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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

avNAMfC qbpqp lN qfMBbo-iACba qeobb-ibAc pqlNb MAplNov Mlabi Adami ChK-bKNI sintzileou bKOI Mouzakis ChKPI harapitta iK4 ==ABpqoACq =fn=this=paperI= the=effect=of= timber= tiesI=as=well=as=of=simple=intervention=techniques=EieK=grouting=and=enhancement= of= diaphragm= action= of= floorsF= on= the= seismic= behaviour= of= three-leaf= stone= masonry=building=model=with=timber=floors=is=investigatedK=A=two-storey=building=with=timber=ties=Escale=of=NWOF=is=subjected=to=seismic=actions=in=the=facility=of=the=iaboratory=of=barthquake=bngineeringLkqrA=until=repairable=damages=occurK=mrior=to=the=execution=of=the=shaking=table=testsI=the=dynamic=characteristics=of= the= specimen= are= estimatedK= AfterwardsI= the= structure= is= strengthened= with= the= same= techniques=applied=to=a=building=model=without=timber=tiesI=tested=within=the=same=project=xNzK=pubsequentlyI=the=model= is= re-tested=until=severe=damages=are=observedK= oesults=on= the=seismic=behavior=of= the= timber=reinforced=model=at=its=as-built=state=show=that=the=presence=of=timber=ties=within=the=masonry=elements=tends= to= modify= and= actually= limit= the= pathology= of= the= modelI= as= compared= to= the= model= without=timber= tiesK=joreoverI= the=performance=of= the=model=with= timber= ties=before=and=after=strengthening=allows=for=the=positive=effect=of=the=selected=intervention=techniques=to=be=identifiedK==heywordsW peismic behaviourI phaking table testsI Three-leaf stone masonryI Timber tiesI

droutingI aiaphragm action NK fNqolarCqflN =tithin=the=framework=of=the=project=kfhboI=testing=of=subassembliesI=as=well=as=of=scaled=buildings=is=envisagedK=jore=specificallyI=two=O-storey=buildings=Escale=NWOF=are=tested=on=the=earthquake=simulator=of=the=iaboratory=of=barthquake=bngineeringI=kqrAK=qhe=two=buildings=are=made=of=three=leaf=rubble=stone= masonryK= qhe= difference=between= the= two=buildings= is= that= in= the= first= oneI= masonry= is= plainI=whereas=in=the=second=oneI=timber=ties=are=provided=at=various=levels=along=the=height=of=the=structureK=qhis= type= of= construction= simulates= real= historic= structures= in= earthquake= prone= areas= Ebastern=jediterraneanI= Asia= and=pouth=AmericaFK= fn=both=buildingsI= timber= floors= are=providedK= qhe=models=are= first= tested= as-builtI= until= they= are= damagedK= pubsequentlyI= they= are= strengthened= Egrouting= of=masonry=and=enhancement=of=the=diaphragm=action=of= the=floorsF=and=retestedI=with=the=aim=to=assess=the=efficiency=of=the=interventionsK=fn=parallelI=the=behaviour=of=the=buildings=is=being=modeled=using=cbj= xOzI= with= the= aim= to= predict= their= pathologyI= as= well= as= the= efficiency= of= the= intervention=techniquesK= fn= this= paperI= the= experimental= results= related= to= the= timber-laced= model= are= briefly=presented=and=commented=uponK==== =

================================================N=arK=Civil=bngineerI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=== of=oeinforced=ConcreteI=adamis]centralKntuaKgr=O=mrofessorI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=== of=oeinforced=ConcreteI=elvintz]centralKntuaKgr=P=Assistant=mrofessor=I=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=== of=barthquake=bngineeringI=harrismo]centralKntuaKgr=4=arK=Civil=bngineerI=kational=qechnical=rniversity=of=AthensI=caculty=of=Civil=bngineeringI=iaboratory=== of=barthquake=bngineeringI=klucia]centralKntuaKgr=

SNM=

OK abpCofmqflN lc pmbCfMbN OKNK aescription of specimen with timber ties qhe =geometry =of =the =timber-laced =building =model =Esee =cigK =NFI =as =well =as =the =materials =used =for =its =construction=EieK=stonesI=mortarsI=infill=materialI=construction=type=of=masonry=and=timber=elementsF=are=identical=to=that=of=the=plain=masonry=specimen=described=in=xNzK===

===

cigK N=qypical=plan=and=picture=of=timber-laced=specimen==

fn=order=to=investigate=the=seismic=behaviour=of=timber= reinforced=buildingsI=a=construction=type=very=frequently=used=in=historic=centres=of=earthquake=prone=areas=in=burope=and=elsewhereI=one=of=the=less=efficient =and=most =common=tying=systems=was=selectedK =qhe=arrangement =of =timber=ties =is =shown=on=one=of=the=facades=of=the=building=EcigK=NFK=qimber=ties=are=positionedW=

aF At=the=bottom=of=openingsI=bF At=the=top=of=all=openingsI=cF At=floor=levelsK=

As=shown=in=cigure=OaI=two=longitudinal=timber=elements=are=arranged=along=the=exterior=and=interior=faces= of= masonry= Ewith= dimensionsW= 4M= ×= 4M= mmFK= qhe= longitudinal= elements= are= connected= by=means= of= transverse= timber= elements= at= every= MKRMm= approximately= EcigK= OaFK= qhe= simplest=connection= is= selected= for= investigationW= transverse= timber= elements= are=resting=on=the= longitudinal=ones=and=they=are=nailed=to=them=EcigK=Oa=and=OcFK=cigure=Ob=shows=the=connection=of=timber=ties=in=the=corners=of=the=buildingI=whereas=cigure=Oc=shows= the=connection=that= is=selected=for=splicing=of=the=longitudinal=timber=elementsK=curthermoreI=timber=ties=are=connected=with=timber=frames=around=openings=as=shown=in=cigure=PK==

= = ==

========================aF=======================================bF===========================================================cF=

cigK O EaF=fn-thickness=layout=of=longitudinal=and=transverse=timber=elementsI=EbF=Connection=of=timber=elements=in=the=corners=of=the=buildingI=EcF=pplicing=of=longitudinal=timber=elements=

SNN=

=

cigK P Connection=between=timber=ties=and=timber=frames=of=openings==OKOK qest setup qhe=timber-laced=specimen=was=securely=fastened=on=the=shaking=table=through=a=rigid=steel=baseK=qhe=instrumentation=used=in=the=shaking=table=experiments=was=designed=to=measure=the=accelerations=and=absolute=displacements= along=u= and= v= directions= at= both= levels= during= each= testX= their= locations= are=shown= in= cigure= 4K= joreoverI= the= displacement= of= the= floors= in= relation= to= that= of= the= walls= was=measuredK= qhe= self= weight= of= the= model= was= approximately= equal= to= N4KR= jgrK= As= in= case= of= the=building=model= without= timber= ties= xNzI= additional=masses= ETKR=jgrF= were=placed=on= the= two= floorsI=namelyI=4KR=jgr=and=P=jgr=on=the=floor=of=the=Nst=and=Ond=level=respectivelyK===

==================================================aF=================================================bF=

cigK 4=jeasurement=points=of=aF=acceleration=and=bF=displacement==

OKPK qest procedureK peismic input and test protocol qhe=specimen=was=tested=on=the=shaking=table=under=biaxial=excitation=along=the=two=horizontal=axes=Eu= and= v= directionsI= long= and= short= side= of= the= modelI= respectivelyFK= qhe= as= built= model= was=subjected=to=a=sequence=of=the=halamata= Epouth=meloponneseF=signals= EpeptK=NPthI=NVUS=earthquakeI=js===SKOI=cigK=4FI=as=shown=in=qable=NKqhe=specimen=was=subjected=to=a=series=of=scaled=base=motion=with= incereasing= intensityI= until= significant= Ebut= repairableF= damage= occursK= qhenI= the= model= was=removed=from=the=shaking=tableI=it=was=strengthened=by=grouting=of=masonry=and=retested=following=

SNO=

the=same=sequence=applied=on= the=as-built=model= EtabK=OFK= ft= is= noted= that= the=repaired=by=means=of=grouting=specimenI= reached= the=same=values=of= the=maximum=acceleration=obtained=by= the=as-built=model=Eup=to=NOMB=halamata=earthquakeF=without=any=visible=damageK=qhenI=a=second= intervention=technique=was=applied=only=at=the=upper=level=of=the=modelX=a=second=pavement=was=placed=on=top=of=the= existing= one= Eat= an=angle=of= 4R°F= and= connected= to= the=walls= along= the= entire= perimeter= of= the=modelK= AfterwardsI= a=repetition= of= the= sequence= of= halamata= earthquake= was= applied= to= the=specimenK=aue=to=the=fact=that=the=model=after= strengthening=was=significantly=stiffer=than=in=its=as-built=stateI=it=became=obvious=that=another=seismic=input=Ewith=smaller=predominant=periodF=would=be=neededI= in=order= to=significantly=damage= the=modelK= qhusI=as= shown= in=qable=OI=a= sequence=of= the=frpinia=earthquake=signals=Ekovember=OPrdI=NVUMI=Calitri=recordI=js===SKVF=was=also=imposed=to=the=strengthened=model=EcigK=RFK===

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=aF ==================================================================================bF=

cigK 4=halamata=earthquakeW=base=acceleration=time=histories=along=u=direction=and=v=direction=and=respective=response=spectrum==

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=

cigK R=frpinia=earthquakeW=base=acceleration=time=histories=along=u=direction=and=v=direction=and=respective=response=spectrum==

=keedless=to=mention=thatI=prior=to=the=application=of=the=seismic=inputs=and=after=strong=seismic=testsI=the=dynamic=properties=of=each=specimen=was=measured=through=sine=logarithmic=sweep=excitation=of=low=amplitude=EMKMOgFK=pine=sweep=tests=were=performed=separately=along=u=and=v=directionsK=

SNP=

qable N==As-built=model=EBpFK=qest=protocol= qable O==ptrengthened=model=EApFK=qest=protocol==

koK=of=

test====

bxcitation=airection=of=

excitation=

pcale=of=original=record=

Base=acceleration=

xgz=u= v=

NBp= pine= u= -= MKMO= -=OBp= pine= v= -= -= MKMO=PBp= halamata= uCv= NRB= -= -=4Bp= halamata= uCv= PMB= -= -=RBp= halamata= uCv= 4RB= -= -=SBp= halamata= uCv= SMB= -= -=TBp= halamata= uCv= TRB= -= -=UBp= halamata= uCv= VMB= -= -=VBp= halamata= uCv= NMMB= -= -=NMBp= halamata= uCv= NOMB= -= -=NNBp= halamata= uCv= NOMBo= -= -=

=

koK=of=

test==

bxcitation= airection=of=

excitation=

pcale=of=original=record=

Base=acceleration=

xgz=u= v=

drouting=of=walls=NAp= pine= u= -= MKMO= -=OAp= pine== v= -= -= MKMO=PAp= halamata= uCv= NRB= -= -=4Ap= halamata= uCv= PMB= -= -=RAp= halamata= uCv= 4RB= -= -=SAp= halamata= uCv= SMB= -= -=TAp= halamata= uCv= TRB= -= -=UAp= halamata= uCv= VMB= -= -=VAp= halamata= uCv= NMMB= -= -=

NMAp= halamata= uCv= NOMB= -= -=NNAp= pine= u= -= MKMO= -=NOAp= pine== v= -= -= MKMO=bnhancement=of=diaphragm=action=of=the=top=floor=

NPAp= pine= u= -= MKMO= -=N4Ap= pine== v= -= -= MKMO=NRAp= halamata= uCv= NRB= -= -=NSAp= halamata= uCv= PMB= -= -=NTAp= halamata= uCv= 4RB= -= -=NUAp= halamata= uCv= SMB= -= -=NVAp= halamata= uCv= TRB= -= -=OMAp= halamata= uCv= VMB= -= -=ONAp= halamata= uCv= NMMB= -= -=OOAp= halamata= uCv= NOMB= -= -=OPAp= frpinia= uCv= NMMB= = =O4Ap= frpinia= uCv= OMMB= = =ORAp= frpinia= uCv= PMMB= = =OSAp= frpinia= uCv= 4MMB= = =OTAp= frpinia= uCv= 4MMBo= = =

=

OK4K aescription of strengthening techniques After=the=completion=of=the=as-built=model=EBpF=testingI=the=timber-laced=model=was=strengthened=EApF=using=the=same=techniques=applied=to=the=building=model=without=timber=ties=xNzI=namelyI=grouting=and=enhancement=of=the=diaphragm=action=of=the=floorsK=joreoverI=and=in=order=to=highlight=the=effect=of=each= intervention= technique= on= the= dynamic= behaviour= of= the= structureI= two= different= series= of= tests==

qable P==jain=mechanical=and=injectability=characteristics=of=grout==

Composition=xB-wtz=

jechanical=properties=age=

xdaysz=fgrIcGGG=xjmaz=

fgrIflGGGG=xjmaz=keiR= mG= pmGG= water=

VM= NM= MKTM= UOKR= OU= NKTM= MKSM=VM= OKVM= MKSM=

fnjectability=characteristics=qPS=

pand=column=NKORLOKMM=mm=xsz=

jarsch=Cone=td=4KTmm=

xsz=

Bleeding=xBz=

NSKPV= ORKPM= O==

=================G=mozzolanI=GG=puperplasticizerI=GGGCompressive=strengthI=GGGG=clexural=strength===were=performed=for=the=timber-laced=specimen=after=strengthening=EApFI=namelyI=mhase=Ap-N=and=Ap-NK=fn=mhase=Ap-NI=all=perimeter=masonry=walls=were=grouted=using=a=hydraulic-lime=based=grout=made=with=VMB=pure=pt= Astier=kei=R= and=NMB=superfine=natural=pozzolan=xPz=and= the= specimen=was= re-testedK=qhe=procedure=used=for=the=preparation=and=application=of=the=grouts=are=described=in=detail=in=xNzK=fn=qable=PI=the=main=data=related=to=the=grout=that=was=applied=to=the=model=are=summarizedK=fn=this=caseI=the=volume=of=grouts=injected=to=the=structure=was=approxK=equal=to=UUO=ltI=indicating=a=percentage=

SN4=

of=voids=of=the=interior= leaves=of=the=order= of=PMBK=pubsequentlyI= in=mhase=Ap-OI=a=second=pavement=was= placed= on=top= of= the= existing=pavement= of= the=Ond= level=onlyI= arranged=at= an=angle= of= 4RM= with=respect =to =the=initial =one=x4zK =qhe=new=pavement =was=connected=through=the=initial =one=to=the=timber=beamsI= using= nailsK= qhe= stiffened= floor= was= connected= to= the= perimeter= wallsK= qhe= connection= was=designed=to=resist=the=same=shear=force=as=that=of=the=the=building=model=without=timber=ties=xNzK==qhen=the=specimen=was=tested=againK==PK bumbofMbNqAi obpriqp PKNK lbserved damages After=each=step=of=testingI=the=model=was=carefully=inspected=and=the=observed=damages=were=reported=on=drawingsK==cigures=S=and=T=show=the=damage=pattern=of=two=walls=of=the=modelI=namelyI=one=long=and= one= short= wall= Efor= definition= see= cigK= PF= before= and= after= the= application= of= the= strengthening=techniquesK= qhese=damages= occurred=after= reaching= the=maximum=acceleration= of= each= test= of= seriesI=iKeK= after= completion= of= qest= NMBp= ENOMB= halamata= earthquakeI= tabK= NF=and=qest= OTAp= E4MMBo= of=frpinia=earthquakeI=tabK=OF=for=the=as-built=and=the=strengthened=specimen=respectivelyK==

== =================================================================aF============================================================bF=

cigK S=As=built=specimenK=lbserved=damages=at=aF=the=long=wall=N=EitNF=and=bF=the=short=wall=O=EptOFX==at=NOMBo=of=halamata=earthquake=

=

================================================================aF============================================================bF=

cigK T=ptrengthened=specimen=EAp-OFK=lbserved=damages=at=aF=the=long=wall=N=EitNF=and=bF=the=short=wall=O=EptOFX=at=4MMBo=of=frpinia=earthquakeK=

=cor =the =Bp =specimenI =vertical =cracks =and =some =minor =shear =cracks =are =formed =in =the =long =walls =at =NOMB =of =halamata =earthquake =EcigK =SaFK =ft =is =important =to =note =that =the =crack =width =of =the =vertical =cracks=at=the=top= is= of= the=order=of=NKM-OKR=mm=and=reduces= towards= the=base=of=the=buildingK= At= the=level= of= the= ground= floor= only= hair= cracks= are= visibleK= curthermoreI= the= presence= of= the= timber= ties=

SNR=

prevents= the=opening=of=shear=cracks= in=the=corners=of=doors=and=windowsK=At= the=short=wallsI=cracks=are= limited= in= the=corners= Eat=NOMB= of= original= recordF= having=a= width= of= the= order= of= N= mmK= pome=shear=cracks=are=also=formed=in=the=walls=Esee=cigK=SbFK=joreoverI=one=should=note=that=a=separation=of=the= leaves= of= the= three-leaf= masonry= is= apparent= EcigK= UF= after= qest= NMBp= ENOMB= of= halamata=earthquakeFK=qhis=detachment= is= limited=in=the=upper=part=of=the=structure=and=is=present=at=both=long=Efrom=O=to=S=mmF=and=short=sides=Eup=to=N-O=mmF=of=the=specimenI=as=well=as=at=the=vertical=sides=of=the=windows=of=the=Ond=level=EcigK=UbFK=

=

============================================================aF=================================================================================bF=

cigK U=As=built=specimenK=aetachment=of=the=leaves=of=three-leaf=masonry=aF=at=the=roof=and=bF=at=the=windows==of=the=top=floorX=at=NOMB=of=halamata=earthquake=

=qhe= strengthened= model= exhibited= a= significantly= improved= behaviourI= in= terms= of= maximum=accelerationK=joreoverI= the=improved=bond=between=masonry=leaves=Edue=to=groutingFI=together=with=the=enhancement=of=the=diaphragm=action=of=the=top=floor=and=its=connection=with=the=perimeter=wallsI=have=led=to=a=significant=modification=of=the=behaviour=of=the=buildingK=qhusI=EaF=the=model=was=free=of=damages= after= the= completion= of= qestsNMAp= and= OOApENOMB= of= halamata= earthquakeFI= EbF= no=separation=between= the= leaves= of= masonry=was= observedI= even= after= the= application= of= the= strongest=motion= Eqest= OTApW= 4MMBo= of= frpinia= earthquakeFI= and= EcF= due= to= the= enhanced= box-action= of= the=buildingI=its=vulnerability=to=out-of-plane=bending=was=significantly=reduced=as=vertical=cracks=close=to=the=corners=appeared=only=at=advanced=stage=of=testingK==As= the=seismic= input= increased= to=PMMB=of= of= frpinia= earthquake=Eqest=ORApFI= minor=vertical=cracks=formed= at= the= corners= of= the= buildingI= whereas= at= the= level= of= the= ground= floorI= timber-ties= at= the=bottom= of= the= windows= detached= from= the= masonryK= As= the= seismic= excitation= increased= furtherI=a=combination=of=rocking=of=the=upper=floor=and=sliding=mechanisms=at=the=level=of=the=timber-ties=were=formedK= At= that= pointI= significant= separation= was= recorded= at= the= splices= of= the= longitudinal= timber=elementsI=mainly=in=the=short=wallsK=eoweverI=no=significant=force-response=degradation=was=observedK=qhe=building=proved=to=be=relatively=resilient=to=earthquake=excitationK=tith=the=repetition=of=the=same=seismic= input= Eqest= OTApFI= cracking= was= generalized= in= the= specimenI= leading= to= the= formation= of=horizontal =cracksI =practicallyI =at =all =levels =of =the =timber =ties =and =shear =cracks =in =the =walls =of =both =storeysK== PKOK aynamic Characteristics qhe=measured=values=of=first=natural=frequency=along=u=and=v=direction=are=given=in=qable=4=for=both=conditions= Ebefore=and= after= interventionsFI= prior= to= the= application= of= seismic= inputsK= By=using= the=half-power= band-width= methodI= the= values= of= coefficient= of= damping= have=been= evaluated= from= the=recorded= acceleration= at= top= of= each= specimenK= qhe= frequency= of= the= first= u-mode= of= initial=configuration=Ealong= long=wallI=see=cigK=PF= is= equal= to=UKRU=ezI=whereas= that= for= v-mode=Ealong= the=short= wallI= see=cigK=PF= is= equal= to=SKST=ezK=qhe=corresponding=damping= ratio= is= around=4B=and=UB=along=u= and= v=direction= respectivelyK= As= expectedI= the= strengthened= model= became=slightly= stifferK=After=groutingI=the=frequencies=of=the=two=fundamental=modes=in=u=EVKO=ezF=and=v=EVKR=ezF=direction=are= very= closeI= suggesting= a= more= box-type= behaviour= for= the= modelK= A= minor= increase= of= the=abovementioned=values=is=evident=after=stiffening=the=top=floorK=ln=the=other=handI=the=initial=values=of=damping=were=decreased=after=the=application=of=groutingK==

SNS=

qable 4==aynamic=properties==

ppecimen=crequency=EezF= aamping=EBF=

u= v= u= v=

As-build=model= UKRU= SKST= PKTT= UKMM=

ptrengthened=model-grouting=EAp-NF= VKOM= VKRM= OKUS= TK4P=

ptrengthened=model=grouting=and=stiffening=top=floor=EAp-OF= VKRM= VKUM= PKPP= NNK44=

PKPK Measured accelerations and displacements qypical=response=of=the=as=built=and=strengthened=models=during=test=with=the=input=motion=scaled=to=NOMB=of=halamata= earthquake= is= shown=in=cigure=VK= fn= these=figures= the=acceleration= time=histories=along=v= directionI= recorded= in= three= locations= of= one= long= wallI= namely=mid-length=and=close= to= the=corners=at=the=top=levelI=are=presentedK=lne=may=observe=that=the=recorded=acceleration=at=mid-length=of=the=long=wall =EATvF=slightly=differs =from=that =recorded=close=to=the=corners =EASvI=AUvF=for =the=Bp=timber-laced=modelK=qhis=suggests=that=the=presence=of=the=timber=reinforcement=is=limiting=the=out-of-plane= bending= of= the= long= wallsK= bxpectedlyI= as= shown= in=cigure=Vb= and=UcI= thanks= to= the= selected=techniques= EiKeK= groutingI= grouting= and= enhancement= of= the= diaphragm= action= of= the= top= floorFI= the=signals=recorded=close=to=the=corners=and=at=mid-length=of=the=long=wall=are=almost=identicalI=thanks=to=the=box-action=of=the=strengthened=modelK=qhis =is =also =shown =in =cigure =NMaI =in =which =Eat =NOMB =of =halamata =earthquakeF =are =presentedW = =the =values=of=the=maximum=accelerations=recorded=along=the=top=floor=in=u=and=v=directions=of=the=as=built=timber-laced=model=EBpFI=of=the=strengthened=model=with=grouting=and=of=the=strengthened=model=with=stiffened=top=floorK=joreoverI= it= is=proven=that= the=selected=techniques=resulted= in=a= reduction=of= the=mean=values=of=the=maximum=accelerations=Erecorded=at=the=top=floorF=of=the=order=of=4MBK=As=shown=in= cigure= NMbI= for= Bp= buildingI= the= maximum= horizontal= top= acceleration= was= around= MKTMg= and= it=attained=for=qest=NMBp=ENOMB=of=halamata=earthquakeFK=cor=Ap=building=Ephase=Ap-OFI=the=maximum=horizontal=top=acceleration=that=was=recorded=was=around=NKOg=and=it=occurred=for=frpinia=earthquake=scaled=to=4MMB=of=original=recordsK==

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4.TT

== aF= bF= cF=

cigK 9=Acceleration=time=histories=along=the=top=floor=in=v=direction=of=aF=as=built=modelX=bF=strengthened=model=with=grouting=and=cF=strengthened=model=with=stiffened=top=floorX=at=NOMB=halamata=earthquake=

=cigure=NN=presents=the=relative=to=the=base=maximum=displacement=measured=along=u=and=v=directions=exhibited=by=the=building=model=before=EBpF=and=after= interventions=EAp-OF= for=halamata= earthquake=scaled=to=NOMB=of=original=recordK=qhese=values=were=recorded=at=mid-length=of=the=walls=at=both=floor=levels= of= the= specimenK= cor= the= Bp= buildingI= significantly= higher= values= of= the= relative= to= the= base=

SNT=

maximum=displacement=are=measured=at=the=long=walls=of=the=top=floor=EapproxK=PM=mmFI=as=compared=to=that=measured=at=the=short=walls=of=the=top=floor=EapproxK=V=mmFK=qhis=is=attributed=to=the=pronounced=out-of-plane=bending=of=the=long=wallsK=After=strengthening=EAp-OFI=the=relative=to=base=displacements=are=significantly=reduced=Esee=cigK=NNF=and=the=structure=behaves=more=like=a=shear=building=along=both=horizontal=directionsK===

=================================aF========================================================================================bF=

cigK NM=jaximum=accelerations=recorded=along=the=top=floor=in=u=and=v=directions=for=the=as=built=timber-laced=modelI= for= the= strengthened= model= with= grouting= and= for= the= strengthened= model= with= stiffened= top= floorI= at=aF=NOMB=of=halamata= earthquake=and=bF=maximum=mdA=EiKeK=Bp=modelW= NOMB=of=halamata= earthquakeI=Ap-O=============================================================modelW=4MMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF==

==

aF ================================================bF==

cigK NN=jaximum=displacement=along=aF=u=and=bF=v=direction=of=the=as=built=timber-laced=model=and=strengthened=model=with=stiffened=top=floor=EAp-OFX=at=NOMB=of=halamata=earthquake=

=

=

aF ================================================bF==

cigK NO=jaximum=displacement=along=aF=u=and=bF=v=direction=of=the=as=built=timber-laced=model=Eat=NOMB=of=halamata=earthquakeF=and=strengthened=model=with=stiffened=top=floor=EAp-OF=Eat=4MMB=of=frpinia=earthquakeF==qhis= is= apparent= also= in= the= results= of= qest= OSAp-O= Efrpinia= earthquake= scaled= to= 4MMB= of= original=recordsF=presented=in=cigure=NOK=qhusI=it=is=suggested=that=after=strengthening=a=box-type=response=of=the=specimen=was= ensuredK=joreoverI= the=values=of= the=relative=to=the=base=maximum=displacements=measured=at =the=top=floor =for =the=Ap-O=building=are=similar =to =that =recorded=for =Bp=specimen=during=qest=NMBp=ENOMB=of=halamata=earthquakeFK==

SNU=

4K ClNCirpflNp =qhe=work=presented=in=this=paper=allows=for=the=following=conclusions=to=be=drawnW=

NK qesting=of=the=as-built=two=storey=model=with=timber=laces=on=the=earthquake=simulator=has=proven=the=vulnerability=of=typical=historical=buildings=to=seismic=actionsK=qheir=vulnerability=is=due=both=to= the=defective=connection=between=the=leaves= of=masonry=and= to=the=pronounced=effect=of= the=out-of-plane=bending=of= walls= Edue=to= the=flexible=floorsFK=keverthelessI= the=presence= of= timber=ties= allowed= for= higher= seismic= input= to= be= resisted= by= the= timber= laced= building= ENOMB= of=halamata=recordF=compared=to=the=plain=masonry=building=EVMB=of=halamata=recordFK=joreoverI=the=observed=damages=were=less=significantK==

OK qhe= strengthening= techniques= applied= to= the= modelI= namely= groutingI= enhancement= of= the=diaphragm= action= of= the= floors= and= connection= thereof= with= the= perimeter= wallsI= have= led= to=a=significant= improvement= of= the= behaviour= of= the= model= both= in= terms= of= maximum= imposed=acceleration=and=in=terms=of=reduction=of=their=vulnerability=to=separation=of=the=leaves=and=to=out-of-plane=bendingK=drouting=alone=was=quite=efficientI= as= it=prevented=separation=of= the= leaves=of=masonryI=thus=enhancing=significantly=the=out-of-plane=stiffness=of=the=vulnerable=long=wallsK=

PK bnhancing= the= diaphragm= action= of= the= top= floor= only= was= proven= to= be= very= efficientK= qhis=findingI=which=needs=to=be=further=investigatedI=is=very=important=for=the=interventions=to=historic=structuresK=ActuallyI=intervening=only=to=the=top=floor=reduces=costs=and=avoids=suspension=of=the=use=of=the=buildingK=

=AChNltibadbMbNqp =qhe=research=is=funded=by=the=br=cmT-bks-OMMV-NI=Contract=koK=O44NOP=EwebsiteW=httpWLLwwwKnikerKeuLFK= obcbobNCbp xNz jouzakis =eKI =sintzileou =bKI =Adami =ChK-bKI =harapitta =iK =EOMNOF =aynamic =tests =on =three-leaf =

masonry=building=model=before=and=after=interventionsI=submitted=to=the fnternational Conference ptructural Analysis of eistorical Constructions pAeC 2M12I=troclawI=molandK

xOz harapitta=iKI=jouzakis=eKI= Adami=ChK-bKI=sintzileou= bK=EOMNOF=kon=linear= seismic=response=of=three-leaf=masonry=structures=with=timber=tiesI=submitted=to=the mroceedings of the fnternational Conference ptructural Analysis of eistorical Constructions pAeC 2M12I=troclawI=molandK

xPz Badogiannis= bKI= halagri= AKI= fpsilanti= bKI= aedeloudis= CKI= sintzileou= bK= EOMNOF= jix= design= and=performance=evaluation=of= grouts=with=superfine=natural=pozzolanI= submitted=to=the mroceedings of the fnternational Conference ptructural Analysis of eistorical Constructions pAeC 2M12I=troclawI=molandK

x4z salluzzi= jK-oKI= darbin= bKI= aalla= Benetta= jKI= jodena= CK= EOMNMF= fn-mlane= ptrengthening= of=qimber=cloors=for=the=peismic=fmprovement=of=jasonry=BuildingK=fnW mrocK torld Conference of timber engineering qrentinoI=ftalyK=

==