early greek thru early classical

COLLAPSE OF THE MYCENEAN DOMINANCE 11 T H CENTURY BCE

GEOMETRIC PERIOD 900-600 BCE

ORIENTALIZING PERIOD 700-600 BCE

ARCHAIC PERIOD 600- 480 BCE

Bronze Age

Crete: Minoan Civilization(Palace at Knossos)

Mycenaean Civilization

Greek Geography after collapse of mycenaean civilization

Greece was divided into small self-governing communities (city-states or polis) (9th/10th BCE)

Why? Geography of the region: islands and valleys cut off by the sea or mountains.

Warrior aristocracies developed with main centers in Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Delphi, and Thebes.

Inter-city rivalry gave way to war between city-states.

Greek “Dark Age” to Archaic

“Dark Age” (1150 B.C.E.- 700 B.C.E.) –Greek isolation

Ended when Phoenician ships entered the Aegean and gave the Greeks a writing system (phonetical) , helped develop Eastern Mediterranean and SW Asia.

Much of Greece remained oral cultureTheatrical drama, philosophical dialogues, and

oratory from interaction of speaking and writing.

900 – 750 BCE

GEOMETRIC PERIOD

8

Geometric Krater, from

the Dipylon cemetery,

Athens, Greece, ca. 740 BCE. 42”

high. Use of registersShows funerary

rituals (cremation)

9

Human emotionsGeometric

shapesHow does this

differ from Minoan

predecessors?How does artist show sense of

loss?

740 BCE

1500 BCE

• 700 – 600 BCE• Began in Corinth (trade

center)• Black figure technique

emerged in pottery• Are there any precedents

for these creatures?• What influences are

there?

Orientalizingperiod

Corinthian Olpe

600 BCE - 480 BCE

Archaic Greece

Greek RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

Immortal gods on Mt. Olympus, but took human form with human weaknesses

Zeus & Hera the power coupleSanctuaries dedicated to the gods

(before temples)

http://youtu.be/eJCm8W5RZes

Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi

Literally the center of the earth, per their religion

Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi

• Advice from Oracle of Delphi• Site of Pythian Games• Theatre, Treasury, Temple• Designed to fit site – very specific

unlike Egyptian

Karnak

Homeric ageIliad and

Odyssey actually written during Geometric period

Heroic tales of gods and heroes

Also Aesop’s Fables, Sappho’s poetry

Human supremacy and responsibility eventually will be expressed in art

Anavysos Kouros, from Anavysos, Greece, ca. 530 BCE. Marble, 6’ 4” high

What influences? How did they go from figurines to lifesize marble or terra cotta?

Archaic Smile - Kouros=young man, Kore=young womanMen were always shown nude (unlike?)

Grave monument to a fallen hero, more lifelike than earlier Kouros

Peplos Kore, and a painted cast

Wore dress Chiton and Peplos in style Marble, 530 BCE

Votive statue to godsFemale statues believed to be deities, nymphs, or priestesses

Artist: Euphronios (painter) and Euxitheos (potter)

Title: Death of Sarpedon

Ceramic calyx krater with red-figure decoration, 18" high

Date: c. 515 BCE, Archaic Period

Source/Museum: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Euphronius best known red figure artist, illustrating a story from the Iliad, Sleep & Death carry dead Trojan warrior from battlefield

Balanced composition, rhythm of decorative bands echoing the shape of the body and Hermes, guide to the Underworld

Foreshortening … such as Sarpedon’s left leg

Body beautiful

New red figure technique supplanted black figure-could paint rather than incise details

Death of Sarpedon

The Arts & Sciences (Pre-Socratic)

DRAMA (tragedians):

Sophocles (496-406 B.C.E.)

Euripides (480-406 B.C.E.)

THE SCIENCES:

Pythagoras (580-490 B.C.E.?) - father of mathematics

Democritus (460-370 B.C.E.)- all matter made up of small atoms.

Hippocrates (460-370 B.C.E.) “Father of Medicine”

Early Athenian Lawgivers

Draco (7th C B.C.E.)- “draconian”

Solon (6th C B.C.E.) - lawgiver; divided Athens into four classes based on farm yields; avert civil war

Cleisthenes (5th C B.C.E.) - created the first “democracy”

Pericles- Athenian democracy: Assembly, Council of 500, People’s Court; Parthenon

Great Athenian Philosophers

Socrates (470-399 B.C.E.)

Know thyself!

question everything; Socratic Method

only the pursuit of goodnessbrings happiness.

Plato (428-347 B.C.E.)

The Academy

The world of the FORMS - mimeticism

The Republic philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.)

The Lyceum

Collect and categorize a vast array of knowledge: politics, philosophy, ethics, logic, poetry, rhetoric, physics, astronomy, meteorology, zoology, and psychology;

Modern disciplines and the Scientific method.

Alexander’s Tutor

Greek TemplePlans

S

TemplesTemplesTemples

Plan of a typical peripteral Greek temple.

Peripteral Greek Temple

Compare Doric and Ionic Orders

ARCHITRAVE

STYLOBATE

FRIEZE

PEDIMENT

RAKING CORNICE

CORNICE

S

Temple of Hera at Paestum, Italy. Doric temple from Archaic period. Well preserved example.

West pediment from the Temple of Artemis, Corfu, Greece, ca. 600–580 BCE.

Limestone, greatest height 9’ 4”.

Sumerian piece from Lyre – 3200 BCE

Dying warrior, from the west pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 500–490 BCE. Marble, 5’ 2

½“

G

East Pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, Aegina, Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, 6’ 1” long.

Kritios Boy, from the

Acropolis, Athens,

Greece, ca. 480 BCE. Marble, 2’ 10” high.

Kritios Boy (Athens), c. 480 BCE, marble

contrapposto

POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros

(Spear Bearer). Roman

marble copy from

Pompeii, Italy, after a

bronze original of

ca. 450–440 BCE, 6’ 11”

high.

Canon of proportions…

Polykleitos. Doryphoros (Spear

Bearer), Roman copy from a bronze original of c. 450-440 BCE, marble

Canon of Polykleitos/ harmony of opposites

(rhythmos and symmetria)/ four stages of man in

Greek life/ education of an

ephebe (or ephebos)

“Persian Wars”: 499 BCE–480 BCE

Persian Wars: Battles

Marathon (490 BCE)

26+ miles from Athens

Thermopylae (480 BCE)

300 Spartans at the mountain pass

Salamis (480 BCE)

Athenian navy victorious

44KRESILAS,

Pericles. Roman marble

copy of a bronze

original of ca. 429 BCE.

Full herm 6’ high; detail 4’ 6 1/2” high.

G

Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE

Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

Watch video on your own and answer questions.Perikles?

Plan of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, with diagram of sculptural program (after Andrew

Stewart), 447–432 BCE.

destruction in 1687/ Phidias/ x=2y + 1/ illusion of uniformity and stability

(concept of architecture as an arrangement of masses in space)

Agora- “Gathering Place”

Inner Ionic frieze of the Parthenon, 447-438 BCE

use of the Ionic order in the cella/ Panathenaic procession/

Arrephorion

Left: 19th century French color drawing

of the ParthenonBelow: View of a

corner frieze of the Parthenon

Phidias. Athena Parthenos,

model of the lost statue created for the cella of the Parthenon (Athens) c. 438

BCE

statue of Athena with the Python (representing the “logos”)/

aegis

PHIDIAS, Athena Parthenos, in the cella of the

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens, Greece,

ca. 438 BCE. Model of the lost chryselephantine

statue.

east pediment: the birth of Athena

West pediment: contest of Poseidon and Athena

Below: Dionysos (or Herakles?) from the east pediment of the

Parthenon, c. 438-432 BCE

Three Goddesses from the east pediment of the Parthenon, c. 438-

432 BCE

creation of relaxed, organic forms/ use of drapery to suggest

movement

Left and Right: Metopes depicting struggle between a Lapith and a

centaur, from the Parthenon (Athens)lapiths and centaurs

gods viewed as spectators/ interest in creating weight

use of repetition to mimic architectural elements

Erechtheion

(Athenian acropolis), c. 421-405

BCE

contest between Athena

and Poseidon

75

Plan of the

Erechtheion,

Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–405 BCE.

G

Erechtheion (looking northwest), Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 421–

405 BCE.

78

Caryatid from the south porch of the

Erechtheion, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca.

421–405 BCE. Marble, 7’ 7” high.

G

KALLIKRATES, Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis, Athens, Greece, ca. 427–424 BCE.

Nike Adjusting her Sandal,

from the south side of the parapet of the Temple of Athena Nike, Acropolis,

Athens, Greece, ca. 410 BCE. Marble, 3’

6” high.

81

Grave stele of Hegeso, from the Dipylon cemetery,

Athens, Greece, ca. 400 BCE. Marble, 5’ 2”

high.

Peloponnesian Wars- 431 B.C.E.

The Peloponnesian Wars

The emergence of Athens as an imperial power after the Persian Wars led to open hostilities with former allies.

Mainly between the Spartans (financed by the Persians) and the Athenians, lasted three decades with a Spartan victory.

Persia regained much of its control and because of uprisings in Egypt, Cyprus, and Phoenicia, it did not return to attack Greece.

In northern Greece, Macedonians, Philip II and his son, Alexander, would reshape the eastern Mediterranean and western Asia in this vacuum.

Macedonia Under Philip II