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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS Bi tp nhm_07 H THNG THNG TIN A L (GIS)

Tnh hung 04: KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GISI. PHN TCH GIS L G?Tm kim v phn tch d liu khng gian. y l chc nng ng vai tr rt quan trng trong GIS. N to nn sc mnh thc s ca GIS so vi cc phng php khc. Tm kim v phn tch d liu khng gian gip tm ra nhng i tng ho theo cc iu kin t ra hay h tr vic ra quyt nh ca ngi dng GIS GIS cung cp c kh nng hi p n gin "ch v nhn" v cc cng c phn tch tinh vi cung cp kp thi thng tin cho nhng ngi qun l v phn tch. T phn tch GIS c ngha l thc hin nhiu thao tc trn h thng thng tin a l. Nhng thao tc phn tch chnh ca h GIS l:

Trnh by s phn b v a l ca d liu: y l thao tc n gin nht.

Truy vn d liu: C hai dng truy vn GIS l truy vn theo thuc tnh v truy vn theo v tr.

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

Xc nh cc i tng lin k: y l dng phn tch th ba ca h GIS. Cch d nht tm i tng nm gn l to mt vng m xung quanh i tng nghin cu. Mt trong nhng kh nng rt mnh ca phn tch GIS l u ra ca mt qui trnh ny s l u vo ca qui trnh khc.

Xp chng cc lp i tng: Dng phn tch th t l xp chng cc lp i tng khc nhau. Bn s to ra thng tin mi khi xp chng cc i tng. C nhiu kiu xp chng d liu (union, intersect, merge, dissolve, clip), nhng nhn chung l kt hp 2 tp hp i tng c sn thnh mt tp hp i tng mi. Phn tch chng xp kh tn thi gian v thuc vo nhm cc ng dng c

tnh cht su, khi h thng c khai thc s dng mc cao hn l c s dng cho tng vng c th hoc c nc vi t l bn ph hp. Chng xp l qu trnh tch hp cc lp thng tin khc nhau. Cc thao tc phn tch i hi mt hoc nhiu lp d liu phi c lin kt vt l. S chng xp ny, hay lin kt khng gian, c th l s kt hp d liu v t, dc, thm thc vt hoc s hu t vi nh gi thu.

Thc hin phn tch phc tp: C th phi hp tt c cc k thut ny v nhiu k thut khc trong phn tch GIS phc tp. Vi GIS bn hon ton c th

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS to ra cc m hnh chi tit ca th gii bn ngoi gii quyt nhng vn phc tp.

II. KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GISHay cn gi l Xp chng cc lp i tng hay iu khin thng tin nhiu lp: multilayer operation iu khin nhiu lp thng tin c hiu l iu hnh theo phng thng ng (Vertical operation) vi c s l da vo mi quan h gia cc lp thng tin.

Vic x l ny cung cp kh nng c bn nht cho vic phn tch khng gian v n cho php iu khin d liu nhng lp ring bit ng thi kim tra mi lin quan gia cc i tng khc nhau. Vi vic iu khin ny c th tch t liu ca mt lp thnh nhiu lp vi mc ch l phn tch bt k mt mi quan h no gia cc yu t ca cc hin tng t nhin. Ngc li, nhiu lp thng tin ca mt vng cng c th c tng hp li to nn mt lp n tin li trong qu trnh x l v thit lp m hnh Cc chc nng trong phn tch khng gian c th chia thnh 3 nhm chnh: phn tch chng xp cc lp (overlay), phn tch quan h gn gi v khng gian, phn tch quan h khng gian. Phn tch chng xp: l x l mi quan h lgic v t hp thng tin khng gian ca nhiu lp thnh mt lp ring bit. Phn tch quan h gn gi c mc ch l o c v khong cch gia cc c im i tng cc lp khc nhau. Phn tch quan h khng gian lm r mi quan h gia c i tng khc nhau.- Trang 3 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS Chng xp nhiu lp thng tin Nguyn tc ca chng xp thng tin l x l iu kin logic, trong thut ton Boolean l hay s dng. iu kin logic c s dng vi yu t d liu (operand) v quan h gia cc yu t d liu (operation). Cc quan h thng gp bao gm: AND, OR, XOR (khng c OR) v NOT.

M phng quan h gia hai lp thng tin bng thut ton Boolean

Quan h c/khng c (TRUE/FLASE) ca thut ton Boolean, mi mt bi ton c c trng bi mt iu kin logic c trng xc nh cc iu kin chng xp thng tin ca hai lp v kt qu l c (TRUE) hay khng (FALSE). Trn hnh v, A v B l hai d liu v th hin l 1 c (TRUE), 0 l khng c (FLASE), ngha: A and B: kt qu phi th hin c tnh cht ca A v B A or B: kt qu c tnh cht ca A hoc B A not B: Kt qu c A m khng c B A xor B: kt qu khng c A nhng c th c B v ngc li. y l k thut kh nht v cng l mnh nht ca GIS. Overlay cho php ta tch hp d liu bn t hai ngun d liu khc nhau. Ngi ta nh ngha: Overlay l qu trnh chng kht hai lp d liu bn vi nhau to ra mt lp bn mi. iu ny tng t nh vic nhn hai ma trn to ra mt ma trn mi, truy vn hai bng c s d liu to ra bng mi, vi overlay l gp hai lp trn bn- Trang 4 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS to ra bn mi. Overlay thc hin iu ny bng cch kt hp thng tin mt lp ny vi mt lp khc ly ra d liu thuc tnh t mt trong hai lp. Ngi ta chia overlay thnh ba dng phn tch khc nhau:

Point-in-polygon: chng kht hai lp point v polygon, u ra l lp point Line-in-polygon: chng kht hai lp line v polygon, u ra l lp line Polygon-in-polygon: chng kht hai lp polygon v polygon, u ra l lp Mt bi ton rt in hnh cho k thut ny l bi ton v kim tra tnh hnh

polygon ngp lt ca cc tha t trong mt vng c thin tai. y chng ta thy c hai lp: mt lp cho bit tnh trng l lt trong vng, mt lp thuc v t ai. Thng thng hai lp ny s nm trn hai bn khc nhau v mc ch s dng ca chng khc nhau. Khi cn bit tnh trng ngp lt ca tng tha t, ngi ta tin hnh chng kht hai lp bn . Lc ny thng tin v tnh trng ca tha t s c ly t lp l lt ch khng phi ly t lp tha t v lp tha t khng cha cc thng tin ny. V d ny m t bi ton thuc loi polyon-in-polygon. Qua bi ton chng ta c th thy mt iu rng hai lp m ta a vo overlay phi c s thng nht vi nhau. Thng nht v h quy chiu, thng nht v t l, c c iu kin ny ta mi tin hnh overlay c. Qu trnh overlay thng c tin hnh qua 2 bc:

Xc nh ta cc giao im v tin hnh chng kt hai lp bn ti Kt hp d liu khng gian v thuc tnh ca hai lp bn . C 3 chc nng thng dng ca vic chng xp nhiu lp l: tng hp

giao im ny

1. Chng lp(union), giao ct (intersection) hoc ng nht (identity). Tng hp Hot ng nh ton t Or u vo l hai lp bn kiu l polygon Kt qu u ra l mt lp bn mi bng cch overlay hai min d liu u vo v d liu thuc tnh ca chng. iu kin: min d liu phi l polygon

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

Trong hnh, t hp hai lp A (5 polygon) v B (3 polygon) s cho C vi 14 polygon. C, thuc tnh ID ca cc n v s l c thuc tnh ca cc lp ban u (nu khng chng ln nhau) v thuc tnh tng hp vi nhng n v to nn do chng hai n v ca hai lp ban u (v d ID ca lp 1 l 4, ca lp 2 l 5 th C, n v mi ca 1 v 2 s l t hp, k c trong trng hp khng c ID m ch c tn gi th cng tng t (trong trng hp hai lp bn khc nhau v tnh cht). Giao ct

Hot ng nh ton t And To ra mt vng bao ph mi bng cch overlay hai tp d liu u vo Kt qu u ra bao gm phn d liu thuc vo c hai tp d liu u vo Php giao ct trong thut ton Boolean c hiu l php quan h AND. ngha c th ca quan h ny nh sau: khi c hai thuc tnh ca hai lp c a vo bng chng xp vi AND th ch c nhiu phn thuc tnh no c nhc n nhng lp Input th mi tn ti lp kt qu. lp kt qu, thuc tnh ca cc i tng l thuc tnh tng hp. Tm li, ngha chnh ca INTERSECT l nhng lp kt qu phi c tn ti trn c nhng lp ban u v phn giao ct nhau.- Trang 6 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

ng nht Trong php tnh ng nht, cc i tng bn trong ranh gii ca cc lp ban u c gi l input coverage v identity coverage c la chon to nn mt lp mi. phn bn trong, cc thuc tnh mi c to thnh t vic gp (merging) cc thuc tnh ca cc lp ban u. Php tnh ng nht c th thc hin cho c vic nhp thuc tnh im, ng v polygon, song indentity lun phi l polygon. Nu input l im th kt qu ch cha thng tin ca im mc d lp indentity lun phi l polygon. Tng t nh vy, nu input l ng th kt qu ch c ng. Trong thc t, yu cu l sau khi thc hin x l cc thuc tnh ca lp input phi c gi nguyn.

To ra mt vng bao ph mi bng cch overlay hai tp d liu u vo. Kt qu u bao gm ton b phn d liu ca lp u tin v ch nhng phn no ca lp th hai c chng kht.

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS2. Tnh ton tn s v mt (Frequency/density)

Phn tch khng gian thng yu cu tnh ton tn s (m) hay mt ca i tng c mt lp song li c tnh (hay m) mt vng nht nh thuc lp khc (lp c s), d liu ca lp ban u c th dng im, ng hoc polygon. V d: tnh s cy xut hin trong mt vng khoanh nh. gii quyt vn , phi c 2 lp: lp 1 - phn b cy trong ton vng; lp 2 - ranh gii khu vc cn nghin cu.

Khi chng xp (overlay) 2 lp s tnh c s cy trong vng cn nghin cu theo n v din tch. Trong trng hp tnh cho ng, thng tnh theo di ca ng m khng tnh s lng ng. Php tnh ny hay s dng nghin cu a cht. Sau khi x l xong, c th tip tc thc hin bn phn b mt hoc s hoa hng phc v nghin cu t gy - kin to. Ngoi ra c th p dng cho vic nghin cu mt ng giao thng, nghin cu phn b dn tc hc phn b cc loi ng thc vt.

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

Tng t nh vy, c th tnh ton mt cho polygon. Php tnh ny c th p dng cho nhiu ni dung nghin cu khc nhau: chng hn nghin cu s tp trung (ng nht) hay phn tn ca mt s loi thc vt trong mt khu vc nht nh.

3. Trnh by vn s dng bi ton x l i tng- Trang 9 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

ng dng 1:

Hu ng dng GIS v h thng thu gom cht thiPh gio s-tin s L Vn Thng, Vin trng Vin Ti nguyn, Mi trng v Cng ngh sinh hc (i hc Hu) cng cng s thnh cng trong vic xy dng c s d liu GIS v h thng thu gom cht thi.

Sng Hng v cha Thin M Hu

y c xem l c s nh gi hin trng h thng thu gom cht thi v cung cp d liu, quy trnh nng cao cng tc qun l cht thi bng cng ngh GIS. ng dng GIS sp xp li h thng thu gom cht thi ti tiu khu quy hoch Nam V D, thnh ph Hu (Tha Thin-Hu), ni c 71% thng rc qu ti; 10% cha t rc; 53% t khng hp l v h hng 47%, cho thy, cn thm 18 thng rc mi; iu chnh 10 v tr; gi nguyn 17 thng; qua gii quyt c vn nn rc ra bn ngoi thng rc. ng dng cng ngh GIS sp xp li h thng thu gom cht thi cho c khu vc Nam sng Hng thnh ph Hu (Tha Thin-Hu) ni c 239 thng rc vi t l 6 thng rc/km2, 666 ngi/thng rc, khc phc c bt cp trong thu gom cht thi khu vc c thng rc qu ti, rc ra va h, l ng, b sng...PHNG PHP X L

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS ng dng GIS da trn d liu khng gian, d liu thuc tnh v xy dng bn h thng thu gom cht thi. H thng thng rc c sp xp da trn kt qu phn tch khng gian lp thng rc hin c. Theo , lp thng mi c hnh thnh t hai mng: iu chnh v tr v nh v thng rc thm mi. S dng phn mm MapInfo 8.0 ghp ni hai mng v lu thnh bng ghi thng rc mi cn c vo c im ring ca tng tiu vng ng thi, tp trung ng dng phn tch khng gian kt hp cc phng php nh gi nhanh ngun pht sinh cht thi v tham kho kin cng ng quyt nh.KT QU

ng dng GIS sp xp li h thng thu gom cht thi gip nh gi c chi tit hin trng h thng thu gom v sp xp li h thng thng rc nhiu khu vc; kt hp cng ngh GIS vi cc phng php khc gii quyt y mi quan h gia h thng thu gom v cc yu t tc ng; cho hiu qu cao khi thnh lp bn , c bit khi yu cu nhanh chng, chnh xc; khc phc c nhc im ca phng php lp bn truyn thng thu gom rc.

ng dng 2- Trang 11 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

ng dng GIS v vin thm nghin cu s bin i din tch thc vtThm thc vt c tm quan trng to ln trong i sng ca con ngi. Mt mt, n cung cp cho ta cc loi nguyn liu v sn phm khc nhau nh: g, thc n cho gia sc, nguyn liu lm thuc, cy cng nghip, qu v ht. Mt khc, n c vai tr to ln trong chu trnh vt cht t nhin, trong vic bo v con ngi trnh c cc thin tai xy ra nh: l lt, gi bo; bo v t khi b ra tri, iu ho kh hu v ch nc trn mt t. Tuy nhin, qu trnh gia tng dn s, th ho qu nhanh i hi con ngi phi khai thc t nhin nhiu hn phc v cho nhu cu pht trin ; iu ny lm thay i nhanh chng trng thi lp ph thc vt. Hin nay trn th gii v nc ta v ang ng dng thnh cng cng ngh vin thm v H thng thng tin a l vo nghin cu, thnh lp bn hin trng thm thc vt phc v cho cng tc qun l rng v bo v ti nguyn sinh vt. Mc tiu ca ti: ng dng phng php vin thm v GIS nh gi s bin i ca thm thc vt vng Ty Nam tnh Lm ng t nm 1989 n 2003, thng qua bn hin trng thm thc vt c th bit c hin trng phn b cng nh nhng xu hng bin i theo thi gian v khng gian c th. T kt hp vi thng tin thu thp t thc t tm ra nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra bin i theo hng tch cc hay tiu cc ca vng c th a ra k hoch quy hoch, khai thc v bo v hp l.

1.1 - C s khoa hc ca vin thm v h thng thng tin a l trong nghin cu bin i din tch thc vtC s khoa hc: cc i tng trn mt t u bc x li quang ph theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thm thc vt bc x rt cao ti vng cn hng ngoi. Vin thm cho php nghin cu k nhiu ln cc i tng trn din rng; c tnh a thi, kh nng cp nht thng tin v cc ti liu mi phc v cho nh gi, nhn nh nhanh i tng nghin cu. H thng tin a l (GIS): H thng thng tin cung cp kh nng truy nhp, phc hi, x l, phn tch v a ra d liu c lin quan ti d liu khng gian nhm h tr vic ra quyt nh trong cc cng tc lp k hoch v qun l ti- Trang 12 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. ng dng h thng thng tin a l trong thnh lp d liu v din tch t rng giai on x l thng tin, sa i mt s d liu t nh vin thm phn loi, s ha to bn (chuyn t dng raster sang dng vector) t suy ra din tch tng loi hnh s dng t ti vng nghin cu. Vic chuyn t nh vin thm sang h thng thng tin a l cn phi khi qut ha, xy dng cc lp d liu thnh lp mt c s d liu.

1.2 - Phng php thc hin1.2.1 Thng tin v d liu nh

NH TM NM 1989 Ngun d liu : Ly t trang web : http://glcfapp.umiacs.umd.edu mang tn Global Land Cover Facility EARTH SCIENCE DATA INTERFACE. Thng tin nh : Data set: TM, Path 125, Row 53. Location: Vietnam. Output Type: GeoTIFF. Vt mang : v tinh Landsat 4-7. Ngy chp : 6-03-1989. Tn sensor : TM. Php chiu bn : UTM. Khu vc : +48. Reference Datum = "WGS84". Reference Ellipsoid = "WGS84". NH ETM+ NM 2003 Ngun d liu : Ly t trang web : http://glcfapp.umiacs.umd.edu mang tn Global Land Cover Facility EARTH SCIENCE DATA INTERFACE. Thng tin nh : Data set: ETM+, Path 125, Row 53. Location: Vietnam. Output Type: GeoTIFF. Vt mang : v tinh Landsat 7. Ngy chp :24-01- 2003- Trang 13 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS Tn sensor : ETM+. Php chiu bn : UTM. Khu vc : +48. Reference Datum = "WGS84". Reference Ellipsoid = "WGS84".1.2.2 Thng tin v bn khu vc nghin cu

Tn mnh v phin hiu: Thn 3 ( Triu Hi) C-48-12- C (6532 III) T l 1:50 000 Cc file gm c 1.C s ton hc: 2. Thy h: 3. a hnh: 4. Giao thng: 5. Dn c: 6. Ranh gii: 7. Thc vt: C4812B-cs.dgn C4812B -th.dgn C4812B -dh.dgn C4812B -gt.dgn C4812B-dc.dgn C4812B-rg.dgn C4812B-tv.dgn Li chiu : UTM Mi chiu : 60 Kinh tuyn TW: 1050 H ta v cao Quc Gia VN 2000

Tn mnh v phin hiu: T l: 1:50 000 Kinh tuyn TW: 1050 Cc file gm c: 2. Thy h: 3. a hnh: 5. Dn c: 6. Ranh gii: 7. Thc vt:1.2.3 -

Bo Lc C-48-12- D (6532 II)Mi chiu: 60 H ta v cao Quc Gia VN 2000

Li chiu: UTM

Thu thp nh vin thm 1.C s ton hc: C4812D-cs.dgn C4812D -th.dgn Ct vng nghin C4812D -dh.dgn cu v tng cng cht lng nh 4. Giao thng: C4812D -gt.dgn C4812D-dc.dgn C4812D-rg.dgn Phn loi c kim nh vng thc C4812D-tv.dgn vt

Quy trnh nghin cu

Tch hp vi GIS, lp bn thm thc vt- Trang 14 -

Nhn xt s thay i ca thm thc vt

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

1.2.4 -

X l nh vin thm

Ct nh ca vng nghin cu

nh trc khi ct ( TM, band5, 1989)

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS nh sau khi chn vng nghin cu v ct (TM, band 5, 1989) Gin nh (STRETCH), lc nh (FILTER), nn chnh nh v t hp nh (COMPOSITE) phc v cho cng tc gii on nh Cc im khng ch nm 1989 v 2003

nh t hp mu gi hng ngoi 234(nm1989)- Trang 16 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

nh t hp mu 234 nm 2003 Phn loi c kim nh:

Nm1989 Nm 2003

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

Nm 1989

Nm 20031.2.5 Chng lp bn

Lp thc vt nm 1989 v 2003

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KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS

S bin ng din tch thc vt trong qua 14 nm

1.2.6 -

Nhn xt

Qua nh phn loi v histogram ta thy rng v thm thc vt chim din

tch tng i ln trong vng. Tuy nhin phn gii cha nghin cu phn loi chi tit hn, hn na nhiu vng b my che ph nn kh phn loi chnh xc. Nm 1989 din tch thm thc vt l 956844*30*30=861.2*106 m2.

(956844 l s im nh ca vng thc vt, 30*30 l kch thc nh). Phn cn li l khu th, cm dn c, mt nc, t trng i trc v cc yu t khc. Nm 2003 din tch l 776237*30*30=698.6*106 m2

S bin ng trong 14 nm (1989-2003) ca din tch thm thc vt theo tng thi im c xc nh r rng hn v mt khng gian. Do s tng- Trang 19 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS nhanh ca din tch t th, t trng t rng dn c thay th bi cc khu dn c, th. Bn bin ng kt hp nhng thng tin thu thp c cho thy phm vi ca cc khu th Bo Lc ch yu pht trin v pha Bc th x. Nguyn nhn chnh lm gim din tch thm ph thc vt l do tc th ha trong khu vc. C th xt theo nguyn nhn trc tip v gin tip: + Nguyn nhn trc tip bao gm: khai thc g v lm sn khc ngoi g nh nh ng thc vt hoang d, song my tre na,l , cy thuc; di dn t do v xm chim t rng , chy rng. + Nguyn nhn gin tip: nhim mi trng, xm nhp ca ng thc vt ngoi lai xm hi (cy mai dng), pht trin du lch, chuyn mc ch s dng t rng xy dng c s h tng khai thc khong sn (khai thc xy dng v bauxite Bo Lc, Bo Lm), m rng ng giao thng..; c ch qun l,chnh sch php lut cn nhiu bt cp; gia tng dn s ko theo nhu cu s dng ti nguyn v khai thc t phc v nng nghip tng nhanh. Ch s NDVI l g? Ch s NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) c xc nh da trn s phn x khc nhau ca thc vt th hin gia knh ph thy c v knh ph cn hng ngoi. Dng biu th mc tp trung ca thc vt trn mt t. Ch s thc vt NDVI c tnh ton theo cng thc. NDVI = (NIR-RED) / (NIR+RED) NIR : knh cn hng ngoi (knh 4). RED :knh (knh 3). Gi tr ca NDVI l dy s 1 n +1: Gi tr NDVI thp th hin ni NIR (near infrared) v RED c phn x gn bng nhau, cho thy khu vc ph thc vt thp Gi tr NDVI cao th ni NIR c phn x cao hn phn x ca RED cho thy khu vc c ph thc vt tt. Gi tr NDVI c gi tr m cho thy Vi c phn x cao hn phn x ca NIR (near infrared), ni y khng c thc vt, l nhng th mt nc hay do my ph. - Trang 20 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GISXC NH CH S THC VT

Chnh li user preference : + Automatically display the output of analytical modules: bt + Chn Display tab , chnh li quantative paletete: NDVI + Show titles: tt. S dng module Vegindex (Image processing/transformation) to ra nh v NDVI ca cc nm 1989, 2003 da trn nh knh 3 v 4.

nh NDVI nm 1989

nh NDVI nm 2003 Nhn xt: + Nhng vng c mu xanh trn nh c gi tr NDVI>0 v c th xem l din tch thc vt + Din tch nc nm 2003 phn b rng hn so vi 1989 Kt lun- Trang 21 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS ng dng vin thm v GIS l mt th mnh trong nghin cu, qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng. c bit l nghin cu cc i tng phn b trn din tch rng ln nh thm thc vt, cho bit thng tin nhanh v c tnh a thi, gip iu tra v s bin i ca thc vt cng nh cc i tng nghin cu khc qua cc thi k, trong qu kh v hin ti. Hin nay Vit Nam c trm thu nh v tinh. Bn cnh nhng li th trn vic ng dng GIS v vin thm cn c mt s im yu: kh nng tch bit cc i tng cn thp, kh gii on khi nh c my.

TI LIU THAM KHO1. V Quang Minh. 2005. Gio trnh mn hc H thng thng tin a l. Khoa Nng nghip. i hc Cn th. 2. V Quang Minh. 1996. Bi ging h thng thng tin a l.Khoa nng nghip trng i Hc Cn Th 3. V Quang Minh. 1999. Bi ging h thng thng tin a l. Khoa nng nghip trng i Hc Cn Th 4. Phm Trng Mnh, Phm Vng Thnh. 1999. C s h thng thng tin a l. Trng i Hc Kin Trc H Ni. Nh Xut Bn Xy Dng. H Ni. 5. USGS. 2005. Geographic Information System. U. S. Geological Survey. 509. National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA. http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/gis_poster/ 6. Trung tm cng ngh thng tin. 1996. Tp bi ging Mt s khi nim c bn v GIS. Trng i hc m v a cht. H ni. 7. ng vn c. 2001. H thng thng tin a l. NXB Khoa hc v K Thut. H Ni- Trang 22 -

KH NNG PHN TCH A LP CA GIS 8.Trung tm cng ngh thng tin a l DITAGIS.1994. Bi ging GIS i cng. Trng i hc Bch Khoa Thnh Ph H ch Minh. 9.Tor Bernhardsen. 1992. Geographic Information System. Viak IT Longum Park. Arendal. Norway 10. Chang. 1992. ng dng GIS trong nghin cu xi mn t i Loan. 11. Nguyn Th Thn v Trn Cng Yn. 2000. T chc thng tin a l GIS phn mm Mapinfo. Nh xut bn Xy Dng. H Ni. 12.Ti liu h thng thng tin a l GIS. Hi tho khoa hc cng ngh thng tin a l ln 9 ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Thng 11 nm 2003. 13. Ti liu h thng thng tin a l GIS. Hi tho cng ngh GIS ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Thng 10 nm 2004. 14. Trn Cng Danh. 1998. ng dng k thut GIS nh gi t ai cho hai huyn M T , Thnh Tr tnh Sc Trng.

Mt s trang web v ti liu khc http://www.nea.gov.vn/html/gis_web/chuan_csdl.html. http://huse.edu.vn/elearningbook/PDF/Acview/chuuong%203.pdf http://www.sygif.qc.ca/pdf/ArcView3x_a.pdf http://nature.berkeley.edu/~bingxu/UU/health/Week5/L3_SpatialData2.pdf http://www.khoahoc.com.vn/doisong/ung-dung/31441_Hue-ung-dung-GIS-ve-he-thongthu-gom-chat-thai.aspx

http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.2/index.cfm Cc lun vn tt nghip ngnh i hc v cao hc QL, KH Ti liu Hng dn s dng ARCGIS, Vin Nghin Cu a Chnh Trung Tm Cng Ngh Cao, dch v bin son: ng Th M Lan.

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