ea – kb economy la gestione della conoscenza nella nuova economia genova 28 febbraio 2006 ezio...
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EA – KB economy
La gestione della conoscenza nella nuova economia
Genova 28 febbraio 2006
Ezio Andreta - Direttore
Commissione Europea, DG Ricerca –
EA – KB economy
““The great turning points in human The great turning points in human history are often triggered by changing history are often triggered by changing
conceptions conceptions of space and time”of space and time”
The European DreamJeremy Rifkin, 2004
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OLD
Time : extended
Space: local
NEW
Time: zero (real time)Time: zero (real time)
Space: globalSpace: global
The fundamental The fundamental changechange
time efficiency zero
space dimensionglobal
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Efficiency
The new challengesThe new challenges
Need to reduce time and
resources
Sustainability
Subsidiarity
Simultaneity
Dimension
To achieve critical mass
to become competitive
Role/organisation
Concentration on added value
Fusion/integration
Collaboration/networking
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Sustainability Sustainability from macro to microfrom macro to micro
delocalisation of activitiesdelocalisation of activities
New roles and organisation New roles and organisation concentration concentration fusion/integrationfusion/integration
collaboration/networkingcollaboration/networking
… … from linearity to complexityfrom linearity to complexity… … from individual to system competitivenessfrom individual to system competitiveness
The responses
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Globalisation = worldwide interactions by stakeholders in real time
Simultaneity = Complexity
Collaboration = System competitiveness
… and therefore: solidarity between actors and zero externalities
What is globalisation?What is globalisation?
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Shares of World Manufacturing Output by Civilization or Country, 1750-2000 (in percentages.
World=100%)
Source:Mitchell Tseng, CIRP
Contribution to Global OutputContribution to Global Output
€€
Enterprise competition curve
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EU Manufacturing under EU Manufacturing under pressurepressure
Migration of manufacturing activities to lower wage economies
Deindustrialisation accompanied by loss of productive employment and R&D capability
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Cancellation of the ‘resource-based’ differences Cancellation of the ‘resource-based’ differences between competitors between competitors
Focus on Added ValueFocus on Added Value
Added Value products ≠ high-tech products
Role of knowledge: new factor of productionRole of knowledge: new factor of production
Towards new paradigms: the industrial mutations
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Transition from a «traditional economy» based on traditional resources (cost driven) to a new economy based
on knowledge (value driven)
The triplet « land – labour - capital » is replaced by knowledge – capital
…this implies moving from an economy of ‘quantity’ to an economy of ‘quality’, from an economy of ‘use and waste’ to a sustainable economy
Implications…
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From the first industrial revolution to the From the first industrial revolution to the
New Global Industrial RevolutionNew Global Industrial Revolution
In the globalised economy, EU industry must focus upon creating products with more added-value – it’s a question of survival!
Such a transition is producing discontinuities in: products, industries, people and approaches
Manufacturing: Manufacturing: the Futurethe Future
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OLD INDUSTRIES
(resource-based)
Compact enterprise Production chain Mass production Quantity driven Resource-intensive Production/cost driven Linear approach (Taylorism in
production)
NEW INDUSTRIES
(knowledge-based)
Extended enterprise
Network of suppliers
Focus to added value
Quality driven
Brain intensive
Demand/value driven
Simultaneous approach
The fundamental The fundamental changeschanges
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Delocalisation Delocalisation of traditional industries towards areas where of traditional industries towards areas where labour and environmental costs are less constraininglabour and environmental costs are less constraining
Dematerialisation Dematerialisation of production and organisation of production and organisation
Novel activities and Novel activities and new generation of high-tech industriesnew generation of high-tech industries
Disappearing Disappearing of some industriesof some industries
The shift from labour-intensive to knowledge-intensive operations The shift from labour-intensive to knowledge-intensive operations modifies modifies jobs and skillsjobs and skills required required
Transition phase = crossing Death Valley
Phases
Conditions
Finance
Initial
Favorable
Start up
Spin off
Growth
Adaptation
Venture Cap.
Business angels
Developm.
Optimisat. resources
Cash flow
Loans
Critical
Knowledge
relevance
Loans
End of life
Loss
Debts
Tu
rnover
Tu
rnover
Enterprise life curve
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Research, Technology and Innovation can be key contributors for Research, Technology and Innovation can be key contributors for reversing the trend !reversing the trend !
The SolutionThe Solution
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Societal Issues
KnowledgeGeneration
Encourage Innovation
Education and Training
Infrastructure
A Competitive R&D System
Industries Universities Research inst. Finance Policy makers
Ethics, health & safety Information + dialogue Acceptance
Interdisciplinarity Entrepreneurship
Fiscality Finance Patents, IPRs Norms/regulations Administrative rules Demand
Governing the changesGoverning the changes
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Governance of changes
Landmarks are disappearing. Landmarks are disappearing. New ones have to be found.New ones have to be found.
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Managing the forces of globalisation
the European way
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• System Competitiveness• Networking• Full and global Mobility• Attractiveness• Complexity
5 Globalisation 5 Globalisation PrinciplesPrinciples
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1. Quality of life
2. Research and innovation
EU attractiveness
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EU-25 US Japan
R&D intensity (% of GDP) (3) 1.97 2.59 3.12
Share of R&D financed by industry (%) (2) 55.9 63.1 73.9
Researchers per thousand labour force (FTE) (3) 5.5 9.0 9.7
Share of world scientific publications (%) (3) 38.3 31.1 9.6
Scientific publications per million population (3) 639 809 569
Share of world triadic patents (%) (1) 31.5 34.3 26.9
Triadic patents per million population (1) 30.5 53.1 92.6
High-tech exports as a share of total manufacturing exports (%) (3) 19.7 28.5 26.5
Share of world high-tech exports (%) (2) 16.7 20.0 10.6
Note: (1) 2000 data (2) 2002 data (3) 2003 data
European weaknesses
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R&D expenditure of foreign affiliates, Average annual growth (in % from € PPS)
13,6
2,1
22,0
1,9
1997-1999
1999-2002EU affiliates of US firms
US affiliates of EU firms
Attracting Mobile R&D -U.S. rather than Europe…
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Low cost + high tech
Dynamic technology and product markets
-
100
200
300
400
500
95 96 97 98 99 00
US overseas R&D expenditure in China, Hong-Kong, Taiwan & Singapore (Million € PPS)
Attracting Mobile R&D -…Asia rather than both
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Mediocre career prospects
Segmented labour markets
24,2
5,4
18,5
9
23,1
10,1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Share of Science andEngineering graduates
(% of new degrees, 2003)
Researchers per 1000 labourforce (full-time equivalent, 2003)
EU-25
US
Japan
Attracting Researchers Many Graduates – Few Researchers
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More than wages : Opportunities
41 43
54
45 48
58
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1990–93 1994–97 1998–2001
All non-U.S.citizens
Europeancitizens
Foreign Recipients of US Science & Engineering Doctorates with firm plans to stay (%)
Attracting ResearchersOne-way tickets to America
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0,14
0,28
0,15
0,77
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2
EU-25
US
Seed / Early phase
Expansion phase
Lacking technology champions
Also public procurement, loans, etc.
High-Tech venture capital by stage (per 1000 GDP, 2003)
Financing TechnologyVenture Capital needs Expansion
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Objectives…
Increasing flexibility Reducing tangible investments
…by optimising 4 global Networks
Knowledge production net Component suppliers net Assembling net Demand net
Extended enterprise model
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Which role/implications for university?
EducationEducation Multidisciplinarity
ResearchResearch Knowledge creation (increase basic research and focus on
‘driver’/converging technologies)
InnovationInnovation Development of new relationships with finance
Spreading of knowledge/popularisation Increase credibility; dialogue
Science&Society
Governance Contribute to the transition
Local development Increase in knowledge use/application locally
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… and for industry?
FOCUS - Core business- Added Value- Miniaturization/security
REDEFINITION - Globalof ROLE - Niche
- Supplier- Assembling
ORGANISATION - New production paradigms- Global organisation- Flexible logistics
- Assembling relevance
- Knowledge integration
- New professional skills
NEW - AcademiaRELATIONSHIPS - Finance
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In order to maintain the present level of welfare, quality of life, sustainable development and social cohesion in EU, strong investments in knowledge
are needed!
Lines of actions:
More concentration (3 objectives) More convergence of EU policies More coordination with MSs
Rivisiting the Lisbon Declaration
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Sharing the vision of a new Sharing the vision of a new development pattern will lead to development pattern will lead to developing a strategic agenda developing a strategic agenda
and creating critical mass in the and creating critical mass in the long-termlong-term
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If one does not know to which port one is sailing, no wind is favorable. Lucius Annaeus Seneca
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Cooperation – Collaborative researchCooperation – Collaborative research
People – Marie Curie ActionsPeople – Marie Curie Actions
JRC (nuclear)JRC (nuclear)
Ideas – Frontier ResearchIdeas – Frontier Research
Capacities – Research CapacityCapacities – Research Capacity
JRC (non-nuclear)JRC (non-nuclear)
EuratomEuratom
+
FP7: from ERA towards RTD system
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9 Themes1. Health
2. Food, agriculture and biotechnology
3. Information and communication technologies
4. Nanosciences, nanotechnologies, materials and new production technologies
5. Energy
6. Environment (including climate change)
7. Transport (including aeronautics)
8. Socio-economic sciences and the humanities
9. Security and space
+ Euratom: Fusion energy research, nuclear fission and radiation protection
SP1-Cooperation – Collaborative research
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COOPERATION: Collaborative research
JETIs
ERANET and ERANET +
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Instruments in FP7 for supporting manufacturing research
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European Technology Platforms
Concept:
Stakeholders, led by industry, get together to define a Strategic Research Agenda on a number of strategically important issues with high societal relevance where achieving Europe’s future growth, competitiveness and sustainable objectives is dependent upon major research and technological advances in the medium to long term.
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European Technology Platforms: follow-up
Majority of Strategic Research Agendas, where appropriate, taken into account in FP7 Themes
Some Strategic Research Agenda elements identified through dialogue with industry could become potential “Joint Technology Initiatives”
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In fields of major European public interest
Industry driven and wide stakeholder involvement
Six topics envisaged at this stage
Firmly anchored in Themes of the Cooperation Programme
Joint Technology Initiatives:
setting-up
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The 6 Joint Technology Initiatives proposed
Global Monitoring for Environment
and Security
Global Monitoring for Environment
and Security
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for a Sustainable Energy
Future
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells for a Sustainable Energy
Future
Towards new Nanoelectronics
Approaches
Towards new Nanoelectronics
Approaches
Embedded systemsEmbedded systems
Aeronautics and Air Transport
Aeronautics and Air Transport
Innovative Medicines for the Citizens
of Europe
Innovative Medicines for the Citizens
of Europe
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The mission of MANUThe mission of MANUFUTUREFUTURE is to propose a is to propose a strategy based on research and innovation strategy based on research and innovation capable of speeding up the rate of industrial capable of speeding up the rate of industrial transformationtransformation in Europe, securing high added in Europe, securing high added value employment and winning a major share of value employment and winning a major share of world manufacturing output in the future world manufacturing output in the future knowledge-driven economyknowledge-driven economy..
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Drivers
Goals
Competition
Rapid technology renewal
Eco-sustainability
Socio economic environment
Regulation
Values – public acceptability
Time scale
Agenda objectives
Con-tinuous
Short-medium term
Medium term
Long term
Long term
Make/ delivery products services
Inno-vating
researchInnovating products
Transformation of industry Transf.of R&D
New added value
products and
services
New business models
Advanced industrial
engi-neering
Emerging manu-
facturing sciences and tech-nologies
Infra- structures
and education
Processes Standards
Manufuture SRA responseIndustrial transformation reference model
and roadmap for European enterprises
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Global impactLocal impact on regions
Manufacturing: Manufacturing: the expected impactthe expected impact
EU will be setting global standards in manufacturing efficiency, quality and sustainability
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