cocomo presentation
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8/7/2019 COCOMO Presentation
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³COCOMO II : MODEL FOR ESTIMATINGSOFTWARE COST´
HONORS CREDIT
CONTRACT
Kapil B. Vyas
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History
Boehm Barry± Designed COCOMO II
± BA degree from Harvard in 1957
± MS and PhD degrees from UCLA in 1961 and 1964
± Research Interests include:
software process modeling, software requirementsengineering, software architectures, software metrics and cost
models, software engineering environments, and knowledge-based software engineering
± Other contributions:
Spiral Model of the software process, the Theory W (win-win)approach
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History
COCOMO II background± is a well known model used in software cost and schedule
estimation± research on software cost modeling began with the
extensive 1965 SDC study of the 104 attributes of 169software projects
± In the late 1970s, several sophisticated software costestimating models developed in response to the demand for
control of escalating software costs: RCA PRICE-S, SLIM± Barry employed by TRW developed a proprietary
algorithmic (or parametric) software cost model
± He wrote the book Software Engineering Economics, whichcompletely described and explained COCOMO.
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Current Status
The USC CSSE overlooks the progress of COCOMO II
Their website at http://csse.usc.edu/csse boasts around 42 industry
and government affiliates Their affiliates include Cisco, Boeing, IBM, Samsung, Microsoft,
General Dynamics, DARPA
They have courses wherein 5-student teams develop real-client e-service applications for campus (and some off-campus) organizations.
Events:± Upcoming 2009 CSSE-Annual Research Review at the USC Campus from
March 16 to 19± International Forum on COCOMO and Systems/Software Cost Modeling
on October 26 to 29 in Washington D.C.
Available Computerized Editions:± Costar, Cost Xpert, and Estimate Professional.
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Architectural Overview
Three main models:
± Applications Composition
± Early Design± Post-Architecture
Applications model rely on having an integrated computer-aided software engineering (ICASE) environment
Post-Architecture model is used once the architecture of the
system is well defined Early Design model is a high level model that is used in the
exploration of architectural alternatives or incrementaldevelopment strategies.
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Early Design and Post Architecture model
Early Design model
± It uses Unadjusted Function Point (UFP) counts which are
converted to DSI.± Application adjustment factors are not applied until after
conversion to SLOC.
effort, PMNS = a x Size b x EMi (i = 1 to 6)
where a = 2.94 (calibrated from 161projects)
b = 1.01 + 0.01 x SFj (j = 1 to 5)
and EMi - effort multipliers for 6 different cost drivers
SFi - exponential scale factors for 5 cost drivers
NS - implies nominal schedule
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Early Design and Post Architecture model
Post Architecture Model:
± This model is intended mainly for actual development activities.
± It is essentially a modern update to COCOMO 81.± It considers a wide range of drivers.
± New cost drivers include reusability, documentation needs,personnel continuity and multi-site teams.
effort, PMNS = a x Size b x EMi (i = 1 to 16)
where a = 2.94 (calibrated from 161 projects
b = 1.01 + 0.01 x SFj (j = 1 to 5)
and EMi - effort multipliers for 16 different cost driversSFi - exponential scale factors for 5 cost drivers
NS - implies nominal schedule
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Significant Aspects of COCOMO II
Aspect Elaboration
Five exponential scale factors precedentedness, development flexibility,
architecture/risk resolution, team cohesion,
process maturity
Adaptation Adjustment Multiplier non-linear cost of assessment andassimilation, software understanding, and unfamiliarity
for reuse of software
Three sizing options application points, function points, source lines of code
Three levels of cost model granularity Application Composition, Early Design,
Post-ArchitectureThree development processes waterfall, MBASE, incremental
New cost drivers software reuse, required documentation, personnelcontinuity, and multiple development sites
Bayesian calibration historical data plus expert judgment
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Conclusion and Future Work
Recent work on COCOMO methodology at the USC Center for Software Engineering has focused on developing extensions to
work to unify the various models into a single, comprehensiveestimation tool. new models based on COCOMO II
A COCOMO II extension is an estimation model that uses theoutput of COCOMO II and modifies it in various ways.
A new model is one based on the COCOMO approach to modelbuilding but which requires its separate inputs.
New models can be used in conjunction with COCOMO II if desired.
Information about COCOMO II extensions and new models canbe found on the web site for the USC Center for SoftwareEngineering.
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