awake 2012
Post on 12-Mar-2016
218 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
!"#2� ˚ � ˚ ˛ ˚ � & 6 > 5 6
���� (˙ �� �����
�����(�&��ı���H
����ı� � 5>B ) ˝� � ��ı ˛ ı�"�H
!"#2�˚�˚˙�ı• ����˝ 85 >86 >>>
˙����&�) <8 �� ���
���� (˙ �� �����
�����(�& ��ı���H
7 �`\+W1Y* -ZT,d
8 �\Yd Wp/S /*pbn ,\Wp
-ZT,dH
; )V V\Zb`\Wp,*bS -ZT,
5> �\-Wq/ �T+WT�^D
)V 3SbS , YS`T 4 TZjSYSH
56 �Sb,* ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbTD
�\,\`\bZSy ]dZVb d a,Tb\,Ty
Tab\`T�^
59 �\W\/T Wp/S 4*]SbdpbnD
�\]dWq`ZTabn P g1 /\+`1
hS ]\-*Z\H
5< �\`b1gq �1`14TZ Z1 4*fSabSW*
,T/ ab`*3/*Zn
65 �S Z1 +*3*2b1 -`S+\hVT,H
68 ˛*/dY hS ,S]*/\VH
�\,1`fZq V`SW* Y1b1WSV*
69 � S,\3ZSy `\4W*/ d `T/Z\�^
Wp/SZSD )V /\]\Y\-bSH
6< �\,SZS 4 dan\-\ a,Tbd
6= ˛\W\bSy e`dVb T`Y1ZT�^
7> �+YT`Vdyb1 d `\/SZZ\Yd V\WT
76 SY /Wq ,*a 2 ıadaH
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 7
��ı �� h*a ,T/ h*ad -ZT,*2Y\aqD ˛`1jO
b\pE -ZT, P g1 \/Z* 4 1Y\gTyE ]`Sb*Y*ZO
ZSf Wp/SZTE b*V a*Y\ qV T Wp+\,E b`S,\-*E
a]\/T,*ZZqE adY b* ab`*fD �\Zb`\Wn\,*ZSy
-ZT, +d,*2 Z*,Tbn V\`SaZSYD �*]`SVW*/E ,TZ
Y\31 /\/*bS Wp/SZT `Tjdh\abT d ]\/\W*ZZT
]1,ZSf ]`\+W1Y hS ]1`1jV\/D
� ,bTYE qV ,S/Z\ 4 ,Sk1Z*,1/1Z\-\ ,SO
]*/VdE -ZT, Y\31 4*,/*,*bS jV\/SD ˙1qVT
Wp/S 4*VS]*pbn -ZT,\Y j,S/j1 T h*abTj1E
ZT3 TZjTD �\WS�^f ]`\,\VdpbnE
�^fZTy -ZT, ,SO
WS,*2bnaq d W*yVd hS +TyVdD \ZS /\4,\WqO
pbn -ZT,d ,4qbS Z*/ ZSYS ,1`fE f\h* Y*2
+dbS Z*,]*VSD *VSy Z1ab`SYZSy -ZT, 2 Z1O
+14]1hZSyE b\Yd y\-\ TZ\/T Z*4S,*pbn w]`\O
+W1YZSY -ZT,\Yx�D
TE V\Yd ,*3V\ V\Zb`\Wp,*bS -ZT,E ab,\O
`ppbn ]`\+W1YS Z1 WSj1 a\+TE *W1 y daTY
/\,V\W*D ˙1fb\ ,S+df*2 -ZT,\Y h1`14 4/*,*O
W\aq + Z14Z*hZT a]`*,SE * g1 Z1`T/V\ ]`S4,\O
/Sbn /\ b`*-ThZSf Z*aWT/VT,D �\4-WqZnY\
VTWnV* ]`SVW*/T,D
� � +`\jd`T w\hV* VS]TZZqxE ]`Sa,qh1ZTy ]`\+W1YT
-ZT,dE aV*4*Z\E k\ w]`\+W1YZSy -ZT,x P g1 wZ1Z\`Y*WnO
ZSy ,Sq, -ZT,d b* +d/nOqVT ]\`dj1ZZq d 4/*bZ\abT y\-\
V\Zb`\Wp,*bSxD `\+W1YZSy -ZT, w]\abTyZ\ a]`ShSZq2
b`d/Z\kT , 3SbbT Wp/SZS T ,]WS,*2 Z*�^�^ YSaW1ZZqE ]\O
hdbbqE ]\,1/TZVd b* ab\adZVS 4 TZjSYSx LBoiling PointPProblem Anger and What We Can Do About ItMD
�`d]* h\W\,TVT, TjW* Y1bdjWS,\p ,dWSO
g1pD �3 `*]b\Y \/SZ 4 ZSf \b`SY*, VdWp
, jSp h1`14 b1E k\ a]\`bS,Z* adYV* y\-\
/`d-* ,S]*/V\,\ ,/*`SW* ]1`1f\3\-\D
˙1,GqbZ*/gqbSWTbZTy fW\]1gn 4*+S, /\
aY1`bT 55OYTaqhZ1 Z1Y\,Wq a,\2�^ ]\/`d-SD
TZ -`*, d 3\`ab\Vd V\Y]Gpb1`Zd -`d T ,SO
+dfZd, -ZT,\YE V\WS /SbSZ* Z1Z*`\V\Y ,f\O
]SW*aq 4* ]dWnb d]`*,WTZZq b* ]1`1`,*O
W* -`dD
\/T+ZT ]\,T/\YW1ZZq 4 dan\-\ a,Tbd ]\V*O
4dpbnE k\ /1/*WT +TWnjTy VTWnV\abT Wp/1y
,*3V\ V\Zb`\Wp,*bS a,Ty -ZT,D )V* ]`ShSZ*
gn\-\H
�`\+W1Y* -ZT,d
�/SZ h\W\,TV 4*Y\,S, a*Z/,Th d `1ab\`*ZT
j,S/V\-\ \+aWd-\,d,*ZZqD ıE V\WS y\Yd
4/*W\aqE k\ h1V*2 ,31 Z*/b\ /\,-\E
,TZ ]1`1fSWS,aq h1`14 ]`SW*,\V b*
4 ]\-`\4*YS Z*VSZd,aq Z* ]`\/*,gqD
�\W\,TV ,/*`S, ]`*gT,ZSV* `1ab\`*ZdE
4*+`*, a,Ty a*Z/,Th T ]\�^f*, -1bnD
�ZT,E qV T +d/nOqV* TZj* 1Y\gTqE
]`Sb*Y*ZZSy V\3ZTy Wp/SZTD •\-\
/\`1hZ\ ,Sq,WqbS d /1qVSf aSbd*O
gTqfE qVk\ ,TZ V\Zb`\Wn\,*ZSyD
�/Z*V d gSf ab*bbqf T/1bnaq ]`\
Z14/\`\,Sy -ZT,E qVSy Y\31 4*,O
/*bS Z*Y b* TZjSY 1Y\gTyZ\�^E
eT4ShZ\�^ b* /df\,Z\
�^ jV\/SD
˛������ ]`S`\/d -ZT,d Z1W1-V\D �*O
,Tbn Z*dV\,gT ,S4Z*pbn g1y e*VbD �/O
Z*V Y*y31 ,aT e*fT,gT , -*Wd4T ]aSfThZ\-\
4/\`\,Gq ]\-\/3dpbnaqE k\ V\31Z 4 Z*a `1O
*-d2 Z* bT hS TZjT w4+d/ZSVS -ZT,dxD
*VSY 4+d/ZSV\Y Y\31 +dbS b1E k\ `\4O
h*`\,d2 hS /`*bd2D �1`T/V\ ]`ShSZ\p -ZTO
,d ab*2 Z1a]`*,1/WS,Tabn *+\ Z1h1aZTabnD
�S Y\31Y\ -ZT,*bSanE V\WS Z*a \+`*3*pbn
hS 4Z1,*3*pbn *+\ V\WS Z*Y 4/*2bnaqE k\
fb\an ]T/`S,*2 Z*jd `1]db*gTp hS *,b\O
`Sb1bD
˛,Sh*yZ\E d V\3Z\�^ Wp/SZS a,\
�^ w4+d/O
ZSVS -ZT,dxD \ZS Y\3dbn 4*W13*bS ,T/
,TVdE ab*bT T Z*,Tbn VdWnbd`SD �TWnj b\O
-\E `1*VgTq Z* bT a*YT 4+d/ZSVS +d,*2 `T4O
Z\pD ˙1qVT Wp/S `T/V\ 4*VS]*pbn -ZT,\Y
T j,S/V\ 4*+d,*pbn \+`*4SE TZjT 3 W1-V\
,b`*h*pbn `T,Z\,*-d T Y\3dbn -ZT,*bSaq
/ZqYSE bS3ZqYSE YTaqgqYSE * b\ y /\,j1D
�S ]\abTyZ\ abSV*2Y\an 4 aSbd*gTqYSE
V\b`T Z*a ]`\,\VdpbnD `\bSab\qbS�^Y ab*2
hSY`*4 ,*3h1D �\YdH \Yd k\ d a,TbT ]*O
Zd2 /df 1-\�^4YdD � �T+WT
�^ aV*4*Z\B w \ab*ZO
ZT /ZTDDD Wp/S +d/dbn a*Y\Wp+ZTE -`\j\O
Wp+ZTE h,*ZWS,TE ]Sf*bTDDD a,*,TWnZTE -\`/Tx
L6 SY\eTq 7B5P9MD �T+* Z1 b*VT `SaS ,Sq,O
Wqpbn Wp/S an\-\/ZTH
�\WS 1-\�^abShZSY Wp/qY Z1 ,/*2bnaq /\O
aq-bS a,\-\E ,\ZS h*ab\ ,S+df*pbn -ZT,\YD
�W1 TaZd2 hSY*W\ TZjSf ]`ShSZE 4 qVSf
-ZT, ab*2 /1/*WT +TWnj\p ]`\+W1Y\pD �\4O
-WqZnY\ VTWnV* 4 ZSfD
�`SVW*/ +*bnVT,
�*bnVS ,T/T-`*pbn ,*3WS,d `\Wn d e\`O
Yd,*ZZT /SbSZSE 4\V`1Y* d /SbqhT b* ]T/O
WTbV\,T `\VSD aSf\W\- �*``T �TWW4 ]\qaO
Zp2B w˛ Y*WSf WTb /TbS ,h*bnaq ,S`*3*bS
-ZT, b*VE qV g1 `\+Wqbn /\`\aWT /\,V\W*
ZSfxD
)Vk\ /SbSZ* `\ab1 , Z1]`S,TbZ\Yd a1`1O
/\,SkTE /1 Wp/S a,*`qbnaq h1`14 /`T+ZSgTE
,\Z* ,hSbnaq `1*-d,*bS Z* 3Sbb2,T ]`\+W1O
YS b*V a*Y\D *Vd /SbSZd Y\3Z* ]\`T,ZqbS
/\ `\aWSZSE qVd ]\WS,*pbn ,\/\p 4 \b`dyO
ZSYS /\YTjV*YSD �\aWSZ* +d/1 `\abSE *W1
/d31 ]\,TWnZ\E * 4 h*a\Y b*V* ,\/* Y\O
31 4*,/*bS�^y Z1]\]`*,Z\
�^ jV\/SD �ZT,E
]\/T+Z\ /\ 4*+`d/Z1Z\�^ ,\/SE ,]WS,*2 Z*
`\4,Sb\V /SbSZSD )Vk\ 4Y*WVd /TbS +*O
h*bn ,S+dfS -ZT,dE d /\`\aW\Yd ,TgT ,\ZSE
Z*yTY\,T`ZTj1E Z1 ,YTbSYdbn ]`S+\`Vd,*bS
a,Ty -ZT,D
�1`1Z*a1W1ZT YTab*
� 5<>> `\gT , YTab*f 3SW\ ]`S+WS4Z\
7 ,T/a\bVS Z*a1W1ZZq 41YWTD 6>><OYd g1
hSaW\ ab*Z\,SW\ 9> ,T/a\bVT,E * /\ 6>9> `\O
Vd ]`\-Z\4dpbn ;>D ˙1/*WT +TWnj1 Wp/1y
]1`1�^3/3*2 , ]1`1]\,Z1ZT YTab*E * g1 WSj1
]T/aSWp2 Z*]`d31ZZq T a]`Sq2 b\YdE k\
Y1jV*ZgT YTab ab*pbn +TWnj /`*bT,WS,SO
YSD � �1fTV\E \/Z\Yd 4 Z*y+TWnj ]1`1Z*a1O
W1ZSf YTab a,TbdE Wp/S ,T/hd,*pbn aSWnO
ZSy ab`1a h1`14 ]\abTyZT 4*b\`S Z* /\`\-*fD
)V Z*]Sa*, YTag1,Sy 3d`Z*WTabE �1fTV\
4 y\-\ 5<OYTWny\ZZSY Z*a1W1ZZqY T :OYTWnO
y\ZZSY b`*Za]\`b\Y wa]`*,1/WS,\ Y\3Z*
�\Yd Wp/S
/*pbn ,\Wp
-ZT,dH
!"#2 �˚•˝���� �˙���&�) /Wq
,aT2�^ `\/SZSD TZ ]\,T/\YWq2 Z\O
,SZSE `\4]\,T/*2 ]`\ Wp/1y 4 `T4ZSf V`*�^ZE ,Sa,TbWp2
`1WT-TyZT T Z*dV\,T ]Sb*ZZqE ]\V*4d2E qV Y\3Z* /\W*bS
an\-\/ZTjZT ]`\+W1YSD �TWnj1 b\-\E d Zn\Yd Z1 bTWnVS
/1b*WnZ\ \+-\,\`ppbnaq ]\b\hZT ]\/T�^E * y `\4V`SO
,*2bnaq�^fZ2 a]`*,3Z2 4Z*h1ZZqD �1y h*a\]Sa 4*,3O
/S 4*WSj*2bnaq ]\WTbShZ\ Z1yb`*WnZSY T Z1 4,1WShd2
3\/Z\�^ `*aS hS Z*gT\Z*WnZ\abTD � Z*y-\W\,ZTj1E ,TZ
,a1Wq2 ,]1,Z1ZTabn d b\YdE k\ �,\`1gn Z14*+*`\Y
a]\,ZSbn a,\p \+TbZSgp P 4ZSkSbn ZSZTjZp aSab1Yd
4W* b* ,ab*Z\,Sbn YS`ZSy Z\,Sy a,TbD
�q ]d+WTV*gTq Z1 /Wq ]`\/*3dD \Z* 2 h*abSZ\p ,a1a,TbZn\�^ ]`\-`*YS
+T+WTyZ\�^ \a,TbSE qV* ]T/b`SYd2bnaq /\+`\,TWnZSYS ]\31`b,*YSD )Vk\ Z1
,V*4*Z\ 3\/Z\-\ /31`1W*E ,`1yanVT �Sa*ZZq L�b*`Sy ˛*,TbM gSbdpbnaq
4 �T+WT�^ d ]1`1VW*/T �-T2ZV* L,S/*ZZq 6>>6 `\VdME * �`SabSqZanVT � 1gnO
VT �Sa*ZZq L�\,Sy ˛*,TbM P 4 w�1`1VW*/d Z\,\-\ a,TbdxD ıZjT /31`1W*
gSb*bB dWDP �,qb1 �SanY\E ]1`1VW*/ dWTj*C �� P w�1`1VW*/ Z\,\O
-\ a,Tbd �,qb\-\ �SanY*x L4 ]`SYTbV*YSE *Z-WDMC �\YDP �,qb1 �SanY\E
]1`1VW*/ �\Y1ZV*D
Awake! (ISSN 0005-237X) is published monthly by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society ofNew York, Inc.; L. Weaver, Jr., President; G. F. Simonis, Secretary-Treasurer; 25 ColumbiaHeights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. Periodicals Druck und Verlag: Wachtturm Bibel-und Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V., Selters/Taunus. VerantwortlicheRedaktion: Ramon Templeton, Selters/Taunus. � 2012 Watch Tower Bible and TractSociety of Pennsylvania. �aT ]`*,* 4+1`T-*pbnaqD Printed in Germany.
Vol. 93, No. 3 Monthly UKRAINIAN
8
Z*4,*bS Z*yab`1a\,Tj\p ab\WSg1pxD ˝d`O
Z*WTab 4*d,*3S,B w�1`14 TZb1ZaS,ZSy /\O
`\3ZTy `df Wp/S W1-V\ ,b`*h*pbn V\ZbO
`\Wn Z*/ 1Y\gTqYSxD
� ]1`1]\,Z1ZSf YTab*f 2 hSY*W\ TZjSf
/31`1W ab`1adB aSWnZSy jdYE 4*+`d/Z1Z1
]\,Tb`qE +`*V 3SbW*E VdWnbd`ZT V\ZeWTVbSE
,Sa\VSy `T,1Zn 4W\hSZZ\abT b\k\D �a1 g1
`\4h*`\,d2 Wp/1yE ,\ZS ab*pbn +TWnj `\4O
/`*b\,*ZSYS T Y1Zj b1`]WqhSYSD
˚V\Z\YThZT b`d/Z\kT
�b`1a T b`S,\-d ]\aSWp2 a,Tb\,* 1V\Z\O
YThZ* V`S4*D � a]TWnZ\Yd 4,TbT �T3Z*`\/O
Z\-\ ,*WpbZ\-\ e\Z/d T �T3Z*`\/Z\�^ \`-*O
ZT4*gT�^ ]`*gT L�� M 4* 6>5> `TV -\,\`SW\aqB
w˛* ]`S+WS4Z\p \gTZV\pE ]\Z*/ 65> YTWny\O
ZT, Wp/1y ]\ gTW\Yd a,TbT +14`\+TbZTxD �*
3*WnE +TWnjTabn bSfE fb\ 4*WSjS,aq +14 `\O
+\bSE Z1 \b`SYd2 3\/Z\�^ Y*b1`T*WnZ\
�^ ]T/O
b`SYVSD
�p/SE qVT Y*pbn `\+\bdE b*V\3 ,T/hd,*O
pbn b`S,\-dD ˛-T/Z\ 4 /*ZSYS �� E ab`1aE
]\,Gq4*ZSy 4 ]`*g1,W*jbd,*ZZqYE Z*+d,
)V ,*jT ,S+dfS -ZT,d
,]WS,*pbn Z* ,*jSf /Tb1yH
( )Vk\ ,*a /`*bd2 /\,-1
h1V*ZZq d h1`4T , Y*-*4SZTD
( )Vk\ ,S h*ab\ a]1`1h*2b1an
4T a]T,`\+TbZSV*YSD
( )Vk\ ,S Z1 Y\31b1 4*aZdbSE
+\ \+/dYd2b1 ]\/T�^E V\b`T 4*O
aYdbSWS ,*a ]`\bq-\Y /ZqD
( )Vk\ ,*Y ,*3V\ ,S+*hSbS
V`S,/ZSVdD
( )Vk\ ,S h*ab\ ,Sf\/Sb1
4 a1+1D
( )Vk\ ]TaWq ,S+dfT, -ZT,d ,S
,T/hd,*2b1 a\`\Y hS 3*Wn�D
� �* \aZ\,T TZe\`Y*gT�^ 4 MentalHelp.netD
� � ��� �˚�DDD
�˙���&�) �� � �����B *W+*ZanV*E *Yf*`anV*E *Z-WTyanV*��E*`*+anV*E *e`SV*ZaE +1Y+*E +T`Y*ZanV*E +TaW*Y*E +\W-*`anV*E ,G2bZ*YanO
V*E ,T`Y1ZanV*E -TZ/TE -`1gnV*E -`d4SZanV*E -d/3*`*bTE /*banV*�E 1,1E 1aOb\ZanV*E 2,`1yanV* LT,`SbME 4dWdE T+\E TW\V*ZanV*E TZ/\Z14TyanV*E TaW*Z/anV*E
Ta]*ZanV*��E Tb*WTyanV*��E y\`d+*E V*Z*/*E VS`-S4nV*E VSb*yanV*� L*d/T\4*O]Sa bTWnVS Y*Z/*`SZanV\p Y\,\pME VSb*yanV* La]`\k1Z1 ]SanY\ME VTZnqO
`d*Z/*E VT`dZ/TE V\`1yanV*��E V\a*E W*bSanV*E WSb\,anV*E W\4TE Y*V1/\ZanOV*E Y*W*-*aTyanV*E Y*W*qW*YE Y*WnbTyanV*E Z-*W*E ZT/1`W*Z/anV*��EZTY1gnV*��E Z\`,14nV*��E ]1/TE ]1Z/3*+anV*E ]\WnanV*��E ]\`bd-*WnanOV*���E `*`\b\Z-*E `\aTyanV*��E `dYdZanV*E a*Y\*E a1+d*ZanV*E a1`+anV*Ea1adb\E aSZ-*WnanV*E aW\,*gnV*E aW\,1ZanV*E ad*fTWTE b*-*WnanV*�E b*yanV*Eb*YTWnanV*E b,TE b\VO]TaSZE b\Z-*ZanV*E ba,*Z*E ba\Z-*E bd`1gnV*E d-\`anV*E
dV`*�^ZanV*E d`/dE eT/3TyanV*E eTZanV*�E e`*Zgd4nV*���E fTWT-*yZ\ZE f\`,*bO
anV*E h1anV*�E hSh1,*E hTb\Z-*E j,1/anV*�E j\Z*E q]\ZanV*��D
� �*V\3 CDD � �*V\3 MP3 CD-ROMD� �d/T\4*]SaS b*V\3 /\abd]ZT Z* www.jw.org.
� � ���ı � ������ �ı&"˚ ı�������ı�ı ��� #�� ˛ ��� �����O
˙ �˚˛ �"����˚ ˙���"�� ���˚��) �ı�ı�ıH �`\aSY\ Z*/TaW*bS a,\2
]`\f*ZZq �,T/V*Y -\,S Z* \/Zd 4 ,T/]\,T/ZSf */`1aE ]\/*ZSf ZS3h1D �\,ZSy
]1`1WTV */`1a /S,Tbnaq Z* a*ybT www.watchtower.org/addressD �`-1ZbSZ*B Casilla 83(Suc 27B), C1427WAB Cdad. Aut. de Buenos Aires. �TW\`danB 66>>7>E �SZaVE *Nq =D 1WSV\+`Sb*ZTqB The Ridgeway, London NW7 1RN. ı4`*
�^WnB PO Box 29345, 61293 Tel Aviv.
ıa]*ZTqB Apartado 132, 28850 Torrej´on de Ardoz (Madrid). ıb*WTqB Via della Bufalotta 1281,
I-00138 Rome RM. *Z*/*B PO Box 4100, Georgetown, ON L7G 4Y4.�\W/\,*E �1a]d+WTOV*B PO Box 472, MD-2005 Chisin
˘au. �TY1hhSZ*B 65617 Selters. �\Wnk*B ul. Warszawska
14, 05-830 Nadarzyn. �\`bd-*WTqB Apartado 91, P-2766-955 Estoril. �\aTqB *Nq 5<6E�*ZVbO�1b1`+d`-E 5=>>>>D �"�B 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483.�V`*
�^Z*B *Na =99E �n,T,O�`pf\,ShTE ;=8=5D �`*ZgTqB BP 625, F-27406 Louviers
Cedex.
: �`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56
Y*ajb*+T, w,a1a,TbZn\�^ 1]T/1YT
�^xD �an k\
V*31 �\`Z �1`bTaE V\ZadWnb*Zb 4 Y1Z1/3O
Y1Zbd , �Zb*`T\ L�*Z*/*MB w�p/S +\qbnaq
,b`*bSbS `\+\bd T a]\/T,*pbnaq Z*y-T`j\O
-\D �1`14 g1 ,\ZS 4*yY*pbn \+\`\ZZd ]\4SO
gTp T ab*pbn +TWnj afSWnZSYS /\ ad]1`1O
h\V 4 Z*h*Wnab,\Y b* a]T,`\+TbZSV*YSxD
�]1`1/31ZZq T Z1a]`*,1/WS,Tabn
�q,TbnE k\ ,S +1`1b1 dh*abn d 4Y*-*ZZT
4 +T-dD )V +S ,S ]\hd,*WSanE V\WS 4 daTf
dh*aZSVT, WSj1 ,T/ ,*a ,SY*-*W\aq + ]`\O
+T-bS /Sab*ZgTp 4 V*y/*Z*YS Z* Z\-*fH
�TWny\ZS Wp/1y Y*pbn ]\/T+ZT ]\hdbbqE
abSV*phSan 4 d]1`1/31ZZqYE Z*]`SVW*/
`*a\,SYD �p/S -\ab`\ `1*-dpbnE V\WS h1`14
b*Vd /SaV`SYTZ*gTp Z1 Y\3dbn \b`SY*bS
Z*yZ1\+fT/ZTj\-\B `\+\bSE \a,TbSE 3SbW*
b\k\D
ıZjT ,Sq,S Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abT b13 ]`S-ZTO
hdpbn Wp/1y T 4*,/*pbn�^Y 1Y\gTyZ\-\ +\O
WpD �TWnjTabn 4 Z*a f\h* + `*4 d 3SbbT +dWS
31`b,\p Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abTD \Z*/ 7>>> `\O
VT, b\Yd Yd/`Sy g*` �\W\Y\Z 4*d,*3S,B
w�Wn\4* \an dbSaVd,*ZSfE b* Z1Y*2 /Wq ZSf
]\bTjSb1Wqx L˚VVW14Tqab* 8B5MD �\WS Z1O
a]`*,1/WS,Tabn ]`\g,Tb*2 T Z1Y*2 4,T/VS
h1V*bS ]\bTfSE a1`g1 Wp/SZS Z*]\,Zp2bnO
aq -ZT,\YD
)VSy ]\-Wq/ Z* -ZT, b* *-`1aTp
e\`Yd2 d ,*a TZ/dab`Tq `\4,*-H
�\Z/ \f\`\ZS ]aSfThZ\-\ 4/\`\,Gq
L�\Z/\ZE Z-WTqM \]d+WTVd,*, +`\O
jd`d w�\hV* VS]TZZqxE , qVTy \+-\O
,\`p2bnaq ]`\+W1Y* -ZT,dD � +`\O
jd`T ]\/*2bnaq b*V* ab*bSabSV*B
<8ý ,T/hd,*pbn Z* `\+\bT +TWnO
j1 ab`1adE ZT3 ]Gqbn `\VT, b\YdD
:9 ý \eTaZSf ]`*gT,ZSVT, +dWS
a,T/V*YS ]`Sabd]T, *-`1aT�^ Z* `\O
+\h\Yd YTagT *+\ a*YT Y*WS b*VT
]`Sabd]SD
89ý ]1`a\Z*Wd `1-dWq`Z\ ,S+dO
f*pbn -ZT,\Y Z* `\+\bTD
b`1a 2 ]`ShSZ\p ,T/adbZ\abT Z*
`\+\bT ]`S+WS4Z\ d :>ý ,S]*/O
VT,D
77ý +`Sb*ZgT, Z1 `\4Y\,Wqpbn
4T a,\�^YS adaT/*YSD
:8 ý ]\-\/3dpbnaqE k\
Wp/S 4*-*W\Y ab*pbn +TWnj *-`1O
aS,ZSYSD
76 ý ,S4Z*pbnE k\ fb\an 4�^fZTf
/`d4T, *+\ hW1ZT, aTYG�^ Y*2 ]`\+W1O
Yd 4 V\Zb`\Wp,*ZZqY -ZT,dD
������
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 ;
ıZ/dab`Tq `\4,*-
#\+ \gTZSbSE qV Z* /Tb1y ,]WS,*2 Z*aSWO
WqE 4 qVSY ,\ZS 4Z*y\YWqbnaq h1`14 b1W1O
+*h1ZZq *+\ TZjT 4*a\+S TZe\`Y*gT�^E +dW\
]`\,1/1Z\ ]\Z*/ bSaqhd ,S,h1ZnD ˙31yYa
�b1y2`E 4*aZ\,ZSV \`-*ZT4*gT�^ Common
Sense MediaE V\b`* 4*yY*2bnaq Y\ZTb\`SZO-\Y ˛�ıE -\,\`SbnB w \V\WTZZqE Z* qV1 ]\O
abTyZ\ ,]WS,*2 `1*WTabShZ\ 4\+`*31Z1 Z*O
aSWWqE +TWnj afSWnZ1 a]`SyY*bS *-`1aTp
b* 3\`ab\VTabn qV Z\`Yd 3Sbbq T Y1Zj
4/*bZ1 ,Sq,WqbS a]T,hdbbqxD
˛,Sh*yZ\E +TWnjTabn /Tb1yE V\b`T `1-dO
Wq`Z\ /S,Wqbnaq b1W1]`\-`*YS hS eTWnYS
Z*aSWnZSgnV\-\ 4YTabdE Z1 ab*pbn 3\`ab\O
VSYS 4W\hSZgqYSD �/Z*V `\4,*3*WnZT 4*O
a\+S TZe\`Y*gT�^ e\`Ydpbn d /Tb1y ]\-Wq/E
k\ ,S+df*bS -ZT,\Y d Z*]`d31ZSf aSbd*gTO
qf gTWV\Y ]`SyZqbZ\D *V 4Gq,Wq2bnaq ]\O
V\WTZZq Wp/1yE Z1hdbWS,Sf /\ Z*aSWWqD
�]WS, 4WSf /dfT,
�T+WTq hTbV\ ]\V*4d2E k\ TaZd2 Z1,S/SY*
aSW*E qV* ]T/jb\,fd2 Wp/1y ]\ gTW\Yd a,TO
bT ,Sq,WqbS `dyZT,ZSy -ZT,D#\ g1 4* aSW*H
#1 Z* ]\h*bVd Tab\`T�^ \/Z1 /df\,Z1 ab,\O
`TZZq 4+dZbd,*W\an ]`\bS a1Y\-dbZn\-\
�\-*D �n\-\ 4W\-\ *Z-1W* d �T+WT�^ Z*4,*Z\
�*b*Z\pE k\ 2,`1yanV\p \4Z*h*2 w]`\bS,O
ZSVx *+\ w,\`\-x L�dbbq 7B5P57MD ˛-\/\Y
�*b*Z* a]\ZdV*, TZjSf *Z-1WT, ]`S2/Z*O
bSan /\ +dZbdD
�T Z1aWdfZqZT *Z-1WSE qVSf Z*4,*Z\ /1Y\O
Z*YSE *+\ 4WSYS /df*YSE d,1an a,Ty ,]WS,
a]`qY\,dpbn Z* 41YWp L�+Gq,W1ZZq 56B=E
5>E 56MD �aVTWnVS�^Y 4*WSjSW\aq Y*W\ h*adE
,\ZS wZ*/4,Sh*yZ\ Wpbd�pbn�xD �S�^f Z1 +*O
hSY\E *W1 ,T/hd,*2Y\�^fZTy ,]WS,D )V a*Y1H
�*b*Z* y \`/S y\-\ /1Y\ZT, dYTW\ ,SV\O
`Sab\,dpbn Z*jd -`Tf\,ZTabn T a]\ZdVdO
pbn /\ w,\`\3Z1hTE h,*`E `1,Z\kT,E ,S+dO
fT, -ZT,dE ad]1`1h\VE `\4+`*bdDDD -dWn+Sk
T ]\/T+Z\-\x L�*W*bT, 9B5=P65MD
�`\bSabTyb1 a]\VdaT
�1`dhS /\ d,*-S daT ,Sk14-*/*ZT hSZZSO
VSE YS `\4dYT2Y\E h\Yd Wp/qY ,*3V\ ab`SO
Yd,*bS a1+1 d Z*]`d31ZSf +d/1ZZSf aSbd*O
gTqfD
�*3*ZZq /*bS ,\Wp -ZT,d Y\31 ab*bS Z1O
]1`1+\`ZSYD ˛ Z*abd]Z\�^ ab*bbT YS /T4Z*2O
Y\anE qV V\Zb`\Wp,*bS -ZT,D
����˙ 6>>> `\VT, b\Yd -`1gnVSy eTO
W\a\e �`Tab\b1Wn ,3S, b1`YTZ wV*O
b*`aSax L+dV,*WnZ\ w\hSk1ZZqxME k\+
\]Sa*bS 4,TWnZ1ZZq ,T/ 1Y\gTyZ\�^ Z*]`dO
-S ]T/ h*a ]1`1-Wq/d b1*b`*WnZ\�^ /`*YSD
�SY ,TZ f\bT, ]\V*4*bSE k\ ]TaWq ,S,TWnO
Z1ZZq 1Y\gTy Z*ab*2 eT4ShZ1 ]\W1-j1ZZqD
\/T+ZSy ]\-Wq/ Y*, *,ab`TyanVSy Z1O
,`\W\- ˛S-YdZ/ �`1y/E qVSy 3S, Z* ]\O
h*bVd YSZdW\-\ ab\WTbbqD TZ ab,1`O
/3d,*,E k\ V\WS Wp/SZ* ab`SYd2 *+\
]`S/djd2 Z1-*bS,ZT 1Y\gT�^E b\ d Z1
�^ Y\31
`\4,SZdbSan ]aSfThZSy `\4W*/E Z*]`SVO
W*/ Tab1`TqD \3 �`1y/ ,,*3*,E k\ V`*k1
,Sq,WqbS -ZT,E ZT3 -*Yd,*bS y\-\D
`\bq-\Y 5=;>Of T 5=<>Of `\VT, Z*dV\,O
gT /\aWT/3d,*WS b1\`Tp V*b*`aSadE *W1
Z1 4Z*yjWS�^�^ ]T/b,1`/31ZZqD �1`dhS /\
d,*-S gT /\aWT/31ZZqE ]aSf\W\- �1`\W
*,`Ta Z*]Sa*W*B w�*ab*, h*a `*4 T Z*O
4*,3/S ]\f\,*bS b1\`Tp V*b*`aSadD \O
jS`1ZSy ]\-Wq/E ZT+S 4,TWnZSbSan ,T/
)V V\Zb`\Wp,*bS -ZT,
< �`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56
4W\abT Y\3Z* a]\ab1`T-*phS 4* Z*aSWWqY
L*+\ 4*ab\a\,dphS y\-\ME Z1\+š`dZb\,*O
ZSyxD
ıZjSy ]aSf\W\-E �1`T �*ZVTZaE -\,\O
`SbnB wS,h1ZZq ]\V*4*W\E k\E ,SWS,jS
d,1an a,Ty -ZT,E Wp/SZ* Z1 /\aq-*2 V*b*`O
aSadD �*,]*VSE ,\Z* ,T/hd,*2 k1 +TWnj1
Z*]`d31ZZqxD )V ,S/Z\E e*fT,gT d -*Wd4T
]aSfThZ\-\ 4/\`\,Gq Z1 Y\3dbn /TybS 4-\O
/SD �/Z*V TaZd2 TZj1 /31`1W\ Yd/`\abTE
qV\Yd Y\3Z* /\,T`qbSD �SY 2 �T+WTqD
w�\,ab`SY*yan ,T/ -ZT,dx
a*WY\a]T,1gn ˙*,S/ ]\1bShZ\ ,SaW\O
,S, /dYVd ]`\ b1E Z*aVTWnVS ,*3WS,\
V\Zb`\Wp,*bS a,Ty -ZT,B w \,ab`SY*yan
,T/ -ZT,d y ]\VSZn ]1`1a1`/qE Z1 `\4O
]*Wpyaq WpbTabpE k\+ hSZSbS WSj 4W\x
L a*W\Y 7;B<MD \`*/* wZ1 `\4]*Wpyaq
WpbTabpx ]\V*4d2E k\ aWT/ dZSV*bS aWT,
b* ,hSZVT,E ]`\ V\b`T Wp/SZ* ]T4ZTj1
3*WVd,*bSY1D �1 Z1W1-V\E ]`\b1 Y\3WSO
,\D �\4-WqZnY\ b`S ]\`*/SE qVT /\]\Y\O
3dbn ,*Y V\Zb`\Wp,*bS -ZT,D
�`S-*aTbn -ZT,
#\+ 4Y1ZjSbS -ZT,E Z1 Z*V`dhdyb1 a1+1
T `\4aW*+b1anD �1 -\,\`Tbn da1E k\ ,T/`*4d
a]*/*2 Z* /dYVdD �\WS ,T/hd,*2b1E k\ ,*O
jT 1Y\gT�^ w4*jV*Wppbnx T ,S ,b`*h*2b1
V\Zb`\Wn Z*/ a\+\pE ]`S-*/*yb1 +T+WTyZd
]\`*/dB w \hSZ a,*`VS P b\ ]`\`S, ,\/SE
b\Yd ]1`1/ ,S+df\Y a,*`VS ]\VSZn bS�^�^Ix
L `S]\,Tab1y 5;B58MD
�*Y1 g1 /\]\Y\-W\ Z*,hSbSan V\Zb`\O
Wp,*bS a,\p 4*]*WnZd ,/*hd h\W\,TVdE Z*
TYGq ˙31VD •\-\ b*b\ h*ab\ Z*]S,*,aq
T ,Sf\/S, 4 a1+1D \Yd ˙31V b13 ,S`Ta 4T
afSWnZTabp /\ Z*aSWWqD TZ `\4]\,T/*2B
w�\WS q -ZT,*,aqE b\ 4*]*Wp,*,aq Z*h1
,\-\ZnD \/T q ,S+df*, W*yV\p T ]daV*,
d fT/ VdW*VSxD
`\b1 d 3SbbT ˙31V* ,T/+dWSaq 4YTZSD
TZ ]\h*, ,S,h*bS �T+WTp 4T �,T/V*YS
�-\,SD ˙31V 4`\4dYT,E k\ 4 �\3\p /\]\O
Y\-\p 4Y\31 ab*bS TZj\p Wp/SZ\pD �*O
aVTWnVS 3 aSWnZ\ ,TZ 4YTZS,aqI �/Z\-\
`*4d a]T,]`*gT,ZSV ˙31V* Z*VSZd,aq Z*
Zn\-\ 4 W*yV\pD ˙31V V*31B w) ,T/hd,E
qV Y1Z1 ]`\yY*2 -ZT,D 1`jSY +*3*ZO
ZqY +dW\ af\]SbS V`S,/ZSV* y VSZdbS Z*
41YWpxD
˛*,/qVS h\Yd ˙31Vd ,/*W\aq ab`SY*bS
a1+1H TZ ]\qaZp2B w *YGqb*pE k\ Y\WS,O
aqB r�-\,\E +d/n W*aV*E /\]\Y\3S Y1ZT 4*O
a]\V\�^bSanIsD \/TE d]1`j1 4* ,a1 3SbbqE q
,T/hd,E qV Y1Z1 \-\`b*2 a]\VTyD ) 4YT- ]TO
bS -1bnxD ˙31V ]`\/\,3d,*, ,S,h*bS �T+O
WTpD TZ +*-*b\ Y\WS,aq b* `\4/dYd,*,
Z*/ +T+WTyZSYS ,T`j*YSE Z*]`SVW*/ `SO
]\,Tab1y 6:B6>E /1 -\,\`SbnaqB w˛ +`*Vd
/`\, \-\Zn -*aZ1xD ˛`1jb\p ,TZ Z*,hS,aq
]`S+\`Vd,*bS a,Ty -ZT,D
�hTbnaq `\4aW*+WqbSaq
� `S]\,Tab1y 58B7> 4*]Sa*Z\B w�*-T/O
Z1 a1`g1 P 3Sbbq b\ /Wq bTW*xD ˛,*3*pO
hS Z* gp TabSZdE ,S Y\31b1 ]\V`*kSbS
a,\2 1Y\gTyZ1E eT4ShZ1 T /df\,Z1 4/\`\O
,GqD �]\h*bVd Z*,hTbnaq ]`\abSf Y1b\/T,
`1W*Va*gT�^D �S3h1 Z*,1/1Z\ VTWnV* ]\O
`*/E V\b`T /\]\Y\3dbn -*Yd,*bS -ZT,E ]\O
,Gq4*ZSy 4T ab`1a\YD
��ı�&) ��˛� �)��)
�WS+\V\ /Sf*yb1
˘ ˛`\+Tbn VTWnV* -WS+\VSf ,/SfT, T ,SO
/SfT,D �1 \/SZ 4 Z*yV`*kSf b* Z*yj,S/O
jSf a]\a\+T, 4*a]\V\�^bSanD
˘ T/ h*a b*V\-\ /Sf*ZZq ]\,b\`pyb1
aW\,* hS e`*4SE V\b`T 4*a]\V\qbn ,*aE qVO
\b w`\4aW*+aqxE wZ1 f,SWpyaqxE wZ1 /dY*y
]`\ g1xD
˘ ˛*yYTbnaq hSY\an ]`S2YZSYP bSYE
k\ /\]\Y\31 ,*Y 4ZqbS ab`1aB ]\hSb*yb1E
]\aWdf*yb1 Yd4SVdE ]\]`*gpyb1 Z* -\`\/T
b\k\D
˘ �1-dWq`Z\ `\+Tbn eT4ShZT ,]`*,S
T ]`*,SWnZ\ f*`hdyb1aqD
�*yb1 `1*WTabShZT a]\/T,*ZZq
*Y Z1 ,/*abnaq dZSVZdbS Wp/1y hS aSO
bd*gTyE qVT ,S]`\+\,d,*bSYdbn ,*j1 a*O
Y\,W*/*ZZqD �W1 ,S Y\31b1 Z*,hSbSan
V\Zb`\Wp,*bS a,Ty -ZT,D ˙Wq gn\-\ b`1+*
4YTZSbS YSaW1ZZqD
�p/SE qVT Y*pbn Z*/b\ ,Sa\VT ,SY\-SE
+TWnj afSWnZT /\ -ZT,dD �\WS fb\an *+\
k\an Z1 ,T/]\,T/*2�^fZTY ,SY\-*YE ,\O
ZS j,S/V\ `\4h*`\,dpbnaq T /`*bdpbnaqD
#\+ ]\+\`\bS b*V1 Y*VaSY*WTabanV1 YSaO
W1ZZqE aWT/ ]*YGqb*bSB w�1Y*2 ]`*,1/Z\O
-\E *ZT \/Z\-\DDD �aT Wp/S ,T/fSWSWSaq
,T/ ]`qY\-\ jWqfdE daT `*4\Yx L�SYWqZ
7B5>E 56MD \3E ,SY*-*phS /\aV\Z*W\abT
,T/ a1+1 *+\ ,T/ TZjSfE YS 4*,3/S +d/1Y\
Z1,/\,\W1ZTD
�dW\ + Yd/`\ Z1 \hTVd,*bS 4*+*-*O
b\ ,T/ a1+1 b* TZjSfD � �T+WT�^ aV*4*Z\B
w�aT YS `*4 d `*4 a]\bSV*2Y\anD )Vk\
fb\an Z1 a]\bSV*2bnaq d aW\,TE ,TZ /\aV\O
Z*WSyE a]`\Y\3ZSy 4*-Zd4/*bS ,a1 a,\2
bTW\x L)V\,* 7B6MD �]`*,/TE wZ1Y*2 Wp/SO
ZS ]`*,1/Z\�^ Z* 41YWTE k\ `\+SW* + /\+`\
y Z1 -`TjSW*x L˚VVW14Tqab* ;B6>MD )Vk\
YS /dY*2Y\E k\ Y\31Y\ +dbS /\aV\Z*WSO
YSE b\ `\4h*`d,*ZZq T -ZT, ab*Zdbn Z1,TO
/G2YZ\p h*abSZ\p Z*j\-\ 3SbbqD
�aVTWnVS ,aT YS Z1/\aV\Z*WTE b\ h*a ,T/
h*ad , Z*a +d/dbn ]T/ab*,S /Wq -ZT,dD �W1
b1E qV YS y\-\ ,S`*3*bSY1Y\E 4*W13Sbn
,T/ Z*aD �]\ab\W *,W\ 4*ab1`T-*, \/Z\O
,T`gT,B w�ZT,*yb1anE *W1 Z1 -`TjTbnC V\WS
4*f\/Sbn a\Zg1E Z1 4*WSj*yb1an `\4/`*O
b\,*ZSYSx L˚e1aqZ 8B6:MD �\Zb`\WpphS
-ZT,E YS Z*,hSY\aq ]`*,SWnZ\ ,Sq,WqbS
a,\�^ ]\hdbbqD �1 +W*-\b,\`Z\ ,]WSZ1 qV
Z* Z*aE b*V T Z* TZjSfD
˛*yYTbnaq hSY\an ]`S2YZSY �1-dWq`Z\ `\+Tbn eT4ShZT ,]`*,S
5> �`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56
��ı��ı
�ı aV*4*Z\B waT Wp/S 4-`TjSWS
y Z1 Y\3dbn ,T//41`V*Wp,*bS �\3d
aW*,dx L�SYWqZ 7B67MD �* 41YWT 3S,1 ]\O
Z*/ aTY YTWnq`/T, Z1/\aV\Z*WSf Wp/1yE
T YT3\a\+SabTaZT V\ZeWTVbS ]`\ab\ Z1YSO
ZdhTD \Yd V\Zh1 ]\b`T+Z\ Z*,hSbSan 4+1O
`T-*bS YS`D )V g1 `\+SbSH
�T+WTq YTabSbn hSY*W\ /\+`Sf ]\`*/D
� ZTy Z*j\-\ ,\`gqE �-\,dE Z*4,*Z\ w�\O
-\Y YS`dx L�,`1�^, 57B6>C SfT/ 59B7MD TZ
]`*-Z1E k\+ y\-\ 41YZT /TbS b13 3SWS
d YS`TD �\- ]\/*2 , gn\Yd hd/\,Sy ]`SO
VW*/D �\WS ]1`j* Wp/anV* ]*`* 4-`TjSW*
]`\bS �\-* T gSY ]\`djSW* YS`ZT ,4*2O
YSZSE ,TZ \/`*4d 3 4`\+S, V`\V /\ ]`SO
YS`1ZZq 4 Wp/ab,\Y L6 �\`SZeqZ 9B5=MD
�\4-WqZnY\ b`S hSZZSVSE qVT /\]\Y\3dbn
Z*Y ,T/Z\,Wp,*bS YS`D
˛ -\b\,ZTabp ]`\k*yb1
�T+WTyZ* ]\`*/*D w1`]1WS,\ 4Z\anb1
\/SZ \/Z\-\ T ]`\/\,3dyb1 4 -\b\,ZTabp]`\k*bSE qVk\ Y*2b1 ]T/ab*,S Z* V\-\an]\aV*`3SbSanD �aVTWnVS �-\,* 4 -\b\,ZTaO
bp ]`\abS, ,*YE `\+Tbn b*V T ,Sx L�\W\aqZ
7B57MD
�\Yd ,*3V\H �\3WS,\E d ,*a 2 ,*-\YT
w]T/ab*,S Z* V\-\an ]\aV*`3SbSanxD S
]\`S,*2b1 ab\adZVS 4 V`S,/ZSV\Y T ,,*3*O
2b1E k\ g1 ]`*,SWnZ\D �* ,*jd /dYVdE WpO
/SZ* ]\,SZZ* ,S+*hSbSan ]1`1/ ,*YSD �W1
qVk\ ,\Z* Z1 da,T/\YWp2 a,\2�^ ]`\,SZS
*+\ ,,*3*2 ,SZd,*bg1Y ,*aE b\E Z*yTY\,T`O
ZTj1E V\ZeWTVb 4*WSjSbnaq Z1,S`Tj1ZSYD
#\ `\+SbSH \aWdf*yb1an +T+WTyZ\�^ ]\O
`*/S T 4 -\b\,ZTabp ]`\+*hb1E \a\+WS,\ qVO
k\ g1 Z14Z*hZ* ]`\,SZ*D *YGqb*yb1E qV+S
�\- `*fd,*, Z*jT ]\YSWVSE YS ZTV\WS Z1
Y\-WS + 4/\+dbS y\-\ ]`SfSWnZTabn L a*O
W\Y 57>B7MD � �T+WT�^ aV*4*Z\B w#1/`Sy T YSO
W\a1`/ZSy �\a]\/nE /\,-\b1`]1WS,Sy T +*O
-*b\YSW\abS,SyD �\ 4Z*2 TZ ab,\`1ZZq
Z*j1E ]*YGqb*2E k\ YSP ]\`\fx L a*W\Y
5>7B<E 58MD
\YT`Vdyb1 b13 Z*/ gSY +T+WTyZSY ]`SO
aWT,GqYB w�\4dY Wp/SZS ]`S]SZp2 -ZT,�^�^E
* ,1WShZTabn�^�^ P ]1`1ybS Z*/ ]`\,SZ\px
L `S]\,Tab1y 5=B55MD `\ZSVWS,Tabn /\]\O
Y\31 Z*Y ]\/S,SbSaq Z* a]`*,d jS`j1
T 4`\4dYTbSE h\Yd fb\an ]\,\/Sbnaq b*V hS
TZ*Vj1D *`b\ Z* f,SWnVd 4*YSaWSbSanB
w�S +dW* Wp/SZ*E qV* Y1Z1 \+`*4SW*E
,b\YW1Z\pE f,\`\p *+\ hSY\an ab`S,\31O
Z\pHxD )Vk\ ,T4nY1Y\ /\ d,*-S a]`*,3ZT
a]\ZdVS V`S,/ZSV*E y\-\ ]\hdbbq b* \+O
ab*,SZSE g1 ]`SbSjSbn Z*j -ZT, T /\]\O
Y\31 +dbS +TWnj b1`]SYSYS /\ y\-\ ]\O
YSW\VD
�+-\,\`Tbn ]`\+W1Yd
�T+WTyZ* ]\`*/*D w)Vk\ 3 b,Ty +`*b
dhSZSbn -`TfE ]T/S b* ,Sq,S y\-\ ]`\,SZd
Z*\/SZgT 4 ZSYD �\WS ,TZ ]\aWdf*2bnaqE bS
4/\+d, a,\-\ +`*b*x L�*b,Tq 5<B59MD
�\Yd ,*3V\H �1-*bS,ZT ]\hdbbqE qVO\b
ab`*fE -ZT, hS 4+1Zb131ZZqE Y\3dbn ]1`1O
jV\/3*bS ,*Y ]T/TybS /\ V`S,/ZSV* T 4*O
W*-\/SbS ]`\+W1YdD � qVk\E jdV*phS ]T/O
b`SYVS , TZjSfE ,S `\4]\,T/*2b1�^Y ]`\
V\ZeWTVbE b\ WSj1 `\4/Ydfd2b1 ,\-\ZnD
#\ `\+SbSH )Vk\ \+`*4* a1`y\4Z* T ,S
Z1 Y\31b1 ]`\ab\ 4*+dbS ]`\ Z1�^E ]T/Tbn
/\ Wp/SZS b* \+-\,\`Tbn ]`\+W1YdD ˛`\O
+Tbn g1B
5M ",S/V\D �1 4,\WTV*yb1E TZ*Vj1 ,S`TO
j1ZZq ]`\+W1YS Y\31 4*bq-ZdbSaq Z*/\,O
-\D ˛*ab\adyb1 ]\`*/d ıada*B w�\WS 3 bS
]`SZ1a1j /*` /\ 31`b\,ZSV* T b*Y ]`S-*O
����)˙
ı �ı�ı
)V 3SbS , YS`T
4 TZjSYSH
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 55
/*2jE k\ b,Ty +`*b Y*2 k\an ]`\bS
b1+1E 4*WSjS /*` ]1`1/ 31`b\,ZSO
V\Y T ]T/S 4,T/bSB a]\h*bVd ]`SYSO
`Saq 4 +`*b\YE * b\/T ]\,1`ZSan b*
]`SZ1aS a,Ty /*`x L�*b,Tq 9B67E 68MD
6M �14 dh*abT TZjSfD �]S`*yb1O
aq a]\VdaT `\4]\,T/*bS V\Ydan ]`\
a,\�^ Z1]\`\4dYTZZqD w�d/Saq 4*
a,*`Vd a,\p 4 a,\�^Y +WS3ZTYE *W1
Z1 ,Sq,Wqy b*2YZSgT TZj\-\x L `SO
]\,Tab1y 69B=MD
7M � /daT YS`dD \ab*`*yb1an Z1
4Gqa\,d,*bSE fb\ ]`*,SyE * fb\ ZTD
*j* Y1b* P ,T/Z\,SbS YS`E * Z1
]1`1Y\-bS d ad]1`1hgTD SV\`Sab\O
,dyb1 aW\,\ wqx 4*YTabn wbSxD S
j,S/j1 /\aq-Z1b1 Y1bSE V\WS 4*O
YTabn aWT,B wS Y1Z1 \+`*4S,Ix P aV*31b1B
w�1ZT +\Wqh1E +\DDDxD �T+WTq 4*\f\hd2B w�*O
Y*-*yY\aq a]`SqbS ,an\Yd b\YdE k\ ,1/1
/\ YS`d T ,4*2YZ\-\ 4YTgZ1ZZqx L�SYWqZ
58B5=MD
�Sq,Wqyb1 /\,-\b1`]TZZq
�T+WTyZ* ]\`*/*D w�TV\Yd Z1 ,T//*,*yb1
4W\Y 4* 4W\DDD )Vk\ b,Ty ,\`\- -\W\/ZSyE
Z*-\/dy y\-\E * qVk\ a]`*-WSyE /*y Z*]SO
bSaqx L�SYWqZ 56B5;E 6>MD
�\Yd ,*3V\H )Vk\ Wp/SZ* Z1 `1*-d2 Z*
a]`\+d ,T/Z\,SbS YS`E d ,*a Y\3dbn \]daO
bSbSaq `dVSD
#\ `\+SbSH �d/nb1 b1`]1WS,TD �aT YS
`T4ZT 4* f*`*Vb1`\Y T ]1`1+d,*2Y\ Z* `T4O
ZSf 1b*]*f 4`TW\abTD ˙1V\Yd Z1\+fT/Z\
+TWnj1 h*adE k\+ 4*a]\V\�^bSanD �b\an /\aT
,hSbnaq ,Sq,WqbS ]`S2YZT �\-d `SaSD `\O
/\,3dyb1 ,Sq,WqbS /\+`\bd T Wp+\, /\
b*VSf Wp/1yD w�1 /\4,\Wqy 4Wd ]1`1Y\-O
bS b1+1E * 4*,3/S ]1`1Y*-*y 4W\ /\+`\Yx
L�SYWqZ 56B65MD
#\+ 3SbS , YS`T 4 TZjSYSE Z*Y ]\b`T+Z\
`\4,S,*bS aYS`1ZZqE ]`\ZSVWS,TabnE b1`O
]1WS,Tabn T Wp+\,D �/Z*V YS`ZT ab\adZVS
4 +WS3ZTYS ,*`bT Z*jSf 4daSWnI
�� � ����& �ı�����H
˘#\ Y\31 /\]\Y\-bS ,*Y
4 -\b\,ZTabp ]`\k*bSH
L�\W\aqZ 7B57MD
˘ )V \+-\,\`SbS 4 V`S,/ZSV\Y]`\+W1YdH L�*b,Tq 9B67E 68MD
˘#\ `\+SbSE V\WS Wp/SZ* Z1 `1*-d2
Z* ,*jT a]`\+S ,T/Z\,SbS YS`H
L�SYWqZ 56B5;P65MD
w�\4dY Wp/SZS ]`S]SZp2 -ZT,�^�^E
* ,1WShZTabn�^�^ P ]1`1ybS Z*/
]`\,SZ\px L�����ı��˚• 5=B55M
˛������ı
�ı Z*abd]*W* *`YTq 3\`ab\VSf
,\�^ZT,O,1`fT,gT,E a]dab\jdphS Z* a,\2O
Yd jWqfd ,aT YTab*E qVT ,T/Y\,WqWSan 4/*O
bSaqD � Wpb\Yd 569< `\Vd ,\ZS 4*f\]SWS
�*-/*/E ]`\W\YS,jS y\-\ Yd`SD �TWSy bS3O
/1Zn ,\ZS ,+S,*WS T -`*+d,*WSD 1`1/ Y\ZO
-\W*YS b`1YbT, d,1an TaW*YanVSy a,Tb�D
�\Z-\WnanV* *`YTq ]`\ad,*W*an /*WT Z*
4*fT/E T , aThZT 56:> `\Vd YTab\ �W1]]\ L�SO
`TqM a]TbV*W* b*V* 3 /\WqE k\ y �*-/*/D
� +1`14ZT ˙*Y*aV ,T/V`S, Y\Z-\W*Y a,\�^
+`*YS T 4/*,aqD �1,/\,4T ]TaWq gn\-\ Y\ZO
-\WS 4*f\]SWS b*VT ]*W1abSZanVT YTab*E qV
�*+WdaE k\ Z1]\/*WTV ab*`\/*,Zn\-\ �Sf1O
Y*E T �*4dD
� �TWnj1 TZe\`Y*gT�^ ]`\ Y\Z-\WT, b*
�^fZT 4*,\p,*ZO
Zq ,S Y\31b1 4Z*ybS , w `\+d/SanIx 4* b`*,1Zn 6>><
`\VdD
\WV\,\/1gn Y\Z-\WT, �dW*-d ,SY*-*,E
k\+ 4/*,aq T YdadWnY*ZanVSy ]`*,Sb1Wn
�-S]bdE adWb*Z �WnO�d4*ee*` �*ye */O
˙TZ �dbd4D �dW*-d ]\-`\3d,*,E k\ TZ*Vj1
�-S]1b \]SZSbnaq d ,1WSVTy +T/TD TyanO
V* �dW*-d ]`S+WS4Z\ , 59 `*4T, ]1`1,*3*O
WS hSa1WnZTabp /,*/gqbSbSaqhZd 2-S]1bO
anVd *`YTpD w�*/ YdadWnY*ZanVSY a,Tb\Y
Z*,SaW* 4*-`\4* 4ZSk1ZZqxEP V*31 Tab\O
`SVOaf\/\4Z*,1gnE ]`\e1a\` �*4T` �fY1/D
#\ 3 4`\+S, adWb*Z �dbd4H
dbd4 T Y*YWpVS
�dbd4 +d, Y*YWpV\Y T ]\f\/S, 4 d`1hO
hSZSD �*YWpVS +dWS `*+*YS T Z1aWS ,TyanO
V\,d aWd3+d , 2-S]1banVSf adWb*ZT, 4 /SO
Z*abT�^ �yp+T/T,E qVT ]`*,SWS , �*
�^`TD � 569>
`\gT ,\ZS 4+dZbd,*WSan ]`\bS a,\�^f -\a]\O
�Sb,* ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbT�������• ���� � ��ı���ı• ı����ı
ı
˙*Y*aV
��ı)
-D �*,\`
˚4/`TW\ZanV*`T,ZSZ*
yZO˙3*Wdb
L]\+WS4d �1šT//\M
�*+Wda
L�Sf1YM
�`da*WSY
�*4*
����˚�
�b*`\/*,Z2 YTab\
�1šT//\
/*`T, T a*YT ]\h*WS ]`*,SbS �-S]b\YD �dO
bd4E V\WSjZTy `*+ T ,\�^ZE 4*f\]S, ,W*/d T ,
569= `\gT ab*, adWb*Z\YD TZ +d, /\a,T/O
h1ZSY ,\�^Z\YE qVSy Z1 4/*,*,aq +14 +\pD
`\b1 y\-\ j*ZaS ]1`1Y\-bS Y\Z-\WT, ,SO
-Wq/*WS /d31 Y*WSYSD � ,bTYE ,T/+dWSan
]\/T�^E qVT 4YTZSWS fT/ Tab\`T
�^D
�dW*-d \b`SY*, 4,TabVd ]`\ b1E k\ ]\Y1`
,1WSVSy Y\Z-\WnanVSy f*Z �dZV1D TZ `\4dO
YT,E k\ , /*W1VTy �\Z-\WT�^ `\4-\`Z1bnaq
+\`\bn+* 4* ,W*/dE b\YdE ,4q,jS 4 a\+\p
+TWnjd h*abSZd ,TyanV*E ,S`djS, /\/\YdD
�dW*-d 4*WSjS, ,T/ 5> >>> /\ 6> >>> ,\�^ZT, P
/\ab*bZpE Z* y\-\ /dYVdE VTWnVTabn /Wq 4*O
,\p,*ZZq �-S]bdD �+ab*,SZS \+1`ZdWSan Z*
V\`Sabn �dbd4*E T ,TZ da,T/\YS,B *+S ]1`1O
Y\-bS Y\Z-\WT,E b`1+* /TqbS a*Y1 b1]1`D
�/Z*V Z* jWqfd Y*YWpgnV\-\ ,TyanO
V*E qV1 ]`qYd,*W\ 4 �-S]bd /\ b*+\`d
Y\Z-\WT,E W13*W* b1`Sb\`Tq TZjSf ,\`\O
-T, YdadWnY*Z P f`1ab\Z\agT,E qVT ]`SyjO
WS , *W1abSZd 4*,\p,*bS �,qbd ˛1YWp
/Wq f`SabSqZab,*D #\+ /Tab*bSaq *W1aO
bSZS T ,abd]SbS , +Ty 4 Y\Z-\W*YSE �dO
bd4 ]\]`\aS, f`1ab\Z\agT, /\4,\WSbS y\O
Yd ]`\ybS h1`14�^fZT ,\W\/TZZq b* Vd]SbS
d ZSf ]`\/dVbT, /Wq a,\2�^ *`YT
�^D �`1aO
b\Z\agT ]\-\/SWSanD ˛`1jb\pE ]`\ad,*ZZq
Y\Z-\WnanV\�^ *`YT
�^ bd`+d,*W\
�^f Z1 Y1Zj1E
ZT3 YdadWnY*ZD �`1ab\Z\agT /d31 f\bTWSE
k\+�^fZq 41YWq +dW* \hSk1Z* ,T/ Y\Z-\WT,D
ı 2/SZ\p�^fZn\p Z*/T2p +d, �dbd4D
a1 +dW\ -\b\,1 /Wq ,S`Tj*WnZ\-\ +\p
YT3 Y*YWpV*YS T Y\Z-\W*YSD
�yZO˙3*Wdb , �*W1abSZT
� ,1`1aZT 56:> `\Vd ,TyanV* Y*YWpVT,
T Y\Z-\WT, 4TyjWSaq Z* ˚4/`TW\ZanVTy `T,O
ZSZT ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbTD ,*3*2bnaqE k\
�yZO˙3*Wdb W13Sbn ]\+WS4d ab*`\/*,Zn\O
-\ YTab* �1šT//\�D
� �aVTWnVS ]\+WS4d �1šT//\ ,T/+dW\an +*-*b\ ,S`TOj*WnZSf +Sb,E ,T/ aW\,* w�1šT//\x ]\f\/Sbn Z*4,* ,TO
/\Y\�^ +Sb,S �`Y*-1//\ZE 2,`1yanV\p �*`O�*š1/\ZD
� �T+WT�^ Z*4,* �`Y*-1//\Z ]\,Gq4d2bnaq 4 w,TyZ\pE
qV* Y*2 ,T/+dbSaq d ,1WSVSy /1Zn �\-* a1Y\-dbZn\O
-\x L�+Gq,W1ZZq 5:B58E 5:MDPic
tori
alA
rch
ive
(Near
Easte
rnH
isto
ry)E
st.
� ,1`1aZT 56:> `\Vd ,TyanV* Y*YWpVT, T Y\Z-\WT,
4TyjWSaq ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbT Z* ˚4/`TW\ZanVTy `T,ZSZT
57
˛* aW\,*YS ab*`\/*,Zn\-\ Tab\`SV* �*O
jS/*//TZ*E Y*YWpVS 4*Y*ZSWS Y\Z-\WT,
d 4*aT/Vd +TWq �1šT//\D �dbd4 af\,*,
a,\2 VTZZ1 ,TyanV\ a1`1/ Z*,V\WSjZTf ]*O
-\`+T,E * Z1,1WSV\Yd 4*-\Zd Z*V*4*, ,SO
abd]SbS ,]1`1/E k\+ a]`\,\Vd,*bS *b*Vd
Y\Z-\WT,D �\Z-\WS ]TjWS , Z*abd]E ]\/dO
Y*,jSE k\ ]1`1/ ZSYS ,aq *`YTq Y*YWpO
VT,E T b*V ]\b`*]SWS , ]*abVdD �dbd4 ,T/O
/*, Z*V*4 ,TyanVdE qV1 h1V*W\ , 4*aT/gTE
Z*]*abS Z* Y\Z-\WT, 4 eW*Z-T,D \`\- +d,
`\4+SbSyI
�1 +dW* ]1`j* ]\`*4V* Y\Z-\WT, ,T/b\O
/TE qV 87 `\VS b\Yd ,\ZS `djSWS 4 �\Z-\O
WT�^ Z* 4*fT/ d a,Ty ,TyanV\,Sy ]\fT/D �\O
h* , +Sb,T ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbT +`*WS dh*abn
,T/Z\aZ\ Z1hSaW1ZZT ,TyanV*E ,\Z* ,,*3*O
2bnaq \/ZT2p 4 Z*y+TWnj 4Z*hdkSf , Tab\O
`T�^D ˛*,/qVS
�^y YdadWnY*ZS dZSVWS 4ZSO
k1ZZqE `\4,Tq,aq YTe ]`\ Z1]1`1Y\3ZTabn
Y\Z-\WT,E * ,TyanV\ Y*YWpVT, ,T/,\p,*W\
,b`*h1ZT b1`Sb\`T�^D
�*aWT/VS +Sb,S ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbT
�\Z-\WS k1 Z1 `*4 ]\,1`b*WSaq , �S`Tp
b* *W1abSZdE *W1 ,31 ZTV\WS Z1 4*4Tf*WS
Z* 41YWT �-S]bdD �*k*/VS �dW*-d \a1WSWSO
aq , 1`aT�^E ]`SyZqWS TaW*Y T 4 h*a\Y ab*WS
]\V`\,Sb1WqYS TaW*YanV\�^ VdWnbd`SD
�ıfZT
b1`Sb\`T�^ +dWS ,T/\YSYS qV ]1`anVSy TWnO
f*Z*bE b\+b\ w]T/W1-W1 f*Zab,\xD
�dbd4 Z*a\W\/3d,*,aq a,\2p ]1`1Y\-\p
Z1/\,-\D �14*+*`\Y ]`\bS �dbd4* aVW*WS
4Y\,d T y\-\ ,+SWSD �1`1/ 4Y\,ZSVT, +d,
�1y+*`aE 4-\/\Y ,T/\YSy qV �1y+*`a ID TZab*, ]1`jSY adWb*Z\Y \+G2/Z*Z\-\ g*`ab,*
�-S]bd T �S`T�^D ,*3*2bnaqE k\ a*Y1 g1y
]`*,Sb1Wn db,1`/S, ]*Zd,*ZZq Y*YWpgnO
V\�^ /SZ*abT
�^D �\,* /1`3*,*E qVd 4*]\h*bVdO
,*, �1y+*`aE +dW* +*-*b\p T /\+`1 \`-*ZT4\O
,*Z\pC ,\Z* ]`\TaZd,*W* /,* 4 ]\W\,SZ\p
ab\WTbbqE /\ 595; `\VdD
�]`\/\,3 gn\-\ 69>O`ThZ\-\ ]1`T\/d Y*YO
WpVS ,SbTaZSWS f`1ab\Z\agT, 4T �,qb\�^
˛1YWTE * b*V\3 ]\a]`SqWS `\4,SbVd b\`-T,O
WTE ]`\YSaWT, T YSab1gb,*C 4+dO
/d,*WS WTV*`ZTE Y1h1bT T jV\O
WSD ˛*�^fZn\-\ ]`*,WTZZq �-S]1b
ab*, 4*-*WnZ\,S4Z*ZSY g1Zb`\Y
YdadWnY*ZanV\-\ a,TbdD
�Sb,* ]`S �yZO˙3*WdbT ,]WSO
ZdW* Z1 WSj1 Z* V`*�^ZS �WS4nV\O
-\ �f\/dE * y Z* 4*fT/Zd gS,TWTO
4*gTpD � 3d`Z*WT w�*d/T *`*YV\
,\`W/x -\,\`SbnaqB w)V+S Y\ZO
-\W*Y ,/*W\aq ]T/V\`SbS �-SO
]1bE b\ ]TaWq ]\,1`Z1ZZq �dW*O
-d ,\ZS Y\-WS + /\+`*bSan h1`14
T,ZThZd �e`SVd /\ �T+`*WO
b*`anV\�^ ]`\b\VSxD � \aVTWnVS
Z* b\y h*a Y\Z-\WS ,31 /TyjWS
/\ \WnkTE b\ �,`\]* \]SZSW*O
aq + d 4*WT4ZSf W1k*b*fD
w�S Z*ab*W* + b\/T , �,`\O
]T 1]\f* T/`\/31ZZqH P 4*]SO
bd2 b\y a*YSy 3d`Z*WDP �,Tb YT-
+S +dbS 4\,aTY TZ*VjSYxD
�d ^ZS ab*`\/*,Zn\-\ �Sf1Y* T h*abSZ*
adh*aZ\-\ *+Wda* Z* /`d-\Yd ]W*ZT
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 59
�����&�� ,T/]\,T/n w�xD �W1 h\YdH
\Yd k\ +dbS ]\]dWq`ZSY \4Z*h*2 Y*O
bS ]`SfSWnZTabn +*-*bn\f Wp/1yD � g1 Z1
4*,3/S ]\-*Z\I �T+WTq ]1`1/`1VW*E k\ f`SaO
bSqZS +d/dbn wa,TbW\Y /Wq TZjSf Z*`\O
/T,x T ]`S,*+Wp,*bSYdbn /\ a1+1 Wp/1y L˙T�^
57B8;C ıa*�^ 86B:MD � gn\Yd `\4dYTZZT f`SabSqO
ZS 2 ]\]dWq`ZSYSD
�TV*,Sy e*VbD ıada +d, ]\]dWq`ZSYD �*O
,Tbn d pZ\Yd ,TgT ,TZ Z*+d,*, wk\`*4 +TWnO
j\�^ YSW\abT qV d �\-*E b*V T , Wp/1yx L�dVS
6B96MD � V\WS ıada ab*, /\`\aWSYE 4* ZSYE qV
\]Sad2 �T+WTqE wTjWS ,1WSVT Z*b\,]S Wp/1y
4 �*WTW1�^E ˙1aqbSYTabqE �`da*WSY*E (/1
�^ b*
4O4* •\`/*Zdx L�*b,Tq 8B69MD
�\Yd g1 +dW\ /\`1hZ\H ıada Z1 jdV*,aW*,S T Z1 -Z*,aq 4* ]\]dWq`ZTabpD �`TY b\O-\E ,TZ Z1 ]`*-Zd, Y*bS af,*W1ZZq 4 +\Vd
Wp/1y +d/nOqV\p gTZ\pD ıada ]`\ab\ `\+S,
b1E k\ ]`*,SWnZ1E T /1V\WS g1 ]\/\+*W\an TZO
jSY Lı,*Z* <B6=E 7>MD � ,bTYE ,TZ `\4dYT,E k\
af,*W1ZZq y\-\ adh*aZSVT, WSj1 bSYh*a\O
,1E */31�^fZT ]\-Wq/S ]\abTyZ\ 4YTZp,*WSO
aqD ıada 4Z*,E k\ 4-\/\Y Wp/S y\-\ ,+Gpbn
L�dVS =B66MD
�T/adY\VD \]dWq`ZTabn Y\3Z* ]`S`T,ZqO
bS /\ +*-*bab,*D �\W\/TbS ZSY Z1 4*,3/S
]\-*Z\D `\+W1Y* Y\31 +dbS , b\YdE qV\p
gTZ\p Wp/SZ* y\-\ Z*+d,*2 *+\ ab*`*2bnaq
4+1`1-bSD
�1`1ab\`\-*D �SY*W\ fW\]gT, T /T,h*b ]TO
/dbn Z* ,a1E k\+ Y*bS af,*W1ZZq TZjSfD ˙1O
fb\ 4*`*/S ]\]dWq`Z\abT /\-\/3*2 Wp/qY
T y/1 4* +TWnjTabpD � /1qVT 4*/S`*VS aSW\p4Ydjdpbn TZjSf 4*f\]Wp,*bSaq ZSYSE /*`O
Y* k\ h1`14 ab`*f�D
�* Z*abd]ZSf ab\`TZV*f /1b*WnZTj1 \+-\O
,\`ppbnaq gT /,* fS+ZT jWqfS /\ ]\]dWq`O
Z\abTE * b*V\3 Z*+*-*b\ V`*kSy jWqfD
� �T+WTq `\4]\,T/*2 ]`\ ,1W1bZT,O4*/S`*V T V*31E k\ ,\ZS+dWS w,Sa\V\ ,aW*,W1ZTxD
�ıf ]1`1/daTY gTV*,SW* ,W*aZ* aW*O
,* L�dbbq :B8E �dWDMD
����˙ı
�(˙�
˛����(�&
�\]dWq`ZTabn P
g1 /\+`1 hS ]\-*Z\H
�ab*, aW\,\E k\+ 4*VTZhSbS
`1h1ZZqD
�dbS ]\]dWq`ZSY ��������D
�D 4*,3/S /\+`1
�D TZ\/T /\+`1
�D Z1/\+`1
")� ˙�
����)�����ı ˙���˙˝���)
(˙)�) ]\b`1+dp
af,*W1ZZq
TZjSfD
#\+ \b`SY*bS
y\-\E Y1ZT b`1+*
Z*aWT/d,*bS�^fZp
]\,1/TZVdD
˛�) �����)
) ,31 /\aSbn ]\]dWq`O
ZSy T Z1 4+S`*paq 4/*O
,*bS a,\�^ ]\4SgT
�^D
) 4`\+Wp ,a1E k\+
+dbS ]1`jSYE Z*O
,Tbn qVk\ /\,1/1bnO
aq b\]b*bS TZjSfD
��#•
")�
5�S4Z*h a,\
�^ gTZZ\abTD � T+WT
�^
aV*4*Z\E k\ 4`TW* Wp/SZ* Z*,h1Z*
w,T/`T4ZqbS /\+`1 ,T/ ]\-*Z\-\x
L�,`1�^, 9B58MD 6
˙\b`SYdyaq a,\�^f ]1`1V\Z*ZnD �*O
aWT/dy ıada* �*,SZ*E qVSy d]1,Z1Z\ ]`\O
Y\,S,B w�S+1`Tbn a\+T an\-\/ZTE V\Yd +dO
/1b1 aWd3SbSDDD q b* /TY YTy +d/1Y\
aWd3SbS �\a]\/1,Tx Lıada* �*,SZ* 68B59MD
#� �˝��& �˙���ı���
�1WTaa*B w˛,Sh*yZ\E bS
Y\31j ab*bS ]\/T+ZSY
/\ ,aTf bSf dhZT, d jVTWnO
ZSf V\`S/\`*fD �W1 g1
b*V Z1gTV*,\I � \b ,S`T4O
ZqbSaq 4O]\YT3 TZjSfE
b\Yd k\ bS f`SabSqZSZEP
/\+`1D �1 Z1 `\+Sbn
b1+1 /S,*V\Y T Z*,Tbn
]`S,*+Wp2 Wp/1yxD
˚jWTB w� jV\WT q Z1 +dO
W* ]\]dWq`Z\pD � V\WS
yjW* Z* f`SabSqZanVT
4T+`*ZZq T a]TWVd,*W*aq
b*Y 4 /`d4qYSE V\b`T
Wp+SWS Y1Z1 b*V\pE
qV\p q 2E Y1ZT +TWnj1
Z1 f\bTW\aq 4/\+d,*bS
]`SfSWnZTabn \/Z\VW*aO
ZSVT,xD
w) Z*Y*-*W*an V\]Tp,*bS TZjSfE
k\+ +dbS a,\2pD �1ZT g1 ,/*,*W\aqD
W1 ]\bTY q 4`\4dYTW*E k\ Z1 ,*`b\
4`*/3d,*bS a\+T 4*`*/S hSy\-\an
,S4Z*ZZqx L�TV\WnMD
�T+WTyZSy ]`SZgS]D
w�1 +d/1j 4 +TWnjTabpE
k\+ hSZSbS 4W\x
L�SfT/ 67B6MD
w *-*b\ /Tb1y 2 4WTD ıE \aVTWnVS
4*/S`*VS ]\]dWq`ZTE a\`\YGq4WSO
,* /SbSZ* /dY*2E k\ ,aT�^fZT aW\O
,* Y*pbn ,*-dx L�*V1WnMD
�T+WTyZSy ]`SZgS]D
w#\ bTWnVS f\h1b1E *+S
`\+SWS ,*Y Wp/SE b1 a*Y1
`\+Tbn�^Y T ,Sx L�dVS :B75MD
7�]1,Z1Z\ y/S \+`*ZSY
jWqf\YD ]\ab\W �*,W\ Z*O
-*/*, �SY\eTpB w \- /*, Z*Y
Z1 /df +\q-d4b,*E * /df aSWSx
L6 �SY\eTq 5B;MD
˛*ab\a\,dphS b`S ]\`*/SE
k\ 4WT,*E bSE Y*+dbnE ,31 Z1
+d/1j b*VSY ]\]dWq`ZSYE
]`\b1 ]\/\+*bSY1jaq bSYE
fb\ Wp+Sbn �\-*D
�TWWT]B w#\+ TZjT b1+1 Wp+SWSE
b`1+* gTV*,SbSaq ZSYSD �1/*,Z\
q a]`\+d,*, `\+SbS /`d4qY k\an
]`S2YZ1 T ,T/hd,E k\ Z*jT ,4*2YSO
ZS ab*WS b1]WTjSYSxD
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 5;
#\+ ]`\hSb*bS TZjT ab*bbT
4 `d+`SVS w�\W\/T Wp/S 4*O
]SbdpbnxE 4*,*Zb*3 ]\]1`1/O
ZT ,S]daVS gn\-\ 3d`Z*Wd T4
a*ybd www.jw.org
5< �`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56
�ı�˚��� 1`14TZ L*+\ 1`14TZjb*/bM
`\4b*j\,*Z1 , �1Zb`*WnZTy �,`\]T
Z* ]T,/\`\4T 4 ˙`14/1Z* /\ `*-SD � Zn\Yd
2 ,1WSh14Z* e\`b1gq 4 Y*aS,ZSYS ,*W*YSD
\Z* Y*W* aWd3SbS /Wq 4*fSabd V`*�^ZS
,T/ Z*]*/d ,\`\3Sf ,TyanV T , Z1+14]1hZT
h*aS +dbS af\,V\Y /Wq Y1jV*ZgT, /\,V\O
WSjZTf ]\a1W1ZnD
�p e\`b1gp Z*V*4*, a]\`d/SbS •\aSe
IIE V\`\Wn �TY1hhSZS b* TY]1`*b\` �,qO
k1ZZ\�^ �SYanV\
�^ TY]1`T
�^D TZ +d, ]`SadbO
ZTyE V\WS ,S+S`*WS YTag1 /Wq�^�^ ]\+d/\,S
T V\WS ]T/ VTZ1gn 5;<> `\Vd 4*VW*/*WS ]1`O
jSy V*YTZnD �\`b1gp 4,1WS Z* h1abn Y*b1O
`T •\aSe* IIE TY]1`*b`SgT �*`T�^ 1`14T
�^E
T b\Yd Z*4,*WS 1`14TZjb*/bE k\ ZTY1gnO
V\p \4Z*h*2 wYTab\ 1`14T�^x�D �*3dbnE TZ\O
/T bdb ]`*gp,*W\ *3 58 >>> `\+TbZSVT,D ˛*
h\bS`S `\VS \aZ\,Zd h*abSZd +d/\,S +dW\
4*,1`j1Z\D
� 5;<8 `\gTE V\WS 4*VTZhd,*WS a]\`d/3dO
,*bS 1`14TZE g1 +dW* Z*y+TWnj* e\`b1gq
Z* -*+a+d`4nVSf 41YWqfE ]\+d/\,*Z* 4*
Z*y]`\-`1aS,ZTjSYS Z* b\y h*a Y1b\/*YSD
�W1 k1 /\ 4*,1`j1ZZq ]`\1Vbd ,TyanV\,*
� ıY]1`*b`Sgq b*V\3 +dW* Y*bT`Gp �*`T�^ �Zbd*Z1bbSE
qV* ab*W* V\`\W1,\p �`*ZgT�^D
b*VbSV* T ab`*b1-Tq 4Z*hZ\ 4YTZSWSaqE k\
,]WSZdW\ Z* `\Wn e\`b1gTD
\`\3T ,TyanV*E Z*]*/*phS Z* V`*�^ZdE
+TWnj1 Z1 +`*WS , \+W\-d 4*YVT,E * ]`\ab\
]WpZ/`d,*WS /\,V\WSjZT a1W*D \Yd /\
5<<< `\Vd e\`b1gq 1`14TZ ,b`*bSW* a,\2
\+\`\ZZ1 4Z*h1ZZqD �* jS`\VSf e\`b1hO
ZSf ,*W*f `\4+SWS Y*Wn\,ZShT ]*`VSE ]`\O
VW*WS /\`T3VS T ]\ab*,SWS W*,VSD
ı e\`b1gqE T YTab\
�\`b1gq 1`14TZ +dW* a]\`d/31Z* qV
dV`T]W1Z1 YTab\D ˛*�^�^ Y*aS,ZSYS ,*W*YS
3SWS ,TyanV\,T 4T a,\�^YS aTYGqYS b* TZjT
-`\Y*/qZSD
\`dh 4 -\W\,Z\p e\`b1g1p 4+d/d,*WS
Y1ZjdE qV* aWd3SW* ,TyanV\,\p ,Gq4ZSO
g1pD �* ]\h*bVd XIX ab\WTbbq bdb b`SY*O
WS ]\WTbShZSf ]`\bS,ZSVT, �*+a+d`4nV\�^
TY]1`T�^D `S+WS4Z\ h1`14 ab\ `\VT, d gp
,Gq4ZSgp ]\b`*]SWS Y\W\/T 4Y\,ZSVSE
]`Sh1bZT /\ ,+S,ab,* 1`g-1`g\-* �`*Zg*
�1`/SZ*Z/*E qV1 +dW\ ,hSZ1Z1 5=58 `\Vd
, �*`*2,TD ˛Y\,ZSVS dZSVZdWS aY1`bZ\�^
V*`SE \aVTWnVS k1 Z1 Y*WS 6> `\VT,D �/Z*V
Z1,/\,4T +TWnjTabn 4 ZSf ]\Y1`W* d ,Gq4ZSO
gTD �1`14 ab`*jZT b\`bd`S /1fb\ Z*,Tbn
4+\31,\WT,D �*,`SW\ `SZgS]E qVSy ,W*aO
�\`b1gq �1`14TZ� � � �
Z1 4*fSabSW* ,T/ ab`*3/*Zn
* Y*`gT 4\+`*31Z\
T/SWTp , �1`14TZT ]T/
h*a ıı �,Tb\,\ ^ ,TyZS
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 5=
Z1 y d+S, 1`g-1`g\-*E ]\Y1` d gTy bp`YT
]T/ VTZ1gn 1`j\�^ a,Tb\,\
�^ ,TyZSD
�*W* e\`b1gq +dW* \/ZT2p 4 Z*y-\`14O
,TaZTjSf *,ab`\Od-\`anVSf bp`1YD �*ab\
,Gq4ZT, 4*V\,d,*WS d ,*3VT V*y/*ZS T b`SO
Y*WS , f\W\/Z\Yd ,\-V\Yd ]T/41Y1WWTD
�/Z*V ]T/ h*a ˙`d-\�^ a,Tb\,\
�^ ,TyZS e\`b1O
gq 4*3SW* k1 -T`j\�^ aW*,SD
w d`\`bZ1 YTab1hV\xH
�\WS Z*gSabS \Vd]d,*WS b1`Sb\`Tp adO
h*aZ\�^ �1fT
�^E b\ 5=85 `\Vd ab*WS 4,\4SbS
, -\W\,Zd e\`b1gp 2,`1�^,D �TbW1`T,gT ]1`1O
b,\`SWS 1`14TZjb*/b d 4*V`Sb1 2,`1yanV1
-1bb\D ˛*�^fZTYS aW\,*YSE g1 Y*W\ ,T/,1`O
ZdbS V\ZeWTVbS YT3 2,`1qYS T Z12,`1qYSD
�TYgT Z*Y*-*WSaq ]1`1V\Z*bS -`\Y*/anO
VTabnE k\ 1`14TZjb*/b P 4*V`Sb1 Vd`\`bO
Z1 YTab1hV\E /1 2,`1�^ Y\3dbn \b`SYd,*bS
WTVd,*ZZqD �*a]`*,/T 3 ,\ZS ]W*Zd,*WS
b*2YZ\ 4ZSkSbS daTf 2,`1�^,D
� �fT/ZTy �,`\]T Z*gSabS d31 ab,\`SWS
b*+\`S aY1`bTE Vd/S 4,\4SWS 2,`1�^, 4 1`1O
4TZjb*/b* y ]\/T+ZSf YTagn�D �\h* ]`\ TaOZd,*ZZq b*VSf b*+\`T, +dW\ /\+`1 ,T/\O
� �TWnj1 TZe\`Y*gT�^ Y\3Z* 4Z*ybS d w `\+d/SanIx 4*
< -`d/Zq 5==9 `\VdE ab\`TZVS 7P59E T 4* < V,TbZq 5=<= `\O
VdE ab\`TZVS 7P6> L*Z-WDMD
Y\ k1 4 a1`1/SZS 5=7>Of `\VT,E Z*gSabanV*
]`\]*-*Z/* ]1`1V\Zd,*W*E k\ g1 4,Sh*yZT
,S]`*,ZT 4*VW*/SD a1 3 /\f\/SW\ /1/*O
WT +TWnj1 ]\,T/\YW1Zn ]`\ 3*fWS,T dY\,S
, gSf b*+\`*fD \Yd , ZTY1gnVSf d`q/\,gT,
ab*WS ,SY*-*bS ]\qaZ1ZnD �*gSabS `\4`\O
+SWS fSb`Sy ]W*ZE qV \+Y*ZdbS YT3Z*`\/O
Zd -`\Y*/anVTabnD #\ 3 ,\ZS ]`S/dY*WSH
T/ h*a ˙`d-\�^ a,Tb\,\
�^ ,TyZS d 5=88
T 5=89 `\V*f ]`1/ab*,ZSVT, �T3Z*`\/Z\-\
�1`,\Z\-\ �`1ab* 4*]`\aSWS ]`S�^f*bS /\
-\W\,Z\�^ e\`b1gT T Z* ,W*aZT \hT ]\+*hSbSE
k\ bdb ,T/+d,*2bnaqD �+S Z*/*bS e\`b1O
gT ,S-Wq/d Vd`\`bZ\-\ YTab1hV*E Z*gSab*Y
/\,1W\aq /\+`1 ]\]`*gp,*bSD
�\Y1`S +W\VT, 4*YTZSWS YSW\4,dhZSYS
Z*4,*YS ,dWSgnD �b,\`SWS /SbqhSy a*/\VE
Y*-*4SZS b* TYTb*gTp +*ZVdD � g1Zb`T -1bO
b\ Z*,Tbn ,T/V`SWS V*e1D T/`1Y\Zbd,*WS
e*a*/S +d/SZVT,E * , g1Zb`*WnZ\Yd ]*`Vd
]\a*/SWS +TWnj1 41W1ZT T a]\`d/SWS ]*O
,TWny\ZE , qV\Yd -`*W* ]`S2YZ* Yd4SV*D
`1/ab*,ZSV*Y �1`,\Z\-\ �`1ab* \`-*O
ZT4d,*WS 1VaVd`aTp T /\4,\WSWS ]\`\4O
Y\,WqbS 4 hW1Z*YS 2,`1yanV\-\ wa*Y\,`qO
/d,*ZZqxD �W1 g1 +dWS ]T/ab*,ZT \a\+SE
qVSf Z*gSabS `1b1WnZ\ ,T/T+`*WS T Z*,hSWS
\,\]`S+dWSf ,Gq4ZT, ,1/dbn /\ +*`*VT,D
*/ ,f\/\Y Z*]Sa ZTY1gnV\pB wArbeitMacht Freix Lw�`*gq `\+Sbn ,TWnZSYxM *`S , 3TZ\hTy h*abSZT e\`b1gT
Both
ph
oto
s:W
ith
cou
rtesy
of
the
Mem
ori
alTe
rez
´ ın
6> �`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56
w]`*,SWnZ\x ,T/]\,T/*bS Z* 4*]Sb*ZZqD
`1/ab*,ZSVS �1`,\Z\-\ �`1ab* /,ThT ]`SO�^3/3*WS 4 ]1`1,T`V\pE T Z*gSab*Y /,TO
hT ,/*,*W\an�^f \+/d`SbSD T4ZTj1 d a,\
�^f
4,Tb*f gT ]`1/ab*,ZSVS ]Sa*WSE k\ 1`1O
4TZjb*/b P 4,Sh*yZ1 2,`1yanV1 YTab\E ,W*O
/* qV\-\ ]TVWd2bnaq ]`\ a,\�^f -`\Y*/qZD
TaWq b\-\ qV /1W1-*gT�^ ,T/ �T3Z*`\/Z\O
-\ �1`,\Z\-\ �`1ab* ]\VS/*WS 1`14TZO
jb*/bE 2,`1�^ 4* Yd`*YS -1bb\ ]`\/\,3d,*O
WS ab`*3/*bS T ,YS`*bS ,T/ 4Zdk*Zn b*
-\W\/dD �1+*-*b\ 4 ZSf /\3SWS /\ VTZgq
,TyZSD
�*W* e\`b1gq
�*Wd e\`b1gp Z*gSabS ,SV\`Sab\,d,*O
WS qV ,Gq4ZSgpD db +dWS b*VT 3 dY\,SE
qV T , V\Zg1Zb`*gTyZSf b*+\`*fD � �*WTy
e\`b1gT ]\+d,*WS /1aqbVS bSaqh h\W\,TVT,
T 3TZ\VD �W1 /Wq +*-*bn\f 4 ZSf g1 +d, WSO
j1 ]`\YT3ZSy ]dZVbE +\ /*WT�^f ]1`1]`*,O
WqWS , +TWnjT b*+\`S Z* b1`Sb\`T�^ �TY1gnO
V\-\ `1yfdD
� e\`b1gT Z*gSabS b`SY*WS ]`SZ*yYO
ZT 6> �,T/VT, �-\,S 4 `*-SE Wn41Zq
b* TZjSf h*abSZ V`*�^ZSD h\Yd
�^f 4,SO
Zd,*hd,*WSH \ZS ,T/Y\,WqWSaq ]T/b`SO
Yd,*bS Z*gSabT,E 4*WSj*phSan ]\WTbShZ\
Z1yb`*WnZSYSD \]`S 4*+\`\Zd ]`\]\,T/dO
,*bS �,T/VS T /*WT `\4]\,T/*WS TZjSY /\+O
`d Z\,SZd 4 �T+WT�^D �b`*3/*WS ,\ZS WSj1
4* b1E k\ ,T`SWS , �\-*D ˙1V\-\ 4 ZSf ab`*O
bSWSE * /1V\-\ 4*V*bd,*WS /\ aY1`bTD
�`\VS Tab\`T�^
� �T+WT�^ -\,\`SbnaqB w�1 Z*/Tyb1an Z*
VZq4T,E Z* Wp/anV\-\ aSZ*E +\ , Zn\Yd a]*O
aTZZq Z1Y*B ,Sy/1 /df y\-\ P T ,TZ /\ a,\2�^
41YWT ]\,1`b*2bnaqEP b\-\ /Zq y\-\ 4*/dO
YS -SZdbnx L a*W\Y 58:B7E 8MD �\`b1gq 1O
`14TZ ]1`1V\ZWS,\ /\,\/Sbn ]`*,/S,Tabn
gSf aWT,D
�ı˙�� �����
� ��ı• ����˚�ı
TWnjTabn ,T/VT, �-\,SE k\ ]\b`*]O
WqWS , �1`14TZjb*/bE a]\h*bVd ]`\f\O
/SWS /\]Sb d ]`*4nVTy jb*+OV,*`bS`T
-1ab*]\D �TaWq �1`14TZjb*/b* ,T/VT,
4*4,Sh*y ,T/]`*,WqWS , V\Zgb*+\`S /\
�TY1hhSZSD #\ /\]\Y*-*W\�^Y ,S3SbS
, dY\,*f T4\WqgT�^ T aSWnZSf 4Zdk*ZnH
�/Z* 3TZV*O,T/\VE d,Gq4Z1Z* Z*gSaO
b*YS , �1`14TZjb*/bTE ]`S-*/d2B w) Z1
f\bTW* 4*+dbS +T+WTyZT ,h1ZZqE b\Yd
]\,b\`p,*W*�^f a\+T 4Z\,d T 4Z\,dD
� V\3ZTy bp`YTE , qVd Y1Z1 ]1`1,\/SO
WSE q jdV*W* ,T/VT,E * 4Z*yj\,jSE
ab*`*W*aq ]T/b`SYd,*bS 4 ZSYS 4,GqO
4\VD �\/Z\h*a q Z*Y*-*W*an ]`\]\,TO
/d,*bS TZjSYE Z*aVTWnVS /\4,\WqWS
\+ab*,SZSxD
˛*,/qVS gn\Yd 3TZV* 4*WSj*W*an
,T`Z\p \-\,T T , bp`YTE T ,]`\/\,3
daTf `\VT, ]TaWq 4,TWnZ1ZZqD
�\W\,ZSy ,fT/
d �*Wd e\`b1gp
�����˙��&��� �-S]bT e*`*\ZS ,,*O
3*WS -`S+S /1WTV*b1a\YD �`S+S Y\-WS
a]\3S,*bS bTWnVS hW1ZS g*`anV\�^ aTYG
�^D �SYO
WqZS Z*4S,*WS -`S+S�^31p +\-T, T ]\/*,*WS
�^f Z* a,qb*D � /*,ZT -`1VS ,W*jb\,d,*WS
-`S+ZT +1ZV1bS T /dY*WSE k\ -`S+S /*pbn ,\O�^Z*Y Z*/4,Sh*yZd aSWdD
�/Z*V an\-\/ZT -`S+S�^/qbn Z1 WSj1 ,SO
+`*ZTD �`S+ZT ab`*,S Wp+Wqbn ]\ ,an\Yd a,TO
bTI � hS ,S Wp+Sb1 -`S+SH )Vk\ b*VE b\ hS
4Z*2b1E k\ a*Y1 ,S�^ab1H#\ b*V1 -`S+SB b,*O
`SZSE `\aWSZS hS k\an TZj1H )V�^f ,S`\kdO
pbnH �S ,\ZS ]\3S,ZTH ı hS ,*`b\ 4+S`*bS
b*�^abS /SV\`\aWT -`S+SH
� ]\jdV*f ,T/]\,T/1y q 4 /`d3SZ\p ]\�^O
f*, T4 �T/Z1q L�,ab`*WTqM /\ Y*Wn\,ZSh\O
-\ YTab1hV* �Tbb*-\Z-*E qV1 `\4b*j\,d2bnaq
, -T`anVTy YTag1,\abT Z* ]T,/ZT �\,\-\ T,O
/1ZZ\-\ �1WnadD �\Yd YS ,S`djSWS a*Y1 bdO
/SH �S f\bTWS ]\+d,*bS Z* -`S+ZTy e1`YT
�\1Wq �``\Wn/*D
�S`\kd,*ZZq -`S+T,
�\1Wn P V`1Y14ZSy *,ab`*WT2gn P 2 YTVO
`\+T\W\-\Y T /\+`1 4Z*2bnaq Z* `\4,1/1ZO
ZT -`S+T,D 1`j ZT3 4*yZqbSan ,S`\kd,*ZO
ZqY -`S+T, Z* ]`\/*3E ,TZ ]\+d,*, d `T4ZSf
V`*�^Z*fE k\+ 4/\+dbS /\a,T/ d gTy a]`*O
,TD �\1Wn `\4]\,T/*2B w�`S+S P g1 \V`1Y1
g*`ab,\ 3S,Sf \`-*ZT4YT,E /\ qV\-\ Z*W1O
3Sbn Z1 WSj1 b1E k\ YS 4*4,Sh*y Z*4S,*2Y\
-`S+*YSE *W1 yE ]`SYT`\YE Z*y`T4Z\Y*ZTbZTO
jT ]WTaZq,SD �*ZTj1 +T\W\-S ,,*3*WS -`S+S
`\aWSZ*YSE *W1 b1]1` ab*W\ ,T/\Y\E k\ YT3
-`S+*YS T `\aWSZ*YS TaZd2 /d31 +*-*b\ ,T/O
YTZZ\ab1yD
�*]`SVW*/E /Wq 3S,W1ZZq Y*y31 ,aTY
`\aWSZ*Y ]\b`T+1Z e\b\aSZb14E * -`S+*Y P
ZTD \ZS Y\3dbn `\abS , b1Y`q,TD TW* -`SO
+T, ,S/TWqpbn d 4\,ZTjZ2 a1`1/\,Sk1 aSWnO
ZT e1`Y1ZbSE qVT ]1`1b,\`ppbn \`-*ZThZT `1O
h\,SZS d ]`\abT ]\3S,ZT a]\WdVSD �`S+S
3S,WqbnaqE ,aY\VbdphS gT a]\WdVSD *VSy
\a\+WS,Sy ]`\g1a 3S,W1ZZq ,T/`T4Zq2 -`S+S
b*V\3 ,T/ b,*`SZD �aVTWnVS -`S+S P g1 Z1
�S Z1 +*3*2b1-`S+\hVT,H
&C
ou
rtesy
of
the
Mu
sh
room
Info
rmatio
nC
en
ter
� b*V\Yd TZVd+*gTyZ\Yd ]`SYTk1ZZT
4 ]\abTyZ\p b1Y]1`*bd`\p ,S`\kdpbn -`S+S
66 �`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56
`\aWSZS T Z1 b,*`SZSE b\ +T\W\-S b1]1` ,T/Z\O
aqbn�^f /\ \V`1Y\
�^ -`d]SE qVd Z*4S,*pbn
g*`ab,\Y -`S+T,xD
�\1Wn ]`\/\,3d2B w ]`S`\/T /\`\aWT -`SO
+S ,SVS/*pbn d ]\,Tb`q YTWny\ZS V`SfTbO
ZSf a]\`E qVT 4YTjdpbnaq 4T a]\`*YS TZjSf
-`S+T,D �]\`S ]`\`\ab*pbn T db,\`ppbn Z\O
,T -`S+SE qVk\ ]`S41YWqpbnaq d f\W\/Z\Yd
,\W\-\Yd YTagTE , qV\Yd /\ab*bZn\ ]\3S,SD
#\+ 4T+`*bS /\+`Sy ,`\3*yE bTE fb\ 4*yY*O
2bnaq ,S`\kd,*ZZqY -`S+T,E Z*Y*-*pbnaq
,T/b,\`SbS g1y ]`\g1aE ab,\`pphS ,T/]\,T/O
ZT dY\,SxD
�*j* 1VaVd`aTq ]`\/\,3d2bnaqE T �\1Wn
]\qaZp2E k\ `T4ZT ,S/S -`S+T, ]\b`1+dpbn
`T4ZSf dY\, ,S`\kd,*ZZqD �V*3TY\E Z*yO
]\]dWq`ZTjT , a,TbT -`S+S P ]1h1`SgTE *+\
j*Y]TZny\ZSEP /\+`1 `\abdbn d ]*ab1`S4\O
,*Z\Yd V\Y]\abTD ıZjT 3 ,S/S -`S+T, `\aO
bdbn d YTjV*f 4 `\aWSZZSYS `1jbV*YSE
d ]WqjV*f T4 41`Z\YE Z* V\W\/*f *+\ , ]`1a\O
,*ZTy bS`aTD ı4 bSaqh ,T/\YSf ,S/T, -`S+T,
WSj1 +WS4nV\ :> ,S`\kdpbnaq ]`\YSaW\,\D
�\1Wn ,S`\kd2 -`S+S d ab*`\Yd ]\VSZdO
b\Yd 4*WT4ZShZ\Yd bdZ1WT ]\+WS4d �Tbb*O
-\Z-*D wdb ]`\f\W\/Z\ T ,\W\-\E * g1 T/1O
*WnZT dY\,S /Wq -`S+T,xEP `\4]\,T/*2 ,TZD
� bdZ1WT YS +*hSY\ +14WTh YTjVT,E -\`kSO
VT, T ]Wqj\VE 4 qVSf abS`h*bn bSaqhT -`SO
+T, Z*y`T4Z\Y*ZTbZTjSf e\`Y T `\4YT`T,D ˙1O
qVT -`S+\hVS Z*-*/dpbn b`\qZ/SE TZjT af\3T
Z* V*WSE * k1 TZjT ,S-Wq/*pbn qV +dV1bS
*+\ ]*`*a\WnVSD )V1 3 `\4Y*�^bbq e\`Y T V\O
Wn\`T,I
�*VT aY*hZT T b*VT `T4ZT
w�* ,S-Wq/ 1V4\bShZT -`S+S ]\/\+*pbnaq
+*-*bn\YE *W1 Y*W\ fb\ 4Z*2E qV�^f -\bdO
,*bSEP `\4]\,T/*2 �\1WnDP * Z*a]`*,/T g1
˙1qVT -`S+S Z*-*/dpbn
]`1V`*aZT V,TbS
� S+S ]1`1,*3Z\ `\abdbn d ]`\f\O
W\/ZSf ,\W\-Sf T b1YZSf WTa*fD �\ZS
]1`1b,\`ppbn Z* \`-*ZThZ1 /\+`SO
,\ Y1`b,T /1`1,*E `\aWSZS T b,*`SZO
ZSy ]\aWT/D ˙1qVT ,S/S -`S+T, ]1`1O
+d,*pbn d aSY+T\4T 4 /1`1,*YSD �*VT
-`S+S 3S,Wqbnaq \`-*ZThZSYS a]\WdO
V*YSE qVT 2 , V\`1Zqf /1`1,E * /1`1O
,* \b`SYdpbn ]\3S,ZT `1h\,SZSE qVT
YTabqbn -`S+SD
��� � � �����˙ı
5D�*\/Z\YdY*WpZVd4\+`*31Z\V\4W*EZ*TZO
j\YdPV\`\,dD6D�*\/Z\YdY*WpZVd4\+`*O
31Z\/\hVdEZ*TZj\YdZTD7D�*\/Z\YdY*WpZVd
4\+`*31Z\,SZZSy+d`/pVEZ*TZj\YdP`T-E
Z*]\,Z1ZSy\WT2pD8D�D9D667>>D:D�D
�ı˙���ı˙ı˙��� ��������ı���7>E75
/d31 W1-V\D �*`T4*ZT -`S+S Y\3Z* ]\bdjSbS
*+\ ]\VW*abS , ad] hS a*W*bE * gTWT P 4*aY*O
3SbS Z* -`SWTD �1ZTE Z*]`SVW*/E Z*y+TWnj1
aY*Vdpbn \+aY*31ZT , adf*`qf -WS,SD � \b
-`S+S jT�^b*V1 /\+`1 /\/*,*bS , \YW1bE +\ ,\O
ZS Y*pbn +*-*bSy *`\Y*b T Z*aSh1ZSy aY*VxD�ıabT,ZT -`S+S Z*/4,Sh*yZ\ ]\3S,ZTB d ZSf
+*-*b\ VWTbV\,SZSE +TWVT,E YTZ1`*WT, T ,Tb*O
YTZT,D `S+WS4Z\ 6>>> ,S/T, -`S+T, Y*pbn WTO
Vd,*WnZT ,W*abS,\abTD ˛-T/Z\ 4 \/ZSY Y1O
/ShZSY /\aWT/31ZZqYE , -`S+*f YTabqbnaq
`1h\,SZSE qVT 4*ab\a\,dpbn /Wq WTVd,*ZZq
]\Z*/ 5>> f,\`\+E , b\Yd hSaWT `*VdE -1]*bSO
bdE ��ı˙dE f,\`\+S �Wng-*yY1`*E * b*V\3
/Wq 4ZS31ZZq `T,Zq f\W1ab1`SZdD
`\b1 4+S`*bS /SV\`\aWT -`S+S Y\31 +dbS
/\aSbn Z1+14]1hZ\D `SYT`\YE +WT/* ]\-*ZV*
LAmanita phalloidesM af\3* Z* /1qVT�^abT,ZT
,S/S -`S+T,E *W1 aY1`b1WnZ\ \b`dyZ*D \3
/\b`SYdyb1an ]`*,SW*B ZTV\WS Z1�^3b1 -`SO
+T,E qVT Z1 ]1`1,T`S, /\a,T/h1ZSy -`S+ZSVD
�/Z*V ]`\YSaW\,\ ,S`\k1ZT -`S+S +14]1hZT
/Wq ,3S,*ZZqD �14 adYZT,dE -`S+S P g1 /1O
WTV*b1aE qVSy V\WSan ]\/*,*WS WSj1 Z* g*`O
anVSy abTWI
�Y*31ZT Z* -`SWT -`S+S
4 fdYda\YE WSabqY j]SZ*bdE
h*aZSV\Y T `T4*Z\p 41W1Z\p
gS+dW1p Top: Courtesy of the Mushroom Information Center;bottom: Courtesy of the Australian Mushroom Growers Association
˙ ˛+1`T-*yb1 a,T3T -`S+S , f\W\O/SWnZSVd , ]*]1`\,\Yd *+\ ]\W\bO
ZqZ\Yd YTj1hVdD � S+S ,+S`*pbn
aSWnZT 4*]*fSE b\Yd Z1 VW*/Tbn�^f
]\+WS4d *`\Y*bZSf ]`\/dVbT,D
˙ )Vk\ ,S +d/1b1�^abS -`S+S aSO
`SYSE ]`\b`Tbn�^f hSab\p ,\W\-\p
-*ZhT`V\p *+\ a]\W\aZTbn d ,\/T
T ,SadjTbn `djZSV\YD �1 4*WSj*yO
b1 -`S+S d ,\/T Z*/\,-\D
˙ )Vk\ ,S +d/1b1 ]T//*,*bS -`S+Sb1`YThZTy \+`\+gTE /\ab*bZn\ ]\O
hSabSbS�^f ,T/ +`d/d YGqV\p kTb\hO
V\pD
˙ �1 hSabTbn -`S+S ,T/ jVT`VS P,\Z* aY*hZ* T ]\3S,Z*I
�����ı ���˙�
˘ �`SW* /1qVSf Y1b1WSVT, Y*pbn /SO
,\,S3Z1 4*+*`,W1ZZq 4 Y1b*W1,SY ,T/O
+WSaV\YD �\Z\ 4YTZp2bnaq 4*W13Z\ ,T/
Vdb*E ]T/ qVSY y\-\ `\4-Wq/*bSD � Y1b1O
WSVT, ]1,Z\-\ ,S/d V\WT` Z*abTWnVS qaVO
`*,Sy T Z*aSh1ZSyE k\�^f Y\3Z* ]\+*hSbS
Z* ,T/ab*ZT <>> Y1b`T,D � h\Yd a1V`1b b*O
V\-\ 4*+*`,W1ZZqH
�\YT`Vdyb1D �* V`SW*f Y1b1WSV*
Papilio blumei 2 `q/S V`SfTbZSf +*-*b\j*O`\,Sf 4*-WS+W1ZnE V\b`T ]\O`T4Z\Yd ,T/O
+S,*pbn a,TbW\D �*]`SVW*/E d g1Zb`T 4*O
-WS+W1ZZq ,T/+S,*pbnaq f,SWT a,TbW*
3\,b\O41W1Z\-\ V\Wn\`dE * ]\ +\V*f P
aSZn\-\D �`TY b\-\E d g1Zb`T 4*-WS+W1Zn
a,TbW\ ,T/+S,*2bnaq ,T/`*4dE * ]\ V`*qf
f,SWT a,TbW*E ]`\f\/qhS V`T4n +*-*b\j*O
`\,d ]\,1`fZpE ]T/aSWppbn \/Z* \/Zd
T h*abV\,\ ]\Wq`S4dpbnaqD � VTZg1,\Yd
`14dWnb*bT g1 /*2 4*+*`,W1ZZqE qV1 4*,O
/qVS aVW*/Z\Yd ]`\g1ad y\-\ db,\`1ZZq
Z*4S,*2bnaq ab`dVbd`ZSYD
�h1ZSY 4Z*/\+SW\aq /1aqbn `\VT,E
*+S ab,\`SbS a]`\k1ZSy *Z*W\- ]\,1`fO
ZT V`SW* Y1b1WSV*D �\ZS a]\/T,*pbnaqE
k\ 4*,/qVS gTy `\4`\+gT Y\3Z* +d/1 ,SO
-\b\,WqbS +*ZVZ\bS T V`1/SbZT V*`bVSE
V\b`T ,*3h1 ]T/`\+SbSE * b*V\3 a\ZqhZT
+*b*`1�^E qVT V`*k1 Z*V\]Shdpbn 1Z1`-Tp
a\ZgqD �/Z*V ]\,ZTabp ,T/b,\`SbS gp
aVW*/Zd ab`dVbd`d Z1W1-V\D �`\e1a\`
�Wn`Tf "b*yZ1` 4 �1Zb`d Z*Z\Z*dVS
�1Y+`S/3anV\-\ dZT,1`aSb1bd V*31B
w�\h* YS /\+`1 `\4dYT2Y\ 4*V\ZS \]bSO
VSE /S,\,S3Z1 `\4Y*�^bbq V\Wn\`T, d ]`SO
`\/T Z1`T/V\ ]1`1,1`jd2 V\Wn\`\,d
]*WTb`dE qVd Y\3Z* ab,\`SbS b1fZThZSYS
4*a\+*YSxD
)V ,S /dY*2b1B ]\,1`fZq V`SW* Y1b1O
WSV* P `14dWnb*b ,S]*/Vd hS 4*/dYdH
˛˙�� �� ���˙��H
�\,1`fZq V`SW*
Y1b1WSV*
�1b1WSV Papilio blumei �TV`\aV\]ThZ1 4\+`*31ZZq
V`SW* Y1b1WSV*
Butterfly: Faunia, Madrid; microscopic view:� Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 69
������ Y\3Z* \]Sa*bS qV w]\hdbbq
Z1a]\V\p hS f,SWp,*ZZqxD `SYT`\YE
b*V1 ,T/hdbbq ,SZSV*2E V\WS Z* ,*a -*`O
hSbn 4WSy ]1aD �W1 k\ ,T/+d,*2bnaqE bTWnO
VSOZ\ ]1a T/1 -1bnH �,SWp,*ZZq y Z1O
a]\VTy ,T/abd]*pbnD � qV Y\3Z* \]Sa*bS
b`S,\3ZSy `\4W*/H
`S,\-* Z*+d,*2 e\`YS `\4W*/d b\/TE V\O
WS ab*2 ]\abTyZ\p T YdhSbn Wp/SZd Z*,Tbn
]TaWq b\-\E qV 4ZSV*pbn ]`ShSZS /Wq f,SO
Wp,*ZZqD ˛* /*ZSYS ,S,h1ZZqE qV1 Z1k\O
/*,Z\ ]`\,\/SW\an ]`\bq-\Y `\Vd , `qO
/T 2,`\]1yanVSf V`*�^ZE 4 daTf ]aSfThZSf
`\4W*/T, b`S,\3ZT `\4W*/S b`*]Wqpbnaq
Z*yh*abTj1D T/ ZSf ab`*3/*2 56 ,T/a\bO
VT, 2,`\]1ygT, ,TV\Y 5<P:9 `\VT,E b\+b\
7:E7 YTWny\Z*D �1,T/abd]Z* b`S,\-*E qVO\b
, ı4*+1WWSE aW\,* V\b`\�^ gSbdpbnaq Z*]\O
h*bVdE Y\31 Y*bS a1`y\4ZT Z*aWT/VSD
`S,\3ZSy `\4W*/ 4*,/*2 YdV Z1 WSj1
b\YdE fb\ Y*2 g1y `\4W*/E *W1 y hW1Z*Y y\O
-\ aTYG�^D �/Z*V Z1 ,*`b\ 4Z1\f\hd,*bSanD
� ,S/*ZZT �*gT\Z*WnZ\-\ TZabSbdbd ]aSO
fThZ\-\ 4/\`\,Gq d �"� aV*4*Z\B w`SO
,\3ZT `\4W*/S ]T//*pbnaq WTVd,*ZZpE T ,
f\/T /\aWT/31Zn 4Gq,Wqpbnaq Z\,T Y1b\/S
b1`*]T�^E qVT /\]\Y*-*pbn +TWnj\abT ]*gTO
2ZbT, ,1abS ]\,Z\gTZZ1 3SbbqxD
�`S,\3ZSy `\4W*/d T/Z\ � Wp/SZSD)V /\]\Y\-bSHw�\2 a1`g1 ]\hSZ*2 j*W1Z\ +SbSaqE q \+WS,*paq
f\W\/ZSY ]\b\Y T 4*/Sf*panD �1Z1 \f\]Wp2
]\hdbbq 3*fd y b`S,\-SE /dYVS f\/qbn V\W1a\Yx
Lı4*+1WW*E qVTy 4* 8>C ab`*3/*2 Z* ]*ZThZSy `\4W*/MD
�\/ShT T /`d4T b*V\3 d 4Y\4T Z*/*bS Z1O
\+fT/Zd /\]\Y\-dD
#\ Y\3Z* 4`\+SbSH
�T/b`SYdyb1D �\ZTV* Y*2 -1Z1`*WT4\,*O
ZSy b`S,\3ZSy `\4W*/ b* ]\abb`*,Y*O
bShZSy ab`1a\,Sy `\4W*/D \Z* ]\qaZp2E
4 qVSYS b`d/Z\k*YS abSV*2bnaqB w�TWnO
j\abT Wp/1y ,*3V\ 4`\4dYTbS YTy 1Y\gTyO
ZSy ab*ZxD
�1`T/V\ h1`14 ab`*f Z1`\4dYTZZq 4 +\Vd
TZjSf Wp/S 4 b`S,\3ZSYS `\4W*/*YS ab*O
`*pbnaq ]`Sf\,*bS a,\p ]`\+W1YdD �1 Y\O
31 ,SVWSV‹*bS , ZSf ]\hdbbq ,SZSE qV1 WSO
j1 ]\-T`jd2�^fZTy 1Y\gTyZSy ab*ZD �an
h\Yd Z*/4,Sh*yZ\ ,*3WS,\E k\+ `T/ZT b*
/`d4T daTWqV\ ]T/b`SYd,*WS b*VSf \aT+D
˙\,T/*yb1aq +TWnj1 ]`\ `\4W*/D �q ]\O
`*/* 4,1`Z1Z* Z*a*Y]1`1/ /\ hW1ZT, aTYG�^
b* /`d4T,E */31 ,\ZS Z*yh*abTj1 a]TWVdO
pbnaq 4 Wp/SZ\pE qV* Y*2 `\4W*/D
�\bTj*yb1D � ]1`j\Yd ab\WTbbT *]\ab\W
*,W\E YTaT\Z1`E 4*VWSV*, /`d4T, d -`1gnO
V\Yd YTabT �1aa*W\ZTVSB w `\/\,3dyb1
]\bTj*bS b* 4YTgZqbS \/SZ \/Z\-\x L5 �1aO
a*W\ZTVTygT, 9B55MD \bTfd Y\3dbn Z1abS
qV Z*jT aW\,*E b*V T b\Z -\W\adD *3WS,\
]\V*4d,*bSE k\ YS kS`\ gTV*,SY\an /`dO
-\YD �d/nb1 \+1`13ZTE k\+ Z1 ]`S]Sad,*bS
Wp/SZT b\-\E h\-\ Z*a]`*,/T Z1Y*2D
� �T+WT�^ YTabSbnaq `\4]\,T/n ]`\ ab`*3O
/*ZZq h\W\,TV*E Z* TYGq •\,D `\2 b*V 4,*O
ZSf /`d4T, •\,* +14]T/ab*,Z\ ]`S]daV*O
WSE k\ ,TZ ]`Sf\,d,*, qVTan -`TfS T y\-\
ab`*3/*ZZq +dWS Z*aWT/V\Y gn\-\D
�b31 4,*3*yb1 Z* ]\hdbbq Wp/SZSD
�,*3Z\ aWdf*yb1D �*Y*-*yb1an ]\/S,SO
bSan Z* b`S,\-S /`d-* y\-\ \hSY*E * Z1
,W*aZSYSD �1 `\+Tbn ]\a]TjZSf ,SaZ\,VT,E
V\WS ,TZ k\an -\,\`SbnD �*Y1 b*V ]\,1WSO
aq e*WnjS,T /`d4T •\,*E T�^f +dW\ Z*4,*Z\
w/*`1YZSYS `\4`*/ZSV*YSxD �T h\W\,TVS
bTWnVS ]\aSWSWS y\-\ +TWnI L•\,* 5:B6MD
�,*3Z\ aWdf*bS P /d31 ,*3WS,\D �1O
f*y Wp/SZ* ,TWnZ\ ,SaW\,Sbn a,\�^ ]\hdbO
bqD �1 /\]\Y\31 ,*Y V`*k1 4`\4dYTbSE
4 hSY�^y /\,\/Sbnaq +\`\bSanD *j* b1`]1O
WS,Tabn Z1 +d/1 Y*`Z\pE */31 ,S /\]\Y\O
31b1 /`d-d ,1abS +TWnj k*aWS,1 y 4YTaO
b\,Z1 3SbbqD
w�`\/\,3dyb1 ]\bTj*bS b* 4YTgZqbS \/SZ \/Z\-\x
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 6;
�W1Z*Y aTYG�^ b* +WS4nVSY /`d4qY ,*3WS,\
`\4dYTbSE k\ ,T/hd,*2 Wp/SZ*E qV* Y*2 b`S,\3O
ZSy `\4W*/D �\4-WqZnY\ ]Gqbn ,S/T, b`S,\3ZSf
`\4W*/T,D
�*ZThZSy `\4W*/D �`S-*/*yb1 ı4*+1WWdE 4-*O
/*Zd Z* ]\h*bVd ab*bbTD
�
ıy 4*,/*pbn YdV Z1 WSj1
a*YT Z*]*/S b`S,\-SD w�T3 ]`Sabd]*YS Y1Z1
]\W\ZSbn ab`*f ]1`1/ Z\,SY Z*]*/\YxEP V*31
3TZV*D �an h\Yd Wp/SZ* 4 b`S,\3ZSY `\4W*O
/\Y afSWnZ* dZSV*bS YTagnE , qVSf ab*,aq Z*O
]*/D ˙1fb\ Z*,Tbn ]1`1ab*2 ,Sf\/SbS 4 /\Yd *+\
]\b`1+d2E k\+ ]\`q/ 4 ZSY +dW* Wp/SZ*E V\b`Ty
,TZ /\,T`q2D ı4*+1WW* ]\qaZp2B w˙Wq b\-\ k\+
ab*,aq Z*]*/E Y1ZT TZ\/T /\ab*bZn\ WSjSbSaq
a*YTyD ) ]\hd,*paq a]\VTyZ\E V\WS ]\`q/ Y*Y*D
�14 Z1�^ q ZTVd/SxD
�+a1aS,Z\OV\Y]dWnaS,ZSy `\4W*/E *+\
Z1,`\4 Z*,Gq4WS,Sf ab*ZT,D �*]`SVW*/E
Wp/SZ* Y\31 +dbS \/1`3SY* hSab\b\pE T g1
,SVWSV*2 , Z1�^ Z1]1`1+\`Z1 +*3*ZZq ]\abTyZ\
YSbS `dVSD �`\ ]\/T+ZSy Z*,Gq4WS,Sy ab*Z `\4O
]\,T/*2 �1Z*ZD TZ V*31B w�\�^ /dYVS ]\abTyZ\
]Wdb*pbnaqE q `*4 d `*4 \+/dYdp V\WSjZT ]\O
YSWVSE *Z*WT4dp�^f 4 daTf +\VT,xD � `14dWnb*bT
�1Z*Z* \f\]Wp2 Z*abS`WS,* T/1qE ZT+S ,TZ Y*2
,S4Z*,*bS V\WSjZT ]\YSWVS ]1`1/ TZjSYSD •\-\
b`1+* ]\abTyZ\ 4*a]\V\p,*bSD �`\b1 4* /\]\Y\O
-\p WTVd,*ZZq �1Z*Zd ,/*2bnaq V\Zb`\Wp,*bS
a,\p \/1`3SYTabn�D
�\abb`*,Y*bShZT ab`1a\,T `\4W*/S L����MD
�ab*ZZTY h*a\Y gSY b1`YTZ\Y \]Sadpbn `q/
]aSf\W\-ThZSf \4Z*VE V\b`T ,SZSV*pbn ]TaWq ]\O
bd3Z\�^ b`*,Y*bShZ\
�^ ]\/T
�^E qVO\b eT4ShZ\
�^ b`*,O
YS hS�^�^ 4*-`\4SD �p/S 4 ���� ]\W\fWS,TE W1-V\
/`*bdpbnaqE /Wq ZSf ]`Sb*Y*ZZ1 1Y\gTyZ1
4*gT]1ZTZZqE ,\ZS ,b`*h*pbn TZb1`1a /\ b\-\E k\
`*ZTj1 ]`SZ\aSW\ `*/TabnE�^Y ,*3V\ ,T/hd,*bS
Wp+\, /\ TZjSfE \a\+WS,\ /\ Wp/1yE 4 qVSYS
,\ZS +dWS +WS4nVTD ˙1fb\ ab*2 *-`1aS,ZSYE
Z*,Tbn afSWnZSY /\ Z*aSWWqE ]\hSZ*2 dZSV*bS
aSbd*gTyE k\ Z*-*/dpbn y\Yd ]`\ b`*,Y*bShZd
]\/TpD
�\gT\e\+TqE *+\ a\gT*WnZSy b`S,\3ZSy
`\4W*/D �SY b1`YTZ\Y \]Sadpbn b`S,\3ZSy
`\4W*/ d Wp/1yE qVT Z*/YT`Z\ f,SWppbnaq *+\
a\`\YWqbnaqE ]1`1+d,*phS , b\,*`Sab,T TZjSfD
˙1V\-\ \f\]Wp2 aSWnZSyE Z1]1`1+\`ZSy ab`*f
b\-\E k\ fb\an Y\31 4* ZSYS a]\ab1`T-*bS *+\
\gTZp,*bS�^fZT /T
�^D )Vk\ b*V* Wp/SZ* Y*2 ,T/,TO
/*bS qVdan ]\/TpE b\ Z1`T/V\ ,T/hd,*2 4*Z1]\V\O
2ZZq ,31 4* VTWnV* /ZT, *+\ bS3ZT, /\ gn\-\D
�b`*f ]1`1/ TZjSYS Y\31 Z*abTWnVS ]\aSWp,*O
bSanE k\ 4*,*3*bSY1 Wp/SZT ]`*gp,*bSE ,hSbSO
aq hS ,SV\Zd,*bS TZjT ]\,aqV/1ZZT \+\,Gq4VSD
�*VSY \a\+*Y ,*3V\ 4*,Gq4d,*bS b* ]T/b`SYdO
,*bS /`d3+dD
�1Z1`*WT4\,*ZSy b`S,\3ZSy `\4W*/D �1y
`\4W*/ Y*2 �\ZTV*E 4-*/*Z* `*ZTj1D \31Z�^�^
/1Zn a]\,Z1ZSy b`S,\-E /Wq qVSf Z1Y*2 ,*-\YSf
]T/ab*,D �p/S 4 gSY `\4W*/\Y Z1`T/V\ ]1`1+dO
,*pbn d ab*ZT \hTVd,*ZZq Z1k*abq T Z*/b\ ]1`1O
yY*pbnaq a,\�^Y 4/\`\,GqYE aTY1yZSYS ]`\+W1O
Y*YSE ]Sb*ZZqY -`\j1y hS Z1-*`*4/*YS Z*
`\+\bTD 31 a*Y* /dYV* ]`\ ,SV\Z*ZZq +d/1ZO
ZSf a]`*, ,SVWSV*2 , ZSf b`S,\-d�D
� ˝d`Z*W w�`\+d/SanIx Z1 ]`\]*-d2 3\/Z\-\ Y1b\/d WTVdO,*ZZqD
� �1y Y*b1`T*W ,4qb\ 4 ]d+WTV*gT�^E ,S/*Z\
�^ �*gT\Z*WnZSY
TZabSbdb\Y ]aSfThZ\-\ 4/\`\,Gq Ldab*Z\,* ˙1]*`b*Y1Zbd 4/\O
`\,Gq b* -`\Y*/anVSf aWd3+ �"�MD
�S/S b`S,\3ZSf`\4W*/T,
�*`V1bSZ-\,T ab`*b1-T�^ , TZ/dab`T
�^
*4*`bZSf T-\`
� �TY1hhSZT -`*,1gnE 4*W13ZSy ,T/ *4*`bZSf T-\`E
,b`*h*2 , a1`1/Zn\Yd d ]\Z*/ /1aqbn `*4T, +TWnj1 -`\O
j1yE ZT3 b\yE qVSy Z1 Y*2 b*V\�^ 4*W13Z\abTD )V -\,\O
`Sbnaq , -*41bT w˛p//\yh1 g*ybdZšxE 4*W13ZT -`*,gT 2
w]T/,*WSZ\p gn\-\ +T4Z1adxD #\+ 4+TWnjSbS ]`S+dbO
VSE ]`1/ab*,ZSVS T-`\,\-\ +T4Z1ad dYTW\ ,SV\`Sab\,dO
pbn Wp/anVd aW*+VTabnD \ZS ab,\`ppbn T-`S y *,b\O
Y*bSE qVT a]`Sqpbn ,V\`TZ1ZZp 4-d+Z\�^ 4,ShVSD �SY
j,S/j1 ]`*gp2 *,b\Y*bE bSY j,S/j1 Wp/SZ* ,b`*h*2
a*Y\,W*/*ZZq T ab*2 4*W13Z\p ,T/ -`SD *VT Y*`V1bSZO
-\,T ab`*b1-T�^ /\aSbn 1e1VbS,ZTE */31E 4* /1qVSYS /*O
ZSYSE 9: ,T/a\bVT, /\f\/d 4 T-`\,Sf *,b\Y*bT, P g1
-`\jT 4*W13ZSf -`*,gT,D � V*4SZ\ g1y ,T/a\b\V ab*Z\O
,Sbn 7<E * , \ZW*yZ\,Sf T-`*f P :>D
�*j ad//q ,31 ]\�^,H
�S Y\3dbn qVTan ab\`\ZZT hSZZSVS ,]WS,*bS Z* `TO
j1ZZq ad//T,H �/Z1 ,S,h1ZZq ]\V*4*W\E k\ Y\3dbnD
�`d]* /\aWT/ZSVT, ]`\*Z*WT4d,*W* ]\Z*/ 5>>> dY\,ZSf
,S`\VT,E ,SZ1a1ZSf /\a,T/h1ZSYS ad//qYS , ı4`*�^WTD
˛-T/Z\ 4 ,S,h1ZZqYE d `\+\hT -\/SZS YT3 ]1`1`,*YS
/Wq�^/S ,T/a\b\V ]\4SbS,ZSf `Tj1Zn ]\abd]\,\ 4Y1ZO
jd,*,aq ,T/ :9 /\ ZdWq T `T4V\ ]\,1`b*,aq /\ :9 ]TaWq
V\3Z\�^ ]1`1`,SD ˙\aWT/ZSVS /TyjWS ,SaZ\,VdE k\ ad/O
/T,anVT `Tj1ZZq Z1 4*,3/S š`dZbdpbnaq bTWnVS Z* e*VO
b*f T 4*V\ZTE ,\ZS wY\3dbn 4*W13*bS ,T/ TZjSf hSZZSO
VT,E qVT , 3\/Z\Yd `*4T Z1 ]\,SZZT ,]WS,*bS Z* ad/\,T
]\ab*Z\,SxD
������ ˛ �&��� �ı��
w TWnVTabn 4*`12ab`\,*O
ZSf jWp+T, , Z-WT�^ b*
�1WnaT \]dabSW*aq /\ Z*yO
ZS3h\�^ ]\4Z*hVS ,T/ h*adE
V\WS �5<:6 `\Vd� ]\h*WS
,1abS ab*bSabSVdx L��ı�O
��&� ������� ��˝
�˚���� ����ı
�
ıMD
TWnj1 qV ]\W\,SZ* V1`T,O
ZSVT, Z1,1WSVSf ]`S,*bZSf
V\Y]*ZTy d " w]`S]daO
V*2E k\ ]`\bq-\Y Z*abd]O
Z\-\ `\Vd ]`*gT,ZSVS
V`*abSYdbn �d V\Y]*ZT�^�
qVTan gTZZ\abTx Lı������ı•O
�˚ �˚����� �˚•�˚�E "MD
)V ]\,T/\YSW\ VSb*yanV1
�*gT\Z*WnZ1 +p`\ +\`\bnO
+S 4 ]\`Z\-`*eThZSYS b*
Z1W1-*WnZSYS ]d+WTV*gTqO
YSE Y1Zj1 ZT3 h1`14 `TV
]TaWq wZ*abd]dx Z* ıZb1`Z1b
,W*/* w4*V`SW* ]\Z*/
:> >>> ]\`Z\-`*eThZSf
,1+Oa*ybT,x Lw�•� ˙˚•�ıxE
���•MD
w�\Z*/ 659 YTWny\ZT,
Wp/1yP b`S ,T/a\bVS Z*O
a1W1ZZq a,Tbd P �3S,1� 4*
Y13*YS a,\2�^ V`*
�^ZSx L�ı˝O
���˙��• ���˙ ı�&&������O
˙�&���� ��˛�����E ı��ı)MD
w� ıZ/T�^ 4 5= abd/1ZbT,E qVT
k\/Zq Z*VW*/*pbn Z* a1+1
`dVSE j1ab1`\ �`\+Wqbn g1�
h1`14 ab`*f Z1 4/*bS
1V4*Y1ZSx Lwı�˙ı) ��˙˚•
ı��˚��˚"��xE ı�˙ı)MD
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 6=
˘ �31 bSaqhT `\VT, , 4T�^ b* �,`\]T ,SO
`\kdpbn *+`SV\aSD �,`\]1ygT ,,*3*WS
+*bnVT,kSZ\p gn\-\ e`dVb* �T`Y1ZTp
T b\Yd Z*4,*WS y\-\ ,T`Y1ZanVSY q+O
WdV\YD
n\-\/ZT d �T`Y1ZT�^ ,S`\kdpbn
+WS4nV\ 9> a\`bT, *+`SV\aD �\ZS /\4`TO
,*pbn ,31 d a1`1/SZT h1`,Zq T ]W\/\Z\O
aqbn /\ VTZgq a1`]ZqD ˛*,/qVS `\/phSY
,dWV*ZThZSY š`dZb*Y T a\ZqhZ\Yd WTbd
,T`Y1ZanVT *+`SV\aS Y*pbn Z1]\,b\`O
ZSy aY*VD ˙Wq +*-*bn\f ,\ZS \/ZT 4 Z*yO
aY*hZTjSf d a,TbTD
�W\/S 4,Sh*yZSf a\`bT, Z1,1WSVTE
`\4YT`\Y 4 Y*W1ZnVd aWS,dD
�
ıfZTy V\WT`
+d,*2 `T4ZSyB ,T/ 4\W\b*,\-\ /\ b1YZ\O
\`*Z31,\-\D �Va*YSb\,* jVT`V* ,V`SO
,*2 ,T/Z\aZ\ b,1`/Sy YGqVdjD �T a\`bS
Z1 /d31 a\V\,SbTE * aY*V Y\31 `T4ZSbSO
aq ,T/ a\W\/V\-\ /\ VSaW\-\D
1W1VgT\Z1`S ,S,1WS wh\`ZSyx *+`SO
V\aD W1 Z*a]`*,/T g1 Z1 *+`SV\aE * -T+O
`S/ *+`SV\a* y *WShT *+\ aWS,SD �TZ Y*2
b1YZ\O]d`]d`ZSyE Y*y31 h\`ZSyE V\WT`E
jVT`Vd 4 ]djV\Y T 3\,bSy YGqVdjD •\-\
k1 Z*4S,*pbn w]WdYV\bx *+\ w*]`TdYxD
+`SV\a\,1 /1`1,\ 4*g,Tb*2 k1
/\ ]\q,S WSabqD •\-\ +TWT *`\Y*bZT V,TO
bS a*Y\4*]SWppbnaq T ]\/T+ZT /\ V,TO
bT, ]1`aSVT,E aWS, b* ,Sj1ZnD +`SV\aS
4*4,Sh*y Z*yV`*k1 `\abdbn b*YE /1 f\O
W\/Z* 4SY* y b1]W1 WTb\E */31 /Wq Z*O
W13Z\-\ g,TbTZZq T /\4`T,*ZZq ]W\/T,
,\ZS ]\b`1+dpbn f\W\/Z\-\ ]1`T\/dD
�\3 ,T`Y1ZanVSy VWTY*b /Wq ZSf T/1O
*WnZSyD
,T3T *+`SV\aS /d31 V\`SaZTD �\ZS
+*-*bT Z* +1b*OV*`\bSZ T ,Tb*YTZ D �SO
Y*W\ Wp/1y 4Z*pbn bTWnVS adj1ZT *+O
`SV\aSD �aVTWnVS a,T3T ]W\/S ZT3ZT b*
j,S/V\ ]adpbnaqE d +*-*bn\f h*abSZ*f
a,Tbd adj1ZT *+`SV\aS +TWnj ]\]dWq`ZTD
�\ZS b13 ]\3S,ZT T YTabqbn +*-*b\ f*`O
h\,Sf ,\W\V\Z b* 4*WT4*D ˛ *+`SV\a ,SO
-\b\,Wqpbn aTVE ,*`1ZZq y *WV\-\WnZT
Z*]\�^D
˛ /1`1,SZS *+`SV\a* ,S`T4*pbn hd/\O
,T `1hTD 1`1/ ZSf /d/dV P ,T/\YSy
,T`Y1ZanVSy /df\,Sy TZab`dY1ZbE qVSy
TZ\/T Z*4S,*pbn *+`SV\a\,\p /d/V\pD
� Y*-*4SZ*f T Z* +*4*`*f �`1,*Z*E ab\O
WSgT �T`Y1ZT�^E bd`SabS Y\3dbn Vd]SbS
-*`ZT ad,1ZT`S 4 /1`1,SZS *+`SV\a*D�
ıf ,S`T4*pbn ,`dhZdD
)Vk\ d ,*jTy YTag1,\abT Y\3Z* VdO
]SbS a,T3T *+`SV\aSE \+\,Gq4V\,\ aVdjO
bdyb1�^fD �1y aY*hZSy 4\W\bSy e`dVb
,*a Z1 `\4h*`d2D
˛\W\bSy e`dVb �T`Y1ZT�^
� �ı���•�˚ � ��˙������ ���ı
� h\Yd `T4ZSgqH
˛Z*y/Tbn b`S ,T/YTZZ\abT YT3
Y*WpZV*YS T E 4*]SjTbn�^f ,ZS4d
T `\4e*`+dyb1 Y*WpZVSD �ı˙�˛�D
�`\hSb*yb1 5 *Yd�^W* 5:B5P7E
:P57D
5 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
6 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
7 DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
8D )VSy 4 /,\f Y*WpZVT, ,T/]\,T/*2
+T+WTyZ\Yd \]SadH
�
�
� �����ı�&D �* k\ /S,Sbnaq �-\,* , Wp/SZTH
#\ \4Z*h*pbn aW\,* 4 T+WT�^B w�\a]\/n /S,Sbnaq Z*
a1`g1xH �ı˙�˛�D �`\hSb*yb1 �`1YT�^ 5;B5>D �S
,*3WS,* /Wq �-\,S 4\,ZTjZTabn Wp/SZSH �ı˙�˛�D
�`\hSb*yb1 �`S]\,Tab1y 55B66C 75B7>C 5 �1b`*
7B7E 8D )VT `SaS b\+T b`1+* `\4,S,*bSE k\+ a]\/\+*O
bSaq \-\,TH �ı˙�˛�D �`\hSb*yb1 �dVS 5>B6;C
6 �1b`* 5B9P<D
˛�˙��) ˙�) ı�G�ıD �`\hSb*yb1 �*W*bT,
9B66E 67D �*]SjTbn Z* \V`1YSf *`Vdj*f ]*]1`d V\3O
Zd 4 /1,GqbS `SaD �`SV`T]Tbn \/SZ 4 *`VdjT, VW1yV\p
ab`ThV\p V\Ydan Z* a]SZdE *W1 Z1 V*3TbnE qV* g1 `SO
a*D �1f*y Wp/SZ* ,T/-*/*2�^�^ 4* /\]\Y\-\p 4*]Sb*ZnD
�aT `1jb* Y*pbn ,T/]\,T/*bS WSj1 wb*Vx hS wZTxD
˘ T/]\,T/T Z* ab\`TZgT 66D
˙\/*bV\,T ]`SYT`ZSVS ab*b1y 4 gT2�^
`d+`SVS ,S Y\31b1 `\4/`dVd,*bS
4 a*ybd www.jw.org
�TV*,\ T ]\,h*WnZ\ �S`T3b1E 4T-ZTbn ]\a1`1/SZT T 4+1`T-*yb1�
��
˙�
ı��
ı•�
��
�
��
59
˙ � � � ˙
�� � ˛ ˝��)D �SZ aa1qE /`d-Sy
g*` ı4`*�^WqD ˙*,S/ +d, \+/*`\,*ZSY
]\1b\Y b* Yd4SV*Zb\Y T Z*]Sa*, ]`SO
Z*yYZT ;7 ]a*WYSD TZ aYS`1ZZ\ jdO
V*, �\3\-\ V1`T,ZSgb,* L5 �*Yd�^W*
67B6C 7>B<C 6 �*Yd�^W* 6B5MD -\,* aV*O
4*,E k\ ˙*,S/ ]`S]*, y\Yd /\ a1`gq
L˙T�^ 57B66MD
˛������)
�D � qV\Yd YTabT Z*`\/S,aq T ˙*,S/E
T ıadaH
�D � pZT `\VS ˙*,S/ +d, ��������E qVSy+14ab`*jZ\ ,+S, �������� T ��������D
�D ˛*,1`jTbn aW\,* ˙*,S/*B w� b1]1`E
aSZd YTy �\W\Y\Z1E 4Z*yDDDx
�ı˙���ı˙ı
�D TeW12YE k\ , (/1�^ Lı,*Z* ;B86MD
�D ]*abdf\YC W1,*C ,1/Y1/q L5 �*Yd�^O
W* 5;B78E 79C �a*W\Y ;<B;>E ;5MD
�D wDDD�\-*E �bgq b,\-\E T aWd3S •\Yd
,aTY a1`g1Yx L5 �`\ZTV 6<B=MD
p/S y V`*�^ZS
9D �1Z1 4,*bS �WT,TqD �1ZT jTabn `\VT,E T q 3S,d
, ıZ/\Z14T�^D VTWnVS ]`S+WS4Z\ ,T/VT, �-\,S 3S,1
, ıZ/\Z14T�^B 66 7>>E 86 <>> hS :7 =>>H
:D �+,1/S V`*]VdE qV* ]\V*4d2E /1 Y\q V`*�^Z*D �\ab*,
V`*]Vd b*YE /1 3S,1j bSE T ]\/S,SanE hS g1 /*W1V\
,T/ ıZ/\Z14T�^D
˛Z*y/S
Y*WpZ\V
�* qVSf ab\`TZV*f ]\YTk1O
Z\ gT TWpab`*gT�^H �]SjS
a,\�^YS aW\,*YSE k\ 4\+`*O
31Z\ Z* V\3ZTy 4 ZSfD
8>6:`TV
/\ZD1D
�b,\`1ZSy
�/*Y
˝S,]`S+WS4Z\
4*5>>>`\VT,/\ZD1D
5`TVZD1D
=<`TVZD1D
�*]Sa*Z*
\ab*ZZq
VZS-*�T+WT� ^ �1`1a1WS,aq 4 �TeW12Y*
, �`da*WSY
`da*WSY
TeW12Y˙\WSZ* ˚W*
�1`1YT- \WTqb* d /\WSZT ˚W*
L5 �*Yd�^W* 5;B6MD
A
�
�
�
�`\+d/SanI �1`141Zn 6>56 75
�T+WTq hTbV\ ]\V*4d2E k\ ıada 2 Y\-dbZTY �*`1YD �W1
qV g1 ,]WS,*2 Z* ,*aH
�*-*b\ Wp/1y ,T`SbnE k\ ıada ]\Y1` 4* ZSfD �`\b1 qV
aY1`bn h\W\,TV*E V\b`Sy 3S, 6>>> `\VT, b\YdE Y\31 /*bS
Z*Y 3SbbqH
�1`/1hZ\ 4*]`\jd2Y\ ,*a ]`SybS T ,SaWdf*bS +T+WTyO
ZT ,T/]\,T/T Z* 4-*/*ZT ,Sk1 4*]Sb*ZZqD �q TZe\`Y*gTq
+d/1 \+-\,\`p,*bSaqE V\WS �,T/VS �-\,S 4+1`dbnaq `*O
4\Y Z* ,T/4Z*h1ZZq `ThZSgT ıada\,\�^ aY1`bTD �n\-\ `\Vd
,\Z* ]`S]*/*2 Z* h1b,1`E 9 V,TbZqE ]TaWq 4*f\/d a\ZgqD
�d/n W*aV*E /T4Z*yb1aq d YTag1,Sf �,T/VT, �-\,S ]`\
h*a b* YTag1 gT2�^ \a\+WS,\
�^ ]\/T
�^D
��� ˙�) ��� ı���H
)VSY ıada ]\ab*2 d ,*jTy dq,TB
Z1Y\,WqYE h\W\,TV\Y , *-\ZT � hS 4,1WSh1ZSY �*`1YH
www.watchtower.org/k g12 03-K
top related