ch7b (botany lecture)
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Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants:
Monocots
Michael G. Simpson
Monocotyledons (Monocotyledonae, Monocots)
• Monophyletic group
• Comprise 22% of all angiosperms
• Relationships to other “basal” angiosperms unclear at present
Apomorphies of the Monocots
• sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge-shaped) proteinaceous inclusions
• atactostele stem vasculature• parallel leaf venation• single cotyledon
• NOTE: a trimerous flower merosity is not a Monocot apomorphy
Apomorphies of the Monocots• sieve tube plastids with cuneate (wedge-shaped)
proteinaceous inclusions
Apomorphies of the Monocots• atactostele stem vasculature
Apomorphies of the Monocots• parallel leaf venation (penni-parallel in some)
Apomorphies of the Monocots• single cotyledon
ACORALESAcoraceae - Sweet Flag family
(Acorus, meaning "without pupil," originally in reference to a species of Iris used to treat cataracts). 1 genus/2-3 species
- marsh plants - spadix and spathe (resembling Araceae) - distichous, ensiform, unifacial leaves- perispermous, endospermous seeds- ethereal oil cells- raphide crystals absent
P 3+3 A 3+3 G (2–3) superior.
Acoraceae - Sweet Flag family
Economic importance includes Acorus calamus used medicinally (e.g., as “calamus oil”), in religious rituals, as an insecticide, and as a perfume and flavoring plant (e.g., in liqueurs).
Stevens, P. 2001, onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb
Acorus calamusAcoraceae
ALISMATALESAlismataceae (incl. Limnocharitaceae)AponogetonaceaeAraceae (including Lemnaceae)ButomaceaeCymodoceaceaeHydrocharitaceaeJuncaginaceaePosidoniaceaePotamogetonaceaeRuppiaceaeScheuchzeriaceaeTofieldiaceaeZosteraceae
ALISMATALESAlismataceae - Water-Plantain family (Alisma, a name used by Dioscorides for plantain-leaved aquatic plant).
15 genera / 88 species
- aquatic or marsh herbs- flowers solitary or often whorled- flowers dichlamydeous- gynoecium apocarpous- placentation basal- fruit an aggregate of achenes or follicles
K 3 C 3 A 6,9–∞ [3] G 3–∞, superior
Alismataceae - Water-Plantain family
Economic importance includes taxa used as food by indigenous people, others used as aquatic, cultivated ornamentals.
Stevens, P. 2001, onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb
Sagittaria sp.
Sagittaria montevidensis
Echinodorus berteroi
ALISMATALESAraceae - Arum family
(Arum, a name used by Theophrastus). 111 genera / 2980 species
- leaves bifacial - venation parallel or netted - inflorescence a spadix of numerous, small flowers
with a subtending spathe- seeds endospermous - raphide crystals present
P 2+2,3+3,(2+2),(3+3) or 0 [4+4,(4+4)] A 4,6,8 or (4,6,8) [1–12] G (3) [1–(∞)] superior.
Araceae - Arum family
Members of the family have a worldwide distribution in mostly tropical and subtropical regions.
Economic importance includes many taxa important food sources (rootstocks, leaves, or fruits) in the tropics, e.g., Alocasia, Colocasia esculenta (taro), Monstera; some species are cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Aglaonema, Anthurium, Caladium (elephant’s ear), Dieffenbachia (dumb cane), Epipremnum, Monstera, Philodendron, Spathiphyllum, Syngonium, and Zantedeschia (calla-lily).
Amorphophallus titanum is unique in having the largest inflorescences of any flowering plant.
Wolffia spp. are unique in having the smallest flowers.
Aglaonema modestum
Amorphophallus titanumLargest inflorescence in world
Arisaema triphyllum Jack-in-the-pulpit
Lemna minusculaDuckweed
Wolffia sp. WatermealSmallest flower in world
Pistia stratiotes Water-lettuce
Monstera deliciosa
Monstera deliciosa
Monstera deliciosa
Pothos sp.
Symplocarpus foetidus Skunkweed
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Xanthosoma sagittifolium
Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily
Zantedeschia aethiopica Calla-lily
LILIALES
Alstroemeriaceae (incl. Luzuriagaceae)CampynemaceaeColchicaceaeCorsiaceaeLiliaceaeLuzuriagaceaeMelanthiacaeaePhilesiaceaeRipogonaceaeSmilacaceae
Liliaceae - Lily family (after Lilium, a name used in Virgil's writings). ca. 16 genera / ca. 600 species.
- plants perennial, usually bulbous herbs
- lack an onion-like odor
- leaves basal or cauline
- inflorescence a raceme, umbel or of solitary fls.
- ovary superior
P 3+3 A 3 G (3), superior
ASPARAGALES
Very large order!
Apomorphy for all but Orchidaceae: phytomelan in seed coat (lost in some taxa)
ASPARAGALES
Agapanthaceae* [Amaryllidaceae]
Agavaceae* [Asparagaceae] (incl. Hesperocallidaceae)
Alliaceae* [Amaryllidaceae]
Amaryllidaceae*
Aphyllanthaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Asparagaceae*
Asphodelaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae]
Asteliaceae
Blandfordiaceae
Boryaceae
Doryanthaceae
Hemerocallidaceae* [Xanthorrhoeaceae]
Hyacinthaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Hypoxidaceae
Iridaceae
Ixioliriaceae
Lanariaceae
Laxmanniaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Orchidaceae
Ruscaceae* [Asparagaceae] (incl. Convallariaceae)
Tecophilaeaceae
Themidaceae* [Asparagaceae]
Xanthorrhoeaceae*
Xeronemataceae
ASPARAGALES
Agavaceae - Agave family (after Agave, meaning "admired one"). 8 genera / 300
species
The Agavaceae are distinctive in being perrenial subshrubs to branched trees with spiral, xeromorphic, generally fibrous leaves, trimerous hypogynous to perigynous flowers, and characteristic chromosomes (base number with 5 long and 25 short chromosomes).
P 3+3 A 6 G (3) superior or inferior, hypanthium present in some.
Agave deserti
Agave deserti
Yucca schidigera Mohave Yucca
Yucca schidigera Mohave Yucca
Yucca brevifolia Joshua Tree
Hesperoyucca whipplei
Alliaceae [Amaryllidaceae] Onion family
(Latin name for garlic). 7 genera / >600 species
The Alliaceae are distributed world-wide. Economic importance includes onion (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and other species as important food and flavoring plants. Several taxa are used as ornamental cultivars.
The Alliaceae are distinctive in being perennial, bulbous herbs with an onion-like odor (caused by allyl sulfides), basal, narrow leaves, and an umbel for an inflorescence.
P 3+3 A 3+3 G (3), superior, hypanthium absent.
BULB
Allium peninsulare
Allium praecox
Tulbaghia violacea Society Garlic South Africa
Asphodelaceae [Xanthorrhoeaceae s.l.] Asphodel or Alöe family
15 genera/780 species
- plants herbs or pachycaulous trees- leaves usually succulent- flowers trimerous- ovary superior ovary- seeds arillate
P 3+3 or (3+3) A 3+3 G (3), superior
Asphodelaceae - Asphodel or Alöe family
Economic importance includes Aloe spp. (esp. A. vera and A. ferox, from which aloin is derived), which have important uses medicinally (e.g., as laxatives and treatment of burns) as well as in skin, hair, and health products; many family members are important as cultivated ornamentals, e.g., Aloe, Asphodelus, Gasteria, Haworthia, Kniphofia.
Stevens, P. 2001, onwards. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb
Aloe aristata
Aloe marlothii
Aloe sp.
Asphodelus fistulosus
Bulbine aloifolia
Bulbine sp.
Gasteria trigona
Haworthia cooperi
Haworthia linifolia Haworthia truncata
Kniphofia uvaria Red Hot Poker
Iridaceae - Iris family (after Iris, mythical goddess of the rainbow). 70 genera /
1750 species
The Iridaceae are distinguished from related families in consisting of perennial herbs with ensiform, unifacial leaves, bracteate to spathaceous rhapidia or spikes (sometimes solitary), and flowers with three stamens opposite outer tepals.
P/(P) 3+3 A/(A) 3 (G) 3, inferior (superior in Isophysis).
Iris sp.
Crocus sp.
Chasmanthe aethiopica (South Africa)
Iris sp.
Iris sp.
Sisyrhinchium bellum
Sisyrhinchium bellum
Orchidaceae - Orchid family (orchis, testicle, from the shape of the root tubers).
700-800 genera / ca. 20,000 species
Roots mycorrhizal
Plants mostly perrennial, terrestrial or epiphytic herbs
Flowers often resupinate
Inner median tepal often modified as showy labellum
Androecium and gynoecium adnate = column, gynostegium, or gynostemium
Pollen grains often fused, 1-∞ pollinia, with sticky-tipped stalk, pollinia and stalk termed a pollinarium (unit of pollen dispersal)
P (3+3) A 1-3, when 1 a pollinarium G (3), inferior, with gynostemium
Caladenia longiclavata Australia
Calopogon - a non-resupinate orchid
labellum
column
Cattleya sp.
Cymbidium sp.
Cypripedium sp. Lady’s Slipper
Dendrobium phalaenopsis
Dracula chimaera Dracula vampira
Encyclia sp. Cockleshell Orchid
Epidendrum sp.
Ludisia sp.
Oncidium lanceanum
Orchis spectabilis
Paphiopedilum sp.
Pseudobulb
Stanhopea trigrinum
Thelymitra antennifera Australia
Vanilla planifolia Vanilla Orchid
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