3. siklus sel 1
Post on 07-Aug-2018
227 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
1/42
SIKLUS SEL
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
2/42
Figure 12.1
Kontinuitas kehidupanDidasarkan atas reproduksi sel atau pembelaha
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
3/42
100 µm
(a) Reproduction. An amoeba,
a single-elled eukar!ote, isdi"iding into t#o ells$ Eahne# ell #ill be an indi"idual
organism %L&'$
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
4/42
• (rganisme multiseluler tergantung
pada pembelahan sel untuk)
– *erkembangan %dari sel !ang ter+ertilisasi'
– *ertumbuhan
– epair0 µm00 µm
(b) Growth and development. .his mirograph sho#s asand dollar embr!o shortl!a+ter the +ertili/ed egg di"ided,+orming t#o ells %L&'$
(c) Tissue renewal. .hese di"idingbone marro# ells %arro#' #illgi"e rise to ne# blood ells %L&'$
Figure 12.2 B,
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
5/42
Semua organisme
kompleks berasal dari asingle +ertili/ed egg$
&elalui pembelahan
sel, umlah selmeningkat
Sel kemudianterspesialisasi danberubah menadi+ungsin!a masing
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
6/42
Tipe pembelahan sel
• Mitosis: – Growth, development & repair
– Asexual reproduction (yields identical cells)
– Occurs in somatic (body) cells
• Meiosis:
– exual reproduction (yields di!!erent cells)
– Occurs in speci!ic reproductive cells
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
7/42
*hases o+ &itosis
1$ *rophase$ *rometaphase$ &etaphase2$ Anaphase
3$ .elophase
• *embelahan sel menghasilkan selanak !ang seara genetik identik
• Sel harus menduplikasikan materialgenetikn!a
– 4e+ore the! di"ide, ensuring that eah
daughter ell reei"es an e5at op! o+
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
8/42
Distribution o+ 7hromosomesDuring 7ell Di"ision
• *ada persiapan ell di"ision, D6Abereplikasi dan kromosom memadat
• .iap hromosome !ang terduplikasimemiliki dua sister hromatids, !angberpisah selama ell di"ision
• Sentromer merupakan daerah eking
dari hromosome !ang terduplikasi,diaman dua hromatids terikat dengandekat
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
9/42
Figure 12.1
prophase
18
metahase
Anaphase
.elophase
7!tokinesis
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
10/42
7ell di"ision results in genetiall!idential daughter ells
• Sel menduplikasikan material genetiksebelum membelah, utk memastikanbah#a tiap sel anak menerima op!
D6A dengan tepat• A ell9s endo#ment o+ D6A %its geneti
in+ormation' is alled its genome
• &olekul D6A dalam sel ter-pakmenadi kromosom
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
11/42
• Setiap spesies eukariot memiliki seumlahtertentu kromosom pada nukleus
• Sel somatik %nonreproduti"e' memiliki set kromosom
• :amet %reproduti"e ells) sperm and eggs'memiliki umlah kromosom setengah umlahkromosom sel somatik
• Kromosom eukar!otik terdiri dari kromatin,
sebuah komple5 D6A dan protein !angmemampat selama pembelahan sel
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
12/42
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
13/42
0$3 µm
7hromosomedupliation%inluding D6As!nthesis'
7entromere
Separation
o+ sisterhromatids
Sisterhromatids
7entromeres Sister hromatids
A eukar!oti ell has multiplehromosomes, one o+ #hih is
represented here$ 4e+oredupliation, eah hromosome
has a single D6A moleule$
(ne dupliated, a hromosomeonsists o+ t#o sister hromatids
onneted at the entromere$ Eah
hromatid ontains a op! o+ theD6A moleule$
&ehanial proesses separatethe sister hromatids into t#o hromosomes and distribute
them to t#o daughter ells$
Figure 12.!
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
14/42
• *embelahan sel pada eukariot terdiridari)
– &itosis, the di"ision o+ the nuleus
–7!tokinesis, the di"ision o+ the !toplasm
• :amet diproduksi dalam pembelahansel !ang disebut meiosis
• &eiosis menghasilkan sel anak !angtidak identik dengan induk !aitu han!amemiliki 1 set kromosom
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
15/42
*ada pembelahan sel, +ase mitosisbergantian dengan inter+ase
• *ada tahun 1;;, ahli anatomi lemming mengembangkan
pe#arna untuk mengamati kromosomselama mitosis dan sitokinesis
• 4agi >lemming, terlihat sel tumbuhmembesar
• Sekarang dapat diketahui ban!ak peristi#akritis teradi selama tahapan siklus sel
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
16/42
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
17/42
>ase-+ase dalam siklus sel
• Siklus sel terdiri dari
– >ase mitosis – Interphase
I6.E*?ASE
:1S%D6A s!nthesis'
: 7 !
t o k i n e s i s
& i t o
s i s
& I . ( . I 7 % & ' * ? A S E
Figure 12."
• Interphase
– :1 phase
– S phase
– : phase
• .he mitoti phase – mitosis – !tokinesis
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
18/42
*hases o+ the 7ell 7!le
• Siklus sel terdiri dari
– &itoti %&' phase %mitosis and !tokinesis'
– Interphase %ell gro#th and op!ing o+
hromosomes in preparation +or elldi"ision'
• Interphase %terdiri dari sekitar @0
dari siklus sel' !ang dapat dibagidalam sub +ase) – :1 phase %BCrst gap' – S phase %Bs!nthesis'
– :- phase %Bseond gap'
i i di i d i h
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
19/42
• &itosis terdiri dari 3 phases
– *rophase
– *rometaphase
G2 #F $%T&R'*& 'R#'*& 'R#+&T'*&
7entrosomes%#ith entriole pairs'7hromatin
%dupliated'
Earl! mitotispindle
Aster
7entromere
>ragmentso+ nulearen"elope
Kinetohore
6uleolus 6ulear
en"elope
*lasma
membrane
7hromosome, onsisting
o+ t#o sister hromatids
Kinetohore mirotubuleFigure 12.
6onkinetohoremirotubules
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
20/42
– &etaphase
– Anaphase
– .elophase
7entrosome at
one spindle pole
Daughterhromosomes
+&T'*& %'*& T&-#'*& % /T#0$%&*$*
Spindle
&etaphaseplate 6uleolus
+orming
7lea"age+urro#
6ulearen"elope+orming
Figure 12.
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
21/42
• .he mitoti spindle – mikrotubul !ang mengontrol pergerakan
kromosom selama mitosis
• Spindle munul dari sentromer – spindle mirotubules
– asters
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
22/42
• *erakitan spindle mirotubules dimulaidari sentrosom - mirotubuleorgani/ing enter
• Sentrosom bereplikasi membentuk dua
sentrosom !ang bermigrasi ke kutub!ang berla#anan, dan spindlemirotubules tumbuh dari sentrosom
• Aster %a radial arra! o+ shortmirotubules' munul dari tiapsentrosom
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
23/42
.he Spindle .he Spindle
Spindle memiliki struktur seperti web terbuat dari mirotubule $ Sangatpenting pada mitosis karena mengatur
kromosom untuk berada pada posisi!ang benar
Mitotic center
Microtubule A cell at metaphase a spindle
S i dl i t b l
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
24/42
• Some spindle mirotubules – 4erikatan dengan kinetohores hromosomes
7entrosomeAster
Sisterhromatids
&etaphase*late
Kinetohores
("erlappingnonkinetohoremirotubules
Kinetohoresmirotubules
7entrosome
7hromosomes&irotubules0$3 µm
1 µmFigure 12.
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
25/42
7hromosomes attahed to7hromosomes attahed to
spindle during nulear di"isionspindle during nulear di"ision
. ki d + i t b l
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
26/42
.#o kinds o+ mirotubules• 0inetochore microtubules berikatan dengankinetohores hromosomes dan menggerakkan kromosom kedaerah meta+ase
• %on3inetochores o"erlap satu sama lain tetapi tidakberikatan dengan hromosome
1 µm
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
27/42
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
28/42
• *ada ana+ase, sister hromatid berpisah
– Dan bergerak sepanang kinetohore mirotubulesmenuu arah berla#anan uung sel
*pindlepole
0inetochore
Figure 12.4
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
29/42
Initiation of Anaphase
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
30/42
• 6onkinetehoremirotubules +rom oppositepoles – ("erlap and push against
eah other, elongating the ell
• In telophase – :enetiall! idential daughter
nulei +orm at opposite ends
o+ the ell
• .he mirotubules shorten b!depol!meri/ing at their kinetohore
ends
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
31/42
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
32/42
7.(KI6ESIS7.(KI6ESIS
ivision o5 the c6toplasm
+itosis is the splitting o5
the nucleus.
6to3inesis is the splitting o5c6toplasm
$t usuall6 begins during%'*&
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
33/42
• *ada sel he#an
– 7!tokinesis teradi oleh proses !ang disebutlea"age, membentuk sebuah a lea"age
+urro#
7lea"age +urro#
7ontratile ring o+miroClaments
Daughter ells
100 µm
(a) leavage o5 an animal cell %SE&'
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
34/42
• *ada sel tumbuhan, selama !tokinesis
– .erbentuk plat sel %ell plate'
Daughter ells
1 µmFesiles+ormingell plate
=all o+patent ell 7ell plate 6e# ell #all
(b) ell plate 5ormation in a plant cell %SE&'Figure 12.7 B
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
35/42
• &itosis in a plant ell
1 'rophase. .he hromatinis ondensing$
.he nuleolus isbeginning todisappear$Although not!et "isiblein the mirograph,the mitoti spindle isstaring to +rom$
'rometaphase.=e no# see disretehromosomesG eah
onsists o+ t#oidential sisterhromatids$ Laterin prometaphase, thenulear en"elop #ill+ragment$
+etaphase. .hespindle is omplete,and the hromosomes,
attahed to mirotubulesat their kinetohores,are all at the metaphaseplate$
naphase. .hehromatids o+ eahhromosome ha"e
separated, and thedaughter hromosomesare mo"ing to the endso+ ell as theirkinetohoremirotubles shorten$
Telophase. Daughternulei are +orming$&ean#hile, !tokinesis
has started) .he ellplate, #hih #illdi"ided the !toplasmin t#o, is gro#ingto#ard the perimeter o+ the parent ell$
2 3
6uleus6uleolus
7hromosome7hromatineondensing
Figure 12.18
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
36/42
*urpose o+ Interphase H to dupliate ellontentsG @0 o+ the ell9s gro#th !le
*urpose o+ &itosis H to di"ide the genetimaterial into e5at t#o hal"es
*urpose o+ 7!tokinesis H to di"ide all other
ontents %e5ept nuleus' into t#o ells
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
37/42
In binary fission
– The bacterial chromosome
replicates
– The two daughterchromosomes actively move
apart
*rokar!otes %bateriaand arhaea' reprodue
b! a t!pe o+ ell di"isionalled binar! Cssion
LE 1-111
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
38/42
#rigin o5 replication
ell wall
'lasmamembrane
Bacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copieso5 origin
hromosomereplication begins.*oon therea5ter,one cop6 o5 theorigin moves rapidl6toward the otherend o5 the cell.
LE 1-11
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
39/42
#rigin o5 replication
ell wall
'lasma
membraneBacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copieso5 origin
hromosomereplication begins.*oon therea5ter,
one cop6 o5 theorigin moves rapidl6toward the otherend o5 the cell.
Replicationcontinues. #ne cop6o5 the origin is nowat each end o5 thecell.
#rigin #rigin
LE 1-11ell wall
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
40/42
#rigin o5 replication
ell wall
'lasmamembrane
Bacterialchromosome
E. coli cell
Two copies
o5 origin
hromosome
replicationbegins.*oon therea5ter,one cop6 o5 theorigin movesrapidl6 towardthe other end o5the cell.Replicationcontinues. #necop6 o5 theorigin is now ateach end o5 thecell.
#rigin #rigin
Replication9nishes.
The plasmamembranegrows inward,andnew cell wall isdeposited.Twodaughtercells
result.
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
41/42
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary
-
8/20/2019 3. SIKLUS SEL 1
42/42
A comparison of mitosis and meiosis: summary
top related