chapter 7: atoms and light. low ν high ν electromagnetic radiation
Post on 21-Jan-2016
229 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 7:
Atoms and Light
Low ν
High ν
Electromagnetic Radiation
WMHB broadcasts at 89.7 on the FM dial (89.7 MHz). What is the wavelength of the emitted radio waves?
The AM dial ranges from 500-1800 kHz. What wavelengths does this represent?
A microwave oven (2.4 GHz)?
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Constructive and Destructive Interference
Atomic Spectra
PotassiumHydrogen Helium Lithium Sodium
Atomic Spectra
The Hydrogen Atomic Spectrum
Quantum Theory (Blackbody Radiation)
Max Planck: E = hν
The energy required to break a carbon-carbon bond is approximately 360 KJ/mol. What wavelength of electro-magnetic radiation can supply this amount of energy?
The Photoelectric Effect
• Heinrich Hertz (1888) discovered that light striking the surface of certain metals causes ejection of electrons - the photoelectric effect.
• Electrons were only ejected if the frequency of the light () was above a certain threshold frequency (o)
• The number of electrons ejected were proportional to the intensity of the light
• The velocity (kinetic energy) of the electrons ejected was proportional to the frequency of the light
• Einstein used Planck’s ideas to explain the photoelectric effect:
ΔE = hν-hνo
Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy
The Bohr Atom
Hydrogen Energy Levels
A New Quantum Mechanics
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Δx Δp ≥ h
4π
Standing Waves
2Ln
= n = 1, 2, 3…
In a standing wave, the nodes remain at a constant position.
Standing Waves
Shrodinger suggested that electrons can be described as standing waves orbiting the nucleus, and used a mathematical equation to represent these waves.
The Schrodinger Equation: Wave Functions
Ψ (psi), the wave function.Corresponds to a standing wave within
the boundary of the system being described.
The energy of the standing wave increases as we add more nodes.
Probability of Finding an Electron
Quantum Numbers
By using three different quantum numbers, we can describe the wavefunction of any electron in an atom.
n : the principle quantum numberDesignates electronic shell (distance from nucleus), n = 1, 2, 3…
[It also corresponds to the number of radial nodes]
l : The angular momentum quantum numberDesignates the shape of the orbital, l = 0, 1, 2…(n-1)
ml : The magnetic quantum number
Describes the orientation of the orbital; ml = - l …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2…+l
l = 0, the “s” orbitals
l = 1, the “p” orbitals
ml for the “p” orbitals
l = 2, the “d” orbitals
Orbital Occupancy
Each orbital (described by 3 quantum numbers) can contain two electrons.
No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers.
Therefore…
The Fourth Quantum Number, s
Electrons have a spin of either +1/2 or –1/2. Electrons that occupy the same orbital must have opposite spins.
top related