cfa piling rms
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SEMINAR
Introduction to Continuous Flight
Auger (CFA) pilingThursday 21/8/2013
Facili tator: Martin Larisch
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Brief History of Piling Contractors, its capabilities and market
Introduction to CFA piling
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Introduction to ContinuousFlight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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History
• Piling Contractors (Qld) Pty Ltd
• Started as a one rig operation in Queensland in 1983
• We expanded into NSW in 1999 and WA in 2006
• Now work nationally
• Acquired by Keller Group plc in 2006
1995
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GLOBAL SCALE LOCAL FOCUS
The Keller Group
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The Keller Group
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Incidence rate (L.T.I. Per 100 employees)
Frequency rate (L.T.I. Per 1million Man Hours)
Severity rate (Avg. Workdays Lost Per Occurrences)
Safety Improvements
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Safety Improvements
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Large diameter bored piles – up to 3m diameter 76m deep
Driven pre-stressed piles – 550mm octagonal up to 32m single length
Continuous flight auger piles – up to 1.2m diameter 32m deep
Mine Fill – in joint venture with Keller Ground Engineering
Contiguous and Secant Pile Retaining Walls
Key Techniques
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Diaphragm and Slurry Walls
Marine piling using leaders off falsework or barges
Driven steel tubes, sheets and steel sections and ductile piles
Large diameter shafts up to 6m diameter 76m deep
Key Techniques
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Technical Activities, Representative Memberships and Industry Engagement
• We take a lead role in the technical activities of the Piling and FoundationSpecialists Federation (PFSF) and the Concrete Institute of Australia (CIA).Many of our engineering staff are Members of the major national andinternational professional institutions.
• We have a Graduate Training programme approved by Engineers Australiato train new graduates and technicians in our speciality, building the futureengineers and managers of our industry.
R&D / Technical Papers
• Our staff publish and present technical papers at local, regional andinternational seminars and conferences and we maintain a strongcommitment to research and development.
Technical Capabil ity
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National Coverage
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Pile types and pile systems (AS2159-2009)
Displacement piles
Driven piles
Screw auger piles
Non-displacement systems
Conventional bored piles
CFA piles
Barrettes
Hard rock drilling
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles(process after Brueckner Grundbau)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles(process after Brueckner Grundbau)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles(Schematic of the CFA auger after Slatter, 2000)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Q = Pull down force applied by piling rig
M = Torque applied by piling rig
P = Soil resistance at auger tip
N = Auger weight
z = auger length / drill depth
τ = Friction between surrounding soil and soil in auger
l = auger pitch
d = Outer auger diameter
d0 = Auger stem diameter
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) piles(Forces acting on the auger during augering after Viggiani, 1993)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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CFA piles were developed in the 1940’s in the USA, introduction in Europe during
early 1970’s with the invention of the first hydraulic piling rigs
The system has been available in Australia since the 1980’s
Possible diameters for CFA piles:
450mm – 1200mm
Standard diameters in Australia are 450, 600, 750, 900 and 1200mm
Depth up to 35m and more possible
Common depth up to 20m with standard equipment
Common diameters 450, 600, 750 and 900mm
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Introduction)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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CFA piles are commonly used as foundation piles for:
Buildings and bridges
Pile rafts
CFA piles are used for retaining structures as:
Soldier piles
Contiguous piles
Secant piles
Pile loads are usually smaller than for conventional bored piles but generally
bigger than for auger displacement piles
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Applications)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Soldier pile wall
Contiguous pile wall
Secant pile wall
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Applications)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Retaining structures (e.g. secant pile wall)
Introduction to Continuous
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CFA piles are suitable for:
Generally for all types of structures with low to medium vertical loads
Penetration and removal of underground obstructions
Piles with single length reinforcement cages up to 18m
CFA piles should be considered carefully for:
Soft soil conditions or contaminated ground
High strength rock
Piles next to existing buildings
Strata which require penetration of stiff layers
Raked piles
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Applications)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Advantages:
Very cost effective piling system with high production rates
Installation in stiff soils / weak rock possible
Suitable for changing and non-homogenous ground conditions
Disadvantages:
Cage installation after pouring process might be difficult
Limited capacity for bending moments, lateral forces and tension forces
Might cause uncontrolled over excavation if penetration rate is not constant
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles
(Advantages & Disadvantages)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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CFA piles are suitable for:
Medium to very dense sands / gravels
Stiff to hard clays
Generally all types of weak or weathered rock (exception see below)
Installation below the ground water table
CFA piles are NOT suitable for:
High strength, unfractured rock
Soft soil conditions
Changing strata
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles
(Suitable ground conditions)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Load transfer through CFA piles
Loads will be transferred through skin friction and / or base resistance
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
Stationary augers used to transport loose granular material and water
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
CFA augers are soil conveyors!
Signs of severe side loading can include:
Surface coning/depressions
Difficulty extracting augersUnexpectedly high torque demand on machine
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks)
Risk of over-excavation in loose sand layers
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks)
Piles drilled too close can result in concrete blow through
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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SandlayerConcrete
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks B63)
Second pass as per B63 Clause 6.2.3:
“To ensure the base of the pile socket is clean, adopt a multi-pass technique
using a minimum of two passes. After commencement of discharge of
concrete withdraw the auger 500 mm and drill back down to the toe of the pile
to pick up any contaminated concrete before re-commencing concreting of the
pile. Verify the use of the multi-pass technique from the pile monitoring
records."
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Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Operator controls operations via computer data
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Quality control)
Introduction to Continuous
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Computer monitoring systems are common for some systems to monitor:
Depth, penetration rate & extraction rate
Torque
Pull down forces
Rotation
Concrete Volume
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Quality control)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Pile record sheet
Non displacement piles
Continuous Flight Auger piles
(Quality control)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks B63)
Breakout (Clause 6.2.2)
No breakouts are to be performed – RMS needs to ask for documentation of
contractors at tender time to ensure contractors provide suitable equipment
Concrete life (Clause 6.2.3)Concrete life should be extended to 4 hours. With current concrete technology
this can be achieved easily. 45 minutes is not realistic in some remote
locations or inner city projects
Concrete oversupply should be at least 5% (not 8%) but could be as much as
40% (function of soil conditions)
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Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Risks B63)
Concrete pressure (Clause 6.2.3)
Concrete pressure can be zero as sensor is located at the top of the mast. If
the stem is filled with concrete the pressure sensor shows zero but concrete is
still delivered to the pile via gravitational forcesDifferent rig monitoring systems monitor data in different ways, it is important
to understand the particular monitoring system when analysing the installation
records
Monitoring (Clause 6.3 (f))
Monitoring mm/rev is unusual, better monitor rev/m or rev/min
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Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Concrete quality is crucial (workability, strength, pump-ability, bleeding)
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Quality control)
Introduction to Continuous
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Computer monitoring systems:
PDA & CAPWAP
Pile-top Force Comparison
Load-settlement response
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Quality control)
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Low strain integrity tests (PIT)
Non displacement piles - Continuous Flight Auger piles (Quality control)
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What else:
Importance of safe working platforms (typically 400 kPa platform requirement)
Get early involvement of a piling specialist
Compare what you get for your money
Rigs and technologies are readily available, look for specialists knowledgeKeep in mind rigs are very heavy high tech machines when you specify tolerances
outside the Australian Standards or code of practice
Any further questions?
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Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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Feedback & Discussion:
Did the presentation meet your expectations?
What do take home?
Any further questions?
Introduction to Continuous
Flight Auger (CFA) pil ing
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SEMINAR
Introduction to Continuous Flight
Auger (CFA) piling
Thursday 21/8/2014
Facili tators: Martin Larisch
Thanks for your active
participation and attention
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