baths except in the case of power showers! Flow restrictors for shower heads are available for certain types of shower.

Gardens

• Garden use only accounts for about 6% of average domestic consumption most of this is used in summer time.

• Mulching the bare soil can reduce the need for water, while pouring the washing up water over the border is not unheard of. Roof water can be saved in a water butt.

Rainwater recycling

• Rainwater recycling schemes utilise rainwater gathered from the roof to help flush toilets/ for other household uses.

2.3) How can you make a building more energy efficient?

• Install good quality insulation in the roof.

• Also fill walls with insulation.

• Fit double glassing windows.

• Don’t waste energy on electric devices not being used.

• Fit draft exclusion around doors and windows.

2.4) State environmentally friendly building materials.

• Bamboo has existed as an alternative material for millennia. This amazingly strong and versatile plant is a naturally eco-friendly resource.

• Hemp is one amazing plant. It's fast-growing, renewable, biodegradable and recyclable. Once harvested,

• What are reclaimed materials? Just about anything and everything you can think of! Wood, paper, plastic, metal, rubber- anything, really-that has been reclaimed and re-purposed fits the bill.

• Anything that is bio degradable.

• Wool

• Timber such as softwood as these are fast growing trees.

• Straw bales can be used to build walls then rendered to provide a solid well insulated building.

2.5)Waste management

2.5 Waste management

• You must first have a licence to carry the waste and then ensure that the carrier disposes of this correctly.

• (you are responsible).

• Segregate waste into the correct skips to maximise the recycling and not to cross contaminate materials.

2.5 Waste management

• Risk assessments and method statements must be in place for all tasks.

• Have spill kits at hand to soak up any materials.

3.1 Describe the factors to consider when selecting foundations

• Surveying the Site.

• Before any foundation can be formed, there must be extensive exploration, testing and preparation of the ground on which the building is to be erected.

• A number of calculations are used to determine the size and make-up of the foundation. These calculations take into account the bearing capacity of the soil.

3.1 Soil and Site Conditions

• The Ground conditions and soil type need to be calculated along with the location of any underground drains or near by trees which could effect the foundations or structure.

• There are many different types of soils.

• Rock, gravel, clay, sand, silt.

• A great deal of data will need to be gathered during site investigations, including: position of boundary fences and hedges location and depth of services, including gas, electricity, water, telephone cables, drains and sewers.

3.2) Materials and mix ratios in foundations.

• Water, cement, aggregates, iron-reinforcing.

• 1 cement : 8 Aggregate.

• This is generally called ballast, which is made up of small, medium and large particles.

3.3) Setting up Profiles• Trenches to be excavated are identified by

lines attached to and stretched between profiles. This is the most accurate method of ensuring trenches are dug to the exact widths required.

3.3• Make sure you know where the building line is.• Check your equipment is working correctly.• Establish the datum and do not disturb this.• Always follow given measurements.

• Set out a base line.• Beware of underground services.

• Peg in stakes and nail on top.• Use 3,4,5 or builders square to keep 90%.• Always check diagonals before committing to

excavations.

3.4 factors to consider when excavating foundations.

• Be aware of hazardous materials such as glass, sharp metals, needles, unhygienic rubbish.

• During excavation Methane gas can be released causing oxygen to be displaced and suffocation. Also it is flammable and can explode.

3.5) Transferring datum's

• The most basic method is to use a straight edge with a level placed on top, then rotate from point to point.

• An optical level and staff is accurate to 6mm over 40m.

• A transit level allows you to level and plumb by a series of cross hairs.

• Laser levels are modern and very accurate, it darts a dot on to the point it is pointed at.

3.6) calculate volume of concrete needed for pile foundations.

So work it out!

• pi, is 3.142

• Then multiply this by the radius, squared. This means multiplying it by itself. So-

• Diameter is .7 metres divide by 2 will give the radius 0.350

• Multiply answer x height of the cylinder 6.6m

• 3.142 x (1/2 .7 = 3.5) x 0.350 x 0.350 x 6.6 = 2.540 m² OF CONCRETE.

THIS IS THE VOLUME NEEDED.

• THEN TAKE THIS 2.528 M2 OF CONCRETE AND MULTIPLY IT BY THE AMOUNT OF PILES NEEDED.

• PAY ATTENTION; 2.528 X 12 = 30.336 M2 OF CONCRETE REQUIRED FOR THE PILED FOUNDATION.

Easy Way to work this out!

• .350 x .350 =

• O.122 x 3.14 (Pi) =

• O.383 x 6.6 =

• 2.52 x 12 =

•End of Part 1.

Carry on for part 2.

Start here! Part 2 Know the principles behind walls,

floors and roofs.

4) Understand the construction of internal and external walls.

• New add in.

4.1) Solid block walls

• Used as internal dividing walls, sometimes using fair face block work.

• These may be covered with plasterboard or plastered over to give a smooth finish, to which wallpaper or paint is applied.

• Solid block walls offer low thermal and sound insulation qualities.

• However, advances in technology mean that materials such as thermalite blocks can give better sound and heat insulation.

4.1)Solid brick walling.• Usually made with face brickwork as a decorative finish.

• Often used as a Boundary wall or Retaining wall.

• It is unusual for all walls within a house to be made from brickwork.

4.1) Cavity walling• Cavity walls are mainly used for house building

and extension work to existing homes and flats. They consist of two separate walls built with a cavity between, joined together by metal ties.

4.2) Explain the importance of Damp proof course(DPC)

• It stops damp rising up the building.

4.2) What does DPM and DPC stand for? And what does it do?

• A damp proof course (often shortened to DPC) or damp proof membrane (DPM) is a layer of non-absorbent material bedded on to a wall or under the concrete to prevent moisture penetrating into a building.

Damp proof course (DPC)

– Flexible DPC – polythene most common

– Semi-rigid DPC – made from blocks of asphalt

– Rigid DPC – engineering bricks or slate

•Why is DPC important?

There are three types of DPC: Flexible , Semi-rigid and Rigid.

Damp Proof Membrane.( The Black Plastic)

• DPM is placed under the concrete to stop damp rising up from the ground and into the building.

4.3) Calculate the area of a gable.

• This worked out by measuring the length

• And multiplying it with the height.

• And then diving it by 2.

4.4) Identify additives used in mortar.

• Feb mix aerates the mortar making it easier to work with by forming very small bubbles.

• Frost proofer Ideal for use in cold conditions it accelerates the setting time of cement or mortar mix before the frost returns at night.

Additives

• Retarder slows down a chemical reaction prevents the mortar from setting too quickly. Reduces water penetration of concrete and mortar renders and mixes.

• Accelerator speeds up the setting process of the cement.

4.5) Identify different types of bonding.

Stretcher bond

Flemish bond

English bond

4.6) Describe the differences between load-bearing &non–load bearing walls.

• INFORMATION ON THESE SLIDES THEN THE ANSWER

4.6 What is the difference between a load-bearing and non-load-bearing wall?

• load-bearing walls will support the weight of any upper floors or roofs; in a house there will usually be at least one load-bearing wall.

4.6) Vertical members-are in a state of compression.

• Walls and columns

transfer the load from

above down to the

substructure and

Footings.

4.6) Non-load-bearing walls.

• These walls are simply used to divide the area into separate rooms.

Dead load-The weight of the building.

Structural loading

•There are three main types of stress:

– tension – pulls or stretches a material

– compression – squeezes the material

– shear – when one part of a component slides over another.

Load-bearing members

– Horizontal structural members – can bend under loading. Used for all types of stress – top in compression, bottom in tension, ends in shear.

– Vertical members – usually in compression state, transfer loads down.

– Bracing members –diagonally fitted, usually in compression or tension.

Horizontal

VerticalBracing

Timber framed

• The principle is similar to a cavity wall: the inner skin is a timber frame clad in timber sheet material and covered in a breathable membrane to prevent water and moisture penetrating the timber. The outer skin is usually face brickwork.

4.7) Calculate the volume of paint required to cover a wall area.

There is usually a coverage of approx. 16 M2 per litre of paint.

So work out these:

A ceiling measuring 2m x 2m; I WANT you to tell me the equation.( how to do it )

What about a fence 140 meters x 2.4meters?

• Research these on the computer,

• Or in the text books.

• Its your choice, chop chop.

Hard-core

• Hardcore is the name given to the infill of materials such as brokenbricks, stone or concrete, which are hard and do not readily absorb water or deteriorate. This hardcore is spread over the site within the external walls of the building to such thickness as required to raise the finished surface of the site concrete.

Blinding sand

• This is a thin layer of sand on top of the hard-core to stop the DPM from piercing.

Damp Proof Membrane

• A damp-proof course (often abbreviated to DPC) is a horizontal barrier in a wall designed to resist moisture rising through the structure.

Insulation

• This acts as another layer of heat lost prevention and cold entering the building from below.

Oversight concrete

• An underlayer of concrete below a slab or other flooring; so placed to prevent disturbance of the ground below, to provide a relatively even and firm surface for the placement of the next layer, and to keep out ground air and moisture.

Oversite concrete

Block and beam

• There are two main methods of constructing ground floors. The first is to lay a solid mass of reinforced wet concrete directly onto the ground (known as solid floors). The second is far more sustainable as it uses blocks with recycled materials, has better thermal values and lots of site advantages. This is block and beam (known as suspended floors).

Block and beam

• The block and beam system is a reinforced beam laid across or between walls. These beams are infilled with aircrete blocks and have the advantage of being a completely dry construction system. Once laid, the floor is strong and safe and can be used as a platform to continue your building project.

Pre cast floor panels

• These are manufactured in a factory then assembled into place on site.

Screed

• This is a thin, top layer of material (traditionally sand and cement), poured in site on top of the structural concrete or insulation, on top of which other finishing materials can be applied.

Sleeper walls

• A Sleeper Wall is a short wall used to support floor joists of a ground floor. It acts to hold the timber joists away from the potentially damp ground.

• Normal construction is of brick either in stretcher bond or, to aid air flow, honeycomb bond.

Wall plates

• This is bedded onto the wall and strapped down.

• To allow the roof to be built on top.

• Damp proof course.

• Used to stop damp rising up through the building.

Joists

Horizontal beams used for the floor and roof.

Joist hangers

• Joist hangers are a type of hardware device used to anchor floors, ceilings and decks within a building.

• These devices are much stronger than regular nails or screws, and offer increased stability and strength for structural components.

Floor coverings

• Natural Carpets

• hardwood flooring

• Laminate floors

• vinyls

• Rugs

5.2) Calculate the linear quantity of floor boarding to cover an irregular

shaped angle.

• We will come back to this!

6.1) Describe types of roofs

• Gable Ended

• Flat roof

• Hipped roof

• Lean to roof

Pitched Roof

• This will allow for deeper insulation to be used, which will keep the heat internal more effectively.

Pitch roof withgable ends

This would be seen in an attached or semi attached building.

It is the triangle shape brickwork that the roof is strapped to.

Flat Roofs

• These have a limited space for the insulation to laid.

• Flat roofs have a pitch of less than 10˚

• This reduces the depth of insulation used, which reduces the effectiveness to keep heat within the building.

Hipped-roof

A hipped roof, is a type of roof where all sides slope downwards to the walls.

Thus it is a house with no gables or other vertical sides to the roof.

A square hip roof is shaped like a pyramid.

Hipped-roof

Lean to roof

• Is a roof with a single slope.

• Often the structure is free standing with only three walls and a sloping roof.

• Below is a good example of a lean to roof.

Insulation• Provides a barrier between areas that are significantly

different in temperature. There are a number of items in the home that benefit from insulation, such as:

Central heating boilers,

Hot water pipes

Cavity walls

6.2) Describe roof components

• This is a horizontal timber placed along the top of a wall to support the ends of joists, rafters, etc., and distribute the load.

Wall plate straps

• These are used to secure the wall plate to the block work structure.

Joists

• In architecture and engineering, a joist is one of the horizontal supporting members that run from wall to wall, wall to beam, or beam to beam to support a ceiling, roof, or floor.

• SEE BELOW-

Horizontal members-such as floor joist support the loads place upon them.

Insulation• In general insulation is used to either

keep things warm or cool.

• Products that can reduce in heat, or gain heat between areas that are significantly different in temperature such as:

• Central heating boilers.

• Hot water pipes.

• Cavity walling, and buildings.

Rafters• Roof rafters are structural components of a building's

roof. Consider them the underlying framework that supports the roof decking.

• Any building with a roof is likely to have rafters, although the design of the rafter system can vary and depends on the type of building.

Truss rafters• A timber roof truss is a structural framework

of timbers designed to bridge the space above a room and to provide support for a roof. Trusses usually occur at regular intervals, linked by longitudinal timbers such as purlins.

Purlins

• In architecture, or building, a purlin is any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof.

• The horizontal line formed by the juncture of two sloping planes, especially the line formed by the surfaces at the top of a roof.

Battens

• Finishing for a roof requires the laying of felt over the trusses or rafters to provide a weather proof barrier.

• On top of the felt, battens are placed horizontally along the roof. This not only helps to keep the felt in place but, more importantly, allows a fixing and gives an angle for either a tile or slate finish.

soffits

• The exposed under surface of any exterior overhanging section of a roof eave

7.1) Describe job rolesin building teams.

7.1) JOB TYPES

PROFESSIONALS-architects, engineers, surveyors.

TECHNICIANS –Architectural, building,

quantity surveyors.

BUILDING WORKERS-

Bricklayers, carpenters, plasterers, plumbers, electricians, Tilers etc.

BUILDING OPERATIVES

• SPECIALIST

• GENERAL

7.2) Key personnel in day to day communication

• Site manager.

• Supervisors.

• Fellow operatives.

GENERAL FOREMAN

CRAFT FOREMAN

CHARGEHAND

CRAFT OPERATIVE

GANGER

BUILDING OPERATIVE

7.3) State information needed when requesting materials

• Who, What, Where, When.

• The client, The address, The date,

• The name of the material,

• The quantity needed.

• Also refer to the specifications.

7.4) Identify Methods of communication used to relay

information to colleges.

• Letters

• E-mail

• Memos

• Meetings

• verbal

• Telephone

7.5) Letters advantages.

• This can provide physical evidence of the message and can passed on without being changed. it an also be re read if not understood.

Letters disadvantages.• It takes longer to arrive, hand

writing could be hard to read or misunderstood.

7.5) Telephone Advantages

• This is instant, easy and can be repeated or rephrased if not understood.

• Telephone disadvantages.

• The message can be easily forgotten, or changed when passing on to another person.

• Accent or slang can make it harder to understand.

7.6) Clear communication in the work place

•There are moments when clear communication on site is vital.

– Alterations to drawings – everyone involved must know about these. Not communicating changes could lead to mistakes.

– Variations to contracts – this is the crucial document that dictates all decisions that are made on a worksite, so all changes must be communicated.

– Risk assessments – results of these have a direct impact on safety and should be known to everyone.

– Work restrictions – a restriction is put in place for a specific reason, e.g. for safety reasons.

7.7) Explain benefits of positive communication with colleagues.

• Good communication ensures that every body knows their roles and what is expected from them.

• That the team is up to date with any changes to the contract or working environment.

• MORE over page.

• Also good communication with workmates makes for a happy productive workplace.

• Remember mistakes are costly and time consuming so COMMUNICATE!

Well done that was the last question.

Additional notes

3.1) Identify types of foundations

• Strip foundations, these used for most houses.

3.1)Raft Foundations

• These are used on soft soil. It covers the entire base to spread the weight.

3.1) Pile & Pad Foundations

• Pile.• These are used to transfer load to

more solid ground.

• Pad.

• This is to support the load for a column or steel frame.

3.2) The materials used in concrete foundations are:

• Steel reinforcement holds the concrete in place.

3.3)The information needed to work out the quantity of materials for

foundations are:

• Specifications.

• Drawings.

3.4) How to calculate volume of concrete needed for a foundation.

• Measure the length.

• Multiply by the width.

• Multiply by the depth.

• = The volume of concrete needed.

The equation is L xWxD=

4.5) Materials and ratios for mortar

• 1 cement

• 1 lime ( or plasticizer)

• 5 building sand (soft sand)

• Water

4.6) Different wall covering could be:

• Plaster: puts a smooth finish to brickwork/ block work.

4.6) Render is used outdoors as a smooth finish using sharp sand and

cement.

4.7) Paint systems for new plaster are:

• Mist coat- this is watered down emulsion to seal the plaster. This stops the next coat soaking into plaster.

4.7) Two coats of emulsion

• This seals the plaster, and stops the next coats being absorbed into the new plaster.

6.3) Paint systems for timber are:

1. Knotting solution; to seal weeping live knots in the wood.

2. Priming; this is to seal the timber, stopping it absorbing the next coat.

3. Undercoat: Base coat for the gloss.

4. Gloss: a nice water resistant shiny finish coat.

202 principles of construction

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