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Cu trc My tnh 1GV: inh ng Lng
TRNG I HC THY SNKHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN
BI GING
CU TRC MY TNH(Computer Structure)
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Cu trc My tnh 2GV: inh ng Lng
Gii thiu
Cu trc My tnh(Computer Structure)
Trnh b y : inh ng Lng.T : 058.832078
Mobile: 0914147520Email: luongdd10@yahoo.com
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Cu trc My tnh 3GV: inh ng Lng
Mc ch v yu cu
Mc ch: Tm hiu cu trc v t chc cc my tnh. Tm hiu nguyn l hot ng c bn My tnh. Gii thiu cu trc my tnh tin tin ca Intel.Yu cu: C kin thc lp trnh c bn. Sinh vin c ti liu v lm vic theo nhm thc
hin bo co trn lp.
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Cu trc My tnh 4GV: inh ng Lng
Ti liu tham kho (sch)
1.Willian Stallings - Computer Organization and Architecture. 2.Andrew Stamenbaum Structure Computer Organization.3.Cm nang sa cha v nng cp my tnh c nhn
Nguyn ng Khoa4.Gio trnh bo tr v nng cp my tnh
(Trng KHTN - TPHCM )L Cng Bo
5. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng my RON WHITE - Nguyn Trng Tun (Dch)
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Cu trc My tnh 5GV: inh ng Lng
Ti liu tham kho (trang web)
@www.williamstallings.com@ocw.mit.edu@www.intel.com@www.asus.com@www.gigabyte.com@www1.guidePC.com
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Cu trc My tnh 6GV: inh ng Lng
Ni dung mn hc
1. Gii thiu chung.2. H thng my tnh.3. Biu din d liu v s hc my tnh.4. B x l trung tm.5. B nh My tnh.6. H thng vo ra.
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Cu trc My tnh 7GV: inh ng Lng
Chng 1
1.1 Khi nim chung my tnh
1.2 Phn loi my tnh
1.3 S tin ha ca my tnh
Gii thiu chung
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Cu trc My tnh 8GV: inh ng Lng
1.1 Khi nim chung
My tnh(computer) l thit b in t thc hin cng vic sau:
nhn thng tin vo. x l thng tin theo chng trnh nh sn bn trong b
nh my tnh. a thng tin ra.Chng trnh (Program): chng trnh l dy cc cu
lnh nm trong b nh, nhm mc ch hng dn my tnh thc hin mt cng vic c th no y. My tnh thc hin theo chng trnh.
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Cu trc My tnh 9GV: inh ng Lng
Phn mm (Software): Bao gm chng trnh v d liu.
Phn cng (Hardware): Bao gm tt c cc thnh phn vt l cu thnh ln h thng My tnh.Phn do (Firmware): L thnh phn cha c hai thnh phn trn. Kin trc my tnh(Computer Architecture) cp n cc thuc tnh ca h thng my tnh di ci nhn ca ngi lp trnh. Hay ni cch khc, l nhng thuc tnh nh hng trc tip n qu trnh thc hin logic ca chng trnh. Bao gm: tp lnh, biu din d liu, cc c ch vo ra, k thut nh a ch,
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 10GV: inh ng Lng
T chc my tnh(Computer Organization): cp n cc khi chc nng v lin h gia chng thc hin nhng c trng ca kin trc. V d: trong kin trc b nhn: y l thuc tnh ca h thng x l. B nhn ny s c t chc ring bn trong my tnh hoc n c tnh ton nhiu ln trn b cng cng c mt kt qa nhn tng ng. Cu trc my tnh(Computer Structure): l nhng thnh phn ca my tnh v nhng lin kt gia cc thnh phn. mc cao nht my tnh bao gm 4 thnh phn:
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 11GV: inh ng Lng
B x l : iu khin v x l s liu.B nh : cha chng trnh v d liu.H thng vo ra : trao i thng tin gia my tnh
vi bn ngoi.Lin kt gia cc h thng : lin kt cc thnh phn
ca my tnh li vi nhau.
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 12GV: inh ng Lng
M hnh phn lp ca h thng
CC TRNH NG CC TRNH NG DNGDNG
CC PHN MM TRUNG GIANCC PHN MM TRUNG GIAN
H IU HNHH IU HNH
PHN CNG MY TNHPHN CNG MY TNH
Ngi dngNgi dng
Nh Tk OSNh Tk OS
Nh lp trnhNh lp trnh
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 13GV: inh ng Lng
M hnh c bn
Cc thit b Cc thit b nhpnhp
Cc thit b Cc thit b xutxut
X L X L TRUNG TMTRUNG TM
B NH B NH CHNHCHNH
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 14GV: inh ng Lng
S cu trc my tnh
Computer
Main Memory
InputOutput
SystemsInterconnection
Peripherals
CentralProcessing Unit
Computer
Communicationlines
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 15GV: inh ng Lng
S cu trc CPU
Computer ArithmeticArithmeticand and
Login UnitLogin Unit
ControlControlUnitUnit
Internal CPUInternal CPUInterconnectionInterconnection
RegistersRegisters
CPU
I/O
Memory
SystemBus
CPU
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 16GV: inh ng Lng
Chc nng(Computer Function): l m t hot ng ca h thng hay tng thnh phn ca h thng.Chc nng chung ca mt h thng bao gm:X l d liu.Lu tr d liu.Vn chuyn d liu.iu khin
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 17GV: inh ng Lng
S chc nng my tnh
DataDataMovementMovementApparatusApparatus
ControlControlMechanismMechanism
DataDataStorageStorageFacilityFacility
DataDataProcessingProcessing
FacilityFacility
1.1 Khi nim chung
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Cu trc My tnh 18GV: inh ng Lng
1.2 Phn loi my tnh
Phn loi theo phng php truyn thng
My vi tnh ( Microcomputer)
My tnh nh (Minicomputer)
My tnh ln (Mainframe Computer)
Siu my tnh (Super Computer)
Phn loi theo phng php hin i
My tnh bn (Desktop Computer)
My ch (Servers)
My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)
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Cu trc My tnh 19GV: inh ng Lng
My bn: l loi my thng dng nht hin nay. bao gm my tnh c nhn (PC: Persional Computer)
v trm (Workstation Computer). gi mua 100$ n 10.000$My ch l my phc v(server) dng trong mng theo m hnh Clent/Server c tc , hiu nng, b nh v tin cy cao gi vi chc nghn n vi chc triu
1.2 Phn loi my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 20GV: inh ng Lng
My tnh nhng c t trong nhiu thit b khc nhau iu khin
thit b lm vic c thit k chuyn dng v d: in thoi di ng, b iu khin cc thit gia
nh, Router nh tuyn,
1.2 Phn loi my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 21GV: inh ng Lng
1.3 S tin ha ca my tnh
S pht trin ca my tnh chia ra 4 th h: Th h 1: My tnh dng n chn khng (Vacumm
Tube) 1946-1955Th h 2: My tnh dng Transitor (1955-1965)Th h 3: My tnh dng mch tch hp IC
(Intergrated Circuit) 1966 1980Th h 4: My tnh dng mch tch hp cc ln
VLSI (Very Large Scale Intergrated )1980 n nay
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Cu trc My tnh 22GV: inh ng Lng
My tnh ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
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Cu trc My tnh 23GV: inh ng Lng
xut nm 1943 v hon thnh 1946 c s dng n1955 do thy tr Eckert v Mauchly Trng i hc Pennsylvania ca M
c im chnh:
Nng 30 tn, chin din tch 150m2 v s dng 140KW.
5000 nghn php cng trn giy.
S dng h thp phn.
Lp trnh bng cng tc.
S dng 18000 bng n in t (vacuum tubes)
1.3 S tin ha ca my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 24GV: inh ng Lng
My tnh Von Neumann
My tnh IAS(Institute for Advanced Studies) My c m hnh c bn l my tnh ny nay Th k 1947 hon thnh 1952 Xy dng da trn tng ca Turring (M) v Von
Neumann(Anh)
MainMemory
Arithmetic and ogic Unit
Program Control Unit
InputOutput
Equipment
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Cu trc My tnh 25GV: inh ng Lng
Cc sn phm ca cng ngh VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated) B vi x l c ch to trn mt con chip Vi mch iu khin tng hp (Chipset) B nh bn dn c lp( ROM, RAM) thit k
thnh Module Cc b vi iu khin chuyn dng.
B vi x l u tin ca Intel 4004 nm1971 B x l c coi hon thin nht l 8088/8086 nm
1978,1979 y c coi l ngy sinh nht ca cc my tnh sau ny
1.3 S tin ha ca my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 26GV: inh ng Lng
My Micral, Andr Trng Trng Thi sng ch
Micral Php, my vi tnh lp rp hon ton u tin
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Cu trc My tnh 27GV: inh ng Lng
CeleronPentium 4 (Intel) 20032003
CeleronPentium II (Intel) 19971997
CeleronPentium III (Intel) 19991999
8086 (Intel) 19781978
80286 (Intel)19801980
8088 (Intel) 19791979
Pentium (Intel) 19931993
Lch s pht trin my tnh th h th 4Lch s pht trin my tnh th h th 4
1.3 S tin ha ca my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 28GV: inh ng Lng
Chng 2
H thng my tnh
2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh 2.2 Hot ng c bn ca my tnh2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 29GV: inh ng Lng
2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
M hnh c bn ca my tnh.Cc m hnh my tnh hin nay c thit k da trn kin trc Von Neumann.
Cc c im kin trc ca Von Neumann:D liu v chng trnh cha trong b nh c ghi.B nh c nh a ch cho cc ngn nh khng ph
thuc vo ni dung ca chng.My tnh thc hin lnh mt cch tun t.
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Cu trc My tnh 30GV: inh ng Lng
S cu trc c bn ca my tnh
B x l trung tm (CPU): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh v x l s liu
H thng nh: cha chng trnh v d liu ang c x l. H thng vo/ra (I/O: Input/Output) : trao i thng tin gia
bn ngoi v bn trong my tnh Lin kt h thng (Interconnection): kt ni v vn chuyn
thng tin gia cc thnh phn vi nhau
2.1 Cc thnh phn c bn ca my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 31GV: inh ng Lng
1.B x l trung tm (CPU: Central Processing Unit)
Chc nng: iu khin ton b hot ng ca my tnh.X l d liu (vd: cc php ton s hc v logic)
Nguyn tc hot ng: CPU hot ng theo chng trnh nm trong b nh chnh.Cu trc c bn CPU n v iu khin (CU:Control Unit): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn.n v s hc v logic (ALU: Arithmetic And Logic Unit): thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic trn cc d liu c th.Tp thanh ghi (RF: Register File): Lu tr cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng ca CPU.n v ni ghp BUS(BIU: Bus Interface Unit): kt ni v trao i thng tin gia Bus bn trong v Bus bn ngoi CPU.
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Cu trc My tnh 32GV: inh ng Lng
B vi x l hot ng theo xung nhp(clock) c tn s xc nh.
Tc vi x l c nh gi gin tip thng qua tn s xung nhp.
Gi To : chu k xung nhp, fo =1/To tn s xung nhp. Mi thao tc ca b x l cn kTo. To cng nh th b
x l chy cng nhanhV d: Mt my tnh Pentium 4 tc 2GHz
Ta c fo=2GHz=2.109HzTo= 1/fo=1/2.109= 0.5ns
1.B x l trung tm (CPU: Central Processing Unit)
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Cu trc My tnh 33GV: inh ng Lng
2. B nh my tnh
Chc nng: Lu tr chng trnh v d liu.Cc thao tc c bn: Thao tc c d liu (Read)Thao tc ghi d liu (Write)
Cc thnh phn chnhB nh trong (Internal Memory)B nh ngoi (External Memory)
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Cu trc My tnh 34GV: inh ng Lng
B nh trong(Internal Memory)
Chc nng v c im: Cha thng tin m CPU c th trao i trc tipTc rt nhanhDung lng khng lnS dng b nh bn dn RAM, ROM
Cc loi b nhB nh chnh (Main memory)B nh Cache (Cache Memory) hay gi b nh
m
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Cu trc My tnh 35GV: inh ng Lng
B nh chnh (main memory)
Cha chng trnh v d liu ang c s dng bi CPU
B nh chnh c t chc thnh cc ngn nh v c nh a ch
Ngn nh thng c t chc theo byte Ni dung ca mt ngn nh c th thay i nhng a
ch vt l ca n c nh l khng thay i
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Cu trc My tnh 36GV: inh ng Lng
B nh m nhanh(cache memory)
y l b nh bn dn c tc nhanh v chng c t m gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng tc truy xut ca CPU ti b nh chnh.
Dung lng nh hn rt nhiu b nh chnhTc nhanh hn rt nhiu lnNgay nay Cache c tch hp vo trong b vi x l
v n trong sut vi ngi s dng.B nh Cache thng thng c chia ra thnh 2 mc.Cache c th c hoc khng
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Cu trc My tnh 37GV: inh ng Lng
Chi tit cu trc b nh Cache
2. B nh my tnh
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Cu trc My tnh 38GV: inh ng Lng
B nh ngoi(External memory)
Chc nng v c im Lu tr ti nguyn phn mm My tnh. c kt ni vi h thng nh thit b vo ra. Dung lng rt ln (vi trm GB) Tc chmCc loi b nh ngoi B nh t: a cng, a mm, B nh quang: CD, VCD, DVD, B nh bn dn: flash Disk, memory Card, pen
Disk,
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Cu trc My tnh 39GV: inh ng Lng
H thng vo ra (Input/Output System)
Chc nng: trao i thng tin gia my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi.
Thao tc c bn Vo d liu (In) Ra d liu (Out)
Cc thnh phn chnh Thit b ngoi vi (Peripheral Devices) Cc Module I/O (IO Module)
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Cu trc My tnh 40GV: inh ng Lng
Cu trc vo ra c bn
Port I/OPort I/O
Port I/OPort I/O
Port I/OPort I/O
Tb ngoi vi 1Tb ngoi vi 1
Tb ngoi vi 2Tb ngoi vi 2
Tb ngoi vi nTb ngoi vi n
Mo_
Mo_
dule
du
le
I/OI/O
Bus my tnhBus my tnh
H thng vo ra (Input/Output System)
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Cu trc My tnh 41GV: inh ng Lng
Thit b ngoi vi (Peripherals)
Cc thit b ngoi vi (Peripherals)- Chc nng: chuyn i thng tin t bn ngoi thnh d liu my tnh v ngc li.- Cc thit b ngoi vi c bn: Thit b vo: bn phm, chut, Thit b ra: my in, mn hnh, Thit b nh: a t, quang,. Thit b truyn thng: Modem,
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Cu trc My tnh 42GV: inh ng Lng
Module vo ra
Chc nng: ni ghp thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh Mi Module c 1 hay nhiu cng vo ra Mi cng c nh a ch xc nh
Cc thit b ngoi vi c kt ni vi my tnh thng qua cng vo ra (v d: COM, LPT, USB, VGA,)
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Cu trc My tnh 43GV: inh ng Lng
2.2 Hot ng ca my tnh 1. Thc hin chng trnh
L hot ng c bn ca My tnh. My tnh lp i lp li qu trnh thc hin lnh gm hai bc c bn:
Nhn lnh (Fetch)
Thc hin lnh (Execute)
Thc hin chng trnh dng khi:
Mt ngun
Gp lnh dng
Gp tnh hung khng gii quyt c(li)
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Cu trc My tnh 44GV: inh ng Lng
Chu k thc hin lnh
BeginBegin
EndEnd
Nhn lnhNhn lnh
Thc thi lnhThc thi lnh
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Cu trc My tnh 45GV: inh ng Lng
1. Thc hin chng trnh
Nhn lnh (Fetch) Bt u mi chu k lnh l CPU tin hnh ly lnh t
b nh chnh. Trong qu trnh ly v thc hin lnh c 2 thanh ghi CPU m ta quan tm PC (Program Counter)v thanh ghi IR(Instruction Register)
B m chng trnh thanh ghi PC gi a ch ca lnh s c nhn.
CPU ly lnh t ngn nh c tr bi PC a vo thanh ghi lnh IR lu gi
Sau mi lnh c nhn th ni dung ca thanh ghi PC t ng tng tr ti lnh k tip s c thc hin.
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Cu trc My tnh 46GV: inh ng Lng
Thc hin (Execute) B x l gii m lnh c nhn v pht tn hiu
iu khin thc hin thao tc m lnh yu cu. Thc hin trao i gia CPU v b nh chnh Thc hin trao i gia CPU v Module I/O. X l d liu thc hin cc php ton s hc v logic. iu khin r nhnh. Kt hp cc thao tc trn.
1. Thc hin chng trnh
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Cu trc My tnh 47GV: inh ng Lng
V d: Thc hin chng trnh
0001: loader
0010: store
0101: add
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Cu trc My tnh 48GV: inh ng Lng
V d: Thc hin chng trnh
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Cu trc My tnh 49GV: inh ng Lng
V d: Thc hin chng trnh
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Cu trc My tnh 50GV: inh ng Lng
V d: Thc hin chng trnh
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Cu trc My tnh 51GV: inh ng Lng
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
Khi nim chung v ngt: Ngt l c ch cho php CPU tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin chuyn sang thc hin mt chng trnh khc, gi l chng trnh con phc v ngt.Cc loi ngt Ngt do li thc hin chng trnh: chia cho 0 Ngt do li phn cng: li RAM Ngt do module I/O pht ra tn hiu ngt n CPU
yu cu trao i d liuHot ng ca ngt
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Cu trc My tnh 52GV: inh ng Lng
Sau khi hon thnh mt lnh, b x l kim tra tn hiu ngt. Nu khng c ngt th b x l tip tc nhn lnh tip theo. Nu c tn hiu ngt:Tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin. Ct ng cnh (thng tin c lin quan n chng trnh ang thc hin).Thit lp b m chng trnh PC tr n chng trnh con phc v ngtThc hin chng trnh con phc v ngt.Cui chng trnh con phc v ngt. Khi phc li ng cnh v tip tc chng trnh ang b tm dng.
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
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Cu trc My tnh 53GV: inh ng Lng
Chu k lnh vi ngt
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
Bt uBt u
DngDng
Nhn lnhNhn lnh
Thc hinThc hin
Ngt?Ngt? Chng trnh Chng trnh con phc v ngtcon phc v ngtN Y
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Cu trc My tnh 54GV: inh ng Lng
X l tn hiu ngt Cm ngt: B x l b qua cc ngt tip theo trong khi
ang x l ngt. Cc ngt vn ang i v c kim tra sau khi ngt
u tin c thc hin xong Cc ngt c thc hin tun t nu cng th t u
tin. Cc ngt trong my tnh my tnh c nh ngha
mc u tin khc nhau. Ngt c mc u tin thp c th b ngt bi ngt c u
tin cao hn. V vy c th xy ra tnh trng ngt lng nhau
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
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Cu trc My tnh 55GV: inh ng Lng
L hot ng trao i d liu gia thit b ngoi vi vi bn trong my tnh
Cc kiu hot ng I/O: CPU trao i d liu vi module vo ra. Module vo ra trao i d liu trc tip vi b nh chnh
3. Hot ng vo ra
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Cu trc My tnh 56GV: inh ng Lng
2.3 Lin kt h thng
1. Thng tin cc thnh phn trong my tnh Kt ni Module nh bao gm
a ch: nhn a ch xc nh ngn nhD liu: truyn nhn d liu v lnh t b nhTn hiu iu khin: Bao gm tn hiu iu khin c
v tn hiu iu khin ghi
Module Module nhnh
D LIUD LIU
A CHA CH
D liu hoc lnh
T/h k cT/h k ghi
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Cu trc My tnh 57GV: inh ng Lng
Kt ni Module I/O
a ch: nhn a ch xc nh cng vo ra D liu: nhn d liu t thit b ngoi vi, CPU hay b nh chnh,
a ra d liu ti thit b ngoi vi, CPU hay b nh chnh. Nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t CPU Pht tn hiu iu khin n TBNV Pht tn hiu yu cu ca TBNV ti CPU
Module Module I/OI/O
D LIU MT&TBNVD LIU MT&TBNV
A CHA CH
T/h k c
T/h k ghi
D LIU MT&TBNVD LIU MT&TBNV
A CHA CH
T/h k TBNV
T/h yu cu ngt
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 58GV: inh ng Lng
Kt ni CPU
CPU pht a ch n b nh hay Module vo ra.c lnh v d liua d liu ra sau khi x l Pht tn hiu iu khin n Module nh hay Module
vo raNhn cc tn hiu ngt.
2.3 Lin kt h thng
CPUCPUD LIUD LIU
LNHLNH
T/h y/c ngt
D LIUD LIU
A CHA CH
T/h khin
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Cu trc My tnh 59GV: inh ng Lng
Khi nim BUS: Bus l tp hp cc ng dy dng vn chuyn thng tin t thnh phn ny ti thnh phn khc bn trong my tnh.
rng ca BUS : l s ng dy c kh nng vn chuyn cc bit thng tin ng thi.
Phn loi BUS: theo chc nng ta chia bus ra lm 3 loi: BUS a ch, BUS d liu v BUS iu khin
2. Cu trc BUS
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Cu trc My tnh 60GV: inh ng Lng
BUS a ch : Chc nng: dng vn chuyn a ch t CPU n cc Module nh hay cc Module vo ra, nhm xc nh ngn nh hay cng vo ra no cn truy xut trao i thng tin. (y l BUS mt chiu). rng ca BUS a ch (A0,A1,, An-1) Cho bit kh nng qun l cc i s cc ngn nh. Nu s dng rng bus a ch n ng th dung lng cc i ca b nh c th qun l l 2n ngn nh hay tng ng vi 2n byte nh (nu mi ngn nh 1 byte)
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 61GV: inh ng Lng
V d: Bus a ch ca mt s b VXL l 8088/8086 n=20 220(1MB) 80286 n=24 224(16MB) 80386Pentium n=32 232(4GB) Pentium II, III,IV n=36 236(64GB)
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 62GV: inh ng Lng
BUS d liu: Chc nng: vn chuyn lnh t b nh -> CPU, vn chuyn d liu gia CPU, b nh v cng vo ra. rng ca Bus d liu (D0,D1,.Dm-1) Cho bit s byte c kh nng trao i ng thi m=8,16,32,64,128 bit.V d: 8088 -> m=88086 -> m=1680386 -> m=32Pentium -> m=64
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 63GV: inh ng Lng
BUS iu khin: Tp hp cc tn hiu iu khin gm c
Cc tn hiu pht ra t CPU iu khin Module nh v Module vo ra.
Cc tn hiu t Module nh, Module vo ra gi n CPU yu cu.
Ngoi ra cn l BUS cung cp ngun tn hiu xung nhp (clock) vi cc BUS ng b.
Mt s tn hiu in hnh
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 64GV: inh ng Lng
Tn hiu (MemR) iu khin c d liu t b nh t ngn nh xc nh. (IOR) Tn hiu c d liu t mt cng vo ra.
Tn hiu (MemW) iu khin ghi d liu c sn trn BUS d liu n mt ngn nh xc nh. Tn hiu iu khin (IOW) ghi d liu c sn ra cng.
Interrupt Request(INTR) tn hiu yu cu ngt t cc thit b ngoi vi
Interrupt Acknowlegde(INTA) tn hiu chp nhn ngt pht ra t CPU
Ngoi ra cn c cc tn hiu khc nh: t/h yu cu v chp nhn CPU chuyn nhng BUS (BRQ,BGT),
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 65GV: inh ng Lng
c im ca cu trc n BUS. C nhiu thnh phn ni vo mt BUS chung. Ti mt thi im ch phc v c mt yu cu trao
i d liu. Cc thnh phn ni vo BUS c th c tc khc
nhau. Cc module nh v module vo ra ph thuc vo cu
trc ca CPU.Khc phc: Xy dng cu trc a BUS bao gm cc h thng BUS khc nhau v tc . Trong hu ht cc my PC bus c phn 3 cp v cc bus ni vi nhau thng qua cu ni BUS
2.3 Lin kt h thng
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Cu trc My tnh 66GV: inh ng Lng
2.3 Lin kt h thng
B VXLB VXL
Cu ni Cu ni BUSBUS
Cu ni Cu ni BUSBUS
BUS b VXL
BUS b nh chnh
BUS vo/ra tc chm
-
Cu trc My tnh 67GV: inh ng Lng
Cu trc Pentium II in hnhIntel Intel PemtiumPemtium
NorthNorthBrigdeBrigde
South South BridgeBridge
SuperSuperI/OI/O
Cache Cache L2L2
ROMROM
Cache L1
BUS 66MHz ca VXL
BUS ISA
BUS PCI
LPTCOM1COM2
a mm
Bn phm Chut
IDE1IDE2
Khe cm PCI
Khe cm ISA
USB1 USB2
CMOS & RTC
66MHz 66MHz SIMM EDO (16)DIMM SDRAM (66)
-
Cu trc My tnh 68GV: inh ng Lng
Cu trc Pentium 4
Intel Pemtium 4Intel Pemtium 4ProcessorProcessor
MCHMCH
ICH2ICH2
Flash BIOS
ATA 100MB/sATA 100MB/s2 IDE2 IDE
LAN InterfaceLAN Interface 4 USB Ports
6 Channel Audio
PCI
RDRAM
RDRAM
RDRAM
RDRAM
AGP 4XAGP 4X
Inter Hub Architecture
133MB/s
Dual chanel4.0 GB/s
>1GB/s
4.2 or 3.2 GB/s
-
Cu trc My tnh 69GV: inh ng Lng
V d: Cu hnh mt my tnh
Intel MotherBoard D915PBLL, Socket T ATX 800FSB, DDR2 533, PCI-E 16x, SATA, 8ch Audio & LAN
3.2GHz Pentium IV processor. 512 MB DDRAM. 80 GB hard disk. keyboard and a mouse, foppy disk drive, 24x speed DVD drive, 19" monitor with 1280 x 1024 pixels resolution, 56 Kbit Modem, 100 Mbit Ethernet card.
-
Cu trc My tnh 70GV: inh ng Lng
Phn trao i v gii p
-
Cu trc My tnh 71GV: inh ng Lng
Tm tt chng 2
c im kin trc Von Neumann. Cu trc v chc nng c bn ca h thng my tnh. Quy trnh thc hin chng trnh trong my tnh. Ngt l g? Ti sao phi s dng ngt trong h thng
my tnh. BUS my tnh? Phn loi v chc nng BUS my tnh. Cu trc a bus trong my tnh. Nhn din c tt c cc thnh phn phn cng trong
my tnh ca bn.
-
Cu trc My tnh 72GV: inh ng Lng
Chng 3
Biu din d liu v s hc my tnh
3.1 Cc h m c bn
3.2 M ho v lu tr trong my tnh
3.3 Biu din s nguyn
3.4 S hc nh phn
3.5 Biu din s du chm ng
3.6 Biu din k t
-
Cu trc My tnh 73GV: inh ng Lng
3.1 Cc h m c bn
H thp phn (Decimal System): con ngi s dng
H nh phn (Binary System): my tnh s dng
H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal System): dng biu din rt ngn s hc nh phn
Cch chuyn i gia cc h m.
-
Cu trc My tnh 74GV: inh ng Lng
H thp phn (decimal)
B k t c s gm 10 s: 09Dng tng qut: an-1an-2an-3a1a0,a-1 a-2a-m
45
123
=123,45
=
=
1
10*n
mi
iiaA
V d: 123,45
Phn nguyn : 123 : 10 = 12 d 3
12 : 10 = 1 d 2
1 : 10 = 0 d 1
Phn phn : 0,45*10 = 4,5
0,5 *10 = 5
Trong (ai = 09).
-
Cu trc My tnh 75GV: inh ng Lng
H nh phn(Binary)B k t c s gm 2 s: 0,1Dng tng qut: an-1an-2an-3a1a0,a-1 a-2a-m
V d: 11011,0112 = 24+23+21+20+2-2+2-3 =27,375 Thp lc phn (hexadecimal)B k t c s: 09,AFDng tng qut: an-1an-2an-3a1a0,a-1 a-2a-m
V d: 89ABH = 1000 1001 1010 1011B.
)1,0(2*1
== =
i
n
mi
ii aaA
)..,9..0(16*1
FAaaA in
mi
ii ==
=
H nh phn (Binary)H thp lc phn (Hexadecimal)
-
Cu trc My tnh 76GV: inh ng Lng
3.2 M ho v lu tr trong my tnh
Nguyn tc chung v m ho d liuMi d liu c a vo my tnh c m ho thnh s nh phn.Cc loi d liu: D liu nhn to: do con ngi quy c D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi con ngi M ho d liu nhn to D liu s nguyn: m ho theo mt s chun qui c D liu s thc: m ho bng s du chm ng D liu phi s (k t): m ho theo cc b m k t hin hnh nh : ASCII, Unicode,
-
Cu trc My tnh 77GV: inh ng Lng
M hnh m ho v ti to tn hiu vt l
B cm B cm bin tn bin tn
hiu hiu (Sensor)(Sensor)
B ti to B ti to tn hiutn hiu
B chuyn B chuyn i s=> i s=> tng ttng t
(ADC(ADC
B chuyn B chuyn i tng t i tng t
=> s=> s(ADC)(ADC)
My tnhMy tnh
T/h vl
T/h vl
Cc d liu vt l thng dng
m thanh
Hnh nh
-
Cu trc My tnh 78GV: inh ng Lng
Th t lu tr cc byte d liu MT
B nh chnh t chc lu tr d liu theo n v byte di t d liu c th chim t 1 n 4 byte. V vy
cn phi bit th t chng lu tr trong b nh chnh i cc d liu nhiu byte.
C hai cch lu tr c a raLittle Endian (u nh): Byte c ngha thp hn
c lu tr trong b nh v tr c a ch nh hn.Big Endian (u to): Byte c ngha thp hn c
lu tr trong b nh v tr c a ch ln hn.
-
Cu trc My tnh 79GV: inh ng Lng
V d: lu tr mt t 32bit 0001 1010 0010 1011 0011 1100 0100 1101B 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D HBiu din trong ngn nh theo 2 cch
300 4D 300 1A301 3C 301 2B302 2B 302 3C303 1A 303 4D
Little Endian Big Endian
Th t lu tr cc byte d liu MT
-
Cu trc My tnh 80GV: inh ng Lng
Lu tr ca cc b vi x l in hnh Loi my Intel: 80x86, Petium -> little endian Motorola 680x0 v cc b x l RISC -> big endian Power PC & Itanium: tch hp c hai cch trn
Th t lu tr cc byte d liu MT
-
Cu trc My tnh 81GV: inh ng Lng
3.3. Biu din s nguyn
My tnh biu din s nguyn chia thnh 2 loi Biu din s nguyn khng du (unsign integer) Biu din s nguyn c du (sign integer) S nguyn khng du: Gi s dng n bit biu din s nguyn khng du-> di m n bit biu din c t 0 -> 2n-1. Gi tr ca s nguyn c tnh:
Di min tr ca s nguyn khng du c biu bng hnh trn Gi tr nh nht bng 0 Gi tr ln nht bng 2n-1
=
1
0
2*n
i
iia
-
Cu trc My tnh 82GV: inh ng Lng
V d: n=8 028-1 (255)n=16 0 216-1 (65535).n=32 0232-1
V d: S nguyn khng du
-
Cu trc My tnh 83GV: inh ng Lng
S nguyn c du
S b mt v s b haiN: Cho mt s nh phn N c biu din bi n bit. Ta c S b mt ca N bng (2n-1)-N S b hai ca N bng 2n-N
V d: Cho s N = 0001 00012 c biu din bi n=8bit. Xc nh s b 1 v b 2 ca N.Ap dng cng thc 1111 1111 (2n-1)
0001 0001 Ns b mt ca N 1110 1110
-
Cu trc My tnh 84GV: inh ng Lng
S nguyn c du
Nhn xt: s b mt ca mt s N c xc nh bng cch o cc bit trong N
Ap dng cng thc 1 0000 0000 (2n) 0001 0001 N
s b hai ca N 1110 1111 Nhn xt: s b hai ca mt s N c xc nh
bng cch ly s b mt ca N cng thm 1 S b 2 ca N =(s b 1 ca N)+1
-
Cu trc My tnh 85GV: inh ng Lng
S nguyn c du
Gi s dng n bit biu din s nguyn c du-> di m n bit biu din c t (- 2n-1 ..-1,0 .. 2n-1-1). Gi tr ca s nguyn c tnh theo 2 phn ring bit: Phn gi tr dng (0 -> 2n-1-1). Phn gi tr m (- 2n-1-1). Di min tr ca s nguyn c du c biu bng hnh trnGi tr nh nht bng - 2n-1
Gi tr ln nht bng +2n-1-1
-
Cu trc My tnh 86GV: inh ng Lng
S nguyn c du
Trong : Bt c trng s cao nht (hay bit ngoi cng bn tri ca dy nh c my tnh s dng biu din du ca gi tr) nu:
= 0 : th s nh phn cn tnh gi tr l s dng.Dng tng qut l: 0an-2an-3a0
= 1 : th s nh phn cn tnh gi tr l s m. Dng tng qut l: 1an-2an-3a0
-
Cu trc My tnh 87GV: inh ng Lng
V d 1
V d 1: Cho s nguyn c du biu din n=8bit sau:A=B5H v B=6AH
Hy xc nh gi tr ca hai s nguyn c du A v B di dng h s ngi s dng
Bi gii Biu din s nguyn A di dng nh phn
A=B5H = 1011 01012 =>A= -128 + 53 = - 75
Biu din s nguyn B di dng nh phn B=6AH = 0110 10102
=> B = 64+32+8+2 = 106
-
Cu trc My tnh 88GV: inh ng Lng
V d 2
V d 2: Biu din s nguyn c du sau y A=+97 v B=-101 theo hai dng kiu n=8bit v n=16bit trong my tnh.
Li gii Biu din s A dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh
A = 0110 00012 (n=8bit) Biu din s B dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh
Biu din s +101 = 0110 01012Ly b 2 1001 10112
=> B = - 101 = 1001 10112
-
Cu trc My tnh 89GV: inh ng Lng
Biu din s A dng s nguyn c du trong my tnh A = 0000 0000 0110 00012 (n=16bit)
Biu din s B dng s nguyn c du trong my tnhBiu din s +101 =0000 0000 0110 01012Ly b 2 1111 1111 1001 10112
=> B =-101 = 1111 1111 1001 10112
V d 2
-
Cu trc My tnh 90GV: inh ng Lng
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
Cho hai gi tr:Khi lng mt tri: 199000000000000000000000000000000000gKhi lng in t: 0.00000000000000000000000000000910956g lu tr con s ny th my tnh cn n s bit rt ln. Nh vy, trong trng hp ny th loi s c du chm tnh s rt bt tin. V vy tt c my tnh lu tr nhng s trn di dng du chm ng (floating point) 1.990 x 1033 v 0.910956x 10-27 hay theo s khoa hc l : 1.999E+33 v 0.910956E-27.
-
Cu trc My tnh 91GV: inh ng Lng
Dng tng qut M.RE Trong : M (Matissa) phn nh tr
R (Radix) c sE(Exponent) s m
X=(-1)s 1.M 2E-B Trong : s: l bit du (s=0 phn nh tr l dng; s=1 phn nh tr l m)
M : l phn nh tr.E: l s m c dch chuyn i B n v.R c bit (R=2) my tnh lu s du
chm ng bao gm hai thnh phn chnh
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
-
Cu trc My tnh 92GV: inh ng Lng
Chun IEEE 754-1985 phn nh 3 dng s du chm ng c bn
(IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers )S c chnh xc n di 32 bit (single)S c chnh xc kp di 64 bit (double)S c chnh xc m rng di 128bit (quadruple)
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
-
Cu trc My tnh 93GV: inh ng Lng
Loi Single Double Quadruple
B rng ca trng (bit)SEMTng cngE cc iE cc tiu dch
1823322550127
1115264204701023
11511112832767016383
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
-
Cu trc My tnh 94GV: inh ng Lng
S E M
Biu din s du chm ng chun IEEE 32bit
e
S=1 phn nh tr l m
S=0 phn nh tr l dng
E: gi tr E nm trong 8 bit, l s m c dch chuyn i 127
M: phn nh tr, gi tr nm trong 23 bit
Ta c s 2345,125 trong h thp phn. Hy biu din chng di dng chun IEEE 32bit trong my tnh
-
Cu trc My tnh 95GV: inh ng Lng
B1: Chuyn i s trn ra h hai-2345,125d = -1001 0010 1001.001b (dy s nh phn c biu din bnh thng)
B2: Chun ho theo IEEE 32bit-1.001 0010 1001 001 x 211
B3: Xc nh cc thng s biu din s,M,ES: phn nh tr l s m, nn s l 1E : phn m c xc nh e = E-127 => E = 11+127=138=10001010M: phn nh tr c xc nh l 001 0010 1001 0010 0000 0000 (s 32 bit)
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
-
Cu trc My tnh 96GV: inh ng Lng
thc mt php cng hoc tr hai s du chm ng phi tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Tng s m ca s c s m nh hn cho bng s c s m ln hn.
Cng (hoc tr) cc phn nh tr.Nu cn thit chun ho kt qu tr li.
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
X1 -> M1 v E1 biu din X1 =M1*RE1
X2 -> M2 v E2 biu din X2 =M2*RE2
X1*X2 = (M1*M2)*RE1+E2
X1/ X2 = (M1 / M2)*RE1-E2
X1X1=(M1*R(E1-E2) M2)*RE2 (vi gi thit E1>E2)
-
Cu trc My tnh 97GV: inh ng Lng
Mt s quy cNu e =255 v M0 -> khng phi l sNu e =255 v M=0 -> Gi tr m hoc dng v cngNu e =0 v M=0 -> gi tr bng 0Di biu din: 2-127 n 2+127 hay tng ng 10-38 n 10+38
Overflow Underflow Overflow
-2+127 2+127 2-127 -2-127
3.4 Biu din s du chm ng
-
Cu trc My tnh 98GV: inh ng Lng
3.5 Biu din k t.
C hai b m thng s dng trn my tnh: B m ASCII B m Unicode
B m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
Do ANSI (American National Standard Institute) thit k
B m 8 bit -> m ho 28 k t c m 00H ->FFH . Trong
-
Cu trc My tnh 99GV: inh ng Lng
128 k t chun c nh c m (00H -> 7FH)33 k t iu khin khng th hin th nn mn hnh.
Bao gm cc k t iu khin nh dng vn bn, iu khin truyn s liu v iu khin phn cch thng tin. Cn li cc k t cn li hin th c l bao gm:
26 k t hoa 41h -> 5Ah26 k t thng 61h ->7Ah10 k t s 30h ->39h
cc du s hc v k t c bit.
3.5 Biu din k t.
-
Cu trc My tnh 100GV: inh ng Lng
128 k t cn li l k t m rng c th thay i tu nh ch to my tnh hay ngi pht trin phn mn s dng vo nhng vic ring. C m 80H -> FFH B m hp nht Unicode: Do cc hng my tnh hng u th gii kt hp thit k.B m 16 bit c th xy dng b m ton cu 216 k t vi 128 k t u c m trng m trong bng m ASCII.C h tr cc k t Ting Vit
3.5 Biu din k t.
-
Cu trc My tnh 101GV: inh ng Lng
Phn trao i v gii p
-
Cu trc My tnh 102GV: inh ng Lng
n tp chng 3
Cc h m, ngha ca chng trong my tnh.M ha d liu trong my tnh.M ha s nguyn(m ha s nguyn c v khng
du). M ha s thc (s du chm ng)M ha k t (ASCII, Unicode)Lu tr d liu trong my tnh
-
Cu trc My tnh 103GV: inh ng Lng
t cu hi
Cu 1: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi thc hin on lnh sau:Var a: shortint;Begin
a:=-1;writeln(Gia tri a:=,a);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.
-
Cu trc My tnh 104GV: inh ng Lng
t cu hi
Cu 2: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi thc hin on lnh sau:Var a: shortint;Begin
a:=-128;writeln(Gia tri a:=,a);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.
-
Cu trc My tnh 105GV: inh ng Lng
t cu hi
Cu 3: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi thc hin on lnh sau:Var a: shortint;Begin
a:=$6A;writeln(Gia tri a:=,a);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.
-
Cu trc My tnh 106GV: inh ng Lng
t cu hi
Cu 4: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi thc hin on lnh sau:
Var b : integer absolute 3715:100;a : shortint absolute 3715:100;
Beginb:=$00B5;writeln(Gia tri a:=,a);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.
-
Cu trc My tnh 107GV: inh ng Lng
t cu hi
Cu 5: Kt qu hin thi ln mn hnh l bao nhiu? Khi thc hin on lnh sau:
Var b : integer absolute 3715:100;a: shortint absolute 3715:100;
Beginb:=-75;writeln(Gia tri a:=,a);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)]);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, mem[seg(a):ofs(a)+1]);writeln(Gia tri ngan nho:=, memw[seg(a):ofs(a)]);
End.
-
Cu trc My tnh 108GV: inh ng Lng
Chng 4
B x l trung tm
4.1 Cu trc ca CPU
4.2 Tp lnh (Instruction File)
4.3 Hot ng ca CPU
4.4 Kin trc Intel
-
Cu trc My tnh 109GV: inh ng Lng
4.1 Cu trc ca CPU
Nhim v CPU: thc hin lnh ca chng trnh. Nhn lnh (Fetch Instruction): CPU nhn lnh t b
nh Gii m lnh(Decode Instruction): Xc nh thao tc
m lnh yu cu Nhn d liu(Fetch Data): Nhn d liu t b nh hay
cng vo ra X l d liu(Process Data): thc hin cc php ton
s hc v logic i vi d liu Ghi d liu (Write Data): Ghi d liu ra b nh hay
cng vo ra.
-
Cu trc My tnh 110GV: inh ng Lng
a. Cu trc CPU
CPURegisterRegister
Control Control UnitUnit
ALUALU
Control Data Address Bus Bus Bus
System bus
-
Cu trc My tnh 111GV: inh ng Lng
b. n v s hc v logic (ALU)
Chc nng: thc cc php ton s hc v logicS hc: cng, tr, nhn, chia, tng, gim, o,..Logic: AND, OR,XOR, NOT, dch bit,
M hnh kt ni ca ALU
ALUALU
Thanh ghi cThanh ghi c
Dliu vo t thanh ghi
T.h iu khinKt qu
-
Cu trc My tnh 112GV: inh ng Lng
c. n v iu khin
Chc nng: Nhn lnh t b nh a vo thanh ghi lnh IP.Tng ni dung thanh ghi PC mi khi nhn lnh songGii m lnh v xc nh thao tc m lnh yu cu Pht ra tn hiu iu khin thc thi lnh.Nhn cc tn hiu yu cu t BUS h thng v gii
quyt p ng yu cu .
-
Cu trc My tnh 113GV: inh ng Lng
c. n v iu khin
M hnh kt ni n v iu khin
Thanh ghi lnhThanh ghi lnh
Control Control UnitUnit
BUS IU KHIN
T. h iu khin bn trong CPU
Cc c
Clock
T.h yu cu t BUS h thng
T.h iu khin n BUS h thng
-
Cu trc My tnh 114GV: inh ng Lng
c. n v iu khin
Cc thng tin kt ni n CU Clock: tn hiu xung nhp t mch to dao ng.M lnh t thanh ghi lnh a n CU gii mCc trng thi c a n cho bit trng thi ca
CPU cng nh trng thi thc hin cc php ton trong ALU.
Cc tn hiu iu khin t BUS iu khin.Cc tn hiu iu khin bn trong CPU: iu khin
thanh ghi, ALU.Cc tn hiu iu khin bn ngoi CPU l B nh
hay cng vo ra
-
Cu trc My tnh 115GV: inh ng Lng
4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Chc nng Thc cht l vng nh c CPU nhn bit qua tn
thanh ghi v c tc truy xut cc nhanh.Cha thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng thi
im hin ti ca CPU S lng thanh ghi tu thuc vo b vi x l c th ->
tng hiu nng CPUThanh ghi chia 2 loi: Loi lp trnh c v loi
khng lp trnh c
-
Cu trc My tnh 116GV: inh ng Lng
4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Phn loi thanh ghi theo chc nng Thanh ghi a ch: Thanh ghi c s dng qun l
a ch ca ngn nh hay cng vo ra.Thanh ghi d liu: Thanh ghi dng lu tr d liu
tm thiThanh ghi a nng: Thanh ghi c th cha d liu hoc
a ch u c.Thanh ghi iu khin/trng thi: Thanh ghi cha thng
tin v trng thi CPU.Thanh ghi lnh: thanh ghi cha lnh ang c thc
hin
-
Cu trc My tnh 117GV: inh ng Lng
4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Mt s thanh ghi in hnh B m chng trnh PC Ngn xp SS (Stack) Con tr ngn xp SP
SP (196)
y Stack
194195196197198199200
Thm vo Ly ra
Ngn nh CS
Ngn nh Truy cp
300301
302
303
304305
306
Thanh ghi c s
Thanh ghi ch s
-
Cu trc My tnh 118GV: inh ng Lng
4.2 Tp thanh ghi
Cc thanh ghi d liuCha cc d liu tm thi v kt qu trung gian.Cc thanh ghi s nguyn 8,16,32,64 bit.Cc thanh ghi s du chm ng. Thanh ghi trng thi (State Register)
&Thanh ghi c (FR: Flag Register).Cha cc thng tin trng thi ca CPU.Cc c php ton bo hiu trng thi kt qu.Cc c iu khin bo hiu trng thi ca CPUV d: c ZF, CF, SF, OF, IF (c ngt =1 cho ngt =0
cm ngt
-
Cu trc My tnh 119GV: inh ng Lng
4.3 Tp lnh
Gii thiu chung v tp lnh Mi b x l c tp lnh xc nh. Mt tp lnh thng n vi chc n vi nghn lnh Mi lnh l chui nh phn m b x l c th phn
tch v hiu thc hin thao tc m lnh yu cu. Cc lnh khi vit thng c nh x ra thnh cc k
hiu gi nh. ADD, MOV, IN, OUT, SHL, ROL, y ta ca cu lnh ca hp ng
(Lp ASSEMBLY)
-
Cu trc My tnh 120GV: inh ng Lng
4.3 Tp lnh
Cc thnh phn mt lnh my 2 phn:
M thao tc (Operation Code: Opcode): M ch ra thao tc m b vi x l cn phi thc hin.
a ch ton hng (Operand Address): Ch ra ni cha cc ton hng m m thao tc s tc ng. o Ton hng ngun: d liu vo ca thao tco Ton hng ch: d liu ra ca thao tc
a ch ton hnga ch ton hngM thao tcM thao tc
-
Cu trc My tnh 121GV: inh ng Lng
4.3 Tp lnh
Cc kiu thao tc Thao tc chuyn d liu Thao tc x l s hc v logic Thao tc vo ra d liu qua cng Thao tc iu khin r nhnh Thao tc iu khin h thng Thao tc x l s du chm ng Thao tc chuyn dng khc: x l nh, m thanh, ting
ni,
-
Cu trc My tnh 122GV: inh ng Lng
4.3 Tp lnh
Cc lnh chuyn d liu Lnh Mov
Sao chp d liu t ton hng ngun -> ch Lnh Load
Np d liu t b nh -> b x l Lnh XCHG
Trao i ni dung ca hai ton hng cho nhau Lnh PUSP
Ct ni dung ca mt ton hng ngun vo stack Lnh POP
Ly ni dung nh Stack ra ton hng ch Lnh Set, Clear
-
Cu trc My tnh 123GV: inh ng Lng
4.3 Tp lnh
Cc lnh s hc Lnh ADD : cng Lnh SUB : tr Lnh MUL: nhn Chia DIV : chia
Cc lnh logic Lnh Test
Thc hin lnh AND thit lp c Lnh Shift
Dch tri, hoc phi Lnh Rotate
Quay tri hoc quay phi Lnh Convert
Chuyn i d liu t dng ny sang dng khc
Lnh AND, OR, XOR, NOT,.
-
Cu trc My tnh 124GV: inh ng Lng
4.3 Tp lnh
Cc lnh vo ra Lnh Input: Lnh Output Cc lnh chuyn iu
khin Lnh Jump Lnh Call Lnh Return : tr v t
chng trnh con
Cc lnh iu khin h thng Lnh Halt : dng thc hin
chng trnh Lnh Wait : tm dng thc hin
chng trnh, lp kim tra cho n khi tho mn th tip tc thc hin
No Operation: khng thc hin g c
Lnh Lock : Cm khng cho chuyn nhng BUS
Lnh Unlock: cho php chuyn nhng BUS
-
Cu trc My tnh 125GV: inh ng Lng
Cc phng php nh a ch (Addressing Models)
Ton hng ca ca lnh c th l: Mt thanh ghi c th Ni dung ca thanh ghi Ni dung ca ngn nh hay cng vo ra Cc phng php nh a ch thng dng: nh a ch tc thi nh a ch thanh ghi nh a ch trc tip nh a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi nh a ch gin tip nh a ch dch chuyn
-
Cu trc My tnh 126GV: inh ng Lng
nh a ch tc th
Ton hng l hng s nm ngay trong trng a ch ton hng
y ch c th l ton hng ngun Khng tham chiu b nh Truy cp ton hng rt nhanh Di gi tr ton hng b hn ch
ADD R1, const
constADDADD
-
Cu trc My tnh 127GV: inh ng Lng
nh a ch thanh ghi
Ton hng c cha trong mt thanh ghi, thanh ghi c tn trong trng a ch ton hng.
Tp thanh ghi
Ton hng
Thanh ghiOPCODEOPCODE
-
Cu trc My tnh 128GV: inh ng Lng
nh a ch trc tip
Ton hng l ngn nh c a ch c ch ra ngay trong trng a ch ton hng
B nh
Ton hng
a chOPCODEOPCODE
-
Cu trc My tnh 129GV: inh ng Lng
nh a ch gin tip qua thanh ghi
Ton hng l ngn ngn nh c a ch c ch ra trong thanh ghi. Trng a ch ton hng lu tr tn thanh ghi .
Thanh ghi c th l ngm nh
Thanh ghi ny c gi l thanh ghi con tr
B nh
Ton hng
Thanh ghi
a ch
Thanh ghiOPCODEOPCODE
-
Cu trc My tnh 130GV: inh ng Lng
nh a ch gin tip qua ngn nh
B nh
a ch
Ton hng
a chOPCODEOPCODE
-
Cu trc My tnh 131GV: inh ng Lng
nh a ch dch chuyn
xc nh ton hng gm 2 thnh phn Tn thanh ghi v hng s a ch ton hng = Ni dung thanh ghi + hng s
+
B nh
Ton hngTp thanh ghi
constADDADD
-
Cu trc My tnh 132GV: inh ng Lng
4.4 Hot ng ca CPU
Chu k lnh CPU bao gm: Nhn lnh, gii m lnh, nhn ton hng, thc hin lnh, ct ton hng, ngt.
Gin trng thi chu k lnh
Nhn lnh
Tnh a ch lnh
Tnh a ch ton
hng
Gii m thao tc
Thao tc dl
KT ngt v ngt
Ct ton hng
Nhn ton hng
Tnh a ch ton
hng
Lnh tip theo D liu mng hay chui
-
Cu trc My tnh 133GV: inh ng Lng
Phn trao i v gii p
-
Cu trc My tnh 134GV: inh ng Lng
Cu hi n tp
Cu trc v chc nng ca CPU Kin trc tp lnh Cc phng php tham chiu ton hng. Hot ng c bn CPU Kin trc BXL tin tin
-
Cu trc My tnh 135GV: inh ng Lng
Chng 5
B nh my tnh5.1 Tng quan b nh trong My tnh
5.2 B nh bn dn
5.3 B nh m nhanh (Cache)
5.4 B nh ngoi (b nh ph)
5.5 H thng nh trn my PC hin nay
-
Cu trc My tnh 136GV: inh ng Lng
5.1 Tng quan
Cc c trng ca b nhV tr: Bn trong CPU: tp thanh ghi, cache B nh trong: B nh chnh v Cache B nh ngoi: cc thit b nh, RAIDDung lng: di t nh (tnh bng bit) S lng t nhn v truyn: T nh Khi nh
-
Cu trc My tnh 137GV: inh ng Lng
5.1 Tng quan
Phng php truy nhp: Truy nhp tun t (bng t) Truy nhp trc tip (cc loi a) Truy nhp ngu nhin (b nh bn dn) Truy nhp lin kt (cache)Hiu nng: Thi gian truy nhp Chu k truy xut b nh Tc truyn
-
Cu trc My tnh 138GV: inh ng Lng
5.1 Tng quan
Kiu b nh vt l: B nh bn dn B nh t B nh quangCc c tnh vt l: Kh bin/khng kh bin Xo c/khng xo c
-
Cu trc My tnh 139GV: inh ng Lng
Phn cp b nh
Registers
Central Memory
Disks
CD/ROM
Archival Stores
Kch thc
Tc
Perip
heral
mem
ories
CPU Cache
Disk Cache
-
Cu trc My tnh 140GV: inh ng Lng
Phn cp b nh
Tp thanh ghi
B nh B nh Cache L1Cache L1
B nh B nh CacheCache
L2L2
B nh B nh chnhchnh
B nh trongB nh trong
B nhB nhmngmng
T tri qua phi: dung lng tng dn, tc gim dn, gi thnh tnh theo n v byte hoc bit gim dn.
registerregister
-
Cu trc My tnh 141GV: inh ng Lng
5.2 B nh bn dn
B nh ch c (ROM: Read Only Memory)B nh khng kh binS dng lu cc thng tin sau: Th vin cc chng trnh con. Cc chng trnh con iu khin h thng (BIOS) Cc bng chc nng.
2k t nh
(n bit t nh)
k ng a ch
n ng d liu ra
-
Cu trc My tnh 142GV: inh ng Lng
5.2 B nh bn dn
Cc kiu ROM:ROM mt n, PROM: Programmable ROM, EPROM: Erasable PROM, EEPROM Electrically EPROM, Flash Memory ( B nh cc nhanh): Ghi theo khi, xo bng in.
-
Cu trc My tnh 143GV: inh ng Lng
5.2 B nh bn dn
B nh truy cp ngu nhin (RAM : Random Access Memory) B nh c ghi (R/W memory) B nh kh bin Lu thng tin tm thi C hai loi chnh l SRAM (Static RAM) v DRAM
(Dynamic RAM)
2k t nh
(n bit t nh)
k ng a ch
ReadWrite
n ng d liu vo
n ng d liu ra
-
Cu trc My tnh 144GV: inh ng Lng
5.2 B nh bn dn
RAM tnh (SRAM: Static RAM) Cc bit c lu da trn cc Flip- Flop (4-8 FF lu 1
bit) Thng tin lu n nh Cu trc phc tm Dung lng nh(KB) Tc nhanh (6-8 ns) Dng lm cache Gi thnh cao
-
Cu trc My tnh 145GV: inh ng Lng
5.2 B nh bn dnRAM ng (DRAM: Dynamic RAM) Cc bit c lu da trn cc t in => nguyn nhn
thng xuyn lm ti. Dung lng ln. Tc chm (60-80ns). Dng lm b nh chnh Gi thnh phi chng. Cc DRAM tin tin:
SDRAM: Synchronous Dynamic RAM, DDRAM: Double Data RAM. Ram BUS RDRAM.
-
Cu trc My tnh 146GV: inh ng Lng
B nh chnhCc c trng c bn Tn ti trn mi h thng my tnh Cha chng trnh ang thc hin v cc d liu c
lin quan. Gm cc ngn nh c nh a ch trc tip bi
CPU. Dung lng b nh chnh bao gi nh hn khng
gian m CPU c th qun l. Vic qun l logic b nh ph thuc vo h iu
hnh.
-
Cu trc My tnh 147GV: inh ng Lng
T chc ca chip nh
S c bn ca chip nh
Chip nh2nx m bit
A0..An-1
D0..Dm-1
csOEWE
-
Cu trc My tnh 148GV: inh ng Lng
T chc ca chip nh
Cc tn hiu ca chip nhCc ng a ch: A0An-1 xc nh 2n ngn nh.
Cc ng d liu: D0Dm-1 di t nh (m bit)=>dung lng chip nh = 2n x m bit
Cc tn hiu iu khino Tn hiu chn chip hot ng: CS (Chip Select)o Tn hiu iu khin c hoc ghi (WE: Write
Enable; OE: Output Enable)o Thng cc tn hiu iu khin tch cc vi mc 0
-
Cu trc My tnh 149GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
Thit k module nh bn dn Cho chip nh 2n x m bit Yu cu s dng chip nh trn thit k module nh
dung lng l bi kch thc chip nh trn.Gii quyt vn C hai cch: Thit k tng di t nh, s ngn nh khng
thay i. Thit k tng s lng ngn nh, di t nh
khng thay i.
-
Cu trc My tnh 150GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
Thit k tng s lng t nhGi thit: Cho cc chip nh c dung lng 2n x m bit.Yu cu: Thit k module nh c kch thc:
2n x (k.m) bit Gii quyt:
thit k c yu cu ta xc nh hai thng s n (s ng a ch)v k(s chip nh cn ghp vo module thit k
-
Cu trc My tnh 151GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
V d: Cho cc chip nh SDRAM dung lng 4K x 4 bit. Hy thit k module nh c kch thc 4K x 8 bit
Dung lng chip nh 212 x 4 bit Thng tin cn cho chip nh s ng a ch n =12 v
s ng d liu m=4 Thng tin v module nh s ng a ch l 12 ng
(s ngn nh khng thay i), s ng d liu l 8 ng v s chip s dng thit k 2(k=2)
-
Cu trc My tnh 152GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
Chip nh212 x 4 bit
csOEWE
Chip nh212x 4 bit
csOEWE
A0A11
csWEOE
D0D3D 4D7
-
Cu trc My tnh 153GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
Thit k tng s lng ngn nhGi thit: Cho cc chip nh c dung lng 2n x m bit.Yu cu: Thit k module nh c kch thc:
2k.2n x m bit Gii quyt:
thit k c ta xc nh hai thng s n+k (s ng a ch) v 2k (s chip nh cn ghp vo module thit k)
-
Cu trc My tnh 154GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
V d : Cho cc chip nh SDRAM dung lng 4K x 8 bit. Hy thit k module nh c kch thc 8K x 8 bit.
Dung lng chip nh gii thit 212 x 8 bit Thng tin cn cho chip nh s ng a ch n =12 v
s ng d liu m=8 Thng tin v module nh s ng a ch l 13
ng (s ngn nh thay i) v s ng d liu l 8 ng( di t nh khng i).
-
Cu trc My tnh 155GV: inh ng Lng
Thit k Mudule nh
x1
0110
1000
Chip nh212 x 8 bit
csOEWE
Chip nh212x 8 bit
csOEWE
A0A11
cs
D0D7B gii m
1->2
0y
1yG
AA12
OEWE
G A 1y 0y
-
Cu trc My tnh 156GV: inh ng Lng
Bi lm thm
Thit k module nh 16K x 8 bit t cc chip nh 4K x 8 bit
Thit k module nh 32K x 8 bit t cc chip nh 4K x 8 bit
Thit k module nh 8K x 8 bit t cc chip nh 4K x 4 bit
Thit k module nh 32M x 32 bit t cc chip nh 4M x 32 bit
-
Cu trc My tnh 157GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nhNguyn tc chung: Trong qu trnh truyn d liu c th gp s thay i cc bit thng tin do nhiu hoc do sai hng ca thit b hay module vo ra. V vy, thc t t ra l phi lm sao pht hin c li v c th sa sai c. Mt trong phng php pht hin li (EDC: Error Dectecting Code) v sa li (ECC: Error Correcting Code) l: Gi s cn kim tra m bit th ngi ta ghp thm k bit kim tra c m ho theo cch no ri truyn t ghp m+k bit (k bit c truyn khng mang thng tin nn gi l bit d tha) Trong m l s bit cn ghi vo b nh v k bit l s bit cn to ra kim tra li trong m bit.
-
Cu trc My tnh 158GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
Khi c d liu ra c kh nng sau:Khng pht hin d liu c li. Pht hin thy d liu li v c th hiu chnh d liu
li thnh ng. Pht hin thy li nhng khng c kh nng ch ra li
v th pht ra tn hiu bo li. S pht hin li v sa li
-
Cu trc My tnh 159GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
B nh
B to m
B to m
B so snh
B hiu chnh v a
d liu ra
Dliu ra
Tbo li
m bit m bit
k bitk bit
k bit
M bit k bit
-
Cu trc My tnh 160GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
V d 1: Pht hin li vi bit chn l(Party)M EDC n gin l bit chn l c gn thm
vo cc bit d liu. Nu bit chn l =1: nu s bit 1 trong xu l lHoc s dng Nu bit chn l =0: nu s bit 1 l chnu im: n gin v s bit d tha t.Nhc im: khng nh v c li, hoc nu c s thay i c hai bit hoc 1 hoc 0 th khng pht hin c. Khc phc nhc im trn xy dng m EDC khi.
-
Cu trc My tnh 161GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nhV d 2: Pht hin li bng m d tha CRC (Cycle Redundary Check).Nguyn tc: Mt xu nh phn bt k c th coi l tp hp cc h s ca a thc B(x) trong x l h s. Chn a thc G(x) l a no ta quy nh trc gi a thc sinh. Ta tin hnh chia module2 a thc B(x) cho G(x) ta c thng s Q(x) v phn d R(x). a thc sinh do t chc vin thng quc t quy nh. Khi ta cn truyn xu B(x) + R(x) bit kim tra li ta cn chia gi tr nhn c cho a thc sinh nu php chia c d th c li xut hin trong xu.
-
Cu trc My tnh 162GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
V d: Xu gc: 1101011011 M(x)=x9+x8+x6+x4+x3+x+1(m=9) a thc sinh G(x) = x4+x+1 10011 (r=4) Xu gc: 11010110110000 x4M(x) Chia mod2 11010110110000 10011
1100001010 -> thng
1110 phn d php chia Xu cn truyn i: 11010110111110 T(x)
-
Cu trc My tnh 163GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
V d 3: M sa li HammingNguyn tc: Mt t m Hamming gm m bit d liu v k bit kim tra chn l. Mi bit c chn v tr thch hp pht hin chnh xc v tr c th sa li c. V d chn m=4 => k=3 (m=2n; k=n+1)Ta c th t sau:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1I4 I3 I2 C3 I1 C2 C1
Cc bt ny c m ho theo quy lut sau:C1=I1 I2 I4C2=I1 I3 I4C3=I2 I3 I4
-
Cu trc My tnh 164GV: inh ng Lng
Pht hin v chnh li trong b nh
Gi s cc bit cn truyn l: I4 I3 I2 I1 = 1101 tnh cc C3C2C1=010
Bit cn truyn 1100110 Gi s ta c b li, th d bit I2 t gi tr 0 thnh gi tr
1 m nhn c 1110110. Bn thu tnh ra bit kim tra: C3=1 1 1=1
C2=1 1 1=1C1=1 1 1=1
Nu module 2 s ny ta c 111 010 = 101 (C1,C3 thay i v v tr thay i l 101 (5))
-
Cu trc My tnh 165GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Nguyn tc: Cache c tc truy xut nhanh hn rt nhiu b nh
chnh Cache c t gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng
tc trao i thng tin gia CPU v b nh chnh. Cache thng c t trong chip vi x l
-
Cu trc My tnh 166GV: inh ng Lng
5.4 B nh m nhanh
Thao tc ca Cache CPU yu cu ly ni dung ca mt ngn nh bng
vic a ra mt a ch xc nh nh. CPU kim tra xem c ni dung cn tm trong Cache Nu c: CPU nhn d liu t b nh Cache Nu khng c: B iu khin Cache c Block nh
cha d liu CPU cn vo Cache. Tip chuyn d liu t Cache n CPU S thao tc cache, b nh chnh v CPU
-
Cu trc My tnh 167GV: inh ng Lng
5.4 B nh m nhanh
Start
Done
a ch RA t CPU
Truy cp b nh ly ra BLOCK cha a ch RA
a BLOCK vo mt Line trong Cache
Chuyn t a ch RA ti CPU
C BLOCK no trong cache cha RA
Chuyn t ng RA ti CPU
miss
hit
-
Cu trc My tnh 168GV: inh ng Lng
5.4 B nh m nhanh
Tag Line 1Line 2Line 3
Line C
CPU
B nh CacheB nh chnh
Block M
Block M-1
Block M-2
Block 4
Block 3
Block 2
Block 1
-
Cu trc My tnh 169GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
T chc CacheGi s b nh chnh gm c 2n t nh c nh
a ch ( mi t nh c a ch duy nht rng n bit)B nh chnh chia thnh M khi, mi khi c K t nh
M=2n/KB nh Cache c C khe mi khe c K t nh.(C
-
Cu trc My tnh 170GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
V d cho phng php nh x c th trong cache Cho dung lng Cache l 64KB (m=16)
Mi khi knh thc 4 bytes=> C=16K(214) lines mi line kch thc 4 bytes
Cho dung lng b nh chnh 16MB (n=24)Mi khi knh thc 4 bytes=> M=4M(222) khi mi khi kch thc 4 bytes
-
Cu trc My tnh 171GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Phng php nh x trc tip (Direct mapping) Mi block c nh x duy nht ti 1 line trong cache a ch pht ra t CPU c chia 2 phn w bits c trng s thp xc nh duy nht t cn
truy xut(WORD) s bits cn li xc nh khi nh. Trong s bits chia 2
nhm r bits LINE v s-r bits TAGC th ha v d:
Tag s-r Line or Slot r Word w
8 14 2
-
Cu trc My tnh 172GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Tng bit trong a ch b nh chnh n=24 bit: trong 2 bit phn word xc nh chnh xc 4 t22 bit xc nh khi( 8 bit tag (=22-14) v 14 bit slot or line)
Khng c hai block no trong Cache c cng Line v Tag.
Kim tra ni dung t tn ti Cache chnh l kim tra a ch line v Tag
-
Cu trc My tnh 173GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
-
Cu trc My tnh 174GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Cache line Main Memory blocks0 0, C, 2C, 3C2s-C1 1,C+1, 2C+12s-C+1
C-1 C-1, 2C-1,3C-12s-1Nhn xt: n gin Chi ph t Nhc im l s c nh cc khi trong cc line ca Cache.
Trong trng hp chng trnh mun truy xut ti 2 Block tin tc m 2 block c phn nm trong cng line th kh nng Cache miss rt cao.
-
Cu trc My tnh 175GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
-
Cu trc My tnh 176GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Phng php nh x lin kt(Associative mapping) Mt Block ca b nh chnh c th nhp bt k line
no trong Cache. a ch CPU pht ra c chia thnh 2 a ch tag v
word a ch Tag xc nh khi duy nht ca b nh nm
trong Cache. Mi gi tr Tag ca Line l khc nhau. Chi ph phng php ny i vi Cache l cao.
-
Cu trc My tnh 177GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
-
Cu trc My tnh 178GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
22 bit Tag lu tr Block 4 byte d liu. Vic kim tra Cache da vo cc gi tr Tag trong line
(22 bit) nhn bit Cache hit hay miss. 2 bits cui xc nh chnh xc t cn truy xut V d
a ch Tag D liu Cache lineFFFFFC FFFFFC 24682468 3FFF
Tag 22 bitWord2 bit
-
Cu trc My tnh 179GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
-
Cu trc My tnh 180GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
Phng php nh x lin kt tp hp(Set Associative mapping) Cc line trong Cache c chia ra thnh tp(nhm)
line Mi block ch c nh x vo bt k line no trong
tp no m thi. V d Block b ch c th np vo bt k line no trong nhm cc line th i. V d 2 lines mt nhm (two way associative mapping), S Block b nh chnh l modulo 213
000000, 00A000, 00B000, 00C000 nh x cng nhm.
-
Cu trc My tnh 181GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
-
Cu trc My tnh 182GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
S dng tp hp bit tp no c truy xut. So snh trng Tag xc inh Cache hit hay miss V d:
a ch Tag D liu s tp1FF 7FFC 1FF 12345678 1FFF001 7FFC 001 11223344 1FFF
Tag 9 bit Set 13 bitWord2 bit
-
Cu trc My tnh 183GV: inh ng Lng
5.3 B nh m nhanh
-
Cu trc My tnh 184GV: inh ng Lng
5.4 B nh m nhanh
Mt s Block ca b nh chnh c np vo trong cc line ca Cache Ni dung th TAG (th nh) cho bit block no ca b nh chnh hin ang c cha trong line Khi CPU truy nhp c hay ghi mt t nh ca b nh chnh, c 2 kh nng xy ra : T nh c trong Cache (cache hit). T nh ang khng c trong cache (Cache miss).Phng php ghi d liu khi cache hit Ghi xuyn qua (Write Through): ni dung sau khi x l xong c cp nhp vo c Cache v b nh chnh. Tc chm.
-
Cu trc My tnh 185GV: inh ng Lng
Cache trong cc b x l Intel
Ghi sau (Write back): D liu x l ch c ghi ra Cache, tc nhanh. Tuy nhin khi Block trong cache khng dng na th phi ghi tr c block ti b nh chnh.
Dung lng Cache c s dng cho th h my: 80486: c 3KB nh Pentium : c 2 cache L1 trn chip l Cache lnh v
cache d liu (8KB). Cache L2 lin hp Pentium 4: hai mc Cache L1 v L2 trn chip. Cache
L1 mi cache 8KB. Cache L2: mi cache 256KB, 512KB, 1GB
-
Cu trc My tnh 186GV: inh ng Lng
5.5 B nh ngoi
Cc kiu b nh ngoi a t a quang B nh Flash RAID
-
Cu trc My tnh 187GV: inh ng Lng
a cng (HDD: Hard Disk Driver)
L thnh phn quan trng lu tr h iu hnh v cc phn mm tin ch my tnh
Mt my tnh c th mt a hoc nhiu a Dung lng mi a rt ln. Nm 1993 a ln nht 200MB
n nay 80 hay 120GB Tc c ghi nhanh so cc b nh ngoi khc Gi thnh h c s dng lm b nh RAID (Redundant Array of
(Inexpensive) Independent Disks). H thng nh gm nhiu a cng kt hp vi nhau m HH coi nh mt logic duy nht.
D liu c lu tr phn tn trn tt c cc a C th to v lu tr thng tin d tha nhm mc ch cho
vic phc hi khi a no b hng. tin cy trong lu tr thng tin rt cao. c s dng l b nh cho cc h thng my ch.
-
Cu trc My tnh 188GV: inh ng Lng
a quang (CD-ROM, DVD)
CD-ROM (Compact Disk ROM) CD-R (Recordable CD) CD-RW (Rewriteable CD) Dung lng ph bin 650MB a CD CD ROM: c th c d liu t a CD CD RW : C th va c a CD v c th ghi d liu ln
a CD-R, v CD-RW. Tc c c s 150KB/s Tc bi ln : 40x, 50x, 60x, DVD(Digital Video Disk): ch dng trn u c DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): dng trn a my tnh Dung lng thng dng 4.7GB
-
Cu trc My tnh 189GV: inh ng Lng
Flash disk
Thng kt ni qua cng USB Khng phi dng a l b nh bn dn cc nhanh Dung lng pht trin nhanh Gn nh v tin li c im a Flash
1)Supports USB full-speed (12MBps) transmission2) Driverless installation in Windows ME / 2000 / XP, Mac 9.0 and above, Linux 2.4 and above3) Supports boot-up by USB-HDD or USB-ZIP mode4) LED indicator displays status
-
Cu trc My tnh 190GV: inh ng Lng
Flash disk
5) Write protection switch6) Reading and writing speed: 900k/s and 700k/s7) Password protection and data encryption prevents unauthorized
access to data8) Application software support in Windows OS security function9) Application software resize (partition) available10) Capacity: 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB11) Compliance: FCC(B), CE, C-Tick
-
Cu trc My tnh 191GV: inh ng Lng
GiI THIU TNG QUAN V RAID
Xut x RAID l cm t vit tt nhm t Redundant Array of
Inexpensive (Independent) Disks
Thut ng RAID c a ra trong mt bi bo ca mt nhm cc nh nghin cu ti i hc tng hp California, Hoa K.
RAID c xut nhm xa b khong trng ln tc CPU v cc a in c tng i chm.
Hiu sut thi hnh vt tri so vi khi dng mt a n ln t tin (SLED: Single Large Expensive Disk)
.
-
Cu trc My tnh 192GV: inh ng Lng
GiI THIU TNG QUAN V RAID
Khi nimRAID: l cu trc a a vt l to nn mt a logic c kch thc ln, tin cy v kh nng vn hnh cao hn.
Mc chNng cao hiu sut vn hnh ca ton b h thng.
Kh nng lm vic song song cc a.
An ton d liu tn dng tnh d tha d liu nhm ci thin tin cy a.
Cung cp b nh ln
-
Cu trc My tnh 193GV: inh ng Lng
c im chng ca RAID
RAID l tp hp cc a vt l c nhn t h iu hnh nh a logic n.
D liu c phn b trn mng cc a vt l. S dng k thut Striping. (Striping l k thut phn chia d liu trn hai hay nhiu a lm tng kh nng lm vic song song h thng)
Dung lng a d tha c s dng lu tr thng tin chn l nhm m bo kh nng phc hi d liu trong trng hp c h hng v a.
GiI THIU TNG QUAN V RAID
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Cu trc My tnh 194GV: inh ng Lng
GiI THIU TNG QUAN V RAID
-
Cu trc My tnh 195GV: inh ng Lng
Cc mc ca RAID
C 6 mc chnh ca RAID RAID 0 RAID 1 RAID 2 RAID 3 RAID 4 RAID 5
-
Cu trc My tnh 196GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 0
-
Cu trc My tnh 197GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 1
-
Cu trc My tnh 198GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 2
-
Cu trc My tnh 199GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 3
-
Cu trc My tnh 200GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 4
-
Cu trc My tnh 201GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 5
-
Cu trc My tnh 202GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 0
-
Cu trc My tnh 203GV: inh ng Lng
c im chung RAID mc 0
C th coi RAID 0 khng l thnh vin ca RAID D liu c phn chia nhiu a => c kh nng
truyn d liu song song. Khng lu tr d liu d tha Ph hp h thng i hi dung lng nh ln v kh
nng vn hnh cao hn l tin cy trong h thng.
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Cu trc My tnh 204GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 1
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Cu trc My tnh 205GV: inh ng Lng
c im chung RAID mc 1
L mc rt khc so cc mc cn li v cch lu tr d liu d tha.
Mi a d liu c mt a d phng a d phng cn gi mirror disk.
u im:p ng yu cu vo ra h thng Phc hi d tt nht trong cc mc ca RAIDNhc im:Kh nng cp nht d liu chmChi ph mua a caoKQ: Vn hnh tt cho h thng thng xuyn truy xut
d liu
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Cu trc My tnh 206GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 2
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Cu trc My tnh 207GV: inh ng Lng
c im chung RAID mc 2
S dng cng ngh truy cp song song. Tt c a u vn hnh tham gia yu cu trao i d liu. Kch thc Strip c th byte hay word. C s dng m Hamming pht hin li v sa liu im:C kh nng pht hin li v sa nhng li n h thng. S a s dng t hn so mc RAID 1Nhc im:Chi ph mua a cao.KQ: ng dng trong h thng hay xut hin li
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Cu trc My tnh 208GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 3
-
Cu trc My tnh 209GV: inh ng Lng
c im chung RAID mc 3
Ging RAID 2 nhng t chc n gin hn. S dng mt a d phng.
Tt c a u vn hnh tham gia yu cu trao i d liu. Kch thc Strip c th byte hay word. C s dng m Parity phc hi d liu.u im:C kh nng truyn d liu song song. S a s dng d phng l 1 a. Chi ph thp.Nhc im:Ti mt thi im ch tha mn mt yu cu vo ra.KQ: ng dng trong h thng hay xut hin li
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Cu trc My tnh 210GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 4
-
Cu trc My tnh 211GV: inh ng Lng
c im chung RAID mc 4
Ging RAID 3 nhng t chc n gin hn. S dng mt a d phng.
D liu t chc thnh khi. Cc a s dng phng php truy cp c lp. C s dng m Parity phc hi d liu.u im:C kh nng p ng nhiu yu cu vo ra ng thi. S a s dng d phng l 1 a. Chi ph thp.Nhc im:Kh nng truyn d liu song song l km.KQ: ng dng trong h thng hay xut hin li
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Cu trc My tnh 212GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 5
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Cu trc My tnh 213GV: inh ng Lng
c im chung RAID mc 5
Ging RAID 4, tuy nhin s phn b u thng tin d phng trnh c hin tng tc nghn(bottle neck)
D liu t chc thnh khi. Cc a s dng phng php truy cp c lp. C s dng m Parity phc hi d liu.u im:C kh nng p ng nhiu yu cu vo ra ng thi. S a s dng d phng l 1 a. Chi ph thp.Nhc im:Kh nng truyn d liu song song l km.KQ: ng dng nhiu trong thc t.
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Cu trc My tnh 214GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 6
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Cu trc My tnh 215GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 10
-
Cu trc My tnh 216GV: inh ng Lng
RAID LEVEL 50
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Cu trc My tnh 217GV: inh ng Lng
5.6 H thng nh trn my PC hin nay
H thng Cache: tch hp trc tip trn cc chip vi x l
B nh chnh: tn ti di dng module nh RAM SIMM: Single Inline Memory Module 30 pin : 8 ng d liu 72 pin : 32 ng d liu DIMM: Dual Inline Memory Module 168 pin: 64 ng d liu RIMM:Rambus Inline Memory Module
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Cu trc My tnh 218GV: inh ng Lng
ROM BIOS
ROM BIOS: Basic Input Output System ROM cha chng trnh sau:
Chng trnh POST (Power On Self Test)Chng trnh CMOS setup (Compementary Metal
Oxide Semiconductor)Chng trnh Bootstrap LooaderChng trnh iu khin vo ra c bn (BIOS)CMOS RAMCha cu hnh h thng hin thing h v ngy thng nm h thngC pin nui ring
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Cu trc My tnh 219GV: inh ng Lng
Chng 6
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
6.3 Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi
6.4 Cc cng vo ra thng dng
Gii thiu chung
-
Cu trc My tnh 220GV: inh ng Lng
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra
Gii thiu chung h thng vo raChc nng: Trao i thng tin gia My tnh vi mi trng bn ngoi.Cc thao tc c bn: Vo d liu Ra d liuCc thnh phn chnh: Thit b ngoi vi Module ghp ni vo ra
-
Cu trc My tnh 221GV: inh ng Lng
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra
Thit b ngoi viChc nng: phng tin chuyn i thng tin gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnhc im cc thit b
Trn th trng tn ti rt nhiu cc thit b ngoi vi khc nhau v: Nguyn tc hot ng, tc , nh dng d liu truyn, v.v. ng thi cc thit b ny c tc lm vic chm hn CPU v RAM rt nhiu. Chnh v l do trn cn c Module vo ra ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi vo h thng BUS my tnh.
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Cu trc My tnh 222GV: inh ng Lng
Phn loi: Thit b nhp: Keyboard, Mouse, Scan, Micro, Thit b xut: Monitor, Printer, Thit b xut nhp: Modem, NIC, Driver,Cu trc tng qut ca thit b ngoi vi:B chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi My tnhB m d liu: ni lu tr d liu trung gian gia My tnh v thit b ngoi vi, t bn trong thit b ngoi vi.Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca thit b ngoi vi theo tn hiu t Module I/O gi ti thit b.
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra
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Cu trc My tnh 223GV: inh ng Lng
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra
B m d liu
B chuyn i tn hiu
Khi Logic iu khinT/h trng thi
(State)
D liu vo/ ra Module
T/h iu khin
D liu vo/ra bn
ngoi
-
Cu trc My tnh 224GV: inh ng Lng
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo raModule I/OChc nng: Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi vi bus ca my tnh. iu khin v nh thi Trao i thng tin vi CPU Trao i thng tin vi thit b ngoi vi m gia my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi Pht hin li ca cc thit b ngoi vi.Cu trc chung:Thanh ghi m d liu: m d liu trong qu trnh trao iCng ni ghp vo ra: kt ni thit b ngoi vi, mi cng c a ch xc nh v chun kt ni ring ph thuc s chn.Thanh ghi trng thi/iu khin: lu tr thng tin trng thi cho cc cng vo raKhi logic iu khin: iu khin Module vo ra
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Cu trc My tnh 225GV: inh ng Lng
Thanh ghi m
d liu
Cng ni
ghp vo/ra
Thanh ghitrng thi/iu khin
Khi Logic iu khin
Cng ni
ghp vo/ra
Bus d liu Bus d liu
Cc ng /c
Cc ng /k
ng /kh
State
6.1 Tng quan v h thng vo ra
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Cu trc My tnh 226GV: inh ng Lng
V d cng ghp ni song song(LPT)
Cc ng dn ca cng song c ni vi 3 thanh ghi 8 bit khc nhau:Thanh ghi d liu (a ch c s)Thanh ghi trng thi (a ch c s +1)Thanh ghi iu khin (a ch c s +2)
Cc i ch cng c th l:LPT1: 378h (379h ; 37Ah)LPT2: 3BChLPT3: 278hLPT4: 2BCh
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Cu trc My tnh 227GV: inh ng Lng
V d cng ghp ni song song(LPT)
Hp ng: xut ra d liu: OUT DX, AL hoc OUT DX, AX nhp vo d liu: IN AL, DX hoc IN AX, DX(DX cha a ch; AL cha gi tr) Turbo C xut ra d liu: outportb(ia_ch, gi_tr) nhp vo d liu: bien = inportb(a_ch) Turbo Pascal xut ra d liu: port[ia_ch]:= gi_tr nhp vo d liu: bien:=port[a_ch]
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Cu trc My tnh 228GV: inh ng Lng
V d cng ghp ni tip(COM)
Cc thanh ghi chnh:Thanh ghi m (Buffer Register) a ch c sThanh ghi trng thi (Status Register) CCS+5Thanh ghi iu khin (Control Register) CCS+3
Cc a ch cng c th l:COM1: 3F8h (3FDh ; 3FBh)COM2: 2F8hCOM3: 3E8hCOM4: 2E8h
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Cu trc My tnh 229GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Phn loi: Vo ra bng chng trnh Vo ra bng ngt Truy cp b nh trc tip DMAVo ra bng chng trnhNguyn tc chung: S dng lnh vo ra trong chng trnh trao i d liu vi
cng vo ra.Khi CPU thc hin chng trnh gp lnh vo ra th CPU iu
khin trao i d liu vi cng vo ra.Lnh I/O:Vi khng gian a ch vo ra ring bit: s dng cc lnh vo
ra chuyn dngVi khng gian vo ra dng chung b nh th cc lnh trao i
d liu s dng nh ngn nh.
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Cu trc My tnh 230GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Hot ng vo ra bng chng trnh CPU gp lnh trao i vo ra, yu cu thao tc vo ra Module vo ra thao tc vo ra Module vo ra thit lp cc bit trng thi(State) CPU kim tra cc bit trng thi:
Nu cha sn sng th quay li kim tra liNu sn sng th chuyn sang trao i d liu vi Module
vo ra.
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Cu trc My tnh 231GV: inh ng Lng
Lu thc hin chng trnh:
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
c trng thi sn sng
Module I/O sn sng?
Trao i d liu vi Module I/O
N
Y
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Cu trc My tnh 232GV: inh ng Lng
Nhn xt:CPU trc tip iu khin vo ra: c trng thi, kim tra trng thi, thc hin trao i. Trong trng hp nhiu thit b cng cn trao i d liu v thit b cha sn sng tn rt nhiu thi gian CPU Vic thc hin trao i n ginVo ra bng ngtNguyn tc chung: CPU khng phi i trng thi sn sng ca Module vo ra. Module vo ra khi n sn sng pht ra tn hiu yu cu ngt CPU CPU thc hin chng trnh vo ra tng ng trao i d liu. CPU tr li chng trnh ang b ngt.
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
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Cu trc My tnh 233GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Cc phng php ni ghp S dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt. Kim tra vng bng phn mm (Polling) Kim tra vng bng phn cng S dng b iu khin ngt. Nhiu yu cu ngt ng thi CPU s dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt. Np vo thanh ghi yu cu ngt. Hn ch s lng Module vo ra Cc ng ngt c qui nh mc u tin.
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Cu trc My tnh 234GV: inh ng Lng
CPU pht ra tn hiu chp nhn ngt n Module u tin. Nu Module khng gy ra ngt thi n gi tn hiu ti
cc Module k tipModule I/O gy ngt s t vector ln bus d liu CPU s dng ngt xc nh chng trnh con iu khin
ngt Th t vo ra cc Module trong chui xc nh th t u
tin.
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
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Cu trc My tnh 235GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Truy nhp b nh trc tip(DMA: Direct Memory Access)
Vi nhc im chnh ca hai phng php trn l: CPU tham gia trc tip vo trao i d liu v vic trao i lng d liu nh. khc phc hai phng php trn mt phng php mi c tn DMA s s dng thm mt Module phn cng c DMAC (DMA Controller). V vy khi trao i d liu khng cn CPU.
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Cu trc My tnh 236GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
B m dl
Thanh ghi dl
Thanh ghi /c
Khi logic/ K/K c
/k ghiY/c DMAChp nhn DMA
Y/c BusChuyn nhng BusNgtT/h c/ghi
Cc ng dl
Cc ng /c
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Cu trc My tnh 237GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Cc thnh phn ca DMAC Thanh ghi d liu: cha d liu trao i. Thanh ghi a ch: cha a ch ca ngn nh d liu B m d liu: cha s t d liu cn trao i Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca
DMACHot ng ca DMA Khi cn vo ra d liu th CPU nh DMAC tin hnh
vo ra d liu vi thng tin cho bit nh sau:
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Cu trc My tnh 238GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
a ch thit b vo ra a ch u ca mng nh cha d liu v DMAC np
thanh ghi a ch S t d liu cn truyn v DMAC np vo b m d
liu CPU s i thc hin vic khc DMAC iu khin vic trao i d liu sau khi truyn
mt t d liu th ni dung thanh ghi a ch tng ln v ni dung b m d liu gim xung mt n v.
Khi b m bng d liu bng 0, DMAC gi tn hiu ngt CPU bo kt thc DMA
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Cu trc My tnh 239GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
CPU
DMAC
Thit b I/O
B nh
BUS A CH
BUS D LIU
HOLD
HLDA
YU CU YU CU
CHP NHN CHP NHN
BUS /K, T/H IO/MEM
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Cu trc My tnh 240GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
Cc kiu thc hin DMA DMA truyn theo khi: DMAC s dng BUS truyn c khi
d liu (CPU chuyn nhng BUS cho DMAC) DMA ly chu k: DMAC cng bc CPU treo tm thi tng
chu k BUS thc hin truyn mt t d liu DMA trong sut: DMAC nhn bit nhng chu k no CPU
khng s dng BUS th chim BUS trao i d liu (DMAC ly ln chu k)
c im DMA CPU khng tham gia trong qu trnh trao i d liu DMAC iu khin trao i d liu gia b nh chnh v Module
vo ra vi tc nhanh. Ph hp vi yu cu trao i mng d liu c kch thc ln.
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Cu trc My tnh 241GV: inh ng Lng
6.2 Cc phng php iu khin vo ra
B x l vo ra Vic iu khin vo ra c s dng bi mt b iu
khin vo ra chuyn dng. B x l vo ra hot ng theo chng trnh ring
ca n. Chng trnh ca b x l vo ra c th nm trong b
nh chnh hoc b nh ring. Hot ng theo kin trc a x l
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Cu trc My tnh 242GV: inh ng Lng
6.3 Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi
Ni ghp thit b ngoi viCc kiu ni ghp vo ra Ni ghp song song Ni ghp ni tipNi ghp song songTruyn cc bit song songTc truyn nhanhCn ng truyn song song Tn nhiu dy dn
-
Cu trc My tnh 243GV: inh ng Lng
6.3 Ni ghp thit b ngoi vi
Ni ghp ni tip Truyn ln lt tng bit Cn c b chuyn i t song song sang ni tip Tc chm Cn t ng truyn d liuCc cu hnh ghp ni ghp im ti im (point to point): Qua mt cng vo ra ch c th
ghp mt thit b ngoi vi (PS/2, COM, LPT,) im ti a im (Point to multipoint): Thng qua mt cng
vo ra ghp nhiu thit b vo ra. V d: SCSI(7,15), USB (127),
-
Cu trc My tnh 244GV: inh ng Lng
6.4 Cc cng vo ra thng dng
Cc cng vo ra thng dng PS/2 : ni ghp bn phm v chut VGA(Video Graphic Adapter): Cng ni ghp mn
hnh LPT (Line PrinTer): ni ghp vi my in l cng song
song COM (COMmunication): ni ghp vi Modem, chut,
v thit b khc. Cng ni tip 9 hoc 25 chn. USB: cng ni tip a nng cho php ni ghp ni tip
ti a 17 thit b thng qua Hub.
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Cu trc My tnh 245GV: inh ng Lng
THE END
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