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1E. Westreich, ‘Historical Landmarks of the Moroccan Jewish Family LawTradition: The Case of Levirate Marriage’, The Jewish Law Association
Studies, 17 (2007), pp. 279-322.
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8E. Westreich, ‘Levirate Marriage in the Era of the State of Israel: EthnicEncounter and the Challenge of Modernity’, Israel Law Review, 37
(2003-2004) pp. 427-500.
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GFZCBKRRGPXKTPFVKMFCPSDZ\IKKFRK[GBKQBNBZYNDCKKCPF.TGDQ
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FZPC"OCFDKTGNXVGQBVZKYF60
.Z[C"WSCZ[BUNBIZ[REI\FFNM\
~192|
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)\[R"I=\["S(,TP’144=.145
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PVRK[R\RFTKRKFCBIZFKBJGTR\JTRFHG.BGPROZ[C"WSKKDB\ECZKG
GBPZ[NTRKKQPT[FNBFKFPYNNMGU,BCN,SCGZFZCP[B[,[GRFFKB
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F\YRFPTGDR\CEKRKFKKCGODGVOBUNSGCZKO[PXGG\KKCGOYGEP\.NET\
FZCP[B[PGXEYNMGUTNFINKXFCMNPYZF[FKCPFJGTR\’PBKSTNK’
BGPSZC\NF\KKCOC[NFKG\FKCOR[GK,GNMQ’MN[MQNEKEQ[F\YRF
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.3FVRP\FIYKYFCVSKYFCPZGYG
FFSEZFP[VJKFBIZGQ[TKXCG\YRG\PZGYG,NVKGPJKNKOPHGRG\TNKCO
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FPYZF:61
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~193|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
61NTKNFTZF.47
EZMKO.FKCO,[F\DGZZCXZV\,FKFR[GKGBCNKNEKOGISZKMGN\MNMNK\
NHGQ[\KR[KO.FBNPRFSKZCFC\GYUNF\KKCOGJTRF[FKCOPBGSCTKRKF,
GBKNGFKCOEZ[NKKCOGSKZCNINGWGCVKGPRKTPQF\IGOFPKSJK.NVK
ECZKGFGBI[[’[PBKPG\BOKINGWMB[ZBKZTNFOCP[VIFHF
VTPKKO’.CPYZFHFF\YKKPG[NG[FTKNG\FPKGIEG\NKCPF:KCOR[GK,
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CTGCEF[FKCOR[GK,GYGCTMKC[NIKNGYKFETG\FYKKPKOCKQFVGSYKOBKQ
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PF[PXKRGNYX\VGSYKOESCKZBNFGECR[GKMGVKQNINGWMRHMZNTKN,
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.
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BKQSVY[PCIKRFFKSJGZK\FXEYTOFZCP[B[,[MQPYGZFECZKOFGB
PSGZG\B[MRHKG\,GCZB[Q\[GCG\FZB"[GVSYKG,[IEZGNSVZEGPMBQ
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FZCP[B[B\\[GC\FPFZK"Y,63
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.
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~194|
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KGSUYBZGDK[FBIZ\PHG[RYJC\[GCF,GNVKFRK[GBKFKCOBKROYGCTKO
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ZYIGSZKMGN\G[NFKCONHGQB\B[\GRI[CCTKRKGTKNF[CDKRFRK\Q
NMGVGNINGWGFGBPZMHFMGCECRSKCG\PTKQBNF[[NG[FTKNG\
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CK\EKQTE[KVJZGB\KCP\OCINKXF.BKSGZHFBV[ZNF\KZGZY
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N[NC[NFPGTXFFZCKTK\[CGF[VKTFPVD[TOIZOKZG[NKO.
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FSVZEK\=FPHZIK\.CTKRKFZCKGSUPT[FGHF[NFZCTGHKBNBKRGBNB
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BNB[TEKKQK[NCIGQTEMPFYZGCG\FKGF\YRG\HGNHG,ML[RGMN
NGPZMKIZOKZG[NKOPXBNGBIGZTCIYKYG\PGTXG\FIMPKOCPZGYG.MQ
K[NCIGQBOF[VKTFZCTGHKBNTNFIYKYFCPZGYGCDNDGNKFFPBGIZKO
KG\Z.N[OMLR[GGFCKQFPZMKCKOF[GRKO[N[\KYCGXG\FIYKYF.
.3FPRKTKON\YRG\
CECZKFFSCZGFZYTN\YRG\PZGYGC[NCKFIYKYFF[GRKOTGNFDGZO
PZMHKCGNJ,GFGBF\RDEG\IZKVFPXER[KOGTPQDGZPKOZICKOCXKCGZKG\
FKFGEK\NFJN\Y[Z[NBK[G\TNBNPRG\[NBCZXGRQ,F\RDEG\FRGCT\
PFNMKZGIPGEZRKKO.BKQSVY[FNMKZGIBNFRDEGB\PFG\G[NFKKCGO,
[CGFBNPRFR\V[\MBK[F[FYRGNKCOPQF[PKO,GC[GO[NCNBRZBF
[IMPKFFNMFCPZGYGFHEFGTOFNMKZGIBNF.TOHB\,FIMPKORTRGNFO
GF\YKRG\YRG\[\MNK\QFKK\FNPRGTTEMPF[RK\QPXCKO[CFOP[NP\
FBNPRFPIKZMCECDKQSKZGCFNF\KKCO,MVK[BKZTCPYZF[ND’BPKNF
CPMRBS.
~197|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
NTGP\HB\,NTRKKQF\YRF[NIZOKZG[NKORK\RGECZKFSCZ[GRKO
[FDKTGNKEKRGC[\KDZSBG\JYSJGBNKG\,[BUBI\PFQNBFKK\F
Z[PK\:FDZSFFBI\PGVKTFCRSVICSVZG[NFPNGPECQXKGQ[Z[CSYK
GFKBINYPQF\YRF[FG\YRF.FDZSFF[RKKFPGVKTFCIKCGZG[NFZC
KFG[TPBPBQ,FPXJJPM\CVZJK[[NIBNKGFZCTGHKBNCPTRFNVRKK\G,
GFKBMGNN\ZYB\TKYZKIZOKZG[NKOBLNBB\RGSIGFPNB.
CRGSI[N[Z[CSYKPGVKTKO[RKRKPGYKO:1(ZGCKCPKOBKROPMGGRKO
N[OPXGF,2(P[GOEZMK[NGOGBIEG\CPEKR\K[ZBN[NB\FKFF\GZF
M[\K\GZG\.[RKFRKPGYKOCTKK\KKOGRK\RKONCKYGZ\.FRKPGYFZB[GQBKRG
ZNGGRJKNPSGZ\FSVZEK\,FPTEKVFB\FKKCGOTNVRKFINKXF,[MQNVK
IMPKOC\NPGEFSGCZKO[PXGG\KKCGOYGEP\,Z[BKFKCONCGBTNKCP\G
BUN[ORGKBGN[OBK[G\BGN[OECZBIZGBKRGXZKLNF\MGGQNYKKOB\
FPXGGF.NRKPGYF[RKBKQTGDRKOCPSGZ\FFNM\K\GNBCRGZPFFICZ\K\
FRGFD\CEGZG\FBIZGRKO,GFGBPCJBCTXOB\F[YV\TGNPGFBK[K\[N
FZCTGHKBN[FI[KCB\DGZOFNBGPKG\MDGZOFNM\KPP[K.BNFFO
CTXOTKYZKFCKYGZ\[NFZCTGCEKFKGSUTNPRKTKF\YRF.
PGCQ[[RKFRKPGYKOBKRORHMZKOCECZKFFSCZN\YRG\PZGYGGFODO
BKROZNGGRJKKONPSGZ\FP[VJK\[FKK\FRFGDF[O.IMPKPZGYGNB
FGJZEGMNNPPRKTKFO[NFKCPKO,GZYF\RDEG\FR[KOFKBHG[FPZKXF
BG\ONF\YKQB\F\YRF.DOTRKKQFBIEG\FNBGPK\NBFKFZNGGRJKCTRKKQ
HF[NKKCGO,MKGGQ[PSGZ\PZGYGFKK\FBIKEFGFMGNEDNGCML[PXGG\
KKCGOYGEP\.TOHB\,I[GCNXKKQMKBUPGTXG\FIMPKOI\ZGNFCKB
NBIKEG\FEKQCBG\ORG[BKO[CFOF\YKKPGMPFPSGZG\HGCXEHG.FRG[B
FBIEFGBFKZG[F,GFRG[BF[RKY[GZNCEKY\FZKBF[NFCFPFFR[IJ\
CTRKKRKM[ZG\.DCGNG\F[KPG[CBIEG\N[OF\YR\\YRG\BXNIMPK
PZGYGPIKKCKOPIYZPTPKYCRG[BKOBNFFIGZDKOPPSDZ\PIYZHF,GNB
BZIKCB\FEKCGZCFOMBQ.
BNB[TKGQCRKPGYKO[VZJFZCTGHKBNCPM\C[[NINZCKFG[T
PBPBQK[CFOMEKNFYFG\INYPQFCKYGZ\[FGVR\FMNVKFZCTGHKBN
G\YR\FZCRG\FZB[K\:
FSKCG\FKSGEKG\[CDNNQ\YRRG\YR\FINKXFFQ:B(CKPKOFBIZGRKO
~198|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
ZCKOFO[RBIHGCPXG\KCGO,CKGETO[FKCPFNB\ZXFCML,GFO
PRXNKOPXGFHGNFRB\O,NTDQFKCPFTEB[Z\ZXFBG\GC\ZYCB
EEKRZK,GHFPMZKIFKCPFNCY[NFPRGSCR[GBKPZPFBGCIKK
FVYZG\I"G~ISG[NGO|.C(CHPQFHF[ZCGFTGNKOBZXFPMN\VGXG\
FDGNF,GZCGFRK[GBKQ[N[RK[CJKK[ZBN,FB[MRHKOGFSVZEKO,[FO
INGYKOCPRFDOCTRKQHF,GFB[MRHKONVKPRFDOP\ZIYKOPPXG\
KCGO,TEMEKML[REPFNFOFECZMBSGZ,GHFTNSPLECZKZCRG
FZP"BT"F,EBVKNGBO[RKFOZGXKONF\KCOBKQPRKIKOBG\O,NMQ
CPYZKRK[GBK~Q|[CKQC’F[CJKO,RGXZ\CKRKFOPINGY\[PCKBFNKEK
TDGQFB[F69
.
MEKNIEEB\FFCENCKQFFRPYF[RK\RFCPM\CNCKQFFRPYFFZ[PK\
RCIKQCKQ[RKPXCKO:PXCBIE[CGFDKSPTGRKKQCKKCGOM[NTXPGGZGXF
[BNPR\BIKG\FVGLNB[\GBLPRKTKGBKROTXOYKGOFPXGGFBNB
K\ZGRG\=FNGGBK[KVKYPML[KHMFCBK[F[FYRGNGPQF[PKOIKRO.PXC
[RKFGBM[FDKSMNNBKRGPTGRKKQCPKPG[FKKCGOGBKRGIVW[BNPR\BIKG
\FKFB[\G,BNBMNMGGR\GFKBNRXNN\GTN\GB\FEKQFMGVFTNFKCPF
ML[KGMNNSIGJPPRFMSVKO.PXCBRI[CCPSGZ\FSVZEK\FPTEKVF
B\FKKCGOTNFINKXFMPXC\YKQ[BKRGPTPKENBNPRF[GOTKN\\CKTF
NINKXF.NTGP\HB\,PXCCRI[C[GRF,GNET\FZCTGHKBNCPM\CGFGB
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.
DOFRKPGYF[RKBKRGHFFNRKPGY[PGXDCRGSIF\YRF.C\YRFPGVKT
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HF[\KPSGZG\[GRG\CBG\GRG[B,PXC[TNGNNVDGTCFZPGRKFFNBGPK\.
FZCTGHKBNP\KKISCPM\CGNYGRVNKYJPPGYEFP\TGZZCPXCPKGIE[CG
~199|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
69NTKNFTZF.36
70EGPRK[FCIRFPTKQHGPXBRGDONTRKKQPXGG\VZKFGZCKF[NDCKFRINYGEKKRKCK\
FEKQFZCRKFDEGN,BORMKZCFMTKNFP[VJK\NJGC\CTN[BKRG[GPZPXGG\.FZC
TGCEKFFEBKF,[FMKZC\CKT\FBK[CRSKCG\BNF,RYJ[EKBOFBK[PTGRKKQCVZKF
GZCKFM[NTXPFBUTNVK[BKQNGMGGRFNYKKOB\PXGG\VZKFGZCKF.FZCFZXGD
[RYJTPEFPRGDE\GEIFB\\CKT\FBK[,F\KKISNPXC[FBK[BKRGP\MGGQNVZG\
GNZCG\GZYPCY[NRXNB\FPXGGFMEKNFKVJZPB[\G.ZBGGSJZKKL)NTKNFTZF
16(,TP’257=.258
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EZLZBGKF[FKBCDEZPXGGF,GBKNGFXEFB[MRHKZGBFCMLPT[FBSGZ
[BKQNPP[GBVKNGBO[RKFXEEKOPSMKPKOTNML,YNGIGPZM[FBNPRF
P\RDE\.MEKNFKPRTPIKMGMKOCPXCKO[NRK[GBKQCKQTE\KKO{GNBMEK
NFCKBNBIEG\NBGPK\PGV[J\{F\YKRFFZCRG\B\F\YRF[PJKNFTN
FSVZEKONPT[FB\FRGZPFFB[MRHK\.CZGZPBNKG[MNVKFRKPGYCXGZ\G
HGBKQPYGONF\ZKSB\FCKYGZ\[NFZCTGCEKFKGSUG[NBIZKO,NVKF
ZCKOFOFFCENKOFTE\KKOF[ZKZKOGFYKKPKOCKQFTEG\CBZWK[ZBNGNB
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CRGSUN[RKRKPGYKOBNF,FPGVKTKOC[KRGKKOC\YRFTXPF,PTNFFZC
TGHKBNMPFRKPGYKORGSVKO.ZB[K\FGBPXKKQ[K[DOVGSYKOSVZEKKO
FPBPXKOB\FRGZPFFB[MRHK\[PXGG\INKXFYGEP\,\PKEBGCRSKCG\
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MGGR\FZCTGHKBN,FBONI[[[PBK[NRVJZKNEPBK[F[IKTPFIKK
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TPK\GFZCFZXGD,GTKYZGFI[[PVRKFNIWGFTGXPF[NF[PBNFK[ZBNK
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EVGSKFRK[GBKQ[KBGPXGCIGY:FBOKKP[LFPXC[FKFYKKOC\YGV\
FPREJ[RK[GBKQGDKZG[KQFKGNVKEKQ\GZF,BG[KIGN[KRGKPZIKYNM\[N
PTCZNPGEN[NRK[GBKQBHZIKKO.FPGYEKOFSJJGJGZKKO[NTKPG\HFFKG
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[RIYYC[R\.1953TKGQC’ECZKFMRS\’,FP[YVKOB\FEKGRKOFZCKO
[F\YKKPGCRG[B,PNPE[RG[BPZMHK[TGZZPGZ\ZGIZCFCYZC
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RG[BBIZEGDP\FDKZG[KQ72
.
~200|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
71GSJZKKL)NTKNFTZF1(,TP’.449
72ECZKFMRS\,MZL9,TP’2092)I"MTEFPKKPGQ,K[KCFZS"H,M"CSKGQ\[K"B=
TRKKQFKKCGOFKFCTKK\KCBZWK[ZBNC[NPCRFEKRKFKZG[FGINGY\
FSPMGKG\CKQFTZMBFFBHZIK\NTZMBFFE\K\.FXFZFTNFKGZ[KOGINGY\
FTKHCGQKMNFNF\CXTFQCCK\FP[VJFBHZIK,FQCCK\FEKQFE\K.BNB
[[\KFTZMBG\REZ[GCBGVQCSKSKNFIKNTNTRKKRKKZG[FB\FEKQFE\K[N
FXEEKO,BCNB\FHMGKG\CTKHCGQ,MPGHMG\FBNPRFNZ[\B\CTNF,FKF
TNKFONYCGTNVKVYGE\FKZG[FFPREJGZK\.C[NMLFTEKVGBNPRG\
FHYGYG\NKKCGON\CGTB\INYQCTKHCGQCCK\FP[VJFBHZIK,GZYNBIZ
PMQN\CGTINKXFCCK\FEKQFZCRK.BNB[FKGKCPKO[FTNGCCK\FEKQ
FZCRKB\FJTRFMKCJZOKGHPRGNEKQC\CKT\FBNPRFNINGW,TNFBNPRF
NF[KCB\INYFCTKHCGQGNFSMKONFK[VJPIE[NVKEKQ\GZF.NDCKKCPF
SVZEKKF,VZG[F[NEZK[FHGFKK\F[CFKTEZTKNFPGXYFNIKKCCINKXF,
SKZGCPXEFNF\KKCOFKFDGZZB\FMZH\FMPGZE\GB\FVSEHMGKG\KF
CTKHCGQCTNF.BMQCMPFPYZKOFZIKYFZCFZXGDNM\GRINWNSKKTCKEK
BNPRF[DKSKFCKY[GNR[NFPKZG[\FCFHM\FCCK\FP[VJFBHZIKPMGI
VYGE\FKZG[FFPREJGZK\.B\XTEKGFXEKYCML[’MNFPMKZB\FPXC
MPG\[FGBEGPRK[KGEF[BKNGFKFFPXCMLCKPKZH"NFKGP\YRKO\YRG\’73
[FKGPTRKYG\NBNPRFB\FINY[FIGYFBHZIKPTRKYNF.
FRKPGYF\GMRK,NVKGK[CKQIMPKFSVZEKOFVGSYKO[PXGG\INKXF
YGEP\,NBFKFZNGGRJKCPZGYG,[MQVSYGCFPKPKOKPKPF[PXGG\KKCGO
YGEP\.DOFRKPGYFRGDTNY[KKOFMZGMKOCKZG[FNBFKFZNGGRJKCPZGYG,
[MQCK\FEKQFKFGEKFKFPGSPLCNTEK\N[VGJCTRKKRKKZG[FGFGB[VJ
ZYNVKFEKQFE\K.ML[CPZGYGNBFKK\FPTGZC\PTZM\P\IZF[VTNF
NVK[KYGNKOBIZKO,GCTKYZNBFKFYKKOCPZGYGXKCGZBKEKBGNGDKEGPKRRJK
[F\RTZNINGJKQPPZG\F[NFFNMFGZBFB\TXPGIGV[KNRFNB\IKKG
MKFGEKCF\BONF[YV\TGNOBIZ\74
.CPZGYGZBFFXKCGZB\TXPGMVGU
NTGNOFPSGZ\GTZMKF,DOBOVZJKO[GRKONBYKKPGBG\FCPKEFHGBG
~201|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
26.6.51(;[O,TP’2116=2117)I"M[G[RFVZSKW,K[KCFZS"J,M"ISKGQ\[K"B=
2.7.51(;[O,TP’2122)I"MVKKDFBKNRK\(;[O,TP’2129)I"MIRFNPEQ(.
73ZBK"FFZXGD,VSYKOGM\CKO,I,CTZKM\[’[VKZB,KZG[NKO\[R"G,SKPQZMJ,TP’
\\\XG.
74ZBG["RBKKHR[JEJ,FYEPFNIKCGZG[NHGFZ,PSGZ\G\PGZF)NTKNFTZF7(TP’3=.4
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NFKTRG\NEZK[G\KGGN[VZB\PXCF[NFBK[FFKFGEKKFCRG[BKO[GRKO
GCKRKFORG[BFKKCGO.IMPKPZGYGNBREZ[GNTPGEPGNBGKCBKEKBGNGDK
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TNPK[BKROIVXKOCF.
FCTKG\F[GRG\[RKXCGCVRKIMPKPZGYGGIMPKBZWK[ZBNFCKBG
BG\ONKXKZFIYKY\K\[GRF,GFECZCBNKEKCKJGKMCZCPK[GZFTKNG\.
.4FZIC\PK[GZFTKNG\
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CTKRKFBNPRF.NVKECZKFZC[BGNBCQERBQ,FBK[KG\FPZMHK\
GFEGPKRRJK\CPGTXF,BKQCFMZFC[NG[FTKNG\P[GOPFVMF,GNPT[F
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[JTRGNTGP\GMKFGZBG\BNFPFGG\PFVKMFNTGP\FEKQFYKKOGRBCYG
C\GYURDEF\YRF.CTYCG\KXKZ\FY[ZTOFZCTGHKBNGFPKETTNIZO
KZG[NKOFZIKCFFPGTXFB\Z[KP\FTKNG\,GXZVFMNPYZF[NSKZGC
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NINGJKQGFEKKRKONBRMRSGNVZGJFTKNG\,GCMNNHFBSZGB\FKKCGOBVKNG
FKCOGFBNPRFPSMKPKO.CMLBKPXGB\FRGZPFFB[MRHK\FQCBGVQXGZRK,
FQCBGVQPT[K.MLM\CCVKZG[FZCTGHKBNNZCKFG[TPBPBQ:’...PXBRG
PQFFMZIN\YQ\YRFHGGNYCNTNTXPRGET\FZP"BT"F[FKBPYGCN\
CMNFTEG\FB[MRHKG\CBZWGCDGNF’75
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~202|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
75NTKNFTZF.36
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FINJ\FPGTXFFPGZIC\[NFZCRG\FZB[K\GCI\KP\FZCRKOFZB[KKO
NK[ZBNRK\QKFKFNF\KZB\FBKSGZNKKCO.FGZBFPTKQHGBKRFPXGKF
CPSGZ\FB[MRHK\.RK\QFKFNFK\NG\CFBOZGXKONJTGQ[FEKQFINTN
SVZEKOTEKKQ[GRFPHF[INTNB[MRHKO,BLNBFKFCMLEKMEKNFYFG\
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NBBKPWFZCTGHKBN,[FKFKGHOF\YRFCTRKKRKFKKCGO,B\RGSIPZGYG
[FG\KZCTKYZGB\FKKCGOBOFBNPRFPSMKPFNML.FBOI[[[EKKRKO
PHZIKKOKRXNGVZXFHGGKCGBGNFIKG\B\RG[BFKKCGOTNKEKFVTN\NIW
TNFBNPRFDOCPYZKO[CFO\SZCNF\KKCO,GBUM[KFKGNFSKCG\JGCG\
NML?BNB[[\KF[BNG\FNNGIGZDG\PPSDZ\FEKGQC[NCHF,GR[GC
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M[NTXPF,CKKIGECICZFSDGZF[R[PTFCEZLMNNNYGNO[NFZCRKO
GEKKRKC\KFEKQMVK[FKK\FFYFKNFFKFGEK\CPZGYG.ZBKRGHB\CSKVGZ[N
D’BPKNF[[KR\FET\FCTYCG\NIXO[NEKKRKCK\FEKQGRKBG\FTYZGRK\
NF\KKCO,BNB[CIZFB\FXTKZ[CBIKO.BGNOI[KCG\PP[K\K[CZB[
GCZB[GRFNTKXGO[PGJNTNBIEFXEEKOCPYZF[FGBPSZCNFGZBG\
FEKQ.MBQRK\QNFCIKQCVTZ[NPP[CKQIMPKPZGYGNCKQZCRKBZW
K[ZBN.CIZOKZG[NKOPZMHFMGCEFGB[MKGOPXGG\FINKXFPGTEV\
GFKKCGORBSZNDPZK.FSRYXKFFPGJN\TNFKCOFKBIKGCCPHGRG\CNCE
CP[LMNHPQSKZGCG,GNBRHMZZMKC[NMVKKFK[KZFNINGW.NBP\G[N
ECZTKXGOHFPYGZGC\YR\FZCRG\FZB[K\C[R\\["D)1943([IKKCF
CPHGRG\MNKCO[RK\QRDEGVSYEKQFPIKKCCINKXFGFGBPTDQB\
FBNPRF76
.MBQFGZICFTKXGOTNMNKCO,[MQF\YRFBSZFB\FKKCGO
GIKKCFNINGWCMNPYZF.
~203|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
76[Z[CSYK)NTKNFTZF67(,RSVIB,STKUC,TP’.448
NTGP\HB\CPZGYGRYJGIMPKPGTX\FZCRKOCTKXGPKOIHYKOKG\Z
GPZIKYKNM\.MCZC[NCFZB[GQ[NEKGRKFPGTXFF[RKKFFJKNGIGC\
SKVGYXZMKOZICF[MNNFY[\ZICF[NZMKCKO.CFP[MF[NBG\F
PGTXFYCTG[NBIZ[RKOT[ZIGE[MGVKOCPK[ZKQNINGW.CECCE
FGSKVGGFGZG[BOBKQNKCOMEKNMNMNB\FBNPRFBG[BKRGZGXFNKKCO,
MGVKOBG\GPKKENINGW.NBIZFPVD[TOIZOKZG[NKOFGZICPTDN
FTKNG\,GMNNMNPYZF[NSKZGCPXEFBNPRF,BNB[CPYZFHFZYFJKNG
IGC\PHGRG\TNFKCOGNBFGZGNMGVGNBIZ[RKOT[ZIGE[.BGPROC[N
F\RDEG\IZKVFNYCKTG\BNFFGINJCPGTXFFIPK[K\NFSKZB\SRYXKK\
FMVKKFFK[KZFNBIZ[RKOT[ZIGE[GXGPXPFFTKNF[NIGSZKMGN\NHGQ
NPK[FGBTRKCKG\Z.CSGVG[NECZ,BU\YR\PZGYGMNNFCTKYZTKXGO[N
FJN\IGC\PHGRG\CEGPFNIZOKZG[NKO,GZYCPYZF[NTRKMVGNINGW
PF[NBPXKRGCIZOKZG[NKO.
BNB[TKGQC\YR\PZGYGFZB[GRFPDNF[CECCETOIKGCFKCO
CPHGRG\RYCTDO[FBNPRFHMBK\N[PGZNTXPFB\PT[FKEKF77
.FGZBF
HGCBFCTYCG\FMNNFCSKSKCP[VJFTCZK[IGC\FBK[CPHGRG\B[\G
BGIGC\FK\GPKOCPHGRG\FBNPRFDGZZCTYCG\KGB\IGC\FBK[FNFTCKZ
B\PT[KKEKFNRG\RKFPHGRG\.FG\Z\PT[KFKEKKOCKEKFBK[FPFGGF
BVGBFDCZ\FNIWFMNMNKTNFKCO,[MQT\FIGC\FPHGRG\FPGJN\TNKG
BKRFP\YHH\BUNBCINYFCFMRSG\FBK[FPPT[FKEKF.BGPROCTKEQ
FPSGZ\KFKK\FFMRS\FBK[FPPT[KKEKFRPGMFPFKYUFPHGRG\[RHYYF
NFO,GNMQDOCFJN\PHGRG\FKFKSGEIHY[NMVKKF.BGNOP[YNG[NZMKC
HFZYFNLGDCZTOFF\YEPG\CPTPEFFMNMNK[NFBK[FGFTNKKF
FP\PE\C[KTGZFFMRSG\[NF.FP[PTG\[NPXKBG\HGFKB[BOKKGG\Z
FMNNF\NPGEKCECZYKHGHPT[KKEKKOPFKYUFPHGRG\MKBHCPYZKOZCKO
NB\YCNFBK[FECZPCTNF.YG[KHFYKKOMKGOCPYZKOZCKO[NPSGZCG\
DJ,[FZKNBRK\QNFVTKNMNVKFCTNFSZCQB\R[YFPHGRG\C[NFMRSG\
FBK[F.RKSKGRG\RGB[KONV\GZPXGYFHB\RT[GTNKEKVZGV’BZKBN
ZGHQ=XCKFPRGI,BLFONBFXNKIGNF[KDVZKX\EZL[NPP[78
.MBQ
~204|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
77ZBGNTKNJYSJNKEFTZF.32
78B’ZGHQ=XCK,EKRKFP[VIFCK[ZBNCQYGE[NIGN,\NBCKC\["Q,TP’415=.425
F[MKNGIMPKPZGYGNFXKTV\ZGQ[FKFKVFMCZN[T\OGPYGPOBLFGB
CTNVGJRXKBNZCCKG\ZNF\V\IG\FT\KEK\CPTPEF[NFBK[F.
.6F\GXBG\FZMG[KG\TCGZFBNPRF
CTGE[FJN\FPHGRG\BGFMVKKFFK[KZFFKGGB\FPYNMNVKFKCO,FZK
[FTRY\HMGKG\ZMG[KG\NBNPRFCTKHCGQCTNFFKGGB\[NKN\FDHZ[T[GK
FKFNFKG\PRKT[NFDKSN\CGTKKCGO.NVKEKQF\NPGEHMBK\BNPRFNYCN
B\SMGPKFM\GCFPTKHCGQCTNF,GFKBYGEP\NKGZ[KOCFKG\FRI[C\
NCTN\IGC[NFTKHCGQ.EKQHFZGGICYZCKFGEKPZGYG,[MGRG’FPYGPKKO’.
NTGP\HB\,BXNPDGZ[KSVZE[FDKTGNPZGYGZGGIFPRFD,[TGDQC\YRG\,
NFDCG\B\FBNPRFPIXK\PTKHCGQFCTN.SKZGC[NFBNPRFNF\KKCO
[NNPPRFZMKCKORMCEKO[NFM\GCF,GCKRKFOB\TKYZFM\GCF,\GSV\
FM\GCFGFREGRKF[NBRG\ZFCTKQ,MVK[BMQRVSYCPYZF[ND’BPKNF.
MCZC\YRFFZB[GRFP[R\\["JRYCTMKFBNPRFHGMFCMNZMKCK
FM\GCFBGCINYFCTKHCGQNVKF\YRFGCMLR[NNFPQFKCOFPGJKCXKF
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NDCKBNPRFFPSZC\NF\KKCOCNKTKNF,[YCTFMKNKCOFCZKZFN\\
NBNPRFB\M\GC\FBGINYFCTKHCGQCTNF.XTEHFRT[FM\PZKWIKGCK
NKCO[KSMKONINGW,GCECCEM\PZKW[NKNKNKCPF[NB\I\GZNINGWZY
C[N[KYGNKOMNMNKKO.\KYGQBIZ,[BUFGBCBNFPZKWB\FDKSNINGW,
FKFFTRY\PRFMVGNFCTKHCGQFRVJZNBIFIGNWCVGTN.BKQSVY
[FSEZ\FTKXGPKOTNFKCOPXEBIEGFTRY\FHMGKG\FPPGRKG\NBNPRF
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[NPP[.MNHFFKFBV[ZKCPZGYG,P[GO[MBPGZNVKIGYFPEKRF
FGTRYFNCK\FEKQFZCRKSPMG\KKIGEK\NEGQCTRKKRKKZG[FGFEKQ[FGIN
CEKGRKGFKFFP[VJFTCZK.
CRKDGENMLNBPXBRGC\YR\IZOKZG[NKO[GOF\KKISG\NPK[GZHF
[NFSEZ\HMGKG\KFFPPGRKG\[NFBNPRF,FSEZF[FKBMFI[GCF
NV\ZGQCTKK\TKDGQFBNPRFFPSZC\NF\KKCO.BNB[NBIGN[\FZCRKO
FKK\FFDGZONML,MKBOFPXKBG\FIGYK\[[ZZFCBZWK[ZBNGB[Z
FKK\F[GRFC\MNK\PHG[CPZGYG.MVK[MCZM\CRGNTKN,NCK\FP[VJ
~205|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
FBHZIKFKK\FSPMG\NEGQCTRKKRKKZG[F,GBOIVXFFBNPRFNF\EKKQ[O
NBRK\QFKFNPRGTCTEF.CK\FP[VJFBHZIKFJKNBPROB\FEKQFE\K
FINCTRKKRKKZG[F,BLFTRKYNBNPRFINYCTKHCGQPMGIFIGYFBHZIK,
GI[GCPML:FGBNBF\I[CCFGZBG\FPPGRKG\FY[GZG\NKISKKCO
GKCPF.BOFDKTGFKCOGFKCPFNCK\FEKQMEKNV\GZB\CTKK\FINKXF
KMGNFKFCK\FEKQNF\TZCZYCTYKVKQCFINJG\CK\FP[VJCTRKKRK
KZG[FBOFBNPRFRBG\FNGG\ZTNFINY[YKCNF.BOSKZCFFBNPRFPXB
TXPGCK\FEKQNMGECKQFIGYCPEKRF[R\Q\GYUNINGY\FTKHCGQTNKEK
CK\FP[VJFBHZIKNCKQEKQ\GZF[CPYZKOZCKO[NNPQFKCPFINYKO
PHMGKG\KFCTKHCGQ.VKXGNHFFKFCTGMZKFZCRKOFZB[KKOGFKFPQFDGZPKO
[PRTG,CSGVG[NECZ,P\QPTRFPYKUNCTKF.
H.CKYGZ\IZOKZG[NKOTNKEKIMPKPZGYG[CBZWK[ZBN
.1EIKK\IZOKZG[NKOCKEKIMPKPZGYG
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ZCRKOBNFFKFFZC[NGOP[B[,[FDKTNK[ZBNC[R\1978GR\PRFNZCF
FZB[K[NKZG[NKOGNZB[BCG\C\KFEKQCTKZ.CFKG\GICZPGTX\FZCRKO
CPZGYGKETCGGEBKTNFF[VTF[FKK\FNIZOKZG[NKOGNTPE\FZC
TGHKBNTNFZC[BGNBCQERBQ,MPGDOTNF[KRGKKO[RGSVGC\YRG\PZGYG
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\YR\PZGYG,FP[RFPQFEKQFYKKO,GFDQTNKFC\YKVG\PGNFZCRKO
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[PKKXDFFKFFZCTGCEKFKGSU.
~206|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
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NPT[FB\FKKCGOCMNPYZFGECYC\GYUCPSGZ\FSVZEK\GFPHZIK\
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MPGFMZH\F[NBNPRFFPSZC\NF\KKCOMPGZE\GVJGZFKCOP\[NGO
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NJTRFCECZIGSZ\GONC[NFKCPKOCHPQFHF,NET\GJTRFHGBKRRF
ZNGGRJK\P[GO[NVKFTPEF[PXGG\KKCGOYGEP\BKQHFP[RFPFGFPRKT
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BLPTCZNJTRG\KGFSVXKVKG\MNVKIZOKZG[NKOGMNVKFZCTGHKBN[KHO
B\F\YR\G,CGNJCKG\Z[CMNM\KC\GFTRVF[NFZCKGSUBKQCKJGK,GNG
ZPHYN,NML[CTKK\FKKCGOFRKXC\CVRKIMPKOFRFCTKFBRG[K\
GICZ\K\[NPP[CPXKBG\FPGEZRK\.MN[ZBFFZCKGSUFGBRKSKGQNMGU
TNFSVZEKOGFPHZIKKOB\FPSGZ\FB[MRHK\\I\FPTJF[NBIEG\
NBGPK\[RI[CFCKG\ZCTKRKFZCTGHKBN.
PSYRFHGNBRG\ZFCPK[GZFTKGRK.FZCKGSUR\QNFCKJGKPT[KMCZ
CFKG\GZCFFZB[K[N\NBCKC,GCK\Z[B\M[TCZNMFQMZCFFZB[K[N
PEKR\K[ZBN80
.CMPFVSYKEKQ[R\QGB[ZREGRGCFZICFFGBFGZF
CVKZG[MKK[NYKKOB\FKKCGOMB[Z[RKFXEEKOPSMKPKO,GCPYZFBIE
BUFVTKNB\F[VT\GNNIGWTNFBNPRFNFSMKONKKCGO.C[NTPE\G[N
FZCKGSU,GBGNKBUC[NNIXKG,RSGDGBUZB[KBCG\C\KEKQB[MRHKOPQ
F\YRFGFGZGNBV[ZB\FKKCGONCRKTEG\FPHZI.NVKPF[[KTZ\KCPYGO
BIZ,BUFZCIKKOEGEFNGK,[FKFZCFFZB[K[N\NBCKC=KVG,RPRT
~207|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
79ZBGGSJZKKL)NTKNFTZF9(.
80[O,TP’334=.336
PNXTGECTYCG\ZCGFZCTGHKBNC[NNIXKG[NFZCFZB[KNK[ZBNFZC
TGCEKFKGSU81
.
FHEPRG\[NPP[NRYGJTPEFCK[ZBNCRG[BRK\RFNZCP[B[CT\
[MKFQMZCFFZB[K[NKZG[NKOGZB[BCG\C\KFEKQCTKZ82
.FGVRFBNKG
PYZF[VZJKGYXZKOGCZGZKO:’TPEGNVRKKCOGKCPF[RKFOXTKZKO,GFKCO
ZGGYGPSMKPKO[RKFONYKKOPXGG\KKCGOGEGZ[KONSEZNFOIGVF
GYKEG[KQ’.PYZFHFTGPEPIGWNIK\GL[CKQ[\KF\YRG\:CTGE[NVK
\YR\PZGYGNBFKK\F[GOPRKTFNPP[B\FKKCGO,BEZCB,FP\YKRKOFKG
PYEPKOCCZMFPT[FMHF,FZK[NVKIZOKZG[NKOBUMBQRBSZFKKCGO,
GMEKNF\KZGREZ[FFINJFPKGIE\[NFZCRKOFZB[KKO[\XEKYB\
FFK\ZC[NRKPGYKOPKGIEKO.
FZCP[B[BMQECYMBQCTPEF[FKK\FRYCT\CPZGYGNVKF\YRF
[O,GSCZ[K[NF\KZNXEEKONF\KKCONNBFKSGS.FZKCYZCFSVZEKO
CBZWK[ZBNGCTGNOMGNGZGGIKOPRKBHGTET\FFPRFDGPSGZ\FVSKYF
NFTEKUB\FKKCGOTNVRKFINKXFGNFGZG\MQFNMFNPT[F.BGPROCTKEQ
FPGEZRK)=’F\IE[G\FHPQ’CN[GRG(’K[FZCFR[KO[BKROZGXKO)ML!(
CKCGOGCVZJBOFKCOR[GKCTNB[FGCRKO,BGHYQBGNBKMGNNPKYO
CSKVGY[\KR[KO...’.GYKKOI[[P\PKE[FBNPRF\XBN\ZCG\ZTFBO
\KGG\ZY[GZFCHKY\KKCGO,CKKIGEBOFKBXTKZF.NMQ,CPYZKOPTKQBNF
[K[NBNPRFSKCFPGXEY\,MVGB\FKCONINGW,CTKYZCBPXTKOMSVKKO
TNKEKIKGCCPHGRG\FBNPRFFQPMGIFEKQGFQPMGI\YR\PZGYG.BGNO
CPYZFHF,M[CRKFHGDP\BKPKOHFNHFMCTNGBK[FGPSMKPKONFKR[B,
BKQMNFXEYFNISGOCVRKFOB\FKKCGO.BEZCB,PEGCZCPXGGFDEGNF
[CBKYKGPF’K[CHFTNCGQNIKKOGNP\KOMPG[BPZCGTH[NBKMZ\[O
FP\PTOBIKG’.RKPGYRGSUFGB[NT\KOHGDOJGC\FBNPRF,’[NB\[BZ
TDGRF,GCVZJFINGXFFZCFP\ZIYKOPPRFPJTOFEPKGQ’.NT\KOHFGBU
BKRJZS[NFKCO,[BU[FGBVRGKNBCJGIMNN[KTNFCKEGNFKR[B.
~208|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
81B’GSJZKKL,’VSKY\FZCIKKOEGEFNGKCTRKKRKP[VIF:CKQFZCTGHKBNNCKQFZC
TGCEKFKGSU’,B’[DKBGX’HGFZ)TGZMKO(,KFEG\[NIKKO:TKGRKOCKXKZ\G
FFDG\K\=FNM\K\[NFZCIKKOEGEFNGK,KZG[NKO\[S"H,TP’129=.174
82FZC[NGOP[B[TNFBZXFC[R\\[N"I.
PSYR\FZCP[B[NDCKIZOKZG[NKO[NFZCRG\FZB[K\CK[ZBNFKB:
’V[KJB[BKQZBGKNYZG\HFC[O\YRFMNN[BKQKGXBPPRF[GO\KYGQMK
BOYNYGN’.
YCKTFDGZV\HGPZIKY\NM\PBGEGY[FNFGNPF.FZKCZGCFV\ZIZO
KZG[NKOB\PXGY\Q[NFBNPRG\[SKZCGNF\KKCOC[NTKNFPGMZ\BG
NNBP\QFSCZP[MRTGFDRFTNKFQPVRKDKSKO[MNIVXOFKFNHMG\
CTKHCGQFRVJZGNT\KOBUNSIGJPPGQPQFBNPRF.CMNBNFNBFKK\F
PINGY\CKQFZCP[B[NCKQP\YKRKIZOKZG[NKOGKK\MQ[FZCP[B[BU
FKFPGMQNFZIKYNM\PFOCRIK[G\FPBCYRDEFKCO.BPRO,CVKFZC
P[B[RKPGYVGZPBNKNEIKK\F\YRF[NIZOKZG[NKOGFGB[CTCZ\YRF
FKK\FPYCN\\GYUNBIZ’[FKGPMZKHKOTNKFOCC\KMRSKG\GPSMKPKO
TNKFO[CTFJGCKFTKZGBHK[NFO\GYU’.[GRFFECZCIZOKZG[NKO
NTRKKQFKKCGO’[FZC~TGHKBN|HX"NNCEGRP[LBIZFB[MRHKOGJTPGP[GO
BIEG\GSGUECZFJTONBR\YKKO’.RKPGYHF[NFZCP[B[RZBFMSRKU
CNCE83
GCEKQ,[MQFR\GQFTGCE\K[TNKGR[TQFRKPGY,EFKKRG,[FZC
TGHKBNFINKJTNET\TXPGPCNKNHMG\C\PKM\O[NZCRKOSVZEKO
BIZKOBKQNGTNPF[KSPGL84
.
KK\MQ[YXVG[NFZCP[B[KXBTNFFRPYF[NIZOKZG[NKO[RPYF
B\F\YRFCZXGQNFCKBNBIEG\NBGPK\GBUIPGZPMLTNFMVKVG\
[MGVUFZCTGHKBNB\FPSGZ\FSVZEK\NPSGZ\FB[MRHK\.MNVKJKTGQ
FBIEG\FNBGPK\YCNFZCP[B[TNML[CVGTNNBYKKP\BIEG\CKQ
FTEG\GMNTEFP[PZ\B\PSGZG\KFCTRKKRKO[GRKOFY[GZKOCFNMG\
BGZIIKKOGKGZFETF.RK\QNF[KCTNCKYGZ\HG[NFZCP[B[[BKRF
BNBFCKYGZ\[F[PKTFZCTGCEKFKGSUGCPYGOBIZFZIC\KTNKFB\
FECGZ.CMNPYZFCZGZ[JTRFHGNYGIFP\GLVSYFEKQ[NFZCTGCEKF
~209|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
83FVZSGPKO[NPGTXG\FZCRKO[ZGMHGCIKCGZFP[VJFTCZKCPZGYGBKROPXKKRKO
[F\YCNFFSMP\FXKCGZFZICN\YRG\[RIYYGCTRKKQFKKCGO.NECZKTPBZFINPQ
FPGTXFF[NK[K\GBKNLF[\\VGCMKRGSKFZCRKODORXKDKO[NPGTX\FYFKNG\
CPZGYG[IKGGET\ONDCKF\YRG\FPGXTG\)TPBZ,PCGB~NTKNFTZF3|,TP’PB(.
PMNPYGO,F\YRFFCSKSK\CRG[BFKKCGORIYYFYGEONMQ,CPGTXFF[RKKF,NVRK
[RXKDKFYFKNG\RJNGINYCEKGRKO.
84ZBGECZKFZCTGCEKFFEBKF,GSJZKKL)NTKNFTZF1(,TP’466=.471
KGSU,GFKBPNPE\CCKZGZTNFF[VTFFRKMZ\[FKK\FNZCKGSUTNFZC
P[B[.
.2YZKB\FZCP[B[NFIKKB\PSGZ\PZGYG
FTGCEF[FZCP[B[BKPWB\FCKYGZ\MNVKIZOKZG[NKOGRYJ[N\GMQ
F\YRFCTRKKQFKKCGOBKQ\GYU,BKRFPNPE\[FGBBKPWB\PMNGNTPE\G
[NFZCKGSUNDCKFKKCGO.CVSYFEKQFR"NFGBIKEEB\TPE\GCSGDKK\
FKCPFFPSZC\NF\KKCOGFCIKQFKJCCKQ\VK[\G[DGC[FCPSGZ\PZGYG
NCKQ\VK[\FZCKGSU.CTGE[’BP\[PF[RZBFPECZKFZB["NFDZ"T
KGSU[NKJ"BNVSGYMQDOCNBFSMKPFFB[FNF\KKCO...’,NBPGZ
[VGSYKO[PXGG\KKCGOYGEP\BUBOFBNPRFPSZC\NF\KKCO.PMBQ,
[BNPRFSZCRK\KKCGO\VDTVDKTFY[FCZMG[FGCPPGRFPIP\SKZGCHF
G\KGG\ZTDGRFCNBDGZO[KNIWTNDKSFN\\NFINKXF.BLDOBOFBNPRF
NB\GMZHMPGZE\,NBRGMNNIKKCB\FDKSCPHGRG\KFGHB\CRKDGENIZO
KZG[NKOGN\YR\FZCRG\FZB[K\P[R\\["E.
NBMQTPE\FZCP[B[.CZGZNG[BOFKCO’R[GKBGHYQBGIGNF’MK
BHBRGPGZKO[FBNPRFBKRRFPGZE\GFKBBKRFRVDT\CZMG[F.DOBNPRF
FPSZC\NF\KKCONNBSKCFPGDEZ\NB\KI[CNPGZE\BLHB\ZYPMGI
\YRF[\FKFEGPFN\YR\PZGYG.NDCKMGNQRGMNNFVTKNNIWTNFKCON\\
INKXFTNKEKIKGCGCPHGRG\FBNPRFHB\PMGI\YRF[\FKFEGPFN\YR\
PZGYG.PMBQ,[CRG[BKOFYZKJKKO[FTKYGTNFPTZM\FZCRK\CBZW
FHEFFFZCP[B[CBGVQTYZGRKTOTPE\FZCRKOTGHKBNGFZXGD[F\YKRG
B\IZOKZG[NKOGBGNKBUFKFPGMQNFZIKYNM\PFONFNMFGCGGEBK
NPT[F.
CKJGKNMLR\QFZCP[B[CMKRGSEKKRKO[F\YKKOM[R\KKONBIZPMQ
C[R\\[P"D)1983(GB[ZREGRGCGRG[BKO[GRKOPEKRKFP[VIF.RXKD
\IKNFB\TKYZK\VK[\TGNPG[NFZCP[B[NDCKFXGZLCF\YR\\YRG\
C\IGOEKRKFP[VIF:
BRKPBINFXNIFZCFCMNFTRKKRKOG[KTNFCKEFZCRKOK[X"GNT[G\
\YRG\JGCG\NJGC\FTOGFTKYZFGBNYCGTBG\ONFNMFYCGTFGNEGQ
CFOCMNFC\KEKRKOMEKQFRVSYC[GNIQTZGLGPK[NBKVSGYMPG\O
~210|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
BHKCCGBONIKYG"E~NIKYGZEKQ,TZTGZ|K\RGNCNFOGKMZKTGNVSGY
MPGF\YRF[FKBNJGC\FTO.[XZKMKOBRGNET\[BRIRGTGPEKOCHPQ
[FIKZG\GFET\RV\IFGRZICFGK[EKRKO[BKBV[ZNYKKONZGI
FKGO85
...
ZGIF[NPSGZ\PZGYG[GZFTNMNP[VJ[RBPZMBQGCKKIGEFBGPW
NFCKJFKK[KZBNFPXKBG\GNGPZMKK[RG[BKO[BKBV[ZNFDQTNKFO
MPG\[FOC[N’ZGIFKGO’.BMQ,NYZB\SGUFRBGOFGBVGRFNTRKKQPXGG\
FKCGOGPXKTB\FECZKOFCBKO:
TGECTRKQPXG\KCGO.ZBGKNCJNBG\F\YRF[R\YRFCYZGCCKPG\
FZB["NFZCCQXKGQIKTGHKBNHNF"F,NCJNMNKNPXG\KCGOPQ
FSVZEKO,BVKNGC[RKFOZGGYKOG[RKFOPSMKPKONF\KKCO,[BKQHFTN
VKFFNMFNCJNPXGFBI\PQF\GZFGK[NFRKIHMG\NSVZEKO
FSGCZKO[PXG\KCGOYGEP\NYKOPXG\KCGOMB[ZFTRKQP\BKOGBKQ
KGXBPHF[GORHYN[GOBIEPFXEEKO86
.
FZCP[B[PVRFCFP[LECZKGNVSYFEKQFR"N[R\QCRKDGEN\YRFGPXKKQ
MKVSYFEKQYKCNB\BK[GZG[NFZCKGSUGMKFXEEKOR[GBKOCBG[Z
GRGNEGNFOKNEKO.BPRO,BKQCFXTFHGF\KKISG\NPYZKO[FBNPRF
PSZC\NF\KKCOBKP\KRDQTNKFPVRKFMZH\FMPGZE\GTEMPFRVTKNNIW
TNFKCOMEK[KINGW.BGNOYGEONMQCINYFPZMHK[NFXT\GFGBF\PGEE
TOCTKK\PTGMCG\FDJGCKY[NPXGBPHGZNMLCBPXTG\FIKKB\FNM\
FPGZE\[BV[ZFNMGUB\FCTNN\\DJ.NECZKGFXTG\KGCTRKKQFPGZE\
KGTKNGDOMQNTRKQINKXFM[BKQFKCPFZGXFCKCO,BGR[GKGK[NGCRKO
BGHYQGMKGXBCHF.ECNBGFMKDOMVKFEKQK[FZCFSGCZKONMGUBG\G
NINGWEGEBKTOJTO[NF[\RG\VRKFEGZ~FED[F[NK.B"G|EGEBK
K[NVSGYMET\FSGCZKONMGVG87
...
~211|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
85[G"\[P[GPDQ,INYB,BCQFTHZ,SKPQJH.
86[O,[O,STKUD.
87[O.
FJMRKYFFIYKY\K\EGPFNPF[MCZVD[RG.PGXD\FTPEF[BNKFIG\Z
FIMOG\IKNFPXKKQFGB[DONVKTKYZFEKQK[VGSYKONSPGLTNKFO
NT[G\MVKFTPEFFPGXT\.CGGEBK[K[FXEYFPNBFNF\YKQ\YRF
CRSKCG\,[IN[KRGKTPGYCXKCGZFKFGEKB[ZBKRGPGMQKG\ZNFSMKQTO
FGZBG\FFNMFFYKKPG\.BCNDOHFGBKRRGSGUVSGYGFZCPCXTRSKDF
JYJK\CXKKRG[TPEFTYZGRK\HG’KGTKNNCGBCTYKVKQNPXGBEZLNFYN
GNFCKBBG\GNINGWTNKEKYCKT\PHGRG\[NFKCPFNIKKCGCFOMNHPQ
[NBKINGW.GCPBZGYGT[KRG\YRFNFJKNPHGRG\TNFKCO[NBZXF
NINGW’.
FXT\GPXJPXP\BVGBN\YRFFZB[GRF[F\YKRGFZCRKOFZB[KKO
C\YGV\FPREBJ[TNKFIHZGCIZOKZG[NKOGNVKFKCO[PSZCNINGWIKKC
CPHGRG\FBNPRF.EBTYB,[C\[GC\GFR"N[NFZCKGSUFGBKXBC\GYU
BURDEZMKCHFC\YRFGYCTMKIKGCKCOCPHGRG\KCKBNVSKN\INKXF
[\CGBCTYCG\FIKGCC\GZINKXFPTG[F.CPXKBG\FVGNKJK\GFBZDGRK\
[NFZCRG\FZB[K\GC\KFEKQFZCRKKORG\ZFPZIYCKQECZKGGMGGRG\KG
FJGCG\[NFZCP[B[NPXKBG\MPZIY[CKQPZGYGNKZG[NKO.
NTGP\FZCP[B[[CKY[NFIKG\B\\YR\PZGYGRZBF[FZCKFG[T
PBPBQF\KK[ZNDPZKTOFTPEF[KKXDFZCKGSU.C\[GCF[M\CC[R\
\[P"HFGBSGPLB\KEGTNTKYZKJTRG\KG[NFZCKGSUGPSYR\GCECZ
CJNG\F[N\YR\FZCRG\FZB[K\.BNB,[FZCPBPBQBUPZIKYNM\
GIGHZN\YRG\PZGYGGYGCT:
NMQNBGZMNFBPGZNPTNFPZB[GTESGU~FCKYGZG\[NFZC[NPF
FMFQ,FZCZVBNCZGLJGNKEBRGGFZCTGCEKFKGSU|RZBFNTR"EBRK
FKP"Q~KFG[TPBPBQ|[DOCPYZKOFR"NCIGCZG\PGTXG\FZCRKO
CPZGYG,EFKKRGBGPVRKFTGRKBGPVRK[FKCOR[GKBGPVRK[FGBPBKS
TNKFFMNKFKFZYMVKFFNMFFCZGZF[DHZGBGPZZCG\KRGT"F
FZB[GRKOMPNBMKO88
.
~212|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
88NTKNFTZF.36
VKZG[G[NECZ,RSKDFDPGZFP\YRG\PZGYG[IGNNG[KRGKCEKQFYKKO
GEZK[FNRYGJCMN[NG[\FTKNG\[RHMZGC\YRG\MVKFEKQ[F\DC[YGEO
N\YRG\CPYGZG\FFNMFFPIKKCKO.NBRG\ZNZCBNBNKKTWNEKKQFP\PGEE
TOPYZF[NKKCGO’DONRSG\NF[VKTTNFKCPFCEZMKRGTOFKMBEBV[Z’.
TOTPEF[MHGNBRG\ZNZCPBPBQBNBNSKKOB\ECZKGC\VKNFGC\YGGF
’GKFKZXGQPNVRKGK\CZL[NB\CGBRFCRG\K[ZBNNBNKEKINKXFGNBNKEK
KCGO’.
BKQSVY[HGNBFKK\FEZMO[NIMPKPZGYGCBZWPMGZ\OCT\[RYJG
CEZL[NIYKYFCZGZFGPP[K\MEKNF\PGEECPXKBG\FPGEZRK\TO
EZK[\F[NFBNPRFNINGWGNBNF\KKCO.IMPKOBNFDONBF\RTZGC[GO
[NCPIGC\ONXCGZFR[PTNFOTNKEK[F[NKMGB\KFCOTNISEK[PKO
[KPRTGPXCKKKCGO.
I.SKMGO
EKKRKC\KFEKQCPZGYGGIMPKF,CBPXTG\PGSEPGTX\FZCRKO[FGMZCKEK
F[NJGQFXZV\K,FK[KZGPCJNPXKBG\NYZB\BPXTFPBFFT[ZKO
GF\PGEEGTOEZK[G\PXEFXKCGZNFKJKCB\PTPEFFP[VJK[NFBK[F
CZGIPDPG\F[GGKGQFPGEZRKG\.BIEFRG[BKOFPZMHKKO[FTSKYGBG\O
FKFRG[BFKKCGO:NVKFPSGZ\FP[VJK\GFICZ\K\FPZGYBK\MVGVF
FKK\FFBNPRFNBIZ[CTNFRVJZNNBKNEKONY[ZBK[G\TOBIKG,PCNK
[\K\QNGB\FSMP\F,GSKZGCPXEFNPP[B\FY[ZDZZMNVKFTKXGPKO
MCEKOCPK[GZFBK[G\GCPK[GZFMNMNK.IMPKPZGYGFP[KMGNFHEFG\TO
TGNOFTZMKOFK[Q[FI[KCPBGEB\PXGG\FKKCGO,BLSCZGMKPGJN\
TNKFOFIGCFNF\PGEECDNGKTOB\DZHF[NFPGEZRKG\.CMLFORCENG
PTPK\KFOCPEKR\K[ZBN[F\PGEEGBUFOCBG\GHPQTORG[BFKKCGO,BL
FPRKTKO[FXKDGFKGIGSZMGGRFNYKGOFPXGGFGMQF[KYGN[NBIEG\
NBGPK\.
[K[FMKRGSKOYKKPFPGTX\FZCRKO,GCZGCOREGQCFZICFTRKKQFKKCGO.
FBK[KG\FEGPKRRJK\CMKRGSKOBNFFKFFZC[BGNBCQERBQ,ZB[BCCK\
FEKQFDEGNNTZTGZKOCZCBJ,GRNGGNGEKKRKOGIMPKOBIZKO,CKRKFOFZC
~213|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
[NGOP[B[GFZCKFG[TPBPBQ.IMOHFFGCKNYGGBYJKCK[I\ZNIGNN
[KRGKKOPZIKYKNM\CP[VJFKKCGOML[PKE\FVDKTFCIKZG\FFBK[K\
[NFBNPRF\XJPXONPKRKPGO.BPXTKF[KRGKFPZMHK[CGRYJFZC[BGN
BCQERBQFKFFIYKYF,[FPSGZ\FPZGYBK\F\KKIEFCBKRJRSKCKG\
F[KPG[CFPBHCGBPDGZ[KSVZENBZXO.PFNLFPIYZFZBFCCKZGZ,MK
[NBMPSGZ\FB[MRHK\CEGZG\FBIZGRKO[C[NKZB\FFGZBFYVBCYZCF
F[KPG[CIYKYF,CPZGYG[NBPXTFPBFFT[ZKONBETLMNNF[KPG[
[RT[FCIYKYF.
FBYJKCKHO[NFZC[BGNBCQERBQGSKT\GC\IGOFIYKYFCBNKEK
CKJGKC[NG[\FPK[GZKOFP[VJKKOFPZMHKKO[NRG[BFKKCGO:FTKNG\,
FTKXGPKO[FGJNGTNFKCOGF\GXBG\FMNMNKG\TCGZFBNPRF.BNB
[P\CZZMKCYZCYFKNKK\FEKKRKOF\YKKOHZO[PZRK,[TPGRPRG[NG[F
BCG\C\KEKQCYFKNG\I[GCG\:FZCRKOZVBNCZGLJGNEBRGCPMRBS,IKKO
SKZKZGCVBSG[NPFFMFQCBGH’EB.FNNGF\RDEGC\GYUNYG[KKXDFZC
[BGNBCQERBQGNVZJKFIYKYF[NGCMN[NG[\FPK[GZKO,GCTKYZ
CPK[GZF[RK[NFJN\TKXGPKOTNFKCO.
CKQ[RKFHZPKOF\RFNEG[KIP\PKE,FDO[NT\KOFKFRGYCGIZKU,
B[ZNKGGFCBGVQYCGTB\\FNKLFIYKYF.F\FNKLRTCBGVQEKBNYJK
GF\KKXCZYNYZB\FPGTXFFBIZGRF,F[K[K\.\IKNFFNMFGDCZFFYXB\
FBPXTKOFP[VJKKONJGC\FBNPRFIZUF\RDEG\FHZOF[PZRK[BU
FTNFFXTG\RDEKG\NV\GZB\FCTKF.CBPXTFEZLYKCNFHZOFBYJKCK
IKHGYPQFPVD[TOIZOKZG[NKO[NFZCRG\FZB[K\CBZWK[ZBNGPQ
FTKEGEFPVGZ[[R\QFZCTGHKBNNKGHPG\KG[NFZC[BGNBCQERBQ.BNB
[C[GO[NCNBFZIKYGNM\IMPKPZGYGGNBYKCNGB\FV\ZGQFK[ZBNK
[RYCTCIZOKZG[NKO,V\ZGQFPCJNCBGVQPGINJB\FKKCGOGPTEKUB\
FINKXFTNVRKG.FODONBBKPXGB\FF\RFNG\[NMPFPTPK\KFO
CK[ZBN[NBIZIYKY\IZOKZG[NKO,[TZTZGTNIZOKZG[NKOPIGW
NPSDZ\FPGSEK\FPIGYY\,FZCRG\FZB[K\NK[ZBN.CKKIGEFONBCIZG
CEZMG[NFPCYZFIZKU[NF\YRF,FZCTGCEKFKGSU,[FINN\YGUBG\F
CVSYEKQ[R\QGCGTZTZTNTXOFNDKJKPKG\[NF\YRFGTNPRKTKG[N
FZCTGHKBN,TE[TNFCKEGNCJNFNPT[FTOFDKTGNP[Z\FZCFZB[K.
~214|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
FTKPG\CKQ[RKFHZPKOCPZGYGVZWMCZCZGCEFIYKYFFZB[GQ,
[RT[FCPGTXFF[RKKF)\["J(.FZCERBQCKY[NYCGTMK[NG[FQ
FTKNG\FPXEKYG\EZK[FNINKXFPXEFBNPRF:FKG\FKCOR[GK,TGRKG[N
FKCOGPBKSG\G[NFKCOCTKRKFBNPRF.NTGP\GJTQFZC[NPFFMFQMK
BKQTKNG\BNFPXEKYG\NIKKCB\FKCOCINKXFBNBZYBOFGBTRKCKG\Z,
BHKMGVKQBG\GMVK[MGVKOCRSKCG\BNFDCZR[GK.TPE\FHZOFBYJKCK
R\YCNFGFKBFGZICFCIYKYFF[RKKF,[RT[\FCPGTXFFZCKTK\
)\[K"C(.\I\FZG[O[NIZOKZG[NKOGTKEGEG[NFZCTGHKBNFGSKVGZCRK
PZGYGNZ[KP\FTKNG\MNPYZF[NSKZGCPXEFBNPRFNF\KKCO.DO
C[NCHFCKYZGF[PZRKOB\FIYKYF[R\YCNF,GPGCKNFPTZMFFKFFZC
ZVBNCZGLJGNEBRGPPMRBS.
EGPF[PZMHFMGCE[NFTKPG\CKQFHZPKO[BNKGF\MRSFF\RDEG\O
[NF[PZRKOFKFCPK[GZFTKXGPKO.DOCPK[GZHFRKMZ\BYJKCKG\ZCF
PXEG[NFZC[BGNBCQERBQ,GFKBFDKTFN[KBFMCZCIYKYFFZB[GRF
C\FNKLEG[NCK.
C[NCFZB[GQPZMHFMGCE[NFTKXGPKOF\PYECNIWTYKUCXGZ\
IKGCG[NFKCOCPHGRG\GCMNXZMKFYKGO[NFBNPRF,CECCETOFG\Z\
PT[KKEKF[NFCZ[G\F.DGZOHF[NPT[KKEKFBK[FKFVGLNFKG\DGZO
I[GCMMN[R[KO\XBRFKG\ZGKG\ZNPTDNFTCGEFGBU\DTRFNFK[DKO
CYZKKZFFPYXGTK\.IKGCCPHGRG\BRGPGXBKODOCIZOKZG[NKO[N
FZCRG\CBZWK[ZBN,BGNOBKQBRGPGXBKOB\FINY[NFG\Z\PT[K
FKEKKOCKEKFBNPRF.
C[NCF[RKP\GGSV\MVKKFK[KZFTNFINKXFCMNBI\P[NG[\
FTKNG\BOFKCOTGPECSKZGCGNINGWCP[L[RKOT[ZIGE[KO.PZIKY\
NM\PBGEFKBFFGZBF[BOFKCOISZKMGN\MNMNK\CBGVQBGCKKYJKCKBG
[FGBPSZCNHGQB\FBNPRF,MKBHMGVKOBG\GPKE.TKXGPKOBNFPZIKYKO
NM\FZCFPTCZNPF[RIYYCIZOKZG[NKO,[MNNNBTSYCTZGWHF[N
MVKKFK[KZFTNFINKXF.EGCZKFHZOF[PZRKFZCGNCYZB\TRKKQFMVKKF
FK[KZFTNFINKXF,\GL[FOPEDK[KOB\FIGPZF[CMVKKF[NBMEKQ
CRG[BPTKQHF[IG\O[NTZKG\JCGTCG.FXT\OFRDEK\,[BG\FFTNF
FZCIKKOSKZKZGPVBS,FKK\FNRYGJCZGIFPRFD[ZGGICPSGZ\FB[MRHK\
~215|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
NFTEKUB\VK\GKFKCOTNVRKMVKK\G,NFXKTNKCOMVNKKOPTKHCGQFRVJZ
BOKKBG\NINGW.
CSGVG[NECZRSGDFHZOFEGPKRRJK,GC[NCF[NK[K)FPGTXF
FIPK[K\,\[K"E(CGJNFFMVKKFNINKXFGRG\ZZYIKGCFPHGRG\.MPGMQ
BKPXGFZCRKOC[NCHFB\FXT\FVK\GKNFTRKYNKCO[KSMKONINGW
MVNKKOPTKHCGQFRVJZ.
DOCPK[GZ[TRKKRGPXCFFMNMNK[NFBNPRFRYJFFPGTXFCKGHP\
IYKYF.RYCT[CMNFTKNG\[FHMZRGBKQFKBPVSKEFECZPHMGKG\KF
FPPGRKG\TNVKFM\GCF.BNB[RTZMFFCIRFCKQ[NG[\FTKNG\
FPGCFYG\:CKDPKF,TGRK,PBKSG\,NCKQSZCRG\S\PK\,CML[CPYZF
FBIZGQFZ[G\CKEKFKCONFTRKYNBNPRFB\SMGOM\GC\FBGPIXK\
FTKHCGQNVKZBG\TKRKG.NBFDKTGNKEKRGM\CKOP[NFHZOF[PZRK
[F\KKISGN[KRGKKOCPK[GZHFGBKQNET\BOFSMKPG[NBNFIKNTN
FBNPRFB\EKQFPGZE\CF\YKKOBI\FTKNG\FIE[G\GBGNKBVKNGCS\O
SKZGCPXEF.TRKKQHF[NHMGKG\KFFPPGRKG\[NFBNPRFPSGZC\FINKXF
NBFGSEZGCKEKFZCRG\FZB[K\CBZWK[ZBNP[GO[TRKKRKKZG[FFKG
R\GRKONSPMG\[KVGJPYCKNF[NCK\FP[VJFBHZIK.PXCHFFTKY
CKG\ZTNFPTZM\FZCRK\CK[ZBNGPRTPPRFN\\V\ZGQZBGKNSMSGMKO
[CKQFBNPRFNCKQDKSF,V\ZGQ[SGMNNBIZPMQNDPZKC[NTPE\FZC
TGCEKFKGSU.
[NBMTPE\FZCKGSUGF\RFNG\G,FHZOFBYJKCK[FKFEGPKRRJK
CPGTXG\FZCRKOCKY[N[MRTB\FHZOF[PZRKGNFRKBBG\GNYCNB\
FIYKYFCTRKKQFKKCGO.TEKKQFGJN,NYZB\FPGTXFF[K[K\C[R\\[J"G,
TNFZC[NGOP[B[,[FKFBHEKKQCYHCNRYF,NRPYGNCSSB\BPXTK
FMVKKF[RYCTGC\YRG\.CPBPZPYKU[VZSONBIZPMQCSVZ\[GCG\KG
CKSSFZCP[B[B\F\YRFDOTNTYZGRG\MNNKKOFNYGIKOCTKYZOPEKQ
FPGZE\GMQFS\PLTNIZOKZG[NKOMTGDQNFXEY\IYKYF.NVKECZKFZC
P[B[[RBPZGCMRSEKKRKOCBZWK[ZBN[F\YKKOT[ZG\[RKONBIZPMQ
FGVRPG\YRG\PZGYGCYFKNKK\FEKKRKO,GNVKFOVSYGFNMFNPT[F.VZKI\
FIYKYFCP[VJFTCZKNBRP[MFHPQZC,CTYCG\THKC\O[NZGCKFGEK
PZGYG,GCKRKFOEPGKG\PZMHKG\CPIYZRG,B\BZWPGNE\O,GTNKK\ONBZW
~216|
BNKPNLGSJZKKL
K[ZBN.FZC[BGNBCQERBQFDKTNKZG[NKOBLNBPKNBCF\VYKEZCRK
XKCGZK.NTGP\HB\PKNBFZCKFG[TPBPBQ\VYKE[NEKKQCCBZ[CT
GFZC[NGOP[B[FKFNZCFZB[K[NKZG[NKOGZB[BCG\C\KFEKQCF.
[RKFIMPKOFBIZGRKOFXJZVGNPT[FNTPE\FZCKGSU[[NNB\\GYVF
FPIKKC[NFGZB\IZOKZG[NKOCTRKKQFKKCGO.FZCPBPBQFHEFFTO
JKTGRKFZCKGSUGF\ZIYNDPZKPQFTPEF[RYJC[RG\FIPK[KOCT\
[F\M\CTOFZCTGHKBN.PGZMC\KG\ZFKK\FTPE\G[NFZCP[B[.
CRKDGEPVGZ[NTPE\FZCKGSUGNJKTGRKGFGBSCZ[ZBGKNIGYY\YRF
[\BPWB\FMNNKO[RYCTGC\YRG\PZGYG,BLNPT[FFSMKOTO[NKN\
\GYVG[NIZOKZG[NKOCTRKKQFKKCGO,FDO[PMGIRKPGYKO[GRKOPBNF
[FTNFFZCKGSU.CMLFIHKZGFZCRKOP[B[GPBPBQB\TJZ\FKKCGO
NKG[RF,MVK[FKK\FTPE\FPSGZ\FP[VJK\CPZGYGCVZ[\D’BPKNF
PPMRBSCJZOFINTKEQFIYKYFFIE[.
~217|
FVGNPGSTNRK[GBKKKCGOCYZCIMPKPZGYG
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