banditos presentation
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Examination of Wave BandExamination of Wave BandPattern Feature observed inPattern Feature observed in
MASTER Airborne Imagery overMASTER Airborne Imagery overthe northwest coast of Montereythe northwest coast of Monterey
A.K.A. Band-itos
Kamil E. Armaiz-Nolla, Iva V. Gerasimenko & Michael J. Glotter
Student Airborne Research Program
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OverviewOverview::Introduction
Motivation
Objectives Methods
Hypothesis 1: Langmuir Circulation (LC)
Background
Langmuir circulation in Monterey Bay and data analysis
Results
Hypothesis 2: Internal Waves (IW)
Background
Internal waves in Monterey Bay and data analysis
Results
MASTER & In-situ data
Background
Regions of interest (ROI)
Chlorophyll
Hypothesis 3: Atmospheric driven processes
Bands are not completely atmospheric: SAR In-situ
Conclusions
Future Work
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IntroductionIntroduction
On July 22nd 2009 MASTER data was obtained from theDC-8 flying laboratory over the Monterey Bay region,and an unusual banded wave structure was observed
in the North-West corner of the bay, approximatelyhalf a kilometer off-shore. This structure consisted of
alternating dark and light bands, 350 meters wide and1500 meters long.
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Wave Band Pattern FeatureWave Band Pattern Feature(MASTER true color image)(MASTER true color image)
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Wave Band Pattern FeatureWave Band Pattern Feature(MASTER Enhanced image [Square root: linear 2%])(MASTER Enhanced image [Square root: linear 2%])
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Motivation for studyMotivation for study
The physical conditions in the ocean are animportant factor when it comes to the rateand extent of the phytoplankton growth.
The bands observed can alter physicalconditions in some way that could affect the
biology of the area. It is important tounderstand the nature of those bands andto see whether or not their presenceintroduces any significant changes.
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ObjectiveObjective
Explain the wave band pattern feature andexamine each of the possibilities in light ofthe data obtained from MASTER and in-situ
sampling from the boat in order to
MethodsMethods
Programs used for data analysis: ENVI,MS Excel Spreadsheet, MATLAB andGoogle Earth.
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Hypothesis I : LangmuirHypothesis I : Langmuirllcells
Reason for consideration: Langmuircells form distinct bands on the
surface of the ocean, and occurfrequently whenever wind conditionsare suitable.
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Langmuir cellsLangmuir cells
Smith, AccessScience @McGraw
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What Is a Langmuir Cell?What Is a Langmuir Cell?
A form of circulation in the near-surface water oflakes and oceans found under windy conditions.
At the narrow downwellingzone streaks ofbubbles, seaweed, or foam form lines runningroughly parallel to the wind. Water beneaththem flows downward, drawing these materialsto depths as great as 100 m or more.
The downwelling zones tend to be narrow andintense compared to the broader, gentlerupwelling regions in between.
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Data CollectionData Collection
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Data CollectionData Collection
Surface Winds Coupled Ocean/ Atmosphere
Mesoscale Prediction System(COAMPS)
Measured at 10 m above surface
3 km resolution
Surface Currents
Southern California Coastal OceanObserving System (SCCOOS)
6 km resolution
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Observations: July 22 Flight,Observations: July 22 Flight,21:00Strong Surface Winds initiates Surfac
Currents
Surface Winds drive currents
Strong Surface Winds initiates surfaceSurface Currents about 20o to the left ofBands parallel with surface currents
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents Surface Winds drive currents
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents Surface Winds drive currents
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Bands parallel with surfacecurrents
Observations: July 22 Flight,Observations: July 22 Flight,
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Wind Driven LangmuirWind Driven LangmuirCirculationCirculation
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Bands parallel with surface
currents
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents
Strong winds able to breachthreshold to begin Langmuir Circulation,at which point momentum takes over
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Bands parallel with surfacecurrents
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents
Strong winds able to breachthreshold to begin Langmuir Circulation,at which point momentum takes over
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Allows currents to align withbands
Bands parallel with surface
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents
Strong winds able to breachthreshold to begin Langmuir Circulation,at which point momentum takes over
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Bands parallel with surfacecurrents
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents
Strong winds able to breachthreshold to begin Langmuir Circulation,at which point momentum takes over
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Allows currents to align withbands
Bands parallel with surface
Strong Surface Winds initiatesSurface Currents
Strong winds able to breachthreshold to begin Langmuir Circulation,at which point momentum takes over
Surface Currents about 20o to the leftof wind
Allows currents to align withbands
Bands parallel with surface
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Langmuir Cell ScalingLangmuir Cell Scaling
General spacing ranging from ascale of a few millimeters tohundreds of meters (Phillips,
2005)Cell Spacing generally 2-2.5x the
mixed layer depth (Smith, 1992)
Mixed layer depth in this part ofMonterey Bay about 10-30 m
Langmuir cells 20-75 m wide
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Hypothesis II: InternalHypothesis II: InternalW vWaves
Reason for consideration: Internal waves are seenon the surface of the water as a series ofalternating dark and light bands and are often
observed in the satellite imagery. Internal wavesare known to occur in Monterey Bay, and arethought to originate from internal tides in theMonterey Canyon.
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DescloitreNASA, 2003
SAR
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SAR
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SAR ImagerySAR Imagery
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Internal WavesInternal Waves
Many past images from SyntheticAperture Radar (SAR) with similarbanded formations
Scaling on the order of 1 kmSAR identifies rough and smooth
patches on surface, strong
indicators of internal waves
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Monterey Bay TopographyMonterey Bay Topography
www.mbari.
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Cross-shore Internal WavesCross-shore Internal Waves
Ryan et al., 2005
Directioncorresponds withbelow-surface
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Longshore WavesLongshore Waves
Directioncontradicts below-
surface
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MASTER and In-situ chlorophyllMASTER and In-situ chlorophyllmeasurementsmeasurements
Each of the theories proposed suggests somedegree of mixing of colder, nutrient rich layerswith upper nutrient-poor layers, which can affectthe rate of growth of phytoplankton in the area.
By examining the MASTER and in-situ datacollected from the boat, we can determinewhether or not there exists a difference in the
chlorophyll content between the bands.
MASTER d I i li
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MASTER and In-situ samplingMASTER and In-situ samplingWhy use fluorescence to estimate chlorophyll
concentrations? Fluorescence:
One of the main pathways for the deactivation of photosystem II(PS II) which is responsible for over 95% of chlorophyllfluorescence.
Responsible for the splitting of water molecules and the formationof oxygen.
Since photosystem I (PS I) is weakly fluorescent, PSI together withPS II are known as the "light" reactions as they require lightenergy to proceed.
The amount of fluorescence is a complicated function of light
captured by chlorophyll and the rate of electron flow between PS IIand PS I.
(Letelier & Abbott, 1996)
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( )
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ENVI-Band 6 (0.714 m)Enhanced in [Zoom] Gaussian
Close-up
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Close-upENVI-Band 6 (0.714 m)
Enhanced in [Zoom] Gaussian6 DARK Bands
5 LIGHT Bands
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DarkLight
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Temperature, salinity and chlorophyll for in-situ data on July 24,
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Temperature, salinity and chlorophyll for in situ data on July 24,2009 in regions of interest from MASTER imagery of July 22,
2009.
Data only includes regions of interest over which the ship sampled: Dark 3 (cyan), Light 3
H th i III At h i d iH th i III At h i d i
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Why wind driven: Wind speed: wind speeds need to be exceptionally
low to be ONLY oceanographic driven.
Crest orientation: the wave forms appear to be in linewith the wind direction and perpendicular to the
continental shelf slope.When comparing to SAR data, it is compelling that it
could be atmospheric with effects on upper ocean andinfluencing the phytoplankton distribution.
They could be wind waves because they are located inan area where coastal features produce a coastal jet.
Hypothesis III: Atmospheric drivenHypothesis III: Atmospheric drivenprocessesprocesses
Al l bl k b !Al l bl k b !
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The yeastThe yeastthat makes thethat makes the
bread risebread rise
Algal bloom kaboom!Algal bloom kaboom!The atmospheric effects could set up the right conditions causingupwelling. A couple of days later the phytoplankton come up to the
surface and we see a bloom.On around July 28, a drop in CO2 was detected by the mooringsensors.
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lunt
STRONG
STRONG
STRONG WIN
STRONG WIN
weak
weak
weak
weak
weak weak
weak
weakweak
weakweak
weakweak
weakweak
weak
weak
weak
weak
weak
weak
STRONG WIND
STRONG WINDweak
STRONGweak wind STRONGweak wind
STRONG
STRONG
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Supercritical Flow and ShockSupercritical Flow and ShockWavesWaves
Supersonic Bullet,Mythealias, 2007
Undular Bore
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Point Ao NuevoPoint Ao Nuevo
Burk and Haack,
Monterey
Point Ao Nuevo
S iti l At h iSupercritical Atmospheric
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Supercritical AtmosphericSupercritical AtmosphericWaves
Burk and Haack,GOES-9 visible image,
B d C t b P lB d C t b P l
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Bands Cannot be PurelyBands Cannot be PurelyAtmos heric:Atmospheric:
B d C t b P lBands Cannot be Purely
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Bands Cannot be PurelyBands Cannot be PurelyAtmos hericAtmos heric
i f fF i T f f
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Fourier Transform ofFourier Transform ofChlorophyll Content (ShipChlorophyll Content (Ship
Peaks in Chlorophyll from FourierPeaks in Chlorophyll from Fourier
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Peaks in Chlorophyll from FourierPeaks in Chlorophyll from FourierTransformTransform
Same
location,
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Future WorkFuture Work
More work needs to be done comparingin-situ observations to airborne imagery,including low level atmospheric data aswell as comprehensive sampling of water
within the bands.Compare MASTER imagery with SAR data
for further understanding of thefrequency and formation of the wave
band pattern feature.Extensive research to determine the
physical conditions in Monterey Bay that
Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements:
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Acknowledgements:Acknowledgements: Student Airborne Research Program and its staff Dr. George Seielstad, Dr.
Alexandra Novak, Mr. Richard Shetter, Mr. Adam Webster, Mr. David VanGilst and Ms. Jane Peterson.
Dr. John Ryan, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
Dr. Henry Fuelberg and Walter Sessions, Florida State University
Dr. Gregory Carmichael, University of Iowa
Dr. Susan Ustin and Shawn Kefauver, UC Davis
Dr. Nicholas Clinton, NASA Ames Research Center
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