ch11. hakka, language and culture wang, kuo-shu d99142002@ntu.edu.tw national taiwan university...

Ch11.Hakka, language and culture

Wang, Kuo-shud99142002@ntu.edu.twNational Taiwan University

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Overview

Part 1 Background Knowledge Hakka in Taiwan Origins, some historical and

geographical facts Part 2 Linguistic Notes

Phonology Morphology Syntax

Part 3 Cultural Phenomenon Music Customs and architecture Food

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Before the talk…

What does Hakka mean? The name of the Hakka people who are

the predominant original native speakers of the language literally means "guest families" or "guest people"

Hak means guests Ka means home/house It explains the origin of Hakka.

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PART I. Background Knowledge

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Origins…

Three accepted theories: Hakka people are Han Chinese originating

solely from the Central Plain in China containing today's Shanxi and Henan province.

Hakka people are Han Chinese from the Central Plain with some inflow of those already in the south.

The majority of Hakka people are Han Chinese from the south with portions coming from those in the north

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Early History

It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration started due to the attacks of just these tribes during the Jin Dynasty.

The ancestors of the Hakka migrated southwards several times because of social unrest, upheaval and invasions since the Qin Dynasty.

Hakka have suffered persecution and discrimination ever since they started migrating to southern parts of China.

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Hakka in Taiwan

Population Distribution Hokkien occupies 73% Hakkanese comprise 12% (Huang, 1993)

Seven Different Dialects. Sixian Hailu Dabu Zhaoan Yongding Raoping Fengshun

Huang, Heng-Ciu. (1993). Hakkanese Taiwan Literature Thesis.

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Adapted by NTU 王維新Original work: Wiki NordNordWest

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行政院客家委員會Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)

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行政院客家委員會Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)

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PART II. Linguistic Notes

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Prelude

Why is important to research Hakka?  Hakka is quite conservative, and is

generally closer to Middle Chinese than other modern Chinese languages.

The presence of many archaic features occur in modern Hakka, including final consonants -p -t -k, as are found in other modern southern Chinese languages, but which have been lost in Mandarin.

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Phonology…

Basic syllabic structure

Onset + Rhyme + Tone （ consonant ） （ vowel ） （ tone ）

14鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。

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Different combinations

鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。

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Consonants Shared among all dialects: 18

鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。

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Vowels

The main reason causes the intangibility between different Hakka dialects.

鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。

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Tone

鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。

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鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異。

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Tone sandhi 13 22/__T (any tone)

等車 手掌 老人

55 32/__T (any tone) 鴨毛 台北市

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Morphology

1. Numerous names of places where we raise different kinds of animals People Chicken, duck Pig, cow, dog, ants Horse

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2. Semantic magnification and contraction Ex. WATER liquid and the rain

EAT Any verbs involving mouth

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Abundant nouns/descriptions of mountains and hills. Protrudent terrain

Gun, Lian, Lun, Lung, Chi, Pai,… Flat terrain

Young, Pu, Pin Hollow terrain

Hu, Kun, Li, Wo, Kun, Ku,…

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The First Person Plural Exclusive

Ai Diou Inclusive

Li Diou

邱湘雲 (2006) ，海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究。

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Different gender affixes…

邱湘雲 (2006) ，海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究。

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Syntax --The usage of You (have)

1. You + Verb past/ perfect 有食無？ Did you eat? 有買 le I bought it 他有來過 He has even been here.

2. You + Adjective Is it…? 有甜無？ Is it sweet enough? 有燒無？ Is it too hot? 這細妹有靚 This girl is pretty.

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3. You + Modal Adverb + V + Mo(No) Can S V… 這有好買無？ Can we buy this? 有車賣無？ Is there any car to sell? 車有賣嗎？ Do you have car to sell? 去新竹有遠無？ Is it far to Hsinchu? 有學過無？ Have you ever studied…?

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鍾榮富 (2004) ，《台灣客家話語音導讀》。

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Part III. Cultural Phenomenon

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Classic Music

1. The Hakka Eight Tones

It refers to the eight materials used to make instruments, namely metal, stone, string, bamboo, fruit shell, earthenware, animal hide and wood.

There are the big and the small ceremonial music.

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The orchestrated music is also divided into two categories. The first is concerted music played mostly with string and bamboo instruments at ceremonies.

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2. Mountain Songs Mountain songs could have been hooraying or

sighing in monotone. Later, melodies were developed for

entertainment while people were doing labor work like picking tea, carrying loads or tilling.

They may also have been rhythms for people working in the hills to greet or cheer up each other. 

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Architecture and Customs

1. Architecture Weilong House

Wiki 文子言木

Wiki Gisling

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A central axis with a north-south meridian line, rooms symmetrical east to west, at least one upper and one lower hall; the front part of the houses are lower in comparison to the back parts.

In front of the house, there is usually a large field and semicircular pond. The field is used to dry grain, the pond is used to store water, farm fish, prevent fire, fight drought etc.

The East-West wing is called the horizontal house (Hengwu).

At the end of horizontal house, there is a circle house which encloses the central house, the mid-house is called Dragon hall.

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Wiki Irrons

傅豪

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Cigar House

Flickr yifany大阪式建築 ( 櫓 ) from 【鳳林菸樓暖心房】 By 鳳林 @ 花蓮

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Tulou A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified

earth building, rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five storeys high and housing up to 80 families.

Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city.

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Wiki Gisling

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2. Customs Emphasize the importance of Education in particular

Flickr 棟樑‧ Harry‧ 黃基峰‧ Taiwan

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Tomb-sweeping Aka “Hanging paper”

Flickr Taekwonweirdo

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3. Ripped Sky Festival The compassionate goddess Nuwa tempered a five-colored stone to repair the walls of heaven and ended the misery caused by two Other deities. Ripped Sky Festival falls on the twentieth of the first

month in the lunar calendar. On this day, Hakka villages would prepare a traditional

Hakka delicacy—the sweet rice cake or fried rice cake—as a symbolic offering of assistance to Nuwa to repair the walls of heaven.

行政院客家委員會Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)

Wiki user: Stout256

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Food

1. Characteristics Obtaining ingredients locally The cooking is simple: to save cooking time

and expense, Hakka’s ingredients and cooking methods are quite simple with no extra changes.

Aromatic, oily, salty and cooked with year old ingredients: this is Hakka food’s representative feature.

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1. Hakka Rice Rice is Hakka people’s stable food. They eat

rice three meals a day. In addition to plain rice, they use rice to make

all kinds of snacks. They include sweet, salty oil rice, rice noodles, Mi Tai Mu, and Mian Pa Ban.

There are rice snacks that are available only on Chinese New Year, festivals, weddings, and funerals such as Hon Ban, Gui Ban, and Yu Ban.

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There are also Bo Ban made of baking powder, Mi Ci Ba made of glutinous rice, and Jiu Ceng Gao made of two different kinds of powder of different qualities.

All these fully exemplify Hakka women’s ingenious cooking skills that have created such diverse Ban products.

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2. Hakka pickles Pickled vegetables have always been a Hakka

specialty. They are food items that can be preserved for a long

time. Various dishes have been invented using pickled vegetables.

An example is planting radish between harvests of rice. In addition to eating it fresh, it can be cut into chunks (Luo Bo Gan), shredded (Luo Bo Si), or sliced (Luo Bo Qian). They become three different kinds of foodstuff that look different while all are made of radish.

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Leaf mustard is the kind of vegetable Hakka people grow between rice harvests. With their  skillful pickle technique, Hakka people turn leaf mustard into several famous Hakka specialties. Depending on the degree of dryness, there are Suan Cai, Fu Cai, and Mei Gan Cai.

Add salt to leaf mustard and dry. Put it in a jar and let it ferment. This is Suan Cai. Put it under the sun for several days. This is Fu Cai. Fu Cai becomes Mei Gan Cai after it dehydrates completely.

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Flickr JyChen

Flickr Quin t_t

Flickr lumei

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Flickr Richard, enjoy my life!

Blog 《新屋庄的客家人》

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Flickr 頎

Flickr Ernesto JT

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Flickr mana_wu

Flickr adar.que

行政院農業委員會Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)

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高雄市政府客家事務委員會Hakka Affairs Commission, Kaohsiung City Government

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Flickr Ray Yu

Flicrk =SK= N.Hayden 順峰

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Thank you!

Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Adapted by NTU 王維新Original work: Wiki NordNordWesthttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taiwan_location_map.svg2011/11/27 visited

腔調分佈圖 (2008) from 行政院客家委員會Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=29832&ctNode=1772&mp=1771&ps=and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

台灣客家人口統計 (2008) from 行政院客家委員會Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=29832&ctNode=1772&mp=1771&ps=and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

Wiki Gislinghttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhenchenglou_4_rings.JPG2011/11/26 visited

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Wiki 文子言木http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%88%9D%E6%BA%AA%E5%9C%9F%E6%A5%BC%E7%BE%A4.jpg2011/11/26 visited

Wiki Irronshttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wlw.PNG2011/11/26 visited

傅豪http://web.hach.gov.tw/hachweb/blog/vovolfu/blogAlbumAction.do?method=doViewAlbumImg&imageFileId=65901&albumId=21722011/11/27 visited

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Flickr yifanyhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/yifany/4642033694/2011/11/27 visited

大阪式建築 ( 櫓 ) from 【鳳林菸樓暖心房】 By 鳳林 @ 花蓮 (2007)http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/fonglin-tw/article?mid=148&prev=158&next=140&l=f&fid=48and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

Wiki Gislinghttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snail_pit_tulou.jpg2011/11/26 visited

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Flickr 棟樑‧ Harry‧ 黃基峰‧ Taiwanhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/goldentime/3253166358/2011/11/26 visited

Flickr Taekwonweirdohttp://www.flickr.com/photos/alanchan/2394717907/2011/11/26 visitedRipped Sky Festival (2010) from Council for Hakka Affairs, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan)http://www.hakka.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=110171&ctNode=216&mp=1and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Wiki user: Stout256http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anonymous-Fuxi_and_N%C3%BCwa3.jpg2011/11/26 visitedFlickr JyChenhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/jychen/5218247751/2011/11/26 visitedFlickr Quin t_thttp://www.flickr.com/photos/quinttsai/5007624008/2011/11/26 visitedFlickr lumeihttp://www.flickr.com/photos/lumeicat/543996048/2011/11/26 visited

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Flickr Richard, enjoy my life!http://www.flickr.com/photos/ladyous/5204558292/2011/11/26 visited《新屋庄的客家人》http://archives.hakka.gov.tw/blog/ha976001/articleAction.do?method=doViewBlogArticle&articleId=NDgzNzc=2011/11/26 visited

Flickr Ernesto JThttp://www.flickr.com/photos/auggie/3296946367/2011/11/26 visitedFlickr 頎http://www.flickr.com/photos/liuminami/1321679747/2011/11/26 visited

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

Flickr mana_wuhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/mana_wu/1805258954/2011/11/26 visitedFlickr adar.quehttp://www.flickr.com/photos/7481409@N06/1856699528/2011/11/26 visited客家菜包 from 高雄市政府客家事務委員會Hakka Affairs Commission, Kaohsiung City Governmenthttp://chakcg.kcg.gov.tw/homestyle.php?styl=07&strlink=CookbookDetail&coo_id=17and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

客家菜包 from 行政院農業委員會Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2011)http://tianmama.coa.gov.tw/view.php?k_type=TanDetail&func=K&id=K_shujune_20050307210528&graph_idx=1and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

Flickr Ray Yuhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/rayyu/3545185449/2011/11/26 visited

Flicrk =SK= N.Hayden 順峰http://www.flickr.com/photos/granado_espada/2274039529/2011/11/26 visited

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

p.7Huang, Heng-Ciu. (1993). Hakkanese Taiwan Literature Thesis. Gaosyong, Taiwan: Ai-huaand used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.14鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異，頁 56 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.15鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異，頁 57 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.16鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異，頁 65 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.17鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異，頁 112 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

p.18鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異，頁 114-115 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.19鍾榮富 (2002) ，台灣各客家方言的語音差異，頁 115-116 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.24邱湘雲 (2006) ，海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究，頁73 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source

p.25邱湘雲 (2006) ，海陸客家話和閩南語構詞對比研究，表68 ，頁 278 。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

p.28鍾榮富 (2004) ，《台灣客家話語音導讀》，頁 311-335 。台北：五南。and used subject to the fair use doctrine of the Taiwan Copyright Act Article 50 by NTU OCW

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