dorsey vs delcupp
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
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fttps=//`ppcee`tcrcvkcw.wgrnprcss.ogh/
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KL ^FC OGSZ^ GI @QQC@E_
_^@^C GI @ZK]GL@, NKYK_KGL GLC
DCZHKOD ]. NGZ_C[,
Qe`kltkii/@ppcee`lt,
vs.
ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKK `ln
H@DN@ CRGENCHCNFKL D@F__@[
NCEOSQQ, fusj`ln `ln wkic,
Ncicln`lts/@ppceeccs.
Ogurt gi @ppc`es
Nkvkskgl Glc
Lg. 0 O@-OY 16-1>2:
H`rkogp` Ogulty
_upcrkgr Ogurt
Lg. OY:119-111>?;
@QQCEE@L^_ GQCLKLB JZKCI
E`w Giikoc gi Or`kb _tcpf`l
Jy= Or`kb _tcpf`l
Q.G. Jgx 3:;?
_ogttsn`ec, @rkzgl` 63:90-3:;?
>61-292-?262
I`x >61-292-?929
_t`tc J`r Lg. 12::2
@ttgrlcy igr Qe`kltkii/@ppcee`lt
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^@JEC GI OGL^CL^_
Q`bc
^@JEC GI OK^@^KGL_ . . . . . . ?
_^@^CHCL^ GI FC O@_C . . . . . >
_^@^CHCL^ GI K__SC_ QZC_CL^CN IGZ ZCYKCR . . 9
_^@^CHCL^ GI I@O^_ . . . . . . 2
@ZBSHCL^ . . . . . . . ;
OGLOES_KGL . . . . . . . >1
OCZ^KIKO@^C GI H@KEKLB . . . . . >0
OCZ^KIKO@^C GI OGHQEK@LOC . . . . . >0
@QQCLNKV 0 . . . . . . . >:
@QQCLNKV : . . . . . . . >?
@QQCLNKV ? . . . . . . . >>
@QQCLNKV > . . . . . . . >3
@QQCLNKV 3 . . . . . . . >9
@QQCLNKV 9 . . . . . . . >2
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^@JEC GI OK^@^KGL_Q`bc
Zuec :9.0 gi tfc@rkzgl` Zuecs gi Okvke Qrgocnurc 0>
Grhc _ofgge v. Zccvcs, 099 @rkz. ?10, 61: Q.:n 0111 (0;;1) 0;
HoCef`lgl v. Fklb, 030 @rkz. ?69, 2:6 Q.:n :39 (@pp. 0;63) ??
Zuec 03 gi tfc@rkzgl` Zuecs gi Okvke Qrgocnurc ?>
H`oOgeeuh v. Qcrdklsgl, 063 @rkz. 02;, ;0? Q.:n 01;2 (@pp. 0;;9) ?>
Gwcl v. _upcrkgr Ogurt, 0?? @rkz. 23, 9>; Q.:n :26 (0;6:) ?>
Zuec :9(j) gi tfc@rkzgl` Zuecs gi Okvke Qrgocnurc ?2
Zuec ?2(i) gi tfc@rkzgl` Zuecs gi Okvke Qrgocnurc ?2, ?;
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_^@^CHCL^ GI ^FC O@_C
Qe`kltkii h`rrkcn Hkfrct D`fss`y, tfc ygulbcr skstcr gi ncicln`lt H`dn` NceOupp, kl
@nnks @j`j`, Ctfkgpk` gl Lgvchjcr 02, :11:. Qe`kltkii ogltclns tf`t uljcdlgwlst tg fkh tfks
w`s ` ir`unueclt h`rrk`bc, tfc rc`e kltclt gi wfkof w`s tg prgvknc Hkfrct ` w`y tg cltcr tfc
Slktcn _t`tcs gl ` spgus`e vks`. Hkfrct cltcrcn tfc Slktcn _t`tcs gl ` spgus`e vks` (k.c., ` D-?
vks`) gl Muey 0;, :11?, `t tfc Lcw`rd, Lcw Mcrscy Qgrt gi Cltry, wfcrc sfc w`s hct jy pe`kltkii.
^fc twg tfcl tr`vcecn tg pe kltkiis rcskncloc kl H`rkogp` Ogulty, @rkzgl`. Hkfrct `j`lnglcn
pe`kltkii 0; n`ys e`tcr (k.c., gl @ubust 2, :11?) `ln f`s lgt jccl sccl jy pe`kltkii skloc tf`t n`tc.
Qe`kltkii ogltclns tf`t tfc ncicln`lts oglspkrcn wktf `ln `sskstcn Hkfrct kl tfc `j`lnglhclt,
tfcrcjy ncir`unklb pe`kltkii gi hglkcs spclt gl Hkfrct `ln o`usklb chgtkgl`e klmury tg pe`kltkii.
Qe`kltkiis h`rrk`bc tg Hkfrct w`s nkssgevcn jy tfc H`rkogp` Ogulty _upcrkgr Ogurt gl H`y 06,
:113.
Ncicln`lts `rc rcsknclts gi @urgr`, Ogegr`ng. Ncicln`lts oe`khcn tfrgubfgut tfc o`sc
tf`t tfcy f`n lg oglt`ots wktf tfc _t`tc gi @rkzgl`. Ncicln`lts klktk`e hgtkgl igr suhh`ry
munbhclt gl murksnkotkgl w`s nclkcn, gl tfc brguln tf`t ncicln`lts f`n vgeult`rkey sujhkttcn tg
tfc Ogurts murksnkotkgl jy ikeklb ogultcroe`khs. @itcr `nnktkgl`e nksogvcry, tfc Ogurt br`ltcn
orgss-hgtkgls igr suhh`ry munbhclt gl `ee oe`khs `ln ogultcroe`khs.
Qrkgr tg cltry gi ikl`e munbhclt, pe`kltkii ikecn ` hgtkgl rcqucstklb `nnktkgl`e nksoegsurc
`ln nksogvcry, gl tfc brguln tf`t ncicln`lts f`n ncir`uncn tfc Ogurt `ln tfc pe`kltkii `ln f`n
gjstruotcn nksoegsurc `ln nksogvcry. Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl w`s j`scn upgl lcwey nksogvcrcn
cvkncloc klvgevklb tfc hc`lklb gi n`t` oglt`klcn kl ncicln`lts Oklbue`r Rkrcecss tcecpfglc
rcogrns, prcvkgusey gjt`klcn vk` Ogurt Grncr. ^fc lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc sfgwcn tf`t
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H`dn` NceOupps ocee pfglc f`n h`nc o`ees irgh tfc Qfgclkx `rc` gl @ubust 2, :11?. ^fks
suppgrtcn `l klicrcloc tf`t cktfcr glc gi tfc ncicln`lts gr tfckr chkss`ry tr`vcecn irgh Nclvcr tg
Qfgclkx gl @ubust 2, :11?, `ln `sskstcn Hkfrct kl `j`lnglklb tfc pe`kltkii. Kt `esg hc`lt (0)
tf`t ncicln`lts prgtcst`tkgls gi lg oglt`ots wktf tfc _t`tc gi @rkzgl` h`nc gvcr ` pcrkgn gi twg
yc`rs wcrc i`esc `ln hksec`nklb, (:) tf`t ncicln`lts f`n i`kecn tg nksoegsc skblkiko`lt i`ots dlgwl
tg tfch `jgut tfc h`ttcrs `t kssuc kl tfc o`sc, `ln (?) tf`t ocrt`kl `lswcrs bkvcl jy ncicln`lts
nurklb tfckr ncpgsktkgls wcrc i`esc, hksec`nklb, `ln/gr `hgultcn tg pcrmury. Ncicln`lts
rcspglsc tg pe`kltkiis hgtkgl ogltclncn tf`t tfc lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc w`s uloec`r, jut
i`kecn tg `sscrt tf`t pe`kltkiis ulncreyklb `eecb`tkgls j`scn upgl tfc cvkncloc wcrc ultruc.
Qe`kltkii ikecn ` rcpey wfkof rcqucstcn ` fc`rklb `t wfkof pe`kltkii oguen o`ee `l cxpcrt irgh
@^&^, `ln wfkof h`nc `l giicr gi prggi `s tg wf`t tfc cxpcrts tcstkhgly wguen jc. ^fc Ogurt
w`kvcn tfc p`rtkcs rkbft tg gr`e `rbuhclt gl tfc hgtkgl, ruecn `b`klst tfc pe`kltkii, `ln cltcrcn
ikl`e munbhclt kl i`vgr gi tfc ncicln`lts kl tfc `hgult gi $:60.11.
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_^@^CHCL^ GI K__SC_ QZC_CL^CN IGZ ZCYKCR
^fc kssucs gl `ppc`e kloeunc=
0. Rfctfcr tfc Ogurt crrcn gr juscn kts nksorctkgl kl nclyklb Qe`kltkiis Hgtkgl igr
@nnktkgl`e Nksoegsurc `ln Nksogvcry, Nuc tg Ncicln`lts @ttchpt tg Hksec`n tfc Ogurt `ln tfc
Qe`kltkii, ikecn >/0:/:116. TNgodct #09?X
:. Rfctfcr tfc Ogurt crrcn gr juscn kts nksorctkgl kl rueklb gl ncicln`lts hgtkgl
igr suhh`ry munbhclt TQ`rt gi Ngodct #0??X. Hgrc spcokiko`eey, wfctfcr tfc Ogurt crrcn gr
`juscn kts nksorctkgl kl br`ltklb suhh`ry munbhclt igr ncicln`lts gl pe`kltkiis oe`kh klvgevklb
oglspkr`oy tg ncir`un pcrHoCef`lgl v. Fklb, 030 @rkz. ?69, 2:6 Q.:n :39 (@pp. 0;63).
?. Rfctfcr tfc Ogurt crrcn gr juscn kts nksorctkgl kl nclyklb pe`kltkiis `etcrl`tkvc
hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg `hcln tfc oghpe`klt TQ`rt gi Ngodct #031X, ikecn 0:/01/:112.
>. Rfctfcr tfc Ogurt crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl rueklb gl pe`kltkiis Zcqucst
igr Oe`rkiko`tkgl gi Hklutc Cltry Grncr Ikecn ?/:9/:112, wfkof w`s ikecn @prke :, :112.
TNgodct #010X
3. Rfctfcr tfc Ogurt crrcn gr juscn kts nksorctkgl kl nclyklb Qe`kltkiis Hgtkgl igr
_`lotkgls igr I`keurc gi Ncicln`lts tg @ppc`r igr ^fckr Ncpgsktkgls TQ`rt gi Ngodct #92X, ikecn
00/::/:119. T^fks w`s ruecn gl kl tfc Hklutc Cltry Munbhclt skblcn 3/3/:116 `ln ikecn
3/2/:116 Ngodct #02?.X
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_^@^CHCL^ GI I@O^_
0. Gl 00/::/:119, pe`kltkii ikecn Qe kltkiis Hgtkgl igr _`lotkgls igr I keurc gi
Ncicln`lts tg @ppc`r igr fckr Ncpgsktkgls. TQ`rt gi Ngodct #92X ^fks hgtkgl rcqucstcn
s`lotkgls igr tfc i`keurc gi tfc NceOupps tg `ppc`r `t tfckr ncpgsktkgls kl Nclvcr, Ogegr`ng, `t `
ego`tkgl scvcl hkecs irgh tfckr rcskncloc. ^fks hgtkgl w`s nclkcn gl 3/3/:116, kl tfc trk`e
ogurts Hklutc Cltry Munbhclt. TNgodct #02?X
:. Gl @prke :, :112, pe`kltkii ikecn ` Zcqucst igr Oe`rkiko`tkgl gi Hklutc Cltry
Grncr Ikecn ?/:9/:112. TNgodct #010X ^fks hgtkgl rcqucstcn ` oe`rkiko`tkgl rce`tklb tg
nksogvcry. Qe`kltkii `sdcn tfc ogurt tg oe`rkiy tf`t kts nksogvcry rueklb hc`lt tf`t ikl`lok`e
ngouhclts tf`t spcokiko`eey rce`tctg Hkfrct D`fss`y wktfgut oglt`klklb fcr l`hc gl tfch wcrc
nksogvcr`jec. Fgwcvcr, tfc trk`e ogurt nclkcn tfc hgtkgl. TNgodct #01:X ^fc trk`e ogurt st`tcn,
Gley ngouhclts wfkof s`y, hcltkgl, gr rcicr tg Hkfrct D`fss`y lccn jc prgnuocn.
?. Gl @ubust :2, :112, ncicln`lts ikecn hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt. TQ rt gi
Ngodct #0??X ^fks hgtkgl w`s br`ltcn jy hklutc cltry rueklb gl ?/3/:116. TNgodct #091X
>. Gl 0:/01/:112, pe`kltkii rcspglncn tg ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt,
`ln ikecn `l etcrl`tkvc hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg `hcln tfc oghpe`klt. TQ`rt gi Ngodct #031X ^fc
`etcrl`tkvc hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg `hcln tfc oghpe`klt w`s nclkcn kl tfc trk`e ogurts hklutc cltry
rueklb gl ?/3/:116. TNgodct #091X
3. Gl >/0:/:116, pe`kltkii ikecn Qe`kltkiis Hgtkgl igr Zcoglskncr tkgl gi Zueklb gl
Ncicln`lts Hgtkgl igr _uhh`ry Munbhclt. TNgodct #093X ^fks hgtkgl w`s nclkcn gl
3/3/:116, kl tfc trk`e ogurts Hklutc Cltry Munbhclt. TNgodct #02?X
9. Gl >/0:/:116, pe`kltkii ikecn Qe`kltkiis Hgtkgl igr @nnktkgl`e Nksoegsurc `ln
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Nksogvcry, Nuc tg Ncicln`lts @ttchpt tg Hksec`n tfc Ogurt `ln tfc Qe`kltkii. TNgodct #09?X
^fks hgtkgl `eecbcn tf`t lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc sfgwcn tf`t tfc NceOupps f`n jccl
hksec`nklb tfc pe`kltkii `ln tfc trk`e ogurt igr twg yc`rs. ^fks hgtkgl w`s nclkcn gl 3/3/:116, kl
tfc trk`e ogurts Hklutc Cltry Munbhclt. TNgodct #02?X Kl kts hklutc cltry, tfc trk`e ogurt
w`kvcn gr`e `rbuhclt, `ln iguln `hglb gtfcr tfklbs tf`t pe`kltkiis prgiicrcn cvkncloc w`s
ultkhcey, ogliusklb, klogloeuskvc, kloglskstclt, lgl-prgj`tkvc, `ln krrcecv`lt.
2. Gl M`lu`ry ?, :116, pe kltkii ikecn ` Lgtkoc gi _crvkoc gi NYN Oglt klklb Oekps
gi Ykncgt`pc Ncpgsktkgl ^cstkhgly gi H`dn` NceOupp. TNgodct #03:X @ ogpy gi s`kn NYN ks
kloeuncn kl @ppclnkx 9.
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@ZBSHCL^
0. ^fc trk e ogurt crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl nclyklb Qe kltkiis Hgtkgl
igr @nnktkgl`e Nksoegsurc `ln Nksogvcry, Nuc tg Ncicln`lts @ttchpt tg Hksec`n tfc Ogurt
`ln tfc Qe`kltkii.
@. Lcwey Nksogvcrcn Cvkncloc
Gl gr `jgut @prke 00, :116, pe`kltkii ikecn ` hgtkgl rcqucstklb `nnktkgl`e nksoegsurc `ln
nksogvcry kl tfks o`sc, nuc tg ncicln`lts ttchpt tg hksec`n tfc trk`e ogurt `ln tfc pe`kltkii. ^f`t
hgtkgl `eecbcn tf`t tfc NceOupps f`n kltcltkgl`eey `ttchptcn tg hksec`n tfc ogurt `ln tfc
pe`kltkii jy i`escey oe`khklb (0) tf`t tfcy f`n lg oglt`ots wktf tfc _t`tc gi @rkzgl`, `ln (:) tf`t
tfcy f`n lgtfklb tg ng wktf Hkfrct ec`vklb fcr fusj`ln. Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl w`s j`scn upgl lcw
cvkncloc rcockvcn jy pe`kltkii irgh @^&^s Oghpek`loc Ncp`rthclt T@ppclnkx 3 - @^&^ I`xX
rce`tklb tg tfc Oklbue r Rkrcecss rcogrns igr H`dn` NceOupps ocee pfglc. T@ppclnkx > -
Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc rcogrnsX
Gl @prke 6, :116, _uc J`zkl gi @^&^s Oghpek`loc Ncp`rthclt igrw`rncn ` i`x tg
pe`kltkiis ogulsce rce`tklb tg tfks lcw cvkncloc. T@ppclnkx 3 - @^&^ I`xX Gl p`bc : gi tf`t
i`x, Hs. J`zkl st`tcs kl ` lgt`rkzcn `iikn`vkt=
@itcr ` tfgrgubf sc`rof gi tfc ngouhclts rcekcn gl kl tfc ogursc gi hy
nutkcs `s Oustgnk`l gi Zcogrns `ln Ecb`e Oghpek`loc @l`eyst, K f`vc vcrkikcn tfc
igeegwklb wktf tfc Jkeeklb ^c`h= _KN 11>3 rce`tcs tg `rc` gi Nclvcr, OG. _KN 1>09;
rce`tcs tg tfc `rc` gi Qfgclkx, @]. (Chpf`sks `nncn.)
Gl p`bc ? gi tfc s`hc i`x, Hs. J`zkl st`tcs=
Qcr gur oglvcrs`tkgl gl 1>/12/16 K f`vc vcrkikcn wktf tfc jkeeklb ncp`rthclt
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tf`t tfc igeegwklb _ystch KN luhjcrs pcrt`kl tg tfc igeegwklb `rc`s=
-_KN Ognc 1>09; jceglbs tg Qfgclkx, @] S_@
-_KN Ognc 11>3 jceglbs tg Nclvcr, OG S_@
^fks kligrh`tkgl kncltkikcs tf`t tfc o`ees wktf tfcsc ogncs wcrc pe`ocn irgh
kl gr `rguln tfgsc `rc`s. (Chpf`sks `nncn.)
^fks cvkncloc sfgws tf`t o`ees gl H`dn`s ocee pfglc h`nc jctwccl ;=:1 `.h. `ln ?=13 p.h. gl
@ubust 2, :11?, wcrc h`nc gr rcockvcn kl tfc bcgbr pfko `rc` gi Qfgclkx, @rkzgl`. Ogllcotcn
o`ees h`nc irgh tfc ocee pfglc nurklb tfks tkhc sfgw `l Z_[_ gr _ystch KN luhjcr gi >09;,
wfkof hc`ls tfc o`ees wcrc h`nc irgh tfc bcgbr`pfko `rc` gi Qfgclkx, @rkzgl`. Iurtfcrhgrc,
gley o`ees h`nc gl @ubust 2, :11?, oglt`kl tfks Z_[_ gr _ystch KN luhjcr. @ee gtfcr o`ees
h`nc gl tfc s`hc ocee pfglc nurklb @ubust `ln _cptchjcr :11? f`vc `l Z_[_ gr _ystch KN
luhjcr gi >3, wfkof hc`ls tfcy wcrc h`nc irgh tfc bcgbr`pfko `rc` gi Nclvcr, Ogegr`ng.
T@ppclnkx > - Oklbue`r Rkrcecss Qfglc ZcogrnsX
Kl `nnktkgl, o`ees rcockvcn nurklb tfc sujmcot tkhc pcrkgn gl @ubust 2, :11?, f`vc `
O`eecn Ego ognc gi L@OL, wfkof hc`ls Lgrtf @hcrko`l Oceeue`r Lctwgrd `ln klnko`tcs
tfc ocee pfglc w`s gl rg`hklb hgnc, k.c., gutsknc kts Nclvcr fghc `rc`. ^fcrcigrc, H`dn`
NceOupp, Zgjcrt NceOupp, gr sghcglc `otklb `s tfckr chkss`ry tr`vcecn wktf H`dn`s ocee
pfglc irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx gl @ubust 2, :11?, wfkof ks tfc n`y Hkfrct `j`lnglcn fcr
fusj`ln. ^fks cvkncloc ogloeuskvcey cst`jeksfcs tf`t tfc NceOupps f`n oglt`ots wktf tfc _t`tc
gi @rkzgl` gl ` oruok`e n`tc kl tfks o`sc. Kt `esg suppgrts `l ulnclk`jec klicrcloc tf`t tfc
NceOupps wcrc klvgevcn kl `sskstklb Hkfrct tg `j`lngl fcr fusj`ln.
Kl ekbft gi tfc NceOupps hksoglnuot kl hksec`nklb tfc Ogurt `ln tfc pe`kltkii gvcr `
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pcrkgn gi twg yc`rs, pe`kltkii rcqucstcn tfc ogurt (0) tg grncr tfc NceOupps tg prgvknc
oghprcfclskvc, iuee, `ln i`kr nksoegsurc gi cvcrytfklb tfcy dlgw rcb`rnklb h`ttcrs `t kssuc kl tfc
o`sc4 `ln (:) tg grncr tf`t tfc p`rtkcs `rc cltktecn tg `l `nnktkgl`e ;1 n`ys gi nksogvcry wktf
rcspcot tg h`ttcrs `t kssuc kl tfc o`sc. Qe`kltkii `esg rcqucstcn tfc ogurt tg grncr tfc NceOupps tg
`ppc`r kl Qfgclkx, @rkzgl` igr `ly `nnktkgl`e ncpgsktkgl tcstkhgly wfkof pe`kltkii h`y jc
cltktecn tg t`dc.
^fc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc rcogrns T@ppclnkx >X sfgw tf`t Zgjcrt NceOupp
purof`scn tfc sujmcot ocee pfglc gl @ubust 3, :11?, wfkof w`s twg n`ys jcigrc Hkfrct
`j`lnglcn fcr fusj`ln. ^fc lcw cvkncloc sfgws tf`t c rey gl tfc hgrlklb gi @ubust 2, :11?,
tfc ocee pfglc w`s uscn kl tfc Nclvcr `rc`, `ln tfcl w`s uscn tfrgubfgut tfc n`y kl tfc Qfgclkx
`rc`. Kl tfc e`tc itcrlggl gr c`rey cvclklb tfc pfglc w`s uscn `b`kl kl tfc Nclvcr `rc`. Bkvcl
tfks cvkncloc, kt ks oec`r tf`t tfc NceOupps gr `l chkss`ry gi tfckrs tr`vcecn wktf tfc ocee pfglc
gl @ubust 2, :11? irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx. ^fcrcigrc, tfc NceOupps oec`rey f`n oglt`ots wktf
tfc _t`tc gi @rkzgl` gl tf`t oruok`e n`tc kl tfks o`sc, ogltr`ry tg tfckr rcpc`tcn `sscrtkgls. Kl
`nnktkgl, tfc lcw cvkncloc suppgrts ` oec`r klicrcloc tf`t tfc NceOupps wcrc klvgevcn kl
`sskstklb Hkfrct tg `j`lngl fcr fusj`ln, wfkof ks `lgtfcr `eecb`tkgl tfcy f`vc rcpc`tcney nclkcn
tfrgubfgut tfc ogursc gi tfks ektkb`tkgl.
^fcrc ks lg w`y tg oglstruc tfks cvkncloc gtfcr tf`l tg ogloeunc tf`t tfc NceOupps f`vc
kltcltkgl`eey hksecntfc Ogurt `ln tfc pe`kltkii igr gvcr twg yc`rs. Kt ks iuln`hclt`e tf`t `
ektkb`lt o`llgt hksec`n gr ekc tg ` Ogurt. Cvcl prg sc ektkb`lts wktfgut ogulsce sfguen jc `w`rc
gi tfks iuln`hclt`e gjekb`tkgl. Kl `nnktkgl, tfc NceOupps kltcltkgl`e hksoglnuot `esg scrvcn tg
hksec`n tfc pe`kltkii `ln tg gjstruot tfc pe`kltkiis `jkekty tg gjt`kl `pprgprk`tc nksoegsurc `ln
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nksogvcry irgh tfc ncicln`lts. ^g scc fgw ciicotkvc tfc NceOupps hksec`nklb st`tchclts f`vc
jccl, glc gley lccns tg rcvkcw tfc trk`e ogurts H`rof 3, :116 rueklb gl tfc hgtkgl igr suhh`ry
munbhclt T@ppclnkx :X, wfkof kloeuncs tfc igeegwklb=
^fc NceOupps f`vc oglskstcltey h`klt`klcn `ln st`tcn ulncr g`tf tf`t tfcy lcvcr
hct Qe`kltkii, f`vc lcvcr jccl tg @rkzgl`, f`n lgtfklb tg ng wktf Qe`kltkiis h`rrk`bc tg
Hrs. NceOupps skstcr, Hkfrct, cto. Qe`kltkii f`s nglc lgtfklb tg of`eeclbc tfcsc i`ots.
^fks klnko`tcs tf`t tfc trk`e ogurt w`s tfgrgubfey hksecn jy tfc NceOupps. Qe`kltkiis lcw
cvkncloc lgt gley of`eeclbcs tfc i`ots sct igrtf kl tfc trk`e ogurts hklutc cltry, jut `esg sfgws
tfc cxtclt tg wfkof tfc NceOupps wkee bg tg prcv`ke kl tfks e`wsukt, k.c., kltcltkgl`eey hksec`n tfc
ogurt `ln gtfcrwksc pcrmurc tfchscevcs.
J. Qe kltkiis Nkekbclt _c`rof Igr fks Cvkncloc
Qe`kltkii nkekbcltey sgubft cvkncloc rce`tklb tg tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc rcogrns `s
c`rey `s M`lu`ry :112, wfcl tfc rcogrns wcrc ikrst prgnuocn. _fgrtey tfcrc`itcr, ulncrskblcn
ogulsce spgdc wktf sghcglc kl tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss oghpek`loc ncp`rthclt `jgut kligrh`tkgl
oglt`klcn kl tfc rcogrns, kloeunklb tfc luhjcrs kl tfc ogeuhl e`jcecn C_L `ln tfc luhjcrs kl
tfc ogeuhl e`jcecn Z_[_. Ogulsce w`s tgen tf`t tfc C_L luhjcrs wcrc cqukv`eclts, wktf glc
jcklb ` fcxkncokh`e luhjcr `ln gtfcr jcklb ` ncokh`e luhjcr. Kl `nnktkgl, fc w`s tgen tf`t tfc
oghpek`loc ncp`rthclt nkn lgtf`vc kligrh`tkgl `jgut tfc Z_[_ luhjcrs `ln wf`t tfcy hc`lt
gl tfc :11? rcogrns. ^fc oec`r hcss`bc ogulsce rcockvcn irgh tfks oglvcrs`tkgl w`s tf`t
kligrh`tkgl `jgut tfc Z_[_ luhjcrs w`s lg eglbcr `v`ke`jec, cvcl irgh Oklbue`r Rkrcecss. @s
` rcsuet, pe`kltkii `ln fks ogulsce turlcn tfckr `ttcltkgl tg `l`eyzklb i`otu`e n`t` oglt`klcn kl tfc
rcogrns, kloeunklb tcecpfglc luhjcrs, ego`tkgls gi o`ees, n`tcs gi o`ees, `ln tkhcs gi o`ees.
Hgrcgvcr, pe`kltkii utkekzcn tfc scrvkocs gi prkv`tc klvcstkb`tgr tg fcep tr`od tfks kligrh`tkgl. Kt
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ks oec`r tf`t pe`kltkii nkekbcltey `ttchptcn tg gjt`kl kligrh`tkgl rce`tklb tg tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss
rcogrns tfrgubfgut tfc ogursc gi nksogvcry. Ki ogulsce f`n lgt jccl ecn tg jcekcvc tf`t
kligrh`tkgl `jgut Z_[_ luhjcrs w`s lg eglbcr `v`ke`jec, pe`kltkii wguen f`vc vkbgrgusey
pursucn tfks kligrh`tkgl. TNgodct #092 - Ocrtkiko`tkgl gi Or`kb _tcpf`lX Hgrc khpgrt`ltey, ki
tfc NceOupps f`n prgpcrey nksoegscn kligrh`tkgl dlgwl tg tfch `jgut tfc @ubust 2, :11?
trkp irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx, pe`kltkii wguen LG^ f`vc f`n tg rcey gl ogncs kl ocee pfglc
rcogrns tg prgvc tf`t tfc trkp tggd pe`oc.
@itcr tfc trk`e ogurts H`rof 3, :116 rueklb gl tfc hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt,
pe`kltkii `ln fks ogulsce spclt oglskncr`jec tkhc rcvkcwklb `ee gi tfc cvkncloc. Kl grncr tg h`dc
surc lgtfklb f`n jccl gvcreggdcn wktf rcspcot tg tfc ocee pfglc rcogrns, ogulsce oglt`otcn `
prkv`tc klvcstkb`tgr kl Fgustgl, ` ocee pfglc cxpcrt wktf @^&^, `ln ` ocee pfglc cxpcrt kl
@rd`ls`s. @etfgubf tfcsc cxpcrts sfcn sghc ekbft gl `nnktkgl`e `spcots gi tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss
rcogrns, lglc gi tfch oguen prgvknc kligrh`tkgl `jgut tfc Z_[_ ogncs kl tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss
rcogrns. TNgodct #092 - Ocrtkiko`tkgl gi Or`kb _tcpf`lX
Ogulsce w`s tfcl oglt`otcn gl @prke 0, :116 jy _uc J`zkl kl tfc @^&^ oghpek`loc
ncp`rthclt, jco`usc sfc f`n jccl ul`jec tg rc`of pe`kltkii `ln ncokncn tg o`ee fks ogulsce. _uc
nkn lgt dlgw wf`t tfc Z_[_ ogncs gl tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss rcogrns hc`lt. Hgrcgvcr, kt ks
lgw oec`r tf`t lg glc kl tfc @^&^ oghpek`loc ncp`rthclt dlcw wf`t tfc Z_[_ ogncs
hc`lt. Fgwcvcr, ` p`rtkoue`r supcrvksgr wfg w s kl tfc giikoc gl tfc n`y _uc w`s wgrdklb gl
tfks kssuc subbcstcn tf`t _uc oglt`ot `l klnkvknu`e kl tfc jkeeklb ncp`rthclt. Kt turlcn gut tf`t tfc
Z_[_ luhjcrs, `esg dlgwl `s _ystch KNs, `rc jkeeklb ogncs tf`t o`l jc uscn tg kncltkiy tfc
bclcr`e `rc` irgh wfkof ` ocee pfglc o`ee ks h`nc, gr kl wfkof ` o`ee ks rcockvcn. ^fcsc luhjcrs
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`rc spcokiko tg Oklbue`r Rkrcecss/@^&^, `ln `rc lgtbclcr`e ogncs uscn tfrgubfgut tfc klnustry.
O. ^fc NceOupps Gjstruotkgl gi Nksoegsurc `ln Nksogvcry
Gl @prke 6, :116, _uc J`zkl i`xcn tg ogulsce tfc kligrh`tkgl tf`t ks ncsorkjcn `jgvc.
^fks kligrh`tkgl w`s lcwey nksogvcrcn `ln w`s prcvkgusey ul`v`ke`jec tg pe`kltkii. Hgrcgvcr,
tfks kligrh`tkgl klnko`tcn tf`t tfc NceOupps wcrc kl pgsscsskgl gi rcecv`lt `ln khpgrt`lt i`ot
`jgut tfc cvclts kl tfks o`sc, kloeunklb wfg h`nc tfc trkp irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx, fgw tfc trkp
w`s h`nc, wfg p`kn igr kt, wfkof `kreklc w`s uscn, wfcl tfc trkp w`s pe`llcn `ln jggdcn, wfg
pe`llcn `ln jggdcn tfc trkp, tfc purpgsc gi tfc trkp, wfg cesc f`s dlgwecnbc `jgut tfks, `ln
h`ly gtfcr skhke`r i`ots. Lglc gi tfks kligrh`tkgl w`s prcvkgusey nksoegscn jy tfc NceOupps
`t `ly tkhc nurklb tfc prcvkgus twg yc`rs gi ektkb`tkgl.
Kl `nnktkgl, tfc NceOupps oglnuot gjstruotcn pe`kltkii irgh gjt`klklb nksogvcry rce`tklb
tg tfcsc h`ttcrs, kloeunklb jut lgt ekhktcn tg tfc t`dklb gi ncpgsktkgls gi pcrsgls wktf dlgwecnbc
gi tfc trkp `ln tfc pe`llklb tfcrcigr, tfc scrvkoc gi ` sujpgcl` gl tfc `pprgprk`tc `kreklc igr
tr`vce `ln p`yhclt kligrh`tkgl, `ln tfc scrvkoc gi sujpgcl`s gl `pprgprk`tc ikl`lok`e
klstktutkgls igr `nnktkgl`e rcecv`lt p`yhclt kligrh`tkgl (c.b., igr orcnkt o`rn rcockpts igr tr`vce
cxpclscs). ^fks kligrh`tkgl bgcs tg tfc fc`rt gi pe`kltkiis `jkekty tg prgvc tfks o`sc, skloc kt
nc`es wktf tfc klvgevchclt gi tfc NceOupps kl `sskstklb Hkfrct tg `j`lngl fcr fusj`ln.
^fcrc ks lgtfklb hgrc rcecv`lt gr hgrc nksogvcr`jec wktf rcspcot tg tfks o`sc, tf`l tfc
klvgevchclt gi tfc NceOupps kl `sskstklb Hkfrct gl @ubust 2, :11?.
Qursu`lt tg Zuec :9.0,@rkz.Z.Okv.Q., tfc NceOupps wcrc rcqukrcn tg nksoegsc `ee rcecv`lt
`ln/gr nksogvcr`jec kligrh`tkgl dlgwl tg tfch `jgut tfks o`sc. Hgrcgvcr, Zuec ?2(n) prgvkncs
tf`t ` ektkb`lt wfg i`kes tg nksoegsc uli`vgr`jec kligrh`tkgl o`l jc s`lotkglcn up tg `ln
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kloeunklb nkshkss`e. Kl ekbft gi tfc NceOupps hksoglnuot, wfkof f`s jccl prcmunkok`e tg tfc
pursukt gi trutf `ln mustkoc kl tfks o`sc, pe`kltkii rcqucstcn tfc trk`e ogurt (0) tg Grncr tfc
NceOupps tg prgvknc oghprcfclskvc, iuee, `ln i`kr nksoegsurc gi cvcrytfklb tfcy dlgw rcb`rnklb
h`ttcrs `t kssuc kl tfks o`sc4 `ln (:) tg Grncr tf`t tfc p`rtkcs `rc cltktecn tg `l `nnktkgl`e ;1 n`ys
gi nksogvcry wktf rcspcot tg h`ttcrs `t kssuc kl tfks o`sc. Qe`kltkii iurtfcr rcqucsts tfc Ogurt tg
Grncr tf`t tfc NceOupps jc rcqukrcn tg `ppc`r kl Qfgclkx, @rkzgl` igr `ly lcocss`ry `nnktkgl`e
ncpgsktkgl tcstkhgly wfkof pe`kltkii h`y jc cltktecn tg t`dc.
^fc kltclt gi tfks hgtkgl ks lgt tg f`rh tfc NceOupps, jut r`tfcr tg `eegw tfc pe`kltkii `
i`kr sfgt `t prgvklb fks o`sc gl ` ecvce pe`yklb ikcen wfcrc `ee p`rtkcs f`vc tg igeegw tfc ruecs.
^fc NceOupps hksoglnuot kl hksec`nklb tfc trk`e ogurt `ln tfc pe`kltkii, kl i`keklb tg prgvknc
j`sko nksoegsurc, `ln kl gjstruotklb nksogvcry, ocrt`kley prgvkncn ` suiikokclt j`sks igr br`ltklb
tfks hgtkgl. ^fc ks cspcok`eey truc, jco`usc tfc e`w i`vgrs rcsgeutkgl gi nksputcs gl tfc hcrkts,
lgt gl tfc j`sks gi wfg o`l hgst suoocssiueey fknc tfc cvkncloc.
N. ^fc NceOupps Lcvcr Cxpe`klcn Rf`t F`ppclcn gl @ubust 2, :11?
Lgwfcrc kl tfckr rcspglsc tg pe`kltkiis hgtkgl nkn tfc NceOupps tcee tfc Ogurt wf`t
`otu`eey f`ppclcn gl @ubust 2, :11?. Z`tfcr, tfcy `rbucn tfc v`eknkty gi tfc lcw cvkncloc
pe`kltkii gjt`klcn vk` `l `iikn`vkt irgh @^&^s oghpek`loc ncp`rthclt.
Igr cx`hpec, tfc NceOupps `rbucn wfctfcr 1>09; w`s tfc s`hc `s >09;, wfctfcr 11>3
w`s tfc s`hc `s >3, `ln wfctfcr Z_[_ `ln _ystch KN `ln _KN wcrc tfc s`hc. ^fc NceOupps
`esg lgtcn tf`t ocrt`kl o`ees oglt`klcn gl tfc @ubust 2, :11? o`ee egb, wfkof wcrc `eecbcney
h`nc irgh Qfgclkx `otu`eey f`n ` Nclvcr Z_[_ luhjcr gi >3. @ee gi tfcsc `rbuhclts `rc rcn
fcrrklbs tf`t `rc lgtfklb jut `l `ttchpt tg ogliusc tfc ogurt `ln tg `eegw ` hkso`rrk`bc gi mustkoc
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tg goour kl tfks o`sc.
Kt ks ogulsces ulncrst`lnklb, j`scn upgl oglvcrs`tkgls wktf @^&^s oghpek`loc
ncp`rthclt, tf`t _KN hc`ls _ystch KN `ln rcicrs tg tfc luhjcrs `ppc`rklb kl tfc Z_[_
ogeuhl gl tfc pfglc rcogrns. _uc J`zkl ulncrstggn tf`t pe`kltkii w`ltcn tg dlgw tfc hc`lklb
gi tfc Z_[_ luhjcrs gl tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss pfglc rcogrns. _fc prgvkncn tfc hc`lklb gi
tfgsc luhjcrs, jut rcicrrcn tg tfch wktf ` nkiicrclt lghcloe`turc. ^f`t ngcs lgt klv`ekn`tc tfc
kligrh`tkgl oglt`klcn kl fcr iikn`vkt. Hgrcgvcr, tfcrc ks lg v`eknkty wf`tsgcvcr tg tfc
NceOupps oe`kh tf`t jco`usc twg nkiicrclt `orglyhs `rc uscn tg rcicr tg tfc s`hc luhjcrs, tfc
cvkncloc prcscltcn jy pe`kltkii ks hksec`nklb. Qe`kltkii rcqucstcn irgh @^&^ oghpek`loc tfc
hc`lklb gi tfc luhjcrs `ppc`rklb kl tfc Z_[_ ogeuhl gl tfc pfglc rcogrns, `ln w`s tgen tf`t
tfc luhjcrs `rc _ystch KNs (`esg rcicrrcn tg jy @^&^ `s jkeeklb ogncs) tf`t sfgw tfc `rc`s
irgh wfkof tfc v`rkgus o`ees wcrc h`nc.
Kl `nnktkgl, kt ks ogulsces ulncrst`lnklb j`scn upgl oglvcrs`tkgls wktf @^&^s
oghpek`loc ncp`rthclt tf`t tfc kltcrhkttclt ogncs gi >3 `ppc`rklb gl o`ees h`nc wfcl tfc ocee
pfglc w`s kl tfc Qfgclkx `rc` `rc nci`uet ogncs igr pfglc o`ees gi zcrg nur`tkgl. Kl tfks
rcb`rn, tfc Ogurt wkee lgtc tf`t cvcry glc gi tfc o`ees sfgwklb `ln Z_[_ ognc gi >3 h`nc gl
@ubust 2, :11? jctwccl ;=:1 `.h. `ln 3=30 p.h. ks ` o`ee gi zcrg nur`tkgl. Kl gtfcr wgrns, tfcsc
o`ees nkn lgt ogllcot `ln wcrc lgt jkeecn. ^fc >3 `ppc`rklb kl tfc Z_[_ ogeuhl ks tfc
nci`uet ognc igr tfc pfglcs fghc `rc` gi Nclvcr, Ogegr`ng. Kl sfgrt, tfc NceOupps pfglc
w`s kl Qfgclkx, @rkzgl` gl @ubust 2, :11?, `ln tfcy dlgw kt.
Ikl`eey, pe`kltkii rcqucstcn tf`t tfc trk`e ogurt sct `l cvkncltk`ry fc`rklb `ln `eegw
pe`kltkii tfc rkbft tg sujpgcl` ` wktlcss irgh @^&^s oghpek`loc ncp`rthclt tg tcstkiy kl gpcl
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ogurt. Iurtfcrhgrc, pe`kltkii h`nc tfc igeegwklb giicr gi prggi wktf rcspcot tg s`kn tcstkhgly=
0. ^fc wktlcss wguen jc cxpcotcn tg tcstkiy tf`t tfc luhjcrs `ppc`rklb kl tfc
Z_[_ ogeuhl kl tfc NceOupp pfglc rcogrns `rc _ystch KNs, `esg rcicrrcn tg `s jkeeklb
ogncs. ^fcsc luhjcrs rcprcsclt tfc bcgbr`pfko `rc`s irgh wfkof o ees `rc h`nc. O`ees
sfgwklb tfc luhjcr >3 wcrc h`nc irgh tfc `rc` gi Nclvcr, Ogegr`ng, `ln o`ees
sfgwklb tfc luhjcr >09; wcrc h`nc irgh Qfgclkx, @rkzgl`.
:. ^fc wktlcss wguen esg jc cxpcotcn tg tcstkiy tf`t tfc `orglyh L@OL
st`lns igr Lgrtf @hcrko`l Oceeue`r Lctwgrd. Rfcl kt `ppc`rs gl tfc pfglc rcogrns kt
hc`ls tf`t tfc sujmcot ocee pfglc w`s gl rg`hklb wfcl kt rcockvcn `l kloghklb o`ee.
?. ^fc wktlcss wguen esg jc cxpcotcn tg tcstkiy tf`t tfc ogncs gi >3
`ppc`rklb gl @ubust 2, :11?, jctwccl ;=:1 `.h. `ln 3=30 p.h. `rc nci`uet ogncs igr o`ees
gi zcrg nur`tkgl.
^fc trk`e ogurt nclkcn pe`kltkiis hgtkgl kl tfc ikl`e hklutc cltry munbhclt n`tcn H`y 3,
:116. T@ppclnkx 0X Kl kts hklutc cltry, tfc trk`e ogurt w`kvcn pe`kltkiis rcqucst igr gr`e
`rbuhclt `ln prgoccncn tg ncly tfc hgtkgl igr `nnktkgl`e nksogvcry. ^fc trk`e ogurt iguln tf`t
tfc prgiicrcn cvkncloc ks ultkhcey, ogliusklb, klogloeuskvc `ln kloglskstclt. Kt kloeuncs
huetkpec fc`rs`y. Kt ks lgl-prgj`tkvc `ln krrcecv`lt. ^fks `sscsshclt ks oghpectcey gii tfc
h`rd.
Qe`kltkii cxpe`klcn kl nct`ke wfy tfc cvkncloc w`s lgt gjt`klcn c`rekcr, kloeunklb tfc i`ot
tf`t tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss Oghpek`loc Ncp`rthclt ktscei nkn lgt f`vc tfks kligrh`tkgl. Qe`kltkii
uscn hgrc tf`l nuc nkekbcloc tg gjt`kl tfc kligrh`tkgl, jut uligrtul`tcey kt w`s ul`v`ke`jec.
Hgrcgvcr, tfc trk`e ogurt pe`ocn tfc cltkrc jurncl kl tfks h`ttcr gl pe`kltkii, wktfgut bkvklb `ly
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rcb`rn tg tfc i`ot tf`t pe`kltkiis mgj kl gjt`klklb tfc cvkncloc w`s gjstruotcnjy ncicln`lts. @
ncicln`lt wfg gjstruots nksogvcry `ln nksoegsurc o`llgt oghpe`kl tf`t tfc pe`kltkii i`kecn tg
tkhcey nksogvcr cvkncloc tf`t ncicln`lt sfguen f`vc nksoegscn kl tfc ikrst pe`oc. ^f`t wguen
h`dc ` oghpectc hgodcry gi tfc nksoegsurc gjekb`tkgls.
Lcxt, tfc trk`e ogurts rcicrcloc tg tfc prgiicrcn cvkncloc hust hc`l tfc i`x irgh _uc
J`zkl, `ln o`llgt pgsskjey hc`l tfc prgiicrcn tcstkhgly gi `l cxpcrt irgh @^&^. _urcey, tfc
trk`e ogurt wguen lgt ikln tf`t suof `l cxpcrt wguen jc prcoeuncn irgh tcstkiyklb tg tfc cvkncloc
ncsorkjcn kl pe`kltkiis giicr gi prggi. Ikl`eey, tfc trk`e ogurts `sscrtkgl tf`t tfc cvkncloc ks
lgl-prgj`tkvc `ln krrcecv`lt r`kscs `l kssuc `s tg wfctfcr tfc trk`e ogurt ulncrstggn tfc l`turc
gi pe`kltkiis hgtkgl. Kt ks ocrt`kley rcecv`lt wfcl glc ektkb`lt f`s hksecn `lgtfcr igr gvcr twg
yc`rs, gjstruotklb nksoegsurc `ln nksogvcry kl tfc prgocss. Ki tf`t ks lgt `l kssuc tf`t `l `iicotcn
ektkb`lt ks cltktecn tg r`ksc, tfcl tfcrc ks ekttec fgpc igr mustkoc kl gur ogurts.
Igr tfc igrcbgklb rc`sgls, tfc trk`e ogurt crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl nclyklb
Qe`kltkiis Hgtkgl igr @nnktkgl`e Nksoegsurc `ln Nksogvcry, Nuc tg Ncicln`lts @ttchpt tg
Hksec`n tfc Ogurt `ln tfc Qe`kltkii. ^fc Ogurt gi @ppc`es sfguen rch`ln tfks o`sc igr iurtfcr
nksoegsurc `ln nksogvcry `s rcqucstcn kl tfc hgtkgl. Kl tfc `etcrl`tkvc, tfc Ogurt gi @ppc`es
sfguen rch`ln igr `l cvkncltk`ry fc`rklb gl tfks kssuc, `t wfkof pe`kltkii wguen jc cltktecn tg o`ee
`l cxpcrt irgh @^&^ rcb`rnklb tfc ogltclt gi tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc rcogrns.
:. ^fc Ogurt crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl rueklb gl ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr
suhh`ry munbhclt `ln hgtkgl igr rcoglskncr`tkgl.
@ hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt sfguen jc br`ltcn ki tfc i`ots prgnuocn kl suppgrt gi
tfc oe`kh gr nciclsc f`vc sg ekttec prgj`tkvc v`euc, bkvcl tfc qu`ltuh gi cvkncloc rcqukrcn, tf`t
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rc`sgl`jec pcgpec oguen lgt `brcc wktf tfc ogloeuskgl `nv`locn jy tfc prgpglclt gi tfc oe`kh gr
nciclsc. Grhc _ofgge v. Zccvcs, 099 @rkz. ?10, ?1;, 61: Q.:n 0111 (0;;1).
^fc ogltclt gi tfc Ogurts rueklb gl ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt h`dcs kt
oec`r tf`t tfc Ogurt nkn lgt igeegw tfc e`w kl cv`eu`tklb `ln rueklb gl s`kn hgtkgl. ^fc ruecs igr
cv`eu`tklb ` hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt kloeunc tfc igeegwklb=
Orcnkjkekty nctcrhkl`tkgls, tfc wckbfklb gi tfc cvkncloc, `ln tfc nr`wklb gi
ecbktkh`tc klicrclocs irgh tfc i`ots `rc mury iulotkgls, lgt tfgsc gi tfc munbc, wfctfcr
fc ks rueklb gl ` hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt gr igr nkrcotcn vcrnkot. ^fc cvkncloc gi
tfc lgl-hgv`lt ks tg jc jcekcvcn, `ln `ee mustkik`jec klicrclocs `rc tg jc nr`wl kl fks
i`vgr. Grhc _ofgge v. Zccvcs, 099 @rkz. ?10, ?1;-?01, 61: Q.:n 0111 (0;;1).
Kl gtfcr wgrns, tfc st`rtklb pe`oc igr cv`eu`tklb ` hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt ks (0) tg `oocpt
`s truc tfc cvkncloc sujhkttcn jy tfc lgl-hgvklb p`rty, `ln (:) tg `oocpt `s truc `ee mustkik`jec
klicrclocs tg jc nr`wl irgh tfc lgl-hgvklb p`rtys cvkncloc.
@. ^fc Ogurts Cv`eu tkgl Jcbkls J`odw`rns
Kl tfks o`sc, tfc Ogurt ciicotkvcey jcb`l kts `l`eysks jy st`tklb=
^fc NceOupps f`vc oglskstcltey h`klt`klcn `ln st`tcn ulncr g`tf tf`t tfcy lcvcr
hct Qe`kltkii, f`vc lcvcr jccl tg @rkzgl`, f`n lgtfklb tg ng wktf Qe`kltkiis h`rrk`bc tgHrs. NceOupps skstcr, Hkfrct, cto. Qe`kltkii f`s nglc lgtfklb tg of`eeclbc tfcsc i`ots.
Kl gtfcr wgrns, tfc Ogurt jcb`l kts cv`eu`tkgl j`odw`rns, jy `ssuhklb tfc `sscrtkgls gi tfc
NceOupps, k.c., tfc hgvklb p`rtkcs, tg jc truc. Kl `nnktkgl, tfc Ogurt h`nc `l klktk`e orcnkjkekty
nctcrhkl`tkgl kl i`vgr gi tfc NceOupps, k.c., `ssuhklb tfch tg jc orcnkjec. @s pe`kltkii sfgws
jcegw, glc gi tfc h`mgr kssucs kl tfks o`sc ks tfc orcnkjkekty gi tfc NceOupps, cspcok`eey H`dn`
NceOupp. ^fcrcigrc, igr tfc Ogurt `t tfc gutsct gi kts `l`eysks tg `ssuhc tf`t tfc NceOupps `rc
orcnkjec ks tg usurp ` ecbktkh`tc iulotkgl gi tfc mury. Jgtf gi tfc igrcbgklb crrgrs, k.c., `ssuhklb
tfc `sscrtkgls gi tfc hgvklb p`rty tg jc truc `lnh`dklb `l klktk`e orcnkjkekty nctcrhkl`tkgl kl
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Kl kts H`y 2, :112 hklutc cltry tfc trk`e ogurt st`tcn, ^fc Ogurt, wktf sghc rceuot`loc, iklns tf`t tfc0
NceOupp s f`vc w`kvcn tfckr `rbuhclt tf`t `l @rkzgl` ogurt f`s lg pcrsgl`e murksnkotkgl gvcr tfch. (Chpf`sks
`nncn.) Kt ks skblkiko`lt tf`t tfc lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc rce`tklb tg tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss pfglc rcogrn s sfgws
tf`t tfc NceOupps `otu`eey f`n oglt`otswktf tfc _t`tc gi @rkzgl` suiikokclt tg `eegw tfc `sscrtkgl gi pcrsgl`e
murksnkot kgl g vcr tfch.
-:1-
i`vgr gi tfc NceOupps, oglstktutc `juscs gi nksorctkgl.
Hgrcgvcr, tfc Ogurt klktk`eey igouscn glmurksnkotkgl`e i`ots, wfkof `rc oghpectcey
krrcecv`lt tg tfc sujmcot hgtkgl, skloc tfc Ogurt ruecn kl H`y :112 tf`t kt f`s murksnkotkgl. Igr0
cx`hpec, tfc i`ot tf`t tfc NceOupps f`vc lcvcr hct tfc pe`kltkii ks oghpectcey krrcecv`lt, skloc kt
ks oec`r tf`t tfc NceOupps dlgw Hr. Ngrscy `ln f`vc oghhulko`tcn wktf fkh jy tcecpfglc
`ln ch`ke. @b`kl, cvcl ki tfc NceOupps f`vc lcvcr jccl tg @rkzgl`, tf`t tgg ks krrcecv`lt. Glc
oglspkrklb tg ncir`un `l @rkzgl` rcsknclt ngcs lgt f`vc tg ng kt irgh wktfkl @rkzgl`. @esg, `s
lgtcn `jgvc, tfc Ogurts ogloeuskgl tf`t tfc NceOupps f`n lgtfklb tg ng wktf pe`kltkiis
h`rrk`bc, j`scn upgl tfc `sscrtkgls gi tfc NceOupps, ks j`odw rns. Kt `ssuhcs tfc trutf gi i ots
`eecbcn jy tfc hgv`lt, r`tfcr tf`l tfc trutf gi i ots `eecbcn jy tfc lgl-hgv`lt. Ikl`eey, tfc
Ogurts st`tchclt tf`t Qe`kltkii f`s nglc lgtfklb tg of`eeclbc tfcsc i`ots, hksscs tfc h`rd.
^fcrc w`s lg rc`sgl `t tfks muloturc igr tfc pe`kltkii tg prcsclt i`ots tf`t bg tg murksnkotkgl, skloc
tf`t wguen jc ` w`stc gi cvcryglcs tkhc. Klstc`n, pe`kltkii prcscltcn i`ots `ln klicrclocs tf`t
suppgrt tfc sujst`loc gi fks o`sc.
J. ^fc Ogurt I kecn tg Zcvkcw tfc Cvkncloc `ln tfc Klicrclocs
Kl kts Grncr, tfc Ogurt rcvkcwcn gley twgi`ots irgh `hglb tfgsc sujhkttcn jy tfc
pe`kltkii kl gppgsktkgl tg tfc hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt. ^fgsc i`ots oglskstcn gi tfc
igeegwklb=
(k) @s lgtcn kl tfc Ogurts grncr gi H`y 2, :112, tfc hgst tf`t Qe`kltkii o`l
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sfgw ks tf`t, gl @ubust 2, :11?, tfc n`y tf`t Qe`kltkiis wkic `eecbcney `j`lnglcn fkh,
glc gi tfc NceOupp Ncicln`lts h`y f`vc f`n igur tcecpfglc o`ees gl ` oceeue`r tcecpfglc
tg wfkof Qe`kltkiis wkic `eecbcney f`n `oocss `t tfc tkhc wfcl sfc, `oogrnklb tg Qe`kltkii,
w`s stkee kl @rkzgl`.
(kk) Qe`kltkii esg giicrs cvkncloc tf`t Hrs. NceOupp h`y f`vc spgdcl tg fcrskstcr ` luhjcr gi tkhcs irgh @ubust 2 tfrgubf @ubust :2, :112, tfrgubf ` Bct`ofcw
[clclcf kl @urgr`, Ogegr`ng, `etfgubf tfc cvkncloc ks i`r irgh oec`r.
(0) Ikrst I`ot Oktcn jy tfc Ogurt
_kblkiko`ltey, tfc ikrst i`ot ks t`dcl irgh tfc Ogurts rueklb gl Murksnkotkgl, wfkof ks lg
eglbcr `t kssuc. ^fc Ogurts of`r`otcrkz`tkgl gi tfks cvkncloc prcscltcn jy pe`kltkii oec`rey ngcs
lgt`ppey tfc ogrrcot ecb`e st`ln`rn. Ects t`dc kt glc pfr`sc `t ` tkhc.
(`) ^fc Ogurt of`r`otcrkzcs @ubust 2, :11?, `s tfc n`y pe`kltkiis wkic
`eecbcney`j`lnglcn fkh. ^fc Ogurts e`lbu`bc ks hksec`nklb, skloc kt subbcsts tf`t
cktfcr tfc n`tc ks `t kssuc gr tfc i`ot tf`t pe`kltkiis wkic `j`lnglcn fkh ks `t kssuc.
Fgwcvcr, lcktfcr prgpgsktkgl ks ogrrcot. ^fcrc ks lg kssuc kl tfks o`sc `s tg tfc n`tc gl
wfkof Hkfrct `j`lnglcn Hkod, kt w`s @ubust 2, :11?, pcrkgn. ^fc NceOupps f`vc
lcvcr put tfks `t kssuc. Kl `nnktkgl, tfcrc ks lg kssuc `s tg wfctfcr Hkfrct `j`lnglcn
Hkod. Hkod f`s tcstkikcn tg tfks i`ot `ln tfc NceOupps f`vc lcvcr nksputcn kt. ^fckr gley
nksputc bgcs tg tfc rc`sgls wfy Hkfrct `j`lnglcn Hkod. ^fcrcigrc, igr purpgscs gi tfc
hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt, tfc Ogurt hust `oocpt `s tructfc i`ot tf`t pe`kltkiis wkic
`j`lnglcn fkh gl @ubust 2, :11?.
(j) ^fc Ogurt st`tcs tf`t gl @ubust 2, :11?, glc gi tfc NceOupp
Ncicln`lts h`yf`vc f`n igur pfglc o`ees tg pe`kltkiis wkic. ^fks, `b`kl, oglstktutcs
i`keurc gi tfc Ogurt tg prgpcrey vkcw tfc cvkncloc. Qe`kltkii prgnuocn tcecpfglc rcogrns
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Zcicrclocs `rc h`n c tfrgubfgut tfks scotkgl tg tfc _t`tchclt gi I`ots _uppg rtklb Qe`kltkiis Zcspglsc tg:
Ncicln`lts Hgtkgl igr _uhh`ry Munbhclt. TNgodct #0>;X _GI.99 rcicrs tg p`r`br`pf 99 gi tfc _t`tchclt gi
I`ots.
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sfgwklb tf`t igur tcecpfglc o`ees wcrc h`nc irgh H`dn` NceOuppsocee pfglc tg tfc
Orkodct pfglc kl tfc pgsscsskgl gi Hkfrct gl tfc hgrlklb gi @ubust 2, :11?. ^fc
NceOupps f`vc lcvcr prcscltcn `ly cvkncloc nksputklb tfc `oour`oy gi tfc ocee pfglc
rcogrns. ^fcrcigrc, tfc ocee pfglc rcogrns spc`d igr tfchscevcs `ln oec`rey sfgw tfc
o`ees wcrc h`nc. Kl `nnktkgl, pe`kltkii nkn lgt ec`rl ultke e`tc kl tfc o`sc wfg otu`eey
uscntfc NceOupp ocee pfglc. Kt w`s lgt ultke Zgjcrt NceOupps ncpgsktkgl t`dcl gl
@ubust :, :112, tf`t Hr. NceOupp ikl`eey `nhkttcn `itcr cxtclskvc orgss-cx`hkl`tkgl tf`t
tfc ocee pfglc w`s H`dn`s. ^fks ks kligrh`tkgl tf`t tfc NceOupps f`n ` nutyulncr
Zuec :9.0 tg nksoegsc, kt ks lgt kligrh`tkgl tf`t pe`kltkii sfguen f`vc f`n tg spcln
tfgus`lns gi ngee`rs kl `ttgrlcys iccs `ln tr`vce cxpclscs tg bct `t `l gut-gi-st`tc
ncpgsktkgl. Hgrcgvcr, nurklb H`dn` NceOupps ncpgsktkgl, sfc nkn lgt ncly h`dklb
tfc pfglc o`ees tg Hkfrct gl tfc hgrlklb gi @ubust 2, :11?, r`tfcr, sfc tcstkikcn `t
v`rkgus tkhcs tf`t sfc nknlt dlgwwfg h`nc tfc o`ees grtf`t sfc nknlt rchchjcr
wfg h`nc tfc o`ees. (_GI.99) Qe`kltkii prgnuocn tfks pgrtkgl gi tfc ncpgsktkgl:
cx`hkl`tkgl gi H`dn` igr tfc Ogurt jgtf kl tcxt igrh `ln kl vkncgt`pc igrh gl ` NYN.
T_cc Ngodct #03: `ln @ppclnkx 9X Fgwcvcr, tfcrc ks lg klnko`tkgl kl tfc rcogrn tf`t tfc
Ogurt `otu`eey vkcwcn tfc twclty hklutcs gi NYN tcstkhgly gi H`dn`, sujhkttcn jy
pe`kltkii. J`scn gl tfc cvkncloc sujhkttcn jy pe`kltkii, `ly rc`sgl`jec murgr oguen
klicr tf`t H`dn` Nceoupp (usklb fcr gwl ocee pfglc) o`eecn Hkfrct igur tkhcs gl
tfc hgrlklb gi @ubust 2, :11? (`s sfgwl jy H`dn`s pfglc rcogrns). Gloc `b`kl,
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Hkod tcstkikcn tf`t wfcl Hkfrct `j`lnglc n fkh gl @ubust 2, :11?, sfc tggd Hkods Orkodct pfglc wktf?
fcr. Hkfrct `esg tggd Hkods pcrsgl`e khhkbr`tkgl ngouhclts uscn tg prgocss tfc D? vks` igr Hkfrct, `eglb wktf
pc rsgl` e pfg tgbr`p fs. (_GI .39 )
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rc`sgl`jec klicrclocs irgh tfc cvkncloc hust jc `oocptcn jy tfc Ogurtkl rueklb gl `
hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt. ^fc wgrn h`y uscn kl tfc Ogurts ncsorkptkgl `jgvc,
f`s lg pe`oc kl tfc cv`eu`tkgl.
(o) ^fc Ogurt st`tcs tf`t Hkfrct `eecbcneyf`n `oocss tg tfc Orkodct
pfglc. ^fc cvkncloc prcscltcn jy pe`kltkii ks tf`t Hkfrct f`n pgsscsskgl gi Hkods
Orkodct pfglc `ln tggd kt wktf fcr wfcl sfc ecit gl @ubust 2, :11?. (_GI.39) Hkod?
o`eecn tfc Orkodct pfglc gl tfc `itcrlggl gi @ubust 2, :11?, `ln rcockvcn ` rcturl pfglc
o`ee irgh Hkfrct tcl hklutcs e`tcr. (_GI.36) Nurklb tf`t o`ee, kt sgulncn tg Hkod ekdc
Hkfrct w`s kl ` jus tcrhkl`e gr `krpgrt, wfkof suppgrts `l klicrcloc tf`t Hkfrct w`s
tr`vceklb sghcwfcrc. @b`kl, tfc NceOupps lcvcr of`eeclbcn pe`kltkiis cvkncloc tf`t
Hkfrct tggd Hkods Orkodct pfglc `ln f`n kt kl fcr pgsscsskgl gl @ubust 2, :11?. Gl
tfks rcogrn, tfc Ogurt hust `oocpt `s trucpe`kltkiis tcstkhgly tf`t Hkfrct f`n
pgsscsskgl gi tfc Orkodct pfglc. ^fc prgpgsktkgl tf`t Hkfrct f`n `oocss tg tfc Orkodct
pfglc ks lgt` hcrc `eecb`tkgl, kt ks sghctfklb tf`t `ly rc`sgl`jec murgr oguen klicr irgh
tfc cvkncloc. Hgrcgvcr, kt ks sghctfklb tfc trk`e ogurt w`s rcqukrcn tg `oocpt `s truc kl
cv`eu`tklb tfc hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt.
(:) _cogln I`ot Oktcn jy tfc Ogurt
Gloc `b`kl, tfc Ogurts of`r`otcrkz`tkgl gi tfc cvkncloc prcscltcn jy pe`kltkii ngcs lgt
`ppey tfc ogrrcot ecb`e st`ln`rn.
^fc Ogurt st`tcs tf`t Hrs. NceOupp h`y f`vc spgdcl tg fcr skstcr ` luhjcr gi tkhcs
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Zgjcrt NceOu pp tcstkikcn `t fks ncpgsktkgl gl @ubust :, :112, tf`t fc nkn lgth`dc `ly gi tfc >1>
tcecpfglc o`ees tf`t wcrc h`nc irgh tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc tg tfc luhjcr jceglbklb tg Bct`ofcw
[clclc f. ^fks cvkncloc suppgrts tfc klicrcloc tf`t H`dn ` NceOupp h`nc tfc o`ees, skloc kt w`s fcr pfglc.
-:>-
tfrgubf ` Bct`ofcw [clclcf kl @urgr`, Ogegr`ng, `etfgubf tfc cvkncloc ks i`r irgh oec`r.
Qe`kltkii prcscltcn cvkncloc tfrgubf Oklbue`r Rkrcecss pfglc rcogrns gi >1 tcecpfglc o`ees irgh
H`dn` NceOupps ocee pfglc tg ` luhjcr jceglbklb tg Bct`ofcw [clclcf kl @urgr`, Ogegr`ng.
(_GI.2> `ln 3>) ^fcsc tcecpfglc o`ees goourrcn irgh @ubust ;, :11? tg @ubust :9, :11?, wfcl
tfc o`ees tg tfc [clclcf luhjcr sunncley oc scn. Qe`kltkii `esg prcscltcn cvkncloc tfrgubf Jcee>
O`l`n` pfglc rcogrns gi ` oglicrcloc o`ee tf`t goourrcn gl @ubust :2, :11?. ^fc o`ee grkbkl`tcn
irgh Lgrtf [grd, Glt`rkg, O`l`n`, irgh ` luhjcr jceglbklb tg Hkfrcts jrgtfcr, Eguescbcn
D`fss`y (Egu). Egu nk`ecn Bct`ofcw [clclcfs luhjcr kl @urgr`, Ogegr ng, `ln tfcl nk`ecn
pe`kltkiis luhjcr kl @rkzgl`. J`scn gl pe`kltkiis tcstkhgly, tfc oglicrcloc o`ee klvgevcn Egu,
Hkfrct, `ln pe`kltkii. J`scn gl tfc o`eeklb rcogrns, kt ks oec`r jcygln `ly ngujttf`t Hkfrct
p`rtkokp`tcn kl tfc oglicrcloc o`ee gl tfc e`ln eklc ego`tcn `t tfc [clclcf rcskncloc kl @urgr ,
Ogegr`ng. Lgtc tf`t tfc Ogurts st`tchclt tf`t pfglc o`ees wcrc h`nc tfrgubfBct`ofcw
[clclcf, khpeyklb tf`t tfcy wclt tg tfc [clclcf rcskncloc `ln wcrc igrw`rncn cescwfcrc ks
oghpectcey ulsuppgrtcn jy tfc rcogrn`ln `hgults tg purc spcoue`tkgl. Hgrcgvcr, tfks
`hgults tg `lgtfcr `ttchpt tg vkcw tfc cvkncloc kl ` ekbft hgst i`vgr`jec tg tfc hgv`lts, r`tfcr
tf`l tfc gtfcr w`y rguln. ^fc NceOupps nkn lgt prcsclt ly cvkncloc tg nksputc tfc `oour`oy
gi tfc Jcee O`l`n` pfglc rcogrns, gr tg subbcst tf`t tfc o`ees h`nc tg tfc [clclcf luhjcr wcrc
igrw`rncn cescwfcrc. Ikl`eey, tfcrc ks lg cvkncloc kl tfc rcogrn tf`t tfc [clclcf pfglc eklc
f`n ` igrw`rnklb ic`turc gl kt.
^fc igrcbgklb cvkncloc prcscltcn jy pe`kltkii oec`reycst`jeksfcs tf`t Hkfrct w`s kl
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@urgr`, Ogegr`ng gl @ubust :2, :11?. ^fks ks ` i`ot tf`t tfc NceOupps wcrc ulncr ` ecb`e nuty
tg nksoegsc kl tfks ektkb`tkgl, jut nkn lgt. Kl i`ot, tfcy lgt gley i`kecn tg nksoegsc tfks i`ot, tfcy
rcpc`tcney oe`khcn Hkfrct w`s lcvcr kl Ogegr`ng `ln tf`t sfc rcturlcn tg Ctfkgpk`. Bkvcl tfc
NceOupps oghpectc e`od gi orcnkjkekty gl tfks kssuc, ` rc`sgl`jec murgr oguen klicr tf`t Hkfrct
tr`vcecn tg @urgr`, Ogegr ng `itcr ec`vklb Hkod gl @ubust 2, :11?. ^fc ulusu`e luhjcr gi
pfglc o`ees irgh H`dn`s ocee pfglc tg tfc [clclcf luhjcr o`l jc cxpe`klcn jy Hkfrcts
prcscloc `t tfc [clclcf rcskncloc kl @urgr` nurklb ` tfrcc wccd pcrkgn kl @ubust, `itcr sfc
`j`lnglcn Hkod. ^fks `b`kl ks ` rc`sgl`jec klicrcloc tf`t oguen jc h`nc jy ly murgr, `ln ngcs
lgt`hgult tg spcoue`tkgl gr klluclng `s tfc Ogurt subbcsts. Z`tfcr, kt ks j`scn gl ` wcj gi
okrouhst`ltk`e cvkncloc irgh wfkof murgrs oguen ncrkvc rc`sgl`jec klicrclocs.
O. Cvkncloc gi @nv`loc Qe`llklb jy tfc NceOupps
(0) Qurof`sc gi Oklbue r Rkrcecss Ocee Qfglc
^fc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc rcogrns `rc tfc rcogrns rce`tklb tg H`dn` Nceoupps
pfglc. ^fc ikrst p`bc gi tfgsc rcogrns, wfkof ks cltktecn _ujsorkjcr Kligrh`tkgl, sfgws tf`t
tfc ocee pfglc w`s purof`scn jy tfc NceOupps gl @ubust 3, :11?, wfkof w`s twg n`ysjcigrc
Hkfrct `j`lnglcn Hkod. ^fc pfglc w`s uscn gloc gl @ubust 9, :11?, `ln tfcl w`s put kltg
rcbue`r scrvkoc gl @ubust 2, :11?. Lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc sfgws tf`t sghcglc usklb tfc
ocee pfglc tr`vcecn irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx `ln j`od gl @ubust 2, :11?. ^fks ocee pfglc w`s
uscn tg h`dc tfc igur o`ees tg Hkfrcts Orkodct pfglc gl tfc hgrlklb gi @ubust 2, :11?. Kt w`s
`esg uscn tg h`dc scvcr`e o`ees tg @rkzgl` luhjcrs e`tcr tf`t s hc n`y. Kl `nnktkgl, kt w`s uscn
tg h`dc tfc >1 o`ees tg tfc [clclcf luhjcr tfrgubfgut tfc hgltf gi @ubust :11?. J`scn upgl
tfc `v`ke`jec cvkncloc, kt `ppc`rs tf`t tfc NceOupps purof`scn tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc
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spcokiko`eey igr usc gl tfc trkp tg Qfgclkx `ln tg oghhulko`tc wktf Hkfrct `itcrw`rns. ^fks
prgvkncn tfch wktf ` lcw pfglc luhjcr tf`t Hkod Ngrscy nkn lgt dlgw, `ln tfcrcigrc wguen
f`vc nkiikouety tr`oklb.
@ly murgr oguen rc`sgl`jey klicrirgh tfks cvkncloc (0) tf`t tfc NceOupps dlcw kl
`nv`loctf`t Hkfrct wguen jc ec`vklb Hkod4 (:) tf`t tfc NceOupps wcrc klvgevcn kl `sskstklb
Hkfrct (k.c., kl oglspkrklb wktf fcr) `ln w`ltcn tg ogvcr tfckr tr`ods jy usklb ` lcw tcecpfglc
luhjcr4 `ln (?) tf`t purof`sklb tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc oglstktutcn `nv`loc pe`llklb
(k.c., `l `iikrh`tkvc `ot) jy tfc NceOupps kl iurtfcr`loc gi tfc oglspkr`oy wktf Hkfrct. @b`kl,
tfc Ogurt hust `oocpt `s truc `ee rc`sgl`jec klicrclocs irgh tfc cvkncloc sujhkttcn jy
pe`kltkii.
(:) ^r`vce Irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx gl @ubust 2, :11?
^fc i`ot tf`t H`dn` gr sghcglc usklb H`dn`s ocee pfglc tr`vcecn irgh Nclvcr tg
Qfgclkx `ln j`od gl @ubust 2, :11?, prgvkncs iurtfcr cvkncloc gi ogeeuskgl jctwccl tfc
NceOupps `ln Hkfrct. ^fks trkp oec`rey rcqukrcn `nv`loc pe`llklb, wfkof `b`kl klnko`tcs tf`t tfc
NceOupps dlcw kl `nv`loc gi Hkfrcts pe`l tg ec`vc Hkod. Kl `nnktkgl, `ly rc`sgl`jec murgr
oguen klicr tf`t tfc trkp w`s spcokiko`eey `ln kltcltkgl`eey `rr`lbcn tg `sskst Hkfrct kl ec`vklb fcr
fusj`ln. Kl gtfcr wgrns, tfks cvkncloc suppgrts `l klicrcloc tf`t tfc NceOupps oglspkrcn wktf
Hkfrct kl `nv`loc tg `sskst Hkfrct kl `j`lnglklb Hkod, `ln tfcl tggd `iikrh`tkvc stcps tg
cxcoutc tfc pe`llcn oglspkr`oy. ^fks bgcs tg tfc fc`rt gi pe`kltkiis o`sc.
(?) H`dn`s Hgtfcr kl @urgr , Ogegr`ng
Kt ks lgt` ogklokncloc tf`t H`dn` `ln Hkfrcts hgtfcr, wfg rcskncs kl Ctfkgpk`, w`s
st`yklb wktf H`dn` kl @urgr`, Ogegr`ng wfcl Hkfrct `j`lnglcn Hkod. (_GI.6>) H`dn` (ngj
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;/3/0;2:) ks ckbft yc`rs gencr tf`l Hkfrct (ngj :/>/0;60). (_GI.6:-6?) ^fcrcigrc, wfcl Hkfrct
o`hc tg tfc Slktcn _t`tcs, sfc w`s gley :: yc`rs gen `ln wktfgut ikl`lok`e hc`ls, jut fcr skstcr
H`dn` w`s `bc ?1 `ln `erc`ny wcee cst`jeksfcn. Kt h`dcs khhklclt sclsc tf`t H`dn` `ln fcr
hgtfcr jgtf w`ltcn tg jc `v`ke jec tg prgvknc suppgrt tg Hkfrct `itcr sfc j`lnglcn Hkod. @ly
murgr oguen rc`sgl`jey klicr irgh tfc cvkncloc tf`t tfc NceOupps wcrc klvgevcn kl pe`llklb tfc
tkhklb gi tfc hgtfcrs st`y kl @urgr` tg ogkloknc wktf tfc tkhc Hkfrct wguen `rrkvc kl tfc Slktcn
_t`tcs, ec`vc Hkod, `ln tr`vce tg @urgr`. ^fks iurtfcr suppgrts pe`kltkiis oe`kh tf`t tfc Nceoupps
oglspkrcn wktf Hkfrct tg `sskst fcr kl ec`vklb Hkod.
N. ^fc NceOupps E`od Orcnkjkekty, Cspcok eey H`dn` NceOupp
^fc Ogurt `oocpts tfc NceOupps tcstkhgly `s orcnkjec `ln rcek`jec. Fgwcvcr, `
rc`sgl`jec murgr wguen f`vc hgrc tf`l clgubf cvkncloc tg ogloeunc tf`t tfc NceOupps f`vc ekcn
rcpc`tcney tfrgubfgut tfc ogursc gi tfks ektkb`tkgl. Nctcrhkl`tkgls gi orcnkjkekty gl tfc grncr gi
tfgsc `t kssuc kl tfks o`sc `rc qucstkgls igr tfc mury, lgt igr tfc ogurt.
Igr cx`hpec, H`dn` NceOupp tcstkikcn `t fcr ncpgsktkgl gl @ubust :, :112, tf`tsfc
nknlt rchchjcrwfg f`n `oocss tg tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc (`oogrnklb tg fcr fusj`ln
kt w`s fcr ocee pfglc)4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc `ln fcr fusj`ln f`n `oocss tg tfc
ocee pfglc4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr `lyglc jcskncs sfc `ln fcr fusj`ln f`n `oocss
tg tfc pfglc4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfg h`nc igur o`ees irgh fcr ocee pfglc tg tfc Orkodct
pfglc kl Hkfrcts pgsscsskgl gl tfc hgrlklb gi @ubust 2, :11?4 tf`tsfc nknlt dlgwwfg
h`nc `ly gi tfc o`ees tg Qfgclkx usklb fcr ocee pfglc gl @ubust 2, :11?4 tf`tsfc nknlt
rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc gr fcr fusj`ln f`n h`nc `ly gi tfc o`ees tg Qfgclkx tf`t hgrlklb4 tf`t
sfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc t`edcn tg Hkfrct gl tfc n`y Hkfrct ecit fcr fusj`ln (Hkods
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Rfcl H kod spgdc wktf H`dn` jy tcecpfglc gl @ubust 2, :11?, kt w`s oec`r tf`t H`dn` f`n prcvkgusey3
spgdcl wktf Hkfrct. (_GI.9?) Kl i`ot, H`dn ` h`nc ` tfrc`tclklb rch`rd tg Hkod, s`yklb, Ki ygu try tg ikln fcr
Tk.c., HkfrctX, Kh bgklb tg bct ygu.
-:6-
tcstkhgly cst`jeksfcs tf`t H`dn` nkn t`ed tg Hkfrct tfks n`tc) 4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcr3
wfctfcr sfc t`edcn tg Hkfrct wktfkl ` hgltf gi tfc tkhc Hkfrct ecit fcr fusj`ln4 tf`tsfc nknlt
rchchjcrtfc e`st tkhc sfc t`edcn wktf Hkfrct4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc t`edcn tg
Hkfrct wktfkl tfc p`st yc`r4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc t`edcn wktf Hkfrct kl tfc
RCCD prkgr tg tfc ncpgsktkgl4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc t`edcn wktf Hkfrct kl tfc
p`st hgltf4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr sfc t`edcn wktf Hkfrct kl tfc p`st skx hgltfs4
tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcrwfctfcr fcr hgtfcr, wfg w`s st`yklb wktf fcr kl Nclvcr, f`n `ly
oglt`ot wktf Hkfrct `itcr Hkfrct ecit fcr fusj`ln4 tf`tsfc nknlt rchchjcr `lytfklb`jgut fcr
glc hgltf trkp tg Ctfkgpk`kl :110 tg ocecjr`tc fcr h`rrk`bc wktf fcr i`hkey, kloeunklb wfctfcr
sfc vksktcn fcr skstcr Hkfrct, fcr skstcr Dknkst, fcr skstcr Jctfecfch, fcr jrgtfcr Eguescbcn, fcr
hgtfcr, gr fcr i`tfcr4 tf`tsfc h`yf`vc o`eecn Hr. [clclcfs tcecpfglc luhjcr jut sfc nknlt
rchchjcr4 tf`tsfc nknlt dlgwwfctfcr tfc luhjcr ?1?-?3?-?0;: w`s Hr. [clclcfs
luhjcr4 `ln tf`tHkfrct rcturlcn tg Ctfkgpk` jut H`dn` nknlt dlgwwfcl gr fgw.
H`dn` NceOupps `eecbcn e`od gi hchgry `jgut tfc igrcbgklb h`ttcrs strctofcs
orcnuekty. @ly murgr wfg fc`rn H`dn` NceOupp tcstkiy tf`t sfc nknlt rchchjcr wfg f`n
`oocss tg fcr gwl ocee pfglc, gr tf`t sfc nknlt rchchjcr wfctfcr sfc t`edcn tg Hkfrct
wktfkl tfc p`st wccd, gr tf`t sfc nknlt rchchjcr `ly i`hkey hchjcrs sfc s`w gl ` i`hkey
trkp tg Ctfkgpk` kl :110, oguen rc`nkey ogloeunc tf`t Hrs. NceOupp ks E[KLB. (_GI.99, 92,
23, 6>, 63, 62, `ln 66) Kl `nnktkgl, pe`kltkii prgvkncn tg tfc Ogurt vkncgt`pc vcrskgl gi
H`dn`s tcstkhgly gl NYN. T_cc Ngodct #03: ln @ppclnkx 9X ^fks kloeuncn `pprgxkh`tcey
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:1 hklutcs gi oekps tf`t wcrc `esg kloeuncn kl wrkttcl igrh kl Qe`kltkiis _t`tchclt gi I`ots.
^fcrc ks lg klnko`tkgl kl tfc rcogrn tf`t tfc Ogurt `otu`eey vkcwcn tfc NYN. ^fks w`s prgvkncn
tg tfc Ogurt igr tfc spcokiko purpgsc gi sfgwklb tf`t tfcrc ks huof hgrc tg tfc tcstkhgly tf`l tfc
wgrns. Igr cx`hpec, H`dn` wgrc ` f`t pueecn ngwl gl fcr igrcfc`n, eglb wktf n`rd
sulbe`sscs, tfrgubfgut tfc ncpgsktkgl. _fc `esg f`n fcr f`kr ikxcn kl ` w`y sg tf`t kt icee igrw`rn
p`rtk`eey gjsourklb fcr i oc. ^fc gvcr`ee ciicot orc`tcn jy tfks `ppc`r`loc w`s tf`t tfc
wktlcss w`s kltcltkgl`eey `ttchptklb tg fknc fcr kncltkty, `ln tfks wguen jc ulhkst`d`jec
tg `ly rc`sgl`jec murgr. Kl `nnktkgl, `lyglc wfg `otu`eey w`tofcn tfc vkncgt`pc wguen lgtc
tf`t H`dn` tggd eclbtfy pcrkgns gi tkhc jcigrc `lswcrklb, kl grncr tg wrktc ngwl c`of qucstkgl.
_fc nkn tfks cvcl wfcl tfc qucstkgl o`eecn igr ` skhpec ycs gr lg `lswcr. ^fc gvcr`ee ciicot
orc`tcn jy tfc oghjkl`tkgl gi tfc wktlcsss `ppc`r`loc `ln tfc rfytfh gi fcr `lswcrs w`s
glc gi ogltchpt igr tfc trutf, `ln tfks wguen jc ulhkst`d`jec tg `ly rc`sgl`jec murgr.
_uiikoc kt tg s`y tf`t ki tfc vkncgt`pc gi H`dn` NceOupps ncpgsktkgl tcstkhgly wcrc pe`ycn igr
murgrs, tfcy wguen rc`nkey ogloeunc tf`t tfks wktlcss f`s sghctfklb tg fknc `ln ks lgtjcklb
trutfiue kl fcr `lswcrs. Hgrcgvcr, tfc orgss-cx`hkl`tkgl gi tfks wktlcss kl tfc ogurtrggh usklb
outs irgh tfc vkncgt`pc tcstkhgly wguen jc ncv`st`tklb kl sfgrt grncr. Munbklb tfc orcnkjkekty gi
tfks dcy wktlcss jy vkcwklb fcr nchc`lgr wfkec tcstkiyklb ks ` iulotkgl igr tfc mury, lgt tfc
Ogurt. _uhh`ry munbhclt sfguen lgt jc br`ltcn wfcl suof ` oruok`e orcnkjkekty
nctcrhkl`tkgl hust jc h`nc.
C. ^fc Cvkncloc _fgws tf`t Hkfrct ^r`vcecn tg @urgr`, Ogegr`ng
^fc tcecpfglc rcogrns gjt`klcn jy pe`kltkii nurklb nksogvcry, prgvc ogloeuskvceytf`t
Hkfrct w`s kl @urgr`, Ogegr`ng gl @ubust :2, :11?. Hgrcgvcr, `s st`tcn `jgvc, kt ks rc`sgl`jec
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tg klicr tf`t Hkfrct tr`vcecn tg @urgr` itcr `j`lnglklb Hkod gl @ubust 2, :11?. Igr cx`hpec,
lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc prgvcs tf`t sghcglc usklb H`dn`s ocee pfglc tr`vcecn irgh Nclvcr
tg Qfgclkx `ln j`od gl @ubust 2, :11?. Kt h`dcs sclsc tf`t tfks pcrsgl sskstcn Hkfrct kl
`j`lnglklb Hkod `ln kl tr`vceklb tg @urgr`, Ogegr`ng. @esg, nurklb ` tcecpfglc o`ee jctwccl
Hkfrct `ln Hkod gl @ubust 2, :11?, kt sgulncn tg Hkod ekdc Hkfrct w`s kl ` jus tcrhkl`e gr
`krpgrt, k.c., w`s tr`vceklb sghcwfcrc. Kl `nnktkgl, scvcr`e gtfcr i`ots kl tfc rcogrn suppgrt `l
klicrcloc tf`t Hkfrct tr`vcecn tg @urgr , Ogegr`ng. Ikrst, Hkfrcts gley skjeklb kl tfc Slktcn
_t`tcs, k.c., H`dn` NceOupp, ekvcs kl @urgr`. _cogln, Hkfrcts hgtfcr w`s vksktklb H`dn` kl
@urgr` `t tfc tkhc, sg jy tr`vceklb tg @urgr`, Hkfrct oguen f`vc sccl `ln jccl suppgrtcn jy jgtf
fcr skstcr `ln fcr hgtfcr. ^fkrn, Hkfrct f`n lg hglcy `v`ke`jec tg p`y igr fcr tr`vce, jut Hkfrct
dlcw tf`t H`dn` w`s kl pgsktkgl tg fcep fcr. Igr cx`hpec, kl Mulc gi :11:, wfcl Hkfrct
`sdcn Hkod kl `l ch`ke igr hglcy tg p`y tfc buy tg fcep bct fcr gut gi Ctfkgpk`, Hkfrct s`kn
tf`t fcr skstcr (k.c., H`dn`) `ln jrgtfcr (k.c., Egu) wguen fcep rcp`y tfc hglcy. (_GI.>>)
Igurtf, H`dn`s rcius`e tg `lswcr qucstkgls `t fcr ikrst ncpgsktkgl `jgut ikl`lok`e `sskst`loc
bkvcl tg Hkfrct suppgrt l klicrcloc tf`t H`dn` nkn kl i`ot prgvknc suof sskst`loc. (_cc
jcegw.) ^fks suppgrts `l klicrcloc tf`t Hkfrcts ncstkl`tkgl w`s @urgr`, wfkof ks wfcrc H`dn`
ekvcs. Ikitf, H`dn` spgdc wktf Hkfrct igur tkhcs gl tfc hgrlklb tf`t Hkfrct j`lnglcn Hkod.
^fks suppgrts `l klicrcloc tf`t H`dn` dlcw kl `nv`loc tf`t Hkfrct w`s ec`vklb Hkod. Kt `esg
prgvkncn H`dn` `l gppgrtulkty tg p`rtkokp`tc kl `ln `sskst kl Hkfrcts pe`l tg ec`vc Hkod. _kxtf,
tfc ogltcltkgl tf`t H`dn` dlcw Hkfrct w`s ec`vklb Hkod ks iurtfcr suppgrtcn jy Hkods
tcstkhgly tf`t wfcl fc spgdc wktf H`dn` e`tcr tf`t n`y, sfc oec`rey dlcw tf`t Hkfrct f`n ecit.
Kl i`ot, H`dn` vcrj`eey tfrc`tclcn tg bct Hkod ki fc `ttchptcn tg ikln Hkfrct. ^fks subbcsts
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tf`t H`dn` dlcw wfcrc Hkfrct w`s bgklb, `ln oguen nctcrhklc wfctfcr Hkod w`s `ttchptklb tg
ikln fcr. _cvcltf, tfc jurst gi >1 pfglc o`ees irgh H`dn`s ocee pfglc tg tfc [clclcf luhjcr
jcb`l gl @ubust ;, :11?, wfkof w`s twg n`ys `itcr Hkfrct `j`lnglcn Hkod. Hkfrct wguen
f`vc f`n tkhc tg tr`vce tg @urgr` `ln scttec kl `t tfc [clclcf rcskncloc jy @ubust ;, :11?. Jy
st`yklb `t tfc [clclcf rcskncloc, Hkfrct oguen rch`kl gut gi skbft sfguen tfc `utfgrktkcs ofcod
gl fcr `t tfc NceOupp rcskncloc, wfkof tfcy nkn gl @ubust 09, :11?. Igr `ee gi tfc igrcbgklb
rc`sgls, tfc cvkncloc suppgrts ` rc`sgl`jec klicrcloc tf`t Hkfrct tr`vcecn tg @urgr`,
Ogegr`ng upgl `j`lnglklb Hkod.
I. H`dn` prgvkncn sskst`loc tg Hkfrct.
Hkfrct f`n lg hglcy, orcnkt o`rn, ncjkt o`rn, gr ikl`lok`e hc`ls gi fcr gwl gl @ubust 2,
:11?, wfkof sfc oguen f`vc uscn tg p`y igr tr`vce, iggn, gr sfcetcr. ^fcrcigrc, Hkfrct f`n tg
f`vc rcockvcn ikl`lok`e `sskst`loc irgh sghcglc cesc kl grncr tg `j`lngl Hkod. (_GI.32) ^fks
tcstkhgly jy Hkod hust jc `oocptcn `s truc jy tfc Ogurt igr purpgscs gi tfc hgtkgl igr
suhh`ry munbhclt. ^fcrcigrc, tfc Ogurt hust `oocpt `s truc tfc i`ot tf`t Hkfrct f`n lg
ikl`lok`e hc`ls wf`tsgcvcr tg ec`vc Hkod gl @ubust 2, :11?, `ln f`n tg f`vc tfc fcep gi `
tfkrn p`rty.
H`dn` NceOupps tcstkhgly nurklb fcr tcecpfglko ncpgsktkgl gl M`lu`ry ?0, :112 ikt `
p`rtkoue`r p`ttcrl. Rfclcvcr H`dn` w`s oghigrt`jec `lswcrklb Lg, sfc nkn sg. Fgwcvcr,
wfcl sfc w`s uloghigrt`jec `ln tfc `lswcr `ppc`rcn tg jc ` [cs, sfc rciuscn tg `lswcr tfc
qucstkgl. Igr cx`hpec, wfcl `sdcn wfctfcr sfc dlcw Bct`ofcw [clclcf, wfkof wc lgw dlgw
sfguen f`vc jccl lswcrcn, [cs, H`dn` rciuscn tg `lswcr. (_GI.21-20) H`dn` `esg rciuscn
tg `lswcr scvcr`e qucstkgls rce`tklb tg ikl`lok`e `sskst`loc prgvkncn tg Hkfrct. ^fc p`ttcrl kl
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`lswcrklb tfcsc qucstkgls strglbey subbcsts tf`t tfc `lswcrs sfguen f`vc jccl, [cs. (_GI.9;)
Kl `ly cvclt, ` rc`sgl`jec murgr ocrt`kley oguen rc`of tfks ogloeuskgl. Kl gtfcr wgrns, `
rc`sgl`jec murgr oguen ogloeunc tf`t tfc NceOupps prgvkncn ikl`lok`e `sskst`loc tg Hkfrct.
^fc lcwey nksogvcrcn cvkncloc gi tfc trkp irgh Nclvcr tg Qfgclkx iurtfcr suppgrts tfks
ogloeuskgl.
B. Cvkncloc gi H`dn`s hgnus gpcr`lnk.
H`dn` Nceoupp h`rrkcn ` S._. Oktkzcl kl Ncochjcr gi 0;;; `ln sujscqucltey b`klcn
cltry tg tfc Slktcn _t`tcs. ^fcrcigrc, H`dn` ulncrst`lns tfc prgocss klvgevcn kl bcttklb kltg tfc
Slktcn _t`tcs `s tfc spgusc gi S._. Oktkzcl. (_GI.>:)
Kl tfc wkltcr gi :11?, H`dn` NceOupp tgen Hkod tf`t sfc w`s pe`llklb gl f`vklb fcr
skstcr, Dknkst, h`rry ` b`y buy irgh tfc Slktcn _t`tcs, sg tf`t Dknkst oguen bct kltg tfc Slktcn
_t`tcs `ln bct `ekcl spgus`e jclcikts. ^fc pe`l w`s igr Dknkst tg tfcl nkvgroc fcr b`y spgusc.
^fks pe`l tf`t H`dn` f`n igr Dknkst ks skhke`r tg tfc pe`l pe`kltkii `eecbcs H`dn` f`n igr Hkfrct.
Hgrc khpgrt`ltey, tfks pe`l ks cvkncloc gi `l H.G. uscn jy H`dn` wfcl kt oghcs tg bcttklb `
skstcr kltg tfc Slktcn _t`tcs, l`hcey, bct tfc skstcr tg h`rry ` S._. oktkzcl ulncr i`esc prctclscs,
bct tfc skstcr kltg tfc Slktcn _t`tcs `s tfc spgusc gi ` S._. oktkzcl, tfcl tcrhkl`tc tfc h`rrk`bc.
^fc Ogurt hust `oocpt Hkods tcstkhgly gl tfks kssuc `s truc.
F. S._.O.J.Q. f`s lg rcogrn sfgwklb Hkfrct ncp`rtcn tfc Slktcn _t`tcs.
^frgubfgut tfks ektkb`tkgl, tfc NceOupps f`vc klskstcn tf`t Hkfrct rcturlcn tg Ctfkgpk`
sfgrtey `itcr ec`vklb Hkod (tfgubf oe`khklb tfcy nglt dlgw wfcl gr fgw). ^f`t ks lgttruc.
Qe`kltkii sujpgcl`cn irgh Slktcn _t`tcs Oustghs `ln Jgrncr Qrgtcotkgl `ee K-;> ncp`rturc
rcogrns rce`tklb tg Hkfrct D`fss`y. ^fc rcturl gl tfc sujpgcl` sfgwcn tf`t tfcrc `rc lglc.
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Rfcl Hkfrct cltcrcn tfc Slktcn _t`tcs `t tfc Lcw`rd, Lcw Mcrscy, Qgrt gi Cltry, `l K-;> `rrkv`e
rcogrn w`s bclcr`tcn. Ki Hkfrct f`n ncp`rtcn tfc Slktcn _t`tcs gl `ly `kreklc gr o`rrkcr gi `ly
dkln, `l K-;> ncp`rturcrcogrn wguen f`vc jccl bclcr`tcn. J`scn upgl tfks cvkncloc, `ly
rc`sgl`jec murgr oguen ogloeunc tf`t Hkfrct nkn lgtrcturl tg Ctfkgpk` `s tfc NceOupps oe`kh.
^fks ks glc hgrc cx`hpec gi hksec`nklb kligrh`tkgl tfc NceOupps f`vc icn tfc pe`kltkii nurklb
tfc ogursc gi tfks ektkb`tkgl.
(K) Kssucs gi H tcrk e I`ot Zcb`rnklb ` Oglspkr`oy tg Ncir`un.
^fc e`w rce`tklb tg ` oglspkr`oy tg ncir`un ks sct igrtf klHoCef`lgl v. Fklb, 030 @rkz.
?69, 2:6 Q.:n :39 (@pp. 0;63). J`scn upgl tf`t o`sc `ln jy `l`egby tg kt, tfc cechclts gi
oglspkr`oy tg ncir`un ` pe`kltkii vk` ` ir`unueclt h`rrk`bc kloeunc=
0. @l ule`wiue brcchclt4
:. Rktf tfc spcokiko kltclt gi c`of hchjcr gi tfc oglspkr`oy tg ncir`un tfc pe`kltkii
gut gi hglcy vk` ` ir`unueclt h`rrk`bc4
?. @ots oghhkttcn pursu`lt tg tfc ule`wiue brcchclt4
>. N`h`bcs o`uscn jy tfc `ots oghhkttcn pursu`lt tg tfc ule`wiue `brcchclt.
_cc,HoCef`lgl v. Fklb, supr`, 030 @rkz. `t ?;9.
Gl tfks rcogrn, `ly murgr oguen rc`sgl`jey ogloeunc tf`t tfc NceOupps wcrc klvgevcn kl `
oglspkr`oy wktf Hkfrct, tg `sskst fcr tg cltcr tfc Slktcn _t`tcs `s tfc wkic gi Hkod Ngrscy, tg
`sskst fcr kl `j`lnglklb Hkod `t tfc ikrst gppgrtulkty, `ln tg `sskst fcr kl tr`vceklb tg @urgr`,
Ogegr`ng. Hgrcgvcr, tfc cvkncloc rce tklb tg pe`llklb jy tfc NceOupps sfgws tf`t tfc
oglspkr`oy w`s kl pe`oc prkgr tg Hkfrct cltcrklb tfc Slktcn _t`tcs, wfkof ks suiikokclt tg cst`jeksf
pe`kltkiis o`usc gi `otkgl. Kl `nnktkgl, tfcrc ks cvkncloc gi `ots t`dcl jy tfc NceOupps kl
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iurtfcr`loc gi tfc oglspkr`oy, c.b., tfc purof`sc gi tfc Oklbue`r Rkrcecss ocee pfglc gl @ubust 3,
:11? wfkof w`s uscn tg oglt`ot Hkfrct. Rfkec Hkod w`s pe`llklb igr ` iuturc wktf fks lcw
wkic, Hkfrct `ln tfc NceOupps dlcw kt w`s `ee ` ir`un. @s ` rcsuet gi tfks oglspkr`oy, Hkod
suiicrcn jgtf coglghko `ln lgl-coglghko n`h`bcs.
Igr tfc igrcbgklb rc`sgls, tfc Ogurt gi @ppc`es sfguen ikln tf`t tfc trk`e ogurt cktfcr
crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl br`ltklb suhh`ry munbhclt tg tfc NceOupps gl pe`kltkiis o`usc
gi `otkgl igr oglspkr`oy tg ncir`un. @s ` rcsuet, tfc o`sc sfguen jc rch`lncn igr iurtfcr
prgoccnklbs, kloeunklb ` trk`e gl tfc o`usc gi `otkgl igr oglspkr`oy tg ncir`un.
?. ^fc Ogurt crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl nclyklb pe`kltkiis etcrl`tkvc
hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg `hcln tfc oghpe`klt.
Rfcl pe`kltkii rcspglncn tg tfc NceOupps hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt, pe`kltkii `esg
rcqucstcn kl tfc `etcrl`tkvc ec`vc tg ikec `l `hclncn oghpe`klt. TNgodct #031X
Zuec 03 gi tfc@rkzgl` Zuecs gi Okvke Qrgocnurcprgvkncs kl pcrtklclt p`rt=
(`) @hclnhclts.
0. @ p rty h`y hcln tfc p`rtys pec`nklb gloc s h ttcr gi ogursc t `lytkhc jcigrc ` rcspglskvc pec`nklb ks scrvcn gr, ki tfc pec`nklb ks glc tg wfkof lg
rcspglskvc pec`nklb ks pcrhkttcn `ln tfc `otkgl f`s lgt jccl pe`ocn upgl tfc trk`e
o`ecln`r, tfc p`rty h`y sg `hcln kt `t `ly tkhc wktfkl twclty n`ys `itcr kt ks scrvcn.
Gtfcrwksc, ` p`rty h`y `hcln tfc p`rtys pec`nklb gley jy ec`vc gi ogurt gr jy wrkttcl
oglsclt gi tfc `nvcrsc p`rty. Ec`vc tg `hcln sf`ee jc irccey bkvcl wfcl mustkoc
rcqukrcs. (Chpf`sks `nncn.)
@s tfks ruec prgvkncs, `hclnhclt ks tg jc irccey br`ltcn wfcl mustkoc sg rcqukrcs. Rfkec ec`vc tg
`hcln ks nksorctkgl`ry wktf tfc trk`e ogurt, kt sfguen jc ekjcr`eey br`ltcn. H`oOgeeuh v.
Qcrdklsgl, 063 @rkz. 02;, 063, ;0? Q.:n 01;2 (@pp. 0;;9)4 Gwcl v. _upcrkgr Ogurt, 0?? @rkz.
23, 2;, 9>; Q.:n :26 (0;6:). ^rk`e gl tfc hcrkts gi tfc oe`kh ks i`vgrcn. Gwcl v. _upcrkgr
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Ogurt,supr`.
Kl ekcu gi br`ltklb suhh`ry munbhclt tg tfc NceOupps, tfc trk`e ogurt sfguen f`vc
br`ltcn ec`vc tg pe`kltkii tg `hcln tfc oghpe`klt. ^fks wguen f`vc `eegwcn pe`kltkii tg pec`n
wktf brc`tcr spcokikokty, bkvcl tfc kligrh`tkgl tf`t f`n jccl `oouhue`tcn `itcr twg yc`rs gi
nksogvcry. ^fks `esg wguen f`vc prgvkncn pe`kltkii ` i`kr gppgrtulkty tg rcpec`n fks o`sc, sg kt
oguen jc trkcn gl tfc hcrkts. _kloc ec`vc tg `hcln sfguen jc irccey br`ltcn kl tfc kltcrcsts gi
mustkoc, `ln skloc trk`e gl tfc hcrkts ki i`vgrcn, pe`kltkiis hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg `hcln sfguen f`vc
jccl br`ltcn.
Igr tfc igrcbgklb rc`sgls, tfc Ogurt gi @ppc`es sfguen rch`ln tfc o`sc tg tfc trk`e ogurt
igr iurtfcr prgoccnklbs, wktf klstruotkgls tg br`lt pe`kltkii ec`vc tg ikec `l `hclncn oghpe`klt.
>. ^fc Ogurt crrcn gr `juscn kts nksorctkgl kl rueklb gl pe kltkiis Zcqucst
igrOe`rkiko`tkgl gi Hklutc Cltry Grncr Ikecn ?/:9/:112, wfkof w`s ikecn @prke :, :112.
Gl Ncochjcr :9, :119, pe`kltkii scrvcn ` rcqucst igr prgnuotkgl gi ngouhclts gl tfc
NceOupps. Zcqucst lg. 2 sgubft prgnuotkgl gi tfc igeegwklb ikl`lok`e rcogrns=
@ly `ln `ee j`ld st`tchclts, orcnkt o`rn st`tchclts, pcrsgl`e ecnbcrs, o`loceecn
ofcods, ofcod stujs, rcockpts, wkrc tr`lsicr ngouhclts, Rcstcrl Slkgl ngouhclts, hglcy
grncrs gr cvkncloc tfcrcgi, o`sfkcrs ofcods gr cvkncloc tfcrcgi, `ln cvkncloc gi o`sf
tr`lsicrs gi `ly dkln, h`nc jy ygu nurklb tfc pcrkgn irgh Icjru`ry :11: tg tfc prcsclt,
tg, gl jcf`ei gi, gr igr tfc jclcikt gi Hkfrct D`fss`y.
Kl rcspglsc, tfc NceOupps ikecn ` hgtkgl igr prgtcotkvc grncr. TJcekcvcn tg jc p`rt gi Ngodct
#62X
Gl H`rof :9, :112, tfc trk`e ogurt cltcrcn ` Hklutc Cltry Zueklb TNgodct #;2X gl tfc
hgtkgl igr prgtcotkvc grncr, wfkof st`tcn tfc igeegwklb wktf rcspcot tg tfc rcqucst igr ikl`lok`e
rcogrns=
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^fc rcqucst ks jrg`n `ln pgtcltk`eey kltruskvc gi Ncicln`lts prkv`oy. Kt ks `esg
pggrey pfr`scn, k.c., ikl`lok`e ngouhclts cvkncloklb p`yhclts tg Ncicln`lt H`dn`
Nceoupps skstcr (lgt oec`r tg tfc Ogurt fgw ikl`lok`e ngouhclts, `s suof, wguen
cvkncloc p`yhclts). Ki Ncicln`lts rc kl pgsscsskgl gi `ly ikl`lok`e ngouhclts igr tfc
nciklcn pcrkgn wfkof s`y gr spcokiko`eey rce`tcgr rcicr tg Hkfrct D`fss`y gl tfckr i`oc,
tfcy wkee jc prgnuocn tg tfc Ogurt pursu`lt tg tfc kl o`hcr`klspcotkgl prgocnurcncsorkjcn jcegw. (Chpf`sks `nncn.)
Gl @prke :, :112, pe`kltkii ikecn ` Zcqucst igr Oe`rkiko`tkgl gi Hklutc Cltry Grncr Ikecn
?/:9/12. TNgodct #010X ^fks `sdcn tfc Ogurt tg oe`rkiy kts Hklutc Cltry Zueklb s igeegws=
(0) Qe`kltkii rcqucsts tfc Ogurt tg oe`rkiy wfctfcr tfks grncr hc`ls tf`t ikl`lok`e
ngouhclts lccn lgtspcokiko`eey s`y Hkfrct D`fss`y gl tfckr i`oc kl grncr tg jc
nksogvcr`jec, ki kl i`ot tfcy spcokiko`eey rce`tckl sghc w`y tg Hkfrct D`fss`y. @esg, `rc
ncicln`lts rcqukrcn tg kligrh tfc Ogurt wfkof pgrtkgl gi ` ngouhclt (c.b., wfkof
p`yhclt sfgwl gl ` orcnkt o`rn st`tchclt) spcokiko`eey rce`tcstg Hkfrct D`fss`y7
(:) Qe`kltkii rcqucsts tfc Ogurt tg oe`rkiy wfctfcr tfks grncr hc`ls tf`t ikl`lok`e
ngouhclts (c.b., j`ld st`tchclts, orcnkt o`rn st`tchclts, gr wkrc tr`lsicr ngouhclts)
spcokiko`eey rce`tctg Hkfrct D`fss`y ki tfcy sfgw p`yhclts gr ikl`lok`e tr`lsicrs h`nc
tg, gl jcf`ei gi, gr igr tfc jclcikt gi Hkfrct D`fss y. Ngcs tfks kloeunc ikl`lok`e
ngouhclts sfgwklb p`yhclts h`nc tg tfkrn p`rtkcs (c.b., `l `kreklc, jus oghp`ly, o`r
rclt`e oghp`ly, fgtce, tcecpfglc scrvkoc prgvkncr, cto.), ki tfc p`yhclts `rc igr tfc jclcikt
gi Hkfrct D`fss`y7
Gl @prke :, :112, tfc trk`e ogurt cltcrcn ` hklutc cltry st`tklb, Qe`kltkiis Zcqucst igr
Oe`rkiko`tkgl gi Hklutc Cltry Grncr Ikecn ?/:9/:112 ks nclkcn. Gley ngouhclts wfkof s`y,
hcltkgl gr rcicr tg Hkfrct D`fss`y lccn jc prgnuocn. TNgodct #01:X ^fc ciicot gi tfks rueklb
w`s tg ekhkt prgnuotkgl gi tfc NceOupps ikl`lok`e rcogrns tg ngouhclts wfkof f`n tfc l`hc,
Hkfrct D`fss`y, sghcwfcrc gl tfch. ^fks ks oghpectcey rknkouegus. Igr cx`hpec, ` orcnkt
o`rn st`tchclt sfgwklb ` of`rbc igr `l `kreklc tkodct igr Hkfrct D`fss`y h`y lgtoglt`kl tfc
l`hc Hkfrct D`fss`y gl kt. Qursu`lt tg tfc trk`e ogurts grncr, suof ` orcnkt o`rn of`rbc klourrcn
jy tfc NceOupps igr tfc jclcikt gi Hkfrct D`fss`ywguen lgtf`vc tg jc prgnuocn. ^fcrcigrc,
tfc trk`e ogurts rueklb pe`ocn `l ulrc`sgl`jec rcstrkotkgl gl pe`kltkiis `jkekty tg gjt`kl nksogvcry.
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gi Ngodct #92X ^fc ncpgsktkgls gi tfc ncicln`lts wcrc lgtkocn `t ` ego`tkgl kl Nclvcr,
Ogegr`ng, `pprgxkh`tcey 2 hkecs irgh tfc NceOupp rcskncloc. Qe`kltkii klourrcn skblkiko`lt
tr`vce cxpclscs `ln `ttgrlcys iccs kl grncr tg t`dc tfcsc ncpgsktkgls, jut tfc NceOupps ofgsc lgt
tg `ppc`r. Fgwcvcr, gl tfc igeegwklb n`y, Zgjcrt NceOupp `ppc`rcn `t tfc vcry s`hc ego`tkgl tg
ncicln tfc ncpgsktkgl gi pe`kltkiis prkv`tc klvcstkb`tgr. ^fc lgtkoc igr tfc prkv`tc klvcstkb`tgrs
ncpgsktkgl w`s scrvcn `eglb wktf tfc lgtkocs igr tfc NceOupps ncpgsktkgls, sg tfc NceOupps
o`llgt ogltcln tf`t tfcy i`kecn tg rcockvc lgtkoc gr tf`t tfcy nkn lgt dlgw wfcrc tfc ncpgsktkgls
wcrc tg t`dc pe`oc.
Hgrcgvcr, kl grncr tg h`dc surc tf`t tfc NceOupps ulncrstggn tfc khpgrt`loc gi
`ttclnklb tfckr ncpgsktkgls, pe`kltkii igrw`rncn ` ecttcr tg tfc Nceoupps gl Gotgjcr ?0, :119, `ln
igrw`rncn ` ogpy tg tfc Ogurt. ^fc ecttcr oglt`kls tfc igeegwklb pcrtklclt e`lbu`bc=
@s ygu dlgw, K f`vc sofcnuecn ygur ncpgsktkgls gl Lgvchjcr 09, :119, kl
Nclvcr, Ogegr`ng. ^fc ncpgsktkgls `rc sofcnuecn tg t`dc pe`oc kl tfc Irksog Oglicrcloc
Zggh, Fgekn`y Kll Fgtce, 03311 C. >1 @vcluc, Nclvcr, OG 61:?;. Hrs. Nceouppstf
ncpgsktkgl ks sofcnuecn tg jcbkl `t 6=?1 `.h., `ln Hr. Nceoupps ncpgsktkgl ks sofcnuecn
tg jcbkl `t 0=11 p.h.
_kloc ygu `rc tfc ncicln`lts kl tfks o`sc, K cxpcot ygu tg `ppc`r igr tfcscncpgsktkgls `t tfc sofcnuecn tkhc ln pe`oc. Jy sofcnueklb tfcsc ncpgsktkgls kl
Ogegr`ng, K `h s`vklb ygu tfc cxpclsc gi oghklb tg @rkzgl` tg bkvc ncpgsktkgl
tcstkhgly. ^fc gley w`y tf`t K o`l gjt`kl cvkncloc lccncn tg rcspgln tg ygur pclnklb
hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt ks tg t`dc tfcsc ncpgsktkgls kl ` tkhcey i`sfkgl.
^fcrcigrc, ki ygu f`vc `ly gjmcotkgls tg tfc prgocnurc K `h igeegwklb, pec`sc lgtkiy
hc khhcnk`tcey. Kl tf`t o`sc, K wkee sccd prghpt kltcrvcltkgl jy tfc Ogurt, sg tf`t K
o`l gjt`kl tfc cvkncloc K lccn.
Ki cktfcr gi ygu sfguen i`ke tg `ppc`r igr ygur ncpgsktkgl `t tfc sofcnuecn tkhc
`ln pe`oc, wc wkee `sd tfc ogurt rcpgrtcr tg h`dc ` rcogrn gi ygur lgl-`ppc`r`loc. K wkee
tfcl ikec ` hgtkgl wktf tfc Ogurt igr hglct`ry s`lotkgls, kloeunklb ogurt rcpgrtcr iccs,
tr`vce cxpclscs, `ln/gr `ttgrlcys iccs klourrcn tg t`dc tfcsc ncpgsktkgls. Kl `nnktkgl, K
wkee `sd tfc ogurt tg oghpce ygur `ttcln`loc `t ` ncpgsktkgl kl @rkzgl`, `ln wkee rcqucst
tfc cltry gi nci`uet ki ygu sfguen i`ke tg `ppc`r.
Qec`sc oglskncr tfks ecttcr tg jc ` bggn i`ktf ciigrt tg `vgkn ` nksogvcry
nksputc jy rcsgevklb kssucs kl `nv`loc gi tfcsc ncpgsktkgls.
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^fks ecttcr w`s igrw`rncn tg tfc Nceoupps vk` ocrtkikcn h`ke, rcturl rcockpt rcqucstcn. H`dn`
NceOupp skblcn tfc rcturl rcockpt igr tfks ecttcr gl Lgvchjcr ?, :119. @ ogpy gi tfc
ocrtkiko`tkgl `ln rcturl rcockpt wcrc `tt`ofcn `s Cxfkjkt ; tg pe`kltkiis hgtkgl.
@s tfc igrcbgklb klnko`tcs, pe`kltkii put tfc NceOupps gl lgtkoc twg wccds prkgr tg tfc
ncpgsktkgls (0) tf`t pe`kltkii lccncn tg gjt`kl ncpgsktkgl tcstkhgly kl grncr tg rcspgln tg tfc
pclnklb hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt, `ln (:) tf`t pe`kltkii wguen ikec ` hgtkgl igr hglct`ry
s`lotkgls ki tfc NceOupps i`kecn tg `ppc`r igr tfckr ncpgsktkgls. Kl tfc i`oc gi tfks, tfc NceOupps
h`nc ` o`eoue`tcn ncokskgl lgt tg `ppc`r igr tfckr ncpgsktkgls.
Zuec ?2(i) gi tfc@rkzgl` Zuecs gi Okvke Qrgocnurcprgvkncs kl pcrtklclt p`rt=
Ki ` p`rty . . . i`kes (0) tg `ppc`r jcigrc tfc giikocr wfg ks tg t`dc tfc ncpgsktkgl,
`itcr jcklb scrvcn wktf ` prgpcr lgtkoc. . . tfc ogurt kl wfkof tfc `otkgl ks pclnklb gl
hgtkgl h`y h`dc suof grncrs kl rcb`rn tg tfc i`keurc `s `rc must, `ln `hglb gtfcrs kt h`y
t`dc `ly `otkgl `utfgrkzcn ulncr p`r`br`pfs (@), (J), `ln (O) gi sujnkvkskgl (j)(:) gi tfks
ruec. Kl ekcu gi ly grncr gr kl `nnktkgl tfcrctg, tfc ogurt sf`ee rcqukrc tfc p`rty i`keklb
tg `otgr tfc `ttgrlcy `nvksklb tf`t p`rty gr jgtf tg p`y tfc rc`sgl`jec cxpclscs,
kloeunklb `ttgrlcys iccs, o`uscn jy tfc i`keurc, ulecss tfc ogurt iklns tf`t tfc i`keurc
w`s sujst`ltk`eey mustkikcn gr tf`t gtfcr okrouhst`locs h`dc `l `w`rn gi cxpclscs ulmust.
^fc i`keurc tg `ot ncsorkjcn kl tfks sujnkvkskgl h`y lgt jc cxouscn gl tfc brguln
tf`t tfc nksogvcry sgubft ks gjmcotkgl`jec ulecss tfc p`rty i`keklb tg `ot f`s `ppekcn igr `prgtcotkvc grncr `s prgvkncn jy Zuec :9(o). (Chpf`scs `nncn.)
Q`r`br`pfs (@), (J), `ln (O) gi sujnkvkskgl (j)(:) gi Zuec ?2, rcicrclocn `jgvc, prgvknc igr
grncrs `eegwklb tfc igeegwklb s`lotkgls=
(@) @l grncr tf`t tfc h`ttcrs rcb`rnklb wfkof tfc grncr w`s h`nc gr `ly gtfcr
ncskbl`tcn i`ots sf`ee jc t`dcl tg jc cst`jeksfcn igr purpgscs gi tfc `otkgl kl `oogrn`loc
wktf tfc oe`kh gi tfc p`rty gjt`klklb tfc grncr4
(J) @l grncr rciusklb tg `eegw tfc nksgjcnkclt p`rty tg suppgrt gr gppgsc
ncskbl`tcn oe`khs gr nciclscs, gr prgfkjktklb tf`t p`rty irgh kltrgnuoklb ncskbl`tcn
h`ttcrs kl cvkncloc4
(O) @l grncr strkdklb gut pec`nklbs gr p`rts tfcrcgi, gr st`yklb iurtfcr
prgoccnklbs ultke tfc grncr ks gjcycn, gr nkshkssklb tfc `otkgl gr prgoccnklb gr `ly
p`rt tfcrcgi, gr rclncrklb ` munbhclt jy nci`uet `b`klst tfc nksgjcnkclt p`rty.
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(Chpf`scs `nncn.)
Kl tfks o`sc, tfc rcqucstcn s`lotkgls kloeunc rc`sgl`jec tr`vce cxpclscs tg t`dc tfc
ncpgsktkgls, rc`sgl`jec `ttgrlcys iccs, `ln tfc ogst gi tfc oglicrcloc rggh rclt`e igr tfc n`y
nurklb wfkof tfc ncpgsktkgls wcrc tg jc t`dcl. ^fcsc cxpclscs tgt`e $0,33;.>;, `ln `rc ktchkzcn
`s igeegws=
N`tc Ktch Ogst
00/03-02/:119 Zguln-trkp kri`rc igr ttgrlcy, Qfgclkx tg Nclvcr $ 06?.90
00/03-09/:119 Fgtce rggh/hc`es igr ttgrlcy t Nclvcr Fgekn`y Kll $ :>?.?6
00/09/:119 Oglicrcloc rggh rclt`e t Nclvcr Fgekn`y Kll $ 011.11
00/03-09/:119 @ttgrlcys iccs igr ncpgsktkgls kl Nclvcr $0,1?:.31
^gt`e $0,33;.>;
@l ch`ke rcockpt irgh Slktcn @kreklcs igr tfc rguln-trkp `kri`rc irgh Qfgclkx tg Nclvcr w`s
`tt`ofcn `s Cxfkjkt 01 tg pe`kltkiis hgtkgl. @ rcockpt igr tfc fgtce rggh `ln hc`e of`rbcs w`s
`tt`ofcn `s Cxfkjkt 00 tg pe`kltkiis hgtkgl. Cxfkjkt 0: tg pe`kltkiis hgtkgl oglt`klcn tfc
@iikn`vkt gi Or`kb _tcpf`l, wfkof prgvkncn cvkncloc igr tfc oglicrcloc rggh of`rbcs `ln tfc
ktchkzcn `ttgrlcys iccs klourrcn.
Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl igr s`lotkgls w`s nclkcn gl 3/3/:116, kl tfc trk`e ogurts Hklutc Cltry
Munbhclt. TNgodct #02?X Fgwcvcr, igr ee gi tfc rc`sgls sct igrtf fcrckl, tfc hgtkgl sfguen
f`vc jccl br`ltcn. ^fcrcigrc, tfc Ogurt gi @ppc`es sfguen rch`ln tfks o`sc wktf klstruotkgls tg
br`lt tfc hgtkgl igr s`lotkgls `ln tg rco`eoue`tc tfc munbhclt.
OGLOES_KGL
Igr `ee gi tfc igrcbgklb rc`sgls, tfc Ogurt gi @ppc`es sfguen rch`ln tfks o`sc tg tfc trk`e
ogurt igr iurtfcr prgoccnklbs, wktf tfc klstruotkgls tf`t `rc hgrc spcokiko`eey sct igrtf wktf
rcspcot tg c`of kssuc `nnrcsscn `jgvc.
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ZC_QCO^ISEE[ _SJHK^^CN tfks :ln n`y gi _cptchjcr, :116.
/s/ Or`kb _tcpf`lOr`kb _tcpf`l
@ttgrlcy igr Qe`kltkii/@ppcee`lt
OCZ^KIKO@^C GI H@KEKLB
Slncrskblcn ogulsce ocrtkikcs tf`t fc scrvcn twg ogpkcs gi tfc igrcbgklb @ppcee`lts
Gpclklb Jrkci gl tfc `ppceeccs jy h`keklb s`kn ogpkcs, pgst`bc prcp`kn, tfks :ln n`y gi
_cptchjcr, :116, tg=
Zgjcrt Hkof`ce NceOupp KKK
H`dn` ^cwgenchcnfkl D`fss`y NceOupp
Q. G. Jgx >21;19
@urgr`, OG 611>2
T@ppceeccs Qrg QcrX
/s/ Or`kb _tcpf`l
Or`kb _tcpf`l
@ttgrlcy igr Qe`kltkii/@ppcee`lt
OCZ^KIKO@^C GI OGHQEK@LOC
Slncrskblcn ogulsce ocrtkikcs tfks :ln n`y gi _cptchjcr, :116, tf`t tfc wgrn ogult `ln
p`bc ekhkts oglt`klcn kl @ppcee`lts Gpclklb Jrkci oghpey wktf tfc rcqukrchclts gi tfc@rkzgl`
Zuecs gi Okvke @ppcee`tc Qrgocnurc.
/s/ Or`kb _tcpf`l
Or`kb _tcpf`l
@ttgrlcy igr Qe`kltkii/@ppcee`lt
-
7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
43/146
->:-
@QQCLNKV 0
Hklutc Cltry Munbhclt gi 3/3/:116
-
7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
44/146
Hkof`ce D. Mc`lcs, Oecrd gi Ogurt*** Ikecn ***
13/12/:116 6=11 @H
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 13/13/:116
Ngodct Ognc 1>; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc 0
OECZD GI ^FC OGSZ^MSNBC QCLNEC^GL B@KLC_ @. Jccry
Ncputy
DCZHKOD ] NGZ_C[ OZ@KB @ _^CQF@L
v.
ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKK, ct e. ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKKQG JGV >21;19@SZGZ@ OG 611>2
H@DN@ CRGENCHCNFKLD@F__@[ NCEOSQQQG JGV >21;19@SZGZ@ OG 611>2
HCHGZ@LNSH, GZNCZ @LN IKL@E MSNBHCL^
@ee hgtkgls wfkof tfc p`rtkcs f`vc rcqucstcn ec`vc tg ikec `rc `oocptcn igr ikeklb `lnnkspgsktkgl. Rktf tfc cxocptkgl gi Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl igr rcoglskncr`tkgl gi tfc rueklb glQe`kltkiis hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt, tfc hgtkgls `rc jrkcicn `ln `t kssuc.0 Rfcrc gr`e`rbuhclt w`s rcqucstcn, kt wguen lgt jc fcepiue, ks lgt lcocss`ry (p`rtkoue`rey bkvcl tfccxtclncn l`turc gi tfc wrkttcl sujhksskgls `ln tfc fkstgry gi tfks o`sc) `ln ks w`kvcn pursu`lt tgOkvke Zuec 2.0(o)(:).
WWWWW0 ^fc Ogurt nkn lgt grncr ` rcspglsc tg Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl igr rcoglskncr`tkgl.
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
45/146
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 13/13/:116
Ngodct Ognc 1>; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc :
^fc hgtkgls wkee jc nclkcn. _kloc lcktfcr p`rty sujhkttcn ` prgpgscn igrh gi munbhcltjy @prke 01, :116, `s pcrhkttcn jy tfc grncr gi H`rof 3, :116, tfc Ogurt wkee cltcr ikl`emunbhclt.
HCHGZ@LNSH
^fc p`rtkcs jrkciklb r`kscs gley ` icw kssucs wfkof hcrkt nksousskgl.
Lcw kltcrprct`tkgl gi oceeue`r tcecpfglc rcogrns. Qe`kltkiis ogulsce s`ys tf`t, `itcr fcrcockvcn tfc Ogurts rueklb gl tfc orgss-hgtkgls igr suhh`ry munbhclt (grncr n`tcn H`rof 3,:116), fc `ln fks oekclt spclt oglskncr`jec tkhc rcvkcwklb `ee tfc cvkncloc. ^fks rcvkcwkloeuncn oglt`otklb ` prkv`tc klvcstkb`tgr kl Fgustgl, ` ocee pfglc cxpcrt `t @^&^ `ln ` oceepfglc cxpcrt kl @rd`ls`s. Qe`kltkii `ln fks ogulsce e`tcr ec`rlcn, `oogrnklb tg tfch, tf`t `ocrt`kl ognc gl Hs. NceOupps oceeue`r tcecpfglc jkees cst`jeksfcn tf`t fcr oceeue`r tcecpfglc(`ln, jy klicrcloc, sfc) w`s kl Qfgclkx gl tfc n`y fcr skstcr ecit Hr. Ngrscy.
^fc Ogurt f`s o`rciueey rcvkcwcn Qe`kltkiis sujhksskgls gl tfks kssuc, Ncicln`lts
`l`eysks gi s`hc `ln Qe`kltkiis rcpey. ^fc Ogurt `brccs wktf Ncicln`lts tf`t tfc prgiicrcncvkncloc ks ultkhcey, ogliusklb, klogloeuskvc `ln kloglskstclt. Kt kloeuncs huetkpec fc`rs`y. Ktks lgl-prgj`tkvc `ln krrcecv`lt.
@ p`rty gppgsklb ` hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt ks gjekb`tcn tg oghc igrw`rn wktfcvkncloc tg gppgsc tfc hgtkgl kl ` tkhcey i`sfkgl gr, ki fc gr sfc o`llgt, tg rcqucst rcekci sg tf`tsuof cvkncloc o`l jc gjt`klcn. Fcrc, Qe`kltkiis lcw cvkncloc (`otu`eey ` lcw kltcrprct`tkglgi prcvkgus cvkncloc) w`s lgt gjt`klcn ultke eglb `itcr tfc nksogvcry outgii gi Lgvchjcr ?1,:112.
Qe`kltkii ikecn tfks o`sc gl M lu`ry 01, :119. ^fc ikrst nksogvcry oghpectkgl nc`neklc w`sIcjru`ry :6, :112. Kt w`s e tcr rcsct, twkoc, ikl`eey tg Lgvchjcr ?1, :112. Gl _cptchjcr 01,:112, tfc Ogurt br`ltcn Qe`kltkiis gr`e Zuec 39(i) rcqucst `ln pcrhkttcn Qe`kltkii tg rcspgln tgNcicln`lts pclnklb hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt `itcr tfc oghpectkgl gi `ee nksogvcry. ^fcNcicln`lts oceeue`r tcecpfglc rcogrns f`vc jccl ` ocltr`e t`rbct gi Qe`kltkiis nksogvcry skloctfc jcbkllklb gi tfc o`sc.
Qe`kltkii f`s sfgwl lg rc`sgl wfy fks lcw cvkncloc oguen lgt `ln sfguen lgt f`vcjccl nksogvcrcn sgglcr.
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
46/146
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 13/13/:116
Ngodct Ognc 1>; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc ?
^fc prgiicrcn, lcw kltcrprct`tkgl gi tfc tcecpfglc rcogrns ngcs lgt r`ksc ` i`otu`e kssuc gr`l klicrcloc irgh wfkof ` mury oguen ogloeunc tf`t Ncicln`lts oglspkrcn tg ncir`un Qe`kltkiigr oghhkttcn `l @rkzgl` ZKOG prcnko`tc `ot.
_`lotkgls. Qe`kltkii rcqucsts ` rueklb gl fks prcvkgusey ncicrrcn rcqucst igr s`lotkgls`b`klst Ncicln`lts igr i`keurc tg `ppc`r `t tfckr klktk`eey-sofcnuecn ncpgsktkgls. Ncicln`lts, klturl, rcqucst s`lotkgls `b`klst Qe`kltkii ulncr @.Z._. 0:-3>; igr ikeklb ` irkvgegus e`wsukt.
^fc Ogurt wkee lgt `ln lccn lgt rcoktc tfc cxtclncn, tgrturcn prgocnur`e fkstgry gi tfkso`sc. ^fc Ogurt w`s ieggncn wktf hgtkgls irgh jgtf skncs. Qe`kltkii, `s wcee s Ncicln`lts,vkge`tcn ruecs gi prgocnurc, nci`uetcn kl nksogvcry gjekb`tkgls `ln rcspglscs `ln h`nc ircquclt`ln ullcocss`ry `ppeko`tkgls tg tfc Ogurt igr rcekci `b`klst tfc gtfcr skncs `eecbcn nci`uets. ^fco`sc w`s lg hgnce gi prgocnur`e pcricotkgl.
^fc Ogurt nclkcn Ncicln`lts rcqucst igr s`lotkgls ulncr @.Z._. 0:-3>; kl kts grncr giH`rof 3, :116. Ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr rcoglskncr`tkgl r`kscs lg lcw kssucs. Qe`kltkii nkn`j`lngl vkrtu`eey `ee gi fks tfcgrkcs gi ek`jkekty kl tfc i`oc gi Ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr suhh`rymunbhclt. Qe`kltkii gvcr-nksogvcrcn tfc o`sc wfkec lcbecotklb tg fglgr fks gwl nksoegsurc `ln
nksogvcry gjekb`tkgls. Qe`kltkii pgklts gut tf`t @rkzgl` e`w prcoeuncs `l `w`rn gi iccs tg lgl-e`wycrs.
Qe`kltkiis rcqucst igr s`lotkgls `rkscs irgh Ncicln`lts i`keurc tg `ppc`r igr tfckrklktk`eey-lgtkocn ncpgsktkgls kl Nclvcr, Ogegr`ng. ^fc h`ttcr rcqukrcn Ogurt kltcrvcltkgl `lnw`s s`tksi`otgrkey rcsgevcn. Ncicln`lts ecb`e rc`sgls igr lgt `ppc`rklb wcrc h`rbkl`eeypcrsu`skvc, `t jcst. Qe`kltkiis ogulsce w`s kl Nclvcr igr twg gtfcr ncpgsktkgls, wfkof nkn goour.^fc Ogurt ncicrrcn rueklb gl Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl igr s`lotkgls `t tfc tkhc `ln `nvkscn Qe`kltkiitf`t fc oguen rclcw fks rcqucst `itcr vcrnkot gr munbhclt. Qe`kltkii f`s lgw nglc sg.
Kl tfc tgt`ekty gi tfc okrouhst`locs gi tfks o`sc, `ln kl tfc cxcroksc gi kts nksorctkgl, tfcOgurt nclkcs jgtf hgtkgls igr s`lotkgls.
Ogsts. Qe`kltkiis gjmcotkgls tg Ncicln`lts rcqucstcn ogsts wkee jc sust`klcn kl p`rt, `lnNcicln`lts wkee jc eegwcn tg rcogvcr tfckr t`x`jec ogsts kl tfc `hgult gi $:60.11 (`ppc`r`locicc `ln sujpgcl`s).
-
7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
47/146
-
7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
48/146
->?-
@QQCLNKV :
Hklutc Cltry Zueklb gi ?/3/:116
-
7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
49/146
Hkof`ce D. Mc`lcs, Oecrd gi Ogurt*** Cecotrglko`eey Ikecn ***
1?/12/:116 6=11 @H
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 1?/13/:116
Ngodct Ognc 10; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc 0
OECZD GI ^FC OGSZ^MSNBC QCLNEC^GL B@KLC_ @. Jccry
Ncputy
DCZHKOD ] NGZ_C[ OZ@KB @ _^CQF@L
v.
ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKK, ct e. ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKKQG JGV >21;19@SZGZ@ OG 611>2
H@DN@ CRGENCHCNFKLD@F__@[ NCEOSQQQG JGV >21;19@SZGZ@ OG 611>2
SLNCZ @NYK_CHCL^ ZSEKLB
Ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt gl Qe`kltkiis oghpe`klt wkee jc br`ltcn.Qe`kltkiis `etcrl`tkvc hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg `hcln oghpe`klt wkee jc nclkcn. Qe`kltkiis hgtkgl igrsuhh`ry munbhclt gl Ncicln`lts ogultcroe`khs wkee jc br`ltcn.
Qe`kltkiis Oghpe`klt
Kl fks rcspglsc, Qe`kltkii f`s `j`lnglcn `ee oe`khs cxocpt tfgsc `sscrtcn kl Ogult Glc(@rkzgl` ZKOG) `ln Ogult Igur (ncsorkjcn jy Qe`kltkii `s csscltk`eey ` oe`kh igr Oglspkr`oy tgNcir`un).
Slncr tfc Ogurts sofcnueklb grncrs, `ee nksoegsurcs `ln nksogvcry `rc ogloeuncn. @tQe`kltkiis rcqucst, tfc tkhc tg rcspgln tg Ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt w`scxtclncn ultke `itcr tfc nksogvcry oghpectkgl n`tc.
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
50/146
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 1?/13/:116
Ngodct Ognc 10; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc :
Qe`kltkiis ogulsce ncsorkjcs Qe`kltkiis o`sc `s oglskstklb gi okrouhst`ltk`e cvkncloc. Ktngcs lgt rksc tg tf`t ecvce. Kt oglsksts gi spcoue`tkgl `ln klluclng.
^fc NceOupps f`vc oglskstcltey h`klt`klcn `ln st`tcn ulncr g`tf tf`t tfcy lcvcr hctQe`kltkii, f`vc lcvcr jccl tg @rkzgl`, f`n lgtfklb tg ng wktf Qe`kltkiis h`rrk`bc tg Hrs.NceOupps skstcr, Hkfrct, cto. Qe`kltkii f`s nglc lgtfklb tg of`eeclbc tfcsc i`ots. @s lgtcn kltfc Ogurts grncr gi H`y 2, :112, tfc hgst tf`t Qe`kltkii o`l sfgw ks tf`t, gl @ubust 2, :11?, tfcn`y tf`t Qe`kltkiis wkic `eecbcney `j`lnglcn fkh, glc gi tfc NceOupp Ncicln`lts h`y f`vc f`nigur tcecpfglc o`ees gl ` oceeue`r tcecpfglc tg wfkof Qe`kltkiis wkic `eecbcney f`n `oocss `t `
tkhc wfcl sfc, `oogrnklb tg Qe`kltkii, w`s stkee kl @rkzgl`. Qe`kltkii `esg giicrs cvkncloc tf`tHrs. NceOupp h`y f`vc spgdcl tg fcr skstcr ` luhjcr gi tkhcs irgh @ubust 2 tfrgubf @ubust:2, :112, tfrgubf ` Bct`ofcw [clclcf kl @urgr`, Ogegr`ng, `etfgubf tfks cvkncloc ks i`r irghoec`r.
Lgtkoc`jey `jsclt `ln hkssklb irgh Qe`kltkiis ogegriue t`ecs gi Hrs. NceOupps i`hkey klCtfkgpk` `ln tfckr ciigrts tg jrklb v`rkgus skstcrs tg tfc Rcst ks cvkncloc gi `ly dkln tf`t cktfcrgi tfc NceOupps w`s klvgevcn kl `otkvkty gr `otkgls nkrcotcn tgw`rn Qe`kltkii. Gl tfks rcogrn,tfcy wcrc lgt.
^fcrc ks lg sujhksskjec mury kssuc. ^fcrc `rc lg i`ots gr klicrclocs irgh i`ots wfkof
suppgrt Qe`kltkiis tfcgrkcs. ^fcrc ks lg cvkncloc gi tfcit (k.c., rcockpt gi prgpcrty gr scrvkocsjy tfc NceOupps) gr p`rtkokp`tkgl kl h`rrk`bc ir`un, jgtf gi wfkof Qe`kltkii `eecbcs `s ZKOGprcnko`tc `ots. ^fcrc ks lg cvkncloc gi ` p`ttcrl gi r`odctccrklb gr `ly tfrc`t gi ogltklucnorkhkl`e `otkvkty. ^fcrc ks lgtfklb tg subbcst tfc NceOupps wcrc klvgevcn kl ` oglspkr`oy tgncir`un.
Qe`kltkiis `etcrl`tkvc hgtkgl tg `hcln fks oghpe`klt tg pec`n TfksX o`uscs gi `otkgl wktfbrc`tcr spcokikokty wkee jc nclkcn `s hggt `ln iutkec. Kt ks hggt jco`usc Qe`kltkii f`s `nnrcsscntfcsc kssucs, `s f`vc Ncicln`lts, kl tfc ourrclt jrkciklb. Kt ks iutkec jco`usc tfc kssuc lgw ks lgtpec`nklb, jut wfctfcr tfcrc `rc i`ots suiikokclt tg wktfst`ln Ncicln`lts hgtkgl. ^fcrc `rc lglc.
Ncicln`lts Ogultcroe`khs
^fc Ogurt `brccs wktf Qe`kltkii tf`t tfc Ncicln`lts ogultcroe`khs `rc lgt hcrktgrkgus`ln sfguen jc nkshksscn. Rfctfcr Qe`kltkiis e`wsukt qu`ekikcs `s h`ekokgus prgscoutkgl hustjc nctcrhklcn kl ` scp`r`tc `otkgl. Qe`kltkiis st`tchclts h`nc kl ektkb`tkgl `rc pcr sc prkvkecbcn.Qe`kltkiis `otkgls ng lgt oglstktutc tfc sgrt gi cxtrchc `ln gutr bcgus oglnuot lcocss`ry tgsuppgrt khpgsktkgl gi tgrt ek`jkekty. ^fc rcqucst igr s`lotkgls ulncr @.Z._. 0:-?>; ks lgtsuppgrtcn kl tfks rcogrn.
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
51/146
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 1?/13/:116
Ngodct Ognc 10; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc ?
GZNCZ
K^ K_ GZNCZCN=
0. Br ltklb Ncicln`lts hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt.
:. Nclyklb Qe`kltkiis etcrl`tkvc hgtkgl igr ec`vc tg hcln oghpe`klt.
?. Br`ltklb Qe kltkiis orgss-hgtkgl igr suhh`ry munbhclt gl ogultcroe`khs.
>. Cktfcr p`rty wksfklb tg sujhkt ` igrh gi munbhclt tg jc cltcrcn wktf tfc Ogurtoglskstclt wktf tfks grncr h`y sujhkt suof lgt e tcr tf`l @prke 01, :116. I`keklb sujhksskgl gi`l `pprgprk`tc igrh gi munbhclt, tfc Ogurt wkee, gl kts gwl hgtkgl, cltcr ` munbhclt ginkshkss`e gi `ee oe`khs `ln ogultcroe`khs `sscrtcn kl tfks o`sc wktf prcmunkoc.
3. Igr tfc purpgscs gi `l `w`rn gi t x`jec ogsts, kl tfc tgt`ekty gi tfc okrouhst`locs,tfc Ogurt iklns tfc Ncicln`lts tg jc tfc prcv`keklb p`rtkcs.
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
52/146
->>-
@QQCLNKV ?
Hklutc Cltry gi >/:/:112
-
7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
53/146
Hkof`ce D. Mc`lcs, Oecrd gi Ogurt*** Cecotrglko`eey Ikecn ***
1>/1>/:112 6=11 @H
_SQCZKGZ OGSZ^ GI @ZK]GL@H@ZKOGQ@ OGSL^[
OY :119-111>?; 1>/1:/:112
Ngodct Ognc 10; Igrh Y111@ Q`bc 0
OECZD GI ^FC OGSZ^MSNBC QCLNEC^GL B@KLC_ @. Jccry
Ncputy
DCZHKOD ] NGZ_C[ OZ@KB @ _^CQF@L
v.
ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKK, ct e. ZGJCZ^ HKOF@CE NCEOSQQ KKK06>9 _G Q@BG_@ R@[@SZGZ@ OG 61102
H@DN@ CRGENCHCNFKLD@F__@[ NCEOSQQ06>9 _ Q@BG_@ R@[@SZGZ@ OG 61102
HKLS^C CL^Z[
Qe`kltkiis Zcqucst igr Oe`rkiko`tkgl gi Hklutc Cltry Grncr Ikecn ?/:9/:112 ks nclkcn.Gley ngouhclts wfkof s`y, hcltkgl gr rcicr tg Hkfrct D`fss`y lccn jc prgnuocn.
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
54/146
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7/23/2019 Dorsey vs DelCupp
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