aa3004 the role of high performance doors and hardware in energy efficient buildings
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Program Number AA3004
Presented By:
Dave Wiemer, AHC, CDT
Aaron Smith, LEED AP BD+ C
Director Sustainable Building Solutions
C | 612.325.5719
E | asmith@assaabloydss.com
ASSA ABLOY is the global leader in door opening solutions, dedicated to satisfying end-user needs for security, safety and convenience
The Role of High Performance Doors and Hardware in Energy Efficient Buildings
ASSA ABLOY Sustainability Policy
ASSA ABLOY is committed to providing products and services that are environmentally sound throughout the entire production process and the product life-cycle.
Our unconditional aim is to make sustainability a central part of our business philosophy and culture, but even more importantly is the job of integrating sustainability into our business strategy.
Comprehensive Sustainability Report since 2005-6 Utilizing Global Reporting Initiative
Submitting to the United Nations for review
Report Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions to Carbon Disclosure Project
ASSA ABLOY 2010 Sustainability Report
ASSA ABLOY Door Security Solutions
90 Door Opening Consultants throughout the U.S.
Consulting and specification writing services to architects, interior designers, building owners, facility managers, security consultants
Door opening solutions specified to meet the needs of your project
Meet requirements for security, life safety, convenience, aesthetics, and sustainability
Specialize in K-12, university, healthcare, commercial, military, government, hospitality, and retail door opening solutions
Global Team of Experts
Affiliations: Door and Hardware Institute (DHI) American Institute of Architects (AIA) Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) International Interior Design Association (IIDA)
American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS) United States Green Building Council (USGBC)
Designations: AHC | Architectural Hardware Consultants CDC | Certified Door Consultants CDT | Construction Documents Technologists LEED GA/AP | LEED Accredited Professionals PSP | ASIS Physical Security Professionals
Architectural Consulting by Project Phase Integrated Design and BIM (all project phases) Code Compliance Review Try-Me Program product samples
Survey & Walkthrough of Existing Facilities Coordination with building systems & related trades Integrated, Sustainable & Aesthetic Design Solutions
Green your Division 8 Specifications Door & Hardware Schedules assistance Value Analysis, Sustainability Analysis
Review of Shop Drawings & Submittals Jobsite inspection & Punch lists Technical Support
DD
CD
CA
SD
AIA Continuing Education System
ASSA ABLOY Door Security Solutions is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to the CES Records for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available upon request.
This program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education (HSW & SD). As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
GBCI Continuing Education System
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) has approved the technical and instructional quality of this course for 1 GBCI CE Hours towards the LEED Credential Maintenance Program.
ASSA ABLOY is an USGBC Education Provider committed to enhancing the ongoing professional development of the building industry and LEED Professionals through high-quality education programs. As a USGBC Education Provider, ASSA ABLOY has agreed to abide by USGBC established operational and educational criteria, and is subject to annual reviews and audits for quality assurance.
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© ASSA ABLOY Door Security Solutions 2011
Please indicate on the Sign-in Sheet whether you would like an electronic copy of the presentation.
Learning Objectives
At the conclusion of this program, participants will: Understand the importance of high-performance door and
hardware solutions in energy efficient and net zero buildings.
Know the difference between Calculated and Operable U factors and air infiltration for optimal door opening energy efficiency.
Identify doors, gaskets, hardware and frames available and their effects on the energy efficiency of the building envelope.
Learn how Green codes & BIM will change the future of door opening specifications.
What else would you like to learn?
Energy Efficiency – Why It’s Important
Two main concerns
1. Monetary costs
Most schools and hospitals spend more on energy than any other expense except personnel!
Rising costs create desire to reduce energy consumption
Building envelope issues increase cost of achieving and maintaining desired heating/cooling levels
2. Environmental costs
Increased fuel usage caused by these issues generates greater amounts of carbon footprint
Energy & Atmosphere
According to the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC): In the United States alone, buildings account for:
72% of electricity consumption 39% of energy use 38% of all carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
Energy Efficiency – Envelope Design
High-performance doors and hardware play an important role in enhancing building energy efficiency
A few basic measures can be taken to improve the thermal integrity of doorways in the building envelope
Building design can optimize energy performance Stack pressure within a building forces air
through any opening, causing the heating/cooling system to work harder Need to create an airtight building
envelope Acts as a barrier to lessen thermal
exchange
Fairmont Pittsburgh – LEED Gold
Energy & Atmosphere - Doors & Hardware impact on buildings Approx 40% of energy leakage
comes from the building envelope*
Floors, Walls & Ceilings – 31% Windows - 10% Doors - 11%
*Tony Woods, Air tight buildings, 2005
*
Richard S. Duncan, Ph.D., P.E. Technical Director
Spray Polyurethane Foam Alliance
Code/LEED requirements for Opaque Swinging Door specifications
Use door openings that exceed ASHRAE 90.1-2007 Standards by a minimum 5% for remodel and 10% for new
17
Operable U Values
Calculated using ASTM C1363
Operable Air Infiltration
Calculated using ASTM E283
New Mandatory Green Codes
IGCC 2012 & ASHRAE 189.1 –
Standard 189.1 is a set of technically rigorous requirements, which like the IGCC, covers criteria including water use efficiency, indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, materials and resource use, and the building’s impact on its site and its community 30% improvement over 2006 IECC
189.1 Adopted by US Army Corps of Engineers
Reflects the AIA 2030 Commitment
Requires better fenestration
Air infiltration allowance at .2 cfm/sf2 P
Energy Efficiency – Factors to Consider
Measures can be taken to improve the U-factor of an opening
U-factor The measure of heat transmission from one side of an
opening to the other
Lower U-value indicates better ability to prevent heat transmission
R-Factor (Inverse of U) The measure of a material’s ability to resist heat flow
Higher R-value indicates better resistance to heat flow
Energy Efficiency – Converting R to U
Door manufacturers often display the R-value for their products
Energy codes performance guidelines may be expressed in a U-value
Following equation converts R-value to U-value U = 1/(R1 + R2 + R3…etc)
R-11 is equal to a U - .09
Energy Efficiency – Calculated vs. Operable Values Manufacturers have traditionally promoted the calculated
R and U values for their products Determined by a formula, rather than performance test
Calculated core not indicative of real-life performance
Operable value gives a more realistic estimate of product performance Determined by performance testing
ASTM C1363 is the most current test standard for operable thermal transmittance, replacing ASTM C236
ASTM E283 is the most current test standard for operable air infiltration to meet 189.1 and IGCC
Energy Efficiency – Calculated vs. Operable Values Example of differences in calculated and operable R and
U values
Actual installed performance
Recap of Current Commercial Door Codes
Thermal Resistance & Air Infiltration – Commercial Construction
Current
Building Envelope Climate Zones
1
2
1-Energy Standard for Low Rise Residential Buildings2-Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings
IGCC – 2012
Air leakage < .2 cfm/sf2
Air leakage < .4 cfm/sf2
Residential Door Codes- not the same Thermal resistance standards for residential construction
No air infiltration standard
Current (as of 2010)
Insulated Core Doors
Closing & Latching
Thermal Break and Kerf Frames
ThresholdsDoor Bottoms / Sweeps
Gasketing
Pulling it all together – Integrated Door and Hardware Assemblies
Thermal Break Frames
Thermal break frames can improve an opening’s U-factor Since door frames are made of metal, a
thermal break consisting of an insulated material is needed to stop heat transmission Reduce heat loss Prevent frost/condensation Provides a positive thermal break within
the frame profile Delivers maximum protection against
cold penetration Ideal for openings exposed to extreme
cold Weatherstripping easily removable
Kerf Frames
Kerf frames Specially designed frames feature a groove
along the frame section that comes in contact with the door edge
Simplifies installation of weatherstripping
Serves as a convenient channel to install weatherstripping without using additional fasteners
Weatherstripping easily removable
Insulated Door Types
Insulated doors boost the R-factor of an opening
Hollow metal doors commonly used in building envelope Constructed from sheet metal in 20-18, 16- and 14-gauge
thickness
Core or interior space can be filled with insulated material
Polystyrene
Polyurethane
Polyurethane Core
Insulated Door Types
Door cores Polystyrene
Features an R-factor of roughly 6.4
Polyurethane
R-factor of about 11 creates an effective thermal barrier
Look for non-ozone depleting CFC and HCFC free
Polyurethane Foam
Mineral Fiberboard
Honeycomb
Polystyrene Foam
Steel Stiffened
Hollow Metal Door Cores
Gasketing & Weatherstripping
All openings have small gaps and creases, Gasketing is needed to fill these creases
Gasketing should be used to fill seams around the jambs and door head
A bottom seal and threshold can eliminate the gap under the door
Openings with a pair of doors also require gasketing to seal the meeting stile
Left untouched, these gaps allow free passage of air and are a significant source of energy loss
ASTM E283 (lab) provides guidelines for air infiltration performance
ASTM E783 (field) provides guidelines for air infiltration performance
Sealing the Gaps
What is air infiltration? Air infiltration: A measurement of the air leakage around the
perimeter of a door opening
CFM = Cubic Feet per Minute
Example of air infiltration test results:
90.1-2007 = Air leakage < .4 cfm/sf2189.1-2009 = Air leakage < .2 cfm/sf2
Gasketing & Weatherstripping
Gasketing available in several materials Silicone Santoprene (100% recyclable- avoid Chloroprene/Neoprene) Vinyl Polypropylene
Materials are flexible Do not impede door operation
Available in varying Grades to meet conditions of different climate zones
Look for products that meet or exceed ANSI 156.22 Door Gasketing and Edge Seal Systems standards
34
Accessibility standards requires thresholds be a maximum of 1/2” high
Thresholds, Door Bottoms, Gasket
Integrated Hollow Metal Frame with Weatherstripping
Hardware - ANSI/BHMA Standard
Standards are established to create a minimum level of product performance
Most hardware manufacturers meet the minimum levels
Some manufacturers go above and beyond the standards
Some manufacturers test to Security Grade One standards
ANSI/BHMA Standard A156.13 Mortise Locks & Latches (Series 1000)
Cycle Testing Grade 1Grade
2Grade 3
Mortise
ANSI/BHMA A156.13
standard for cycle testing Min Cycles
1,000,000 800,000 800,000
Some manufacturers
have completed 14,318,360
cycles! 14 times the
BHMA Standard!
EXIT DEVICES
Cycle Testing:Warranties:Materials:
Features:
Functions:
20+ Million5 yrs
S.S. LatchboltS.S. Case
36 Levers Styles11 Finishes
11 FunctionsWindstorm Rated
800,000 1 yrs
S.S. Hollow LatchboltBrass/Aluminum Case
4 Levers Styles4 Finishes
6 FunctionsNo Windstorm
All grade 1 locks are not created equal!
High End Grade 1 Mid Price Point
Door Closers
Mechanical closers used on majority of doorways
Door closer operates in five cycles 1. Opening cycle
2. Back-check cycle
3. Delayed-action cycle
4. Closing cycle
5. Latching cycle
Closing Methods
Surface Closers
Floor Closers
Concealed In Head
Concealed In Door
Energy Efficiency – Door Closers
Overcoming stack pressure Stack pressure created by differences between inside and
outside air pressure
Can create a strong rush of air to flow out that overpowers the closing cycle of the door closer
Door may stay open longer than intended or fail to latch shut
Properly sized closer needed to overcome stack pressure
DOOR CLOSERS – SURFACE MOUNTED
Cycle Testing:Warranties:Materials:
Features:
Functions:
2,000,000 Million1 yrs
1 ¼” Dia. Piston3 Arms
Stamped Arms2 Painted FinishesNo Plated Finishes
Delayed Action36 Levers Styles
11 Finishes11 Functions
Windstorm Rated
10+ Million10+ yrs
1 ½” Dia. Piston33 Arms
Forged Arms5 Painted Finishes7 Plated FinishesDelayed Action
36 Levers Styles11 Finishes
11 FunctionsWindstorm Rated
Energy Efficiency – Automatic Operators
Automatic or power-assisted doors used on heavily-accessed entrances
43% energy savings achieved during 9 month test
Energy Efficiency – Vestibules
Source: Dr. Alexander Zhivov – USACE at CERL – Energy Assessments at US Army Installations
Energy Efficiency – Revolving Doors
Alternatives to swinging/sliding doors Revolving doors
Revolving doors stop the free flow of air Revolving door is never open
Seals remain in contact with walls of the doors at all times
Only air transferred is in the chamber with the person using the door
Energy Efficiency – Revolving Doors
MIT 2006 study Swinging doors allow 8x as much air exchange as a revolving
door
Study estimated that limiting ingress and egress to revolving doors would save school $7,500 a year for a single building
Accompanying reduction in emissions would total about 15 tons of CO2 annually per building
Result achieved by utilizing 2 of the 29 revolving doors on campus!
http://sustainability.mit.edu/content/revolving-doors.
Energy Efficiency - BIM
Virtual Design Construction (VDC) is the process .. BIM is the Tool that Enables the Process
BIM is NOT a software program ..
Database of building information that can be visually represented in 3D
– The power lies in the connectedness between the data and the virtual object
Database is a shared resource ..– Design - Costing - Procurement –
Fabrication - Scheduling - Facility Management
Interoperable models driving Enabling Applications ..
Energy Efficiency - BIM for Energy Simulation
Energy simulation
4D
CostingFabrication
Clash Detection
Quantity takeoff
Images: Burt Hill, University Mechanical, Ryan Homes, View By View, Beck Group, IES, SOM
BIM .. transforming the process
From point-to-point .. Silos of information with
many handoffs
Lack of interoperability
Higher risk for error
Limited responsibility
HVAC HVAC EngineerEngineer
HVAC HVAC EngineerEngineer
StructuralStructuralEngineerEngineer
StructuralStructuralEngineerEngineer
Trades & Trades & DistributionDistribution
Trades & Trades & DistributionDistribution
Constr.Constr.ManagerManager
Constr.Constr.ManagerManager
FacilitiesFacilitiesManagerManager
FacilitiesFacilitiesManagerManager
BuildingBuildingOwnerOwner
BuildingBuildingOwnerOwner
CivilCivilEngineerEngineer
CivilCivilEngineerEngineer
ArchitectArchitectArchitectArchitect
BIM .. transforming the process
To centralized .. Earlier design &
performance influence .. a "seat at the table"
Improved constructability & Energy efficiency
Reduced waste, delays, and re-work
Shared responsibility
StructuralStructuralEngineerEngineer
StructuralStructuralEngineerEngineer
Trades & Trades & DistributionDistribution
Trades & Trades & DistributionDistribution
HVAC HVAC EngineerEngineer
HVAC HVAC EngineerEngineer
Constr.Constr.ManagerManager
Constr.Constr.ManagerManager
FacilitiesFacilitiesManagerManager
FacilitiesFacilitiesManagerManager
BuildingBuildingOwnerOwner
BuildingBuildingOwnerOwner
CivilCivilEngineerEngineer
CivilCivilEngineerEngineer
ArchitectArchitectArchitectArchitect
BuildingBuildingInformationInformation
ModelModel(BIM)(BIM)
BuildingBuildingInformationInformation
ModelModel(BIM)(BIM)
Architects Design and performance
analysis
Trades Increased need for BIM-ready
content. Pre-assembled fabrication.
Contractors Clash detection, scheduling,
jobsite waste reduction
Owners Facility management
The Life Cycle of BIM .. involves everyone
A Sealed Building
Optimize thermal performance: entire building envelope
Create a sealed barrier: prevent air infiltration, heat transfer
Each opening component should be carefully selected Thermal Break frames and Kerf frames
Insulated doors
Door closers
Gasketing
Revolving doors (when possible)
BIM: performance characteristics of door assemblies
Following this strategy, doorways can be used to create a more energy efficient building
This Concludes the Educational Program
Thank you for attending
What is your reaction to the program?
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AIA/CES HWS & SD, GBCI/CEU Credits
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Aaron C. Smith, LEED AP BD+C
612.325.5719
asmith@assaabloydss.com
Codes:
National Fire Protection Association: www.nfpa.org
International Code Council (ICC): www.iccsafe.org
Institutes:
Construction Specifications Institute: www.csinet.org
Window & Door Manufacturers Association: www.wdma.com
Architectural Woodwork Institute: www.awinet.org
ASHRAE: www.ashrae.org
United States Green Building Council: www.usgbc.org
- US Army Corps of Engineers: www.usace.army.mil
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology: www.sustainability.mit.edu
- International Living Building Institute: www.ilbi.org
- AIA 2030 Challenge: www.architecture2030.org
- ASSA ABLOY: www.assaabloydss.com/sustainability
How To Get More Information?
Specification Section Support
08 06 71 – Door Hardware Schedule
08 11 13 – Metal Doors and Frames
08 14 16 – Flush Wood Doors 08 14 23 – Clad Wood Doors 08 14 33 – Stile & Rail Wood Doors 08 17 00 – Integrated Door
Opening Assemblies 08 71 00 – Door Hardware 08 74 00 – Access Control
Hardware
Related Specification Section Support
08 42 29 – Automatic Entrances 08 42 33 – Revolving Door Entrances 08 42 36 – Balanced Door Entrances 08 42 43 – ICU/CCU Entrances 08 71 13 – Automatic Door Operators 27 52 13 – Patient Monitoring and
Telemetry Systems 27 52 23 – Nurse Call / Code Blue
Systems 28 13 00 – Access Control 28 16 00 – Intrusion Detection 28 23 00 – Video Surveillance 28 46 00 – Electronic Detention
Monitoring and Control Systems
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