ekonomika da biznesi - tbilisi state university
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ekonomika da biznesi
maisi-ivnisi
MAY-JUNEМАЙ-ИЮНЬ
2012
ECONOMICS and BUSINESSÝÊÎÍÎÌÈÊÀ è ÁÈÇÍÅÑ
ISSN 1987-5789
3
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi
da recenzirebadi samecniero-praqtikuli JurnaliÌåæäóíàðîäíûé
ðåôåð
International refereed and reviewed scientifi c and practical journal of the Faculty of Economics and Business,
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Ìåæäóíàðîäíûé ðåôåðèðóåìûé è ðåöåíçèðóåìûé íàó÷íî-ïðàêòè÷åñêèé æóðíàë ôàêóëüòåòà Ýêîíîìèêè è Áèçíåñà Òáèëèññêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà èìåíè Èâ.
Äæàâàõèøâèëè
gamodis 2008 wlis ianvridan, or TveSi erTxel
Published since January, 2008 once in two monthÂûõîäèò ñ ßíâàðÿ 2008 ãîäà ðàç â äâà ìåñÿöà
redaqciis misamarTi: Tbilisi, universitetis q., #1,
Tsu maRlivi korpusi, me-13 sarT., tel. 230-36-68, 599-10-38-16
e-mail: ebf.journal@tsu.ge
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saredaqcio kolegia
revaz gogoxiarevaz gogoxia – mTavari redaqtori
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr–korespon-
dentebi, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: vladimer papava, avTandil vladimer papava, avTandil
silagaZe, leo Ciqava.silagaZe, leo Ciqava.
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesorebi: iuri anan-iuri anan-
iaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua, iaSvili, ramaz abesaZe, simon gelaSvili, revaz gvelesiani, nugzar Todua,
irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili, irakli kovzanaZe, eka lekaSvili, murTaz maRraZe, maia margvelaSvili,
qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo qeTevan marSava, elguja meqvabiSvili, iakob mesxia, nugzar paiWaZe, sergo
sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe, sanaZe, murman turava, mirian tuxaSvili, eTer xaraiSvili, elene xarabaZe,
roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jger-roman xarbedia, nodar xaduri, akaki xelaZe, Temur Sengelia, emzar jger-
enaia.enaia.
EDITORIAL BOARDEDITORIAL BOARD
Revaz GogokhiaRevaz Gogokhia – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor. – Editor-in-chief Doctor of Economic sciences, professor.Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-Corresponding members of Georgian National Academy of Sciences, doc-
tors of Economic Sciences: tors of Economic Sciences: Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze, Leo Chikava.Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Doctors of Economic Sciences, professors: Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-Iuri Ananiashvili, Ramaz Abe-
sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka sadze, Simon Gelashvili, Revaz Gvelesiani, Nugzar Todua, Irakli Kovsanadze, Eka Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Lekashvili, Murtaz Magradze, Maya Margvelashvili, Ketevan Marshava, Elguja Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-Mekvabiishvili, Iakob Meskhia, Nugzar Paichadze, Sergo Sanadze, Murman Tura-va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, va, Mirian Tukhashvili, Eter Kharaishvili, Elene Kharabadze, Roman Kharbedia, Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.Nodar Khaduri, Akaki Kheladze, Temur Shengelia, Emzar Jgerenaia.
ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈßÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÀß ÊÎËËÅÃÈß
Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ Ðåâàç Ãîãîõèÿ – ãëàâíèé ðåäàêòîð, äîêòîð ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîð.
×ëåíû-êîððåñïîíäåíòû Íàöèîíàëüíîé Àêàäåìèè íàóê Ãðóçèè – Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà. Âëàäèìåð Ïàïàâà, Àâòàíäèë Ñèëàãàäçå, Ëåî ×èêàâà.
Äîêòîðà ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ íàóê, ïðîôåññîðà: Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Þðèé Àíàíèàøâèëè, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Ðàìàç Àáåñàäçå, Ñèìîí Ãåëàøâèëè, Ðåâàç Ãâåëåñèàíè,Íóãçàð Òîäóà, Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Èðàêëèé Êîâçàíàäçå, Åêà Ëåêàøâèëè, Ìóðòàç Ìàãðàäçå, Ìàéÿ Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìàðãâåëàøâèëè, Êåòåâàí Ìàðøàâà, Çëãóäæà Ìåêâàáèøâèëè, ßêîá Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Ìåñõèÿ, Íóãçàð Ïàé÷àäçå, Серго Санадзе, Серго Санадзе, Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Ìóðìàí Òóðàâà, Ìèðèàí Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Òóõàøâèëè, Åòåð Õàðàèøâèëè, Ýëåíå Õàðàáàäçå, Ðîìàí Õàðáåäèÿ, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Íîäàð Õàäóðè, Акаки Хеладзе, Акаки Хеладзе, Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ. Òåìóð Øåíãåëèÿ, Ýìçàð Äæãåðåíàèÿ.
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saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi.
volfgang vengi – berlinis (germania) univer-
sitetis profesori, harald kunci – branderburgis
(germania) universitetis ekonomikuri Teoriis kaT-
edris gamge, kim taqsiri – ruseTis mecnierebaTa aka-
demiis akademikosi, jozef xasidi – pireusis (saber-
ZneTi) universitetis ekonomikuri fakultetis dekani,
profesori, tomas haldma – tartus (estoneTi) uni-
versitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis administrirebis
fakultetis dekani, profesori.
FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE FOREIGN MEMBERS OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:EDITORIAL BOARD OF ECONOMICS:
Wolfgang Weng – Professor at Berlin University (Germany), Harald Kunz – Head of department of Economic theory at Brander-burg University (Germany), Kim Taksir – Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, Joseph Hassid - Dean of the Faculty of Eco-nomics Piraeus University (Greece), Professor, Toomas Haldma – Tartu University’s Dean Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, professor (Estonia).
ÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÈÍÎÑÒÐÀÍÍÛÅ ×ËÅÍÛÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:ÐÅÄÀÊÖÈÎÍÍÎÉ ÊÎËËÅÃÈÈ:
Âîëôãàíã Âåíã - Ïðîôåññîð Áåðëèíñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êóíö Ãàðàëä – çàâ. êàôåäðîé ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé òåîðèè Áðàíäåðáóðãñêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãåðìàíèÿ), Êèì Òàêñèð – Àêàäåìèê Ðîññèéñêîé Àêàäåìèè Íàóê, Äæîçåô Õàññèä – äåêàí ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà Ïèðåéññêîãî Óíèâåðñèòåòà (Ãðåöèÿ), Òîîìàñ Õàëäìà - äåêàí ôàêóëüòåòà ýêîíîìèêè è àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèÿ áèçíåñà Óíèâåðñèòåòà Òàðòó (Ýñòîíèÿ), ïðîôåññîð.
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SinaarsiSinaarsi
saaRdgomo epistole ................................................................................11saaRdgomo epistole ................................................................................11
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politikaekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili. revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili. realur da
potenciur SesaZleblobebs Soris gansxvavebis Se-
faseba ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
misaRebad ..................................................................................................... 19
andreas nastanski, simon gelaSvili.andreas nastanski, simon gelaSvili. saxelmwifo val-
isa da inflaciis urTierTdamokidebulebis Teori-
uli da empiriuli kvleva (germanul enaze) .............. 31
revaz gogoxia.revaz gogoxia. ekonomika ekonomikuri kanonebis ga-
reSe?! .................................................................................................................... 41
demna kvaracxelia.demna kvaracxelia. solous naSTis modifikacia
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
gaTvaliswinebiT ....................................................................................... 53
Temur miminoSvili. Temur miminoSvili. saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTier-
Toba ekonomikuri krizisisa da postkrizisul peri-
odebSi ............................................................................................................ 77
nino abesaZe.nino abesaZe. inflaciis gaangariSebis meTodologi-
is srulyofisaTvis .............................................................................. 93
mikro-makroekonomikamikro-makroekonomika
SoTa SaburiSvili.SoTa SaburiSvili. socialuri mewarmeobis fenomeni
da inkluziuri biznesis modelebi ......................................101
rati abulaZe.rati abulaZe. kiberpolitikis safrTxeebi da
gamowvevebi........................................................................................................ 113
leila qadagiSvili.leila qadagiSvili.Eekonomikuri globalizaciis zo-
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gierTi Tavisebureba ........................................................................ 123
marine tabataZe.marine tabataZe. qarTuli soflis
aRorZinebisaTvis .................................................................................. 129
Tamar lazariaSvili. Tamar lazariaSvili. ekonomikuri riskebi da sadaz-
Rveo politikis prioritetebi saqarTvelos agrosa-
sursaTo seqtorSi .............................................................................. 139
menejmenti. marketingi. turizmimenejmenti. marketingi. turizmi
nugzar paiWaZe.nugzar paiWaZe. rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove xe-
lmZRvaneli ................................................................................................. 145
nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili.nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili. konfliqtis regu-
lirebis humanuri meTodebi .........................................................165
manana lobJaniZe.manana lobJaniZe. saswavlo migraciis tendenciebi da
kanonzomierebebi globalizaciis pirobebSi ............175
eTer sarjvelaZe. eTer sarjvelaZe. saqonlis xarisxi da konkurentu-
narianoba saqarTvelos bazarze .............................................185
demur siWinava.demur siWinava. informaciis arsis
sakiTxisaTvis .......................................................................................... 192
7
CONTENTSCONTENTS
Easter Epistle ................................................................................. 11
ECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICYECONOMIC THEORY AND ECONOMIC POLICY
REVAZ GVELESIANI, GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. REVAZ GVELESIANI, GIORGI GAPRINDASHVILI. Assessment of Difference between Actual and Potential Possibilities for Economic and Political Decision-making ….................................................. 19ANDREAS NASTANSKY, SIMON GELASHVILI. ANDREAS NASTANSKY, SIMON GELASHVILI. Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Interdependence between Public Debt and Infl ation (in German) ....................……......................................... 31REVAZ GOGOKHIAREVAZ GOGOKHIA. Economy without Economic Laws?! .......41DEMNA KVARATSKHELIADEMNA KVARATSKHELIA. Modifi cation of the Solow Residual taking into account Economic Capacities of the State ………...…53TEMUR MIMINOSHVILI.TEMUR MIMINOSHVILI. Government-Business Relationship in Economic Crisis and Post-crisis Periods........................................ 77NINO ABESADZE.NINO ABESADZE. For Improving Infl ation Calculation Methodology ................................................................................. 93
MICRO-MACROECONOMICSMICRO-MACROECONOMICS
SHOTA SHABURISHVILI.SHOTA SHABURISHVILI. The Phenomenon of Social Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Business Models ……………….................................................. 101RATI ABULADZE.RATI ABULADZE. Dangers and Challenges of Cyberpolitics ........................................................................... 113
8
LEILA KADAGISHVILI.LEILA KADAGISHVILI. Some Peculiarities of Economic Globalization ............................................................................ 123MARINE TABATADZE. MARINE TABATADZE. For the Revival of Georgian village .......................................................................................... 129TAMAR LAZARIASHVILI.TAMAR LAZARIASHVILI. Economic Risks and Priorities of Insurance Policy in Agro-Products Sector of Georgia ……...… 139
MANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISMMANAGEMENT. MARKETING. TOURISM
NUGZAR PAICHADZE.NUGZAR PAICHADZE. What a Modern Manager should be like …..................................................................................... 145NINO PARESASHVILI, MAIA NIKVASHVILI. NINO PARESASHVILI, MAIA NIKVASHVILI. Humane Methods of Confl ict Regulation ................................................................. 165MANANA LOBZHANIDZE.MANANA LOBZHANIDZE. Tendencies and Natural Characteristics of Educational Migration under Globalization ………………… 175ETER SARJVELADZE.ETER SARJVELADZE. Product Quality and Competitiveness on Georgian Market ..........................................................................185DEMUR SICHINAVA.DEMUR SICHINAVA. Regarding the Conceptof Information ............................................................................. 192
9
СОДЕРЖАНИЕСОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Пасхальное Эпистоле .................................................................. 11
ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕОРИЯ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКАЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИТИКА
РЕВАЗ ГВЕЛЕСИАНИ, ГЕОРГИЙ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ.РЕВАЗ ГВЕЛЕСИАНИ, ГЕОРГИЙ ГАФРИНДАШВИЛИ. Оцен-ка различия между реальными и потенциальными возможностя-ми для принятия экономико-политических решений............... 19АНДРЕАС НАСТАНСКИ, СИМОН ГЕЛАШВИЛИ. АНДРЕАС НАСТАНСКИ, СИМОН ГЕЛАШВИЛИ. Теоретиче-ские и эмпирические исследования взаимоотношения государ-ственного долга и инфляции (на немецком языке)................... 31РЕВАЗ ГОГОХИЯ.РЕВАЗ ГОГОХИЯ. Экономика вне экономических законов?! ..41ДЕМНА КВАРАЦХЕЛИЯ.ДЕМНА КВАРАЦХЕЛИЯ. Модификация остатка Солоу с уче-том экономических способностей государства......................... 53ТЕМУР МИМИНОШВИЛИ.ТЕМУР МИМИНОШВИЛИ. Взаимоотношение государства и бизнеса в периодах экономического кризиса и посткризиса... 77НИНО АБЕСАДЗЕ.НИНО АБЕСАДЗЕ. Для усовершенствования методологий рас-чета инфляции.............................................................................. 93
МИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКАМИКРО-МАКРОЭКОНОМИКА
ШОТА ШАБУРИШВИЛИ.ШОТА ШАБУРИШВИЛИ. Феномен социального предприни-мательства и модели инклюзивного бизнеса ........................................................................................ 101РАТИ АБУЛАДЗЕ. Опасности и вызовы киберполитики............................................................................ 113
10
ЛЕЙЛА КАДАГИШВИЛИ.ЛЕЙЛА КАДАГИШВИЛИ. Некоторые особенности экономи-ческой глобализации.................................................................. 123МАРИНЕ ТАБАТАДЗЕМАРИНЕ ТАБАТАДЗЕ.. Для возраждения грузинскойдеревни........................................................................................ 129ТАМАРА ЛАЗАРИАШВИЛИ.ТАМАРА ЛАЗАРИАШВИЛИ. Экономические риски и приорите-ты страховой политики в агропродовольственном секторе... 139
МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗММЕНЕДЖМЕНТ. МАРКЕТИНГ. ТУРИЗМ
НУГЗАР ПАИЧАДЗЕНУГЗАР ПАИЧАДЗЕ. Каким должен быть современный руко-водитель...................................................................................... 145НИНО ПАРЕСАШВИЛИ, МАЙА НИКВАШВИЛИ.НИНО ПАРЕСАШВИЛИ, МАЙА НИКВАШВИЛИ. Гуманные методы регулирования конфликта............................................ 165МАНАНА ЛОБЖАНИДЗЕ.МАНАНА ЛОБЖАНИДЗЕ. Тенденции и закономерности учеб-ной миграции в условиях глобализации.................................. 175ЭТЕР САРДЖВЕЛАДЗЕ.ЭТЕР САРДЖВЕЛАДЗЕ. Качество и конкурентоспособность товара на рынке Грузии............................................................. 185ДЕМУР СИЧИНАВА.ДЕМУР СИЧИНАВА. К вопросу о сущности понятия информации................................................................................ 192
11
saaRdgomo saaRdgomo
epistoleepistole
saaRdgomo epistole
yovladsamRvdelono mRvdelmTavarno, RirsnoyovladsamRvdelono mRvdelmTavarno, Rirsno
moZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, yovelnomoZRvarno, diakonno, ber-monazonno, yovelno
mkvidrno RvTivkurTxeuli iveriis miwisa damkvidrno RvTivkurTxeuli iveriis miwisa da
droebiT Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs gareT droebiT Cveni qveynis sazRvrebs gareT
mcxovrebno Cveno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!mcxovrebno Cveno Zvirfaso Tanamemamuleno!
qriste aRdga!
maS, mtkiced ideqiT TavisuflebiT, romliTac qristem gag-
vaTavisufla da kvlav nuRa daidgamT monobis uRels (galat.
5.1.).
qriste aRdga!
sada ars sikvdilo sawerteli Seni?!
qriste aRdga!
sada ars jojoxeTo Zlevai Seni?!
dRes zeimobs ca da qveyana, xaroben kacni da angelozTa
dasni; ,,Cvenc SevideT saxlsa uflisasa... da yovelnive viSveb-
deT seriTa miT sarwmunoebisaTa” (wm. ioane oqropiri)
mainc ra aris Cveni aseTi sixarulis mizezi, ratomaa pase-
qi dResaswaulTa dResaswauli?!
mTeli kosmosis, xiluli da uxilavi samyaros Semomqmedi
da sicocxlis erTaderTi sawyisi aris yovladwmida sameba.
masSi, masTan da misiT arsebobs yoveli. igia maradiuli, ucvale-
beli da uZravi. danarCeni yvelaferi cocxali ki viTardeba,
moZraobs da dausruleblad miiswrafvis misken.
adamisa da evas codviT dacemis gamo mTeli kosmosi
xrwnilebas daeqvemdebara da samyaroSi Semovida sikvdili.
,,rogorc erTi kacis mier Semovida codva am qveynad, da cod-
vis mier – sikvdili, ise sikvdilic gadavida yvela kacSi mis
mier” (rom. 5.12) Zveli aRTqmis wmida da marTali adamianebic
gardacvalebis Semdeg samoTxeSi ver Sediodnen, radgan memkvi-
dreobiT miRebuli pirvelqmnili codviT damZimebulni RvTis
wiaRisTvis Seuferebelni iyvnen. ase rom, yvelasaTvis daixSo
sasufevelis kari.
12
uflis samarTali da kanonzomiereba iTxovda, rom am
codvis sapirwone gamosasyidi isev adamians aResrulebina;
xolo radgan kacTa Soris da, zogadad, qmnilebaTa Soris, aseTi
aravin iyo da verc gamoCndeboda, gminavda samyaro, jojoxeTi
da sikvdili ki zeimobda.
da ai, aResrula warmoudgeneli da Cveni gonebisaTvis
miuwvdomeli saidumlo, - kacobrivi xorci Seisxa yovladwmida
samebis meore hipostasma, - Ze RvTisam da beTlems bagasa Sina
moevlina wuTisofels, rom TviTon ucodvels etvirTa Cveni
codvebi, daemarcxebina boroti Zalebi da CvenTvis kvlav mara-
diuli netareba moeniWebina. ,,sityva gankacda, raTa Cven ganvRm-
rTobiliyaviT” (wm. aTanase didi).
amqveynad ufali Cveulebrivi adamianiviT moqmedebda; ami-
tomac srulad aravin icoda vin iyo igi. eSmaki mxolod wmind-
ans da RvTis rCeuls xedavda masSi; udabnoSi gasul iesos man
gamocda mouwyo da pirveli damarcxebac iwvnia.
macxovari Semdeg ukve TviTon devnis eSmaks, kurnavs Sepy-
robilebs, davrdomilebsa da keTrovnebs, Tvals uxels brmebs,
aRadgens mkvdrebs...
boroti suli SeZrwunebulia da grZnobs, rom advilad
ver moereva mas. amitomac misi nebisadmi nebayoflobiT damor-
Cilebul da gaukeTurebul adamianebs iyenebs Tavisi miznis
gansaxorcieleblad.
da ai, iuda..., sinedrioni..., pilates samsjavro, jvarcma da
Ze kacisas adamianuri tkiviliT savse ukanaskneli aRmonaTqvami:
,,eli, eli, lama sabaqTani”, ,,ufalo, ufalo, raisaTvis damiteve
me”.
TiTqos aRsrulda farisevelTa da jojoxeTis ZalTa
wadili, - mokvda ieso; misi suli da sxeuli erTmaneTs gane-
Sora, magram swored am dros moxda umTavresi da umniSvnelo-
vanesi movlena, - qvesknelSi STavida samyaros Semomqmedi! eS-
maki hgonebda, rom sxva adamianTa msgavsad STanTqavda jvarc-
mul iesos, magram Tavad aRmoCnda Zleuli. qriste macxovarma,
romelSic saRvTo buneba adamianur bunebasTan iyo SeerTe-
buli, Semusra jojoxeTis bWeni, daamxo misi Zliereba, daTrguna
sikvdili da iq myofi marTalTa sulni caTa sasufevelSi aiy-
vana.
qristem ,,Zlevai sakvirveli” moimoqmeda. eSmaks yov-
liTurT sZlia da adamians mianiWa sikvdilze gamarjvebis Ses-
aZlebloba, magram igi yvelam pirovnulad unda moipovos.
13
gavixsenoT uflis sityvebi: ,,mamao, ganadide Ze Seni, raTa
Zemanca Senman gadidos Sen. raki mieci xelmwifeba yvela xor-
cielze..., misces saukuno sicocxle” (ioane 17,1,2).
amitomacaa es dRe kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze mniS-
vnelovani dResaswauli CvenTvis da saerTod, qristianuli sam-
yarosaTvis.
mkvdreTiT aRdgomili ufali suliwmidis gardamosvli-
sas afuZnebs wmida eklesias – Tavis mistikur sxeuls, romlis
erTi nawili cxonebaSi myof marTalTa sulebisagan Sedgeba da
mas mozeime eklesia hqvia, xolo meore nawili am qveynad mcx-
ovreb qristianTa krebuls warmoadgens da mebrZoli eklesia
ewodeba, radgan TiToeulma misma wevrma codvasTan brZoliT
unda moipovos gadarCena da maradiuli sicocxle.
,,sasufeveli caTa iiZulebis” – brZanebs saxareba. es br-
Zola, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar TavTan gvmarTebs, - Cvens
egoizmTan da ampartavnebasTan, rac aris yvelaze didi da sa-
SiSi nestari Cveni sulisa. Cveni guli, romelic savsea codviT
da codviTi midrekilebebiT, WuWyisgan unda gavaTavisufloT
da davubrundeT sakuTar Tavs, - Cvens namdvil ,,mes”. amas ki,
rogorc gvaswavlis ufali, mivaRwevT, Tu SeviyvarebT moyvass,
viTarca sakuTar Tavs.
maS, Seiyvare moyvasi da amiT Seiyvareb Semomqmeds. Seni
sikeTe gagiRebs samoTxis kars, Tavmdabloba Segiyvans uflis
savaneSi, siyvaruli ki wargadgens SemoqmedTan, - wm. mamebis es
rCeva Cveni cxovrebis kanonad unda vaqcioT.
am gzaze Seuracxyofac Segvxvdeba da ciliswamebac, dac-
invac da damdablebac, dacemac da aRdgomac. ar unda SegveS-
indes, es yvelaferi Cveni ampartavnebis wamalia, mware, magram
ganmakurnebeli wamali.
magram kacobriobis nawili ase sulac ar fiqrobs, radgan
ar sjeraT RmerTis da maradiuli cxovrebis.
uRmerToTa nawili sicocxlis azrs mxolod amqveyniuri
keTildReobis sxvisTvis SeqmnaSi xedavs; sxvani – Svilebis
yolaSi, radgan momavals aniWeben did mniSvnelobas, magram maT
ara aqvT pasuxi Tundac iseT martiv kiTxvebze, rogoricaa mag:
ra azri aqvs gamravlebisaTvis zrunvas, Tu STamomavloba Sen-
Tan erTad araraobad unda iqces? miT umetes, ra azri aqvs
progress, kacobriobisaTvis zrunvas, Tu Cveni monapovari mox-
mardeba maT, vinc xval aRar iarsebebs?
es adamianebi garkveulwilad sxvisTvis cxovroben, magram
saaRdgomo epistole
14
maTi yofis mizans aseT azrovneba sruliad aufasurebs.
isini gacilebiT dasafasebelni arian, vidre ,,logikurad”
moazrovneni, romelnic miiCneven, rom yvelaferi unda gaakeTon
sakuTari bednierebisaTvis da aseve bednierad daamTavron cx-
ovreba aq, radgan maTTvis imqveynad araferi ar arsebobs.
es aris yvelaze primitiuli damokidebuleba sicocx-
lisadmi da raoden samwuxaroa, rom Cvens droSi msoflioSi
swored amgvari ganwyobisaTvis xdeba xelis Sewyoba.
minda Tqveni yuradReba SevaCero am movlenaze, rom ufro
naTlad gaverkvioT ra viTarebaSi gviwevs cxovreba.
sazogadoebrivi yofisadmi ,,axali midgoma” jer gamoix-
ata imiT, rom Seecadnen, adamianisaTvis daeviwyebinaT codvis
gancda da amoqmedda aseTi principi: nebismieri qmedeba misaRe-
bia, Tu igi ar zRudavs sxvis Tavisuflebas. mag: sxvisi uzneoba
Tu me arafers miSavebs, es qmedeba uaryofiTi aRar aris...
da daiwyo amgvari azrovnebis yvelgan damkvidreba, rac
aris ajanyeba zneobisa da adamianurobis winaaRmdeg.
Tavisufleba da zneobrioba bunebiTia adamianisaTvis.
romelime maRganis ugulebelyofa iwvevs pirovnebis da aseve
sazogadoebis damaxinjebas.
sekularizaciis mimdevrebma win wamowies ra cru Tavisu-
flebis idea, zneoba saerTod CamoaSores mas da bolos ukve
aseTi principic wamoayenes: rac msurs, yvelaferi bunebrivia,
dasaSvebi da misaRebia!
es niSnavs, rom borotebac misaRebia da amaSi cudi arafe-
ria!
aseTi cxovrebis filosofia erT mniSvnelobas aniWebs
yvela ideas da Sexedulebas, RirebulebaTa yvela sistemas da
adamians nebismieri arCevanis gamarTlebas sTavazobs.
sayovelTao WeSmariteba aRar arsebobs, arsebobs mxolod
individualuri ,,WeSmaritebebi”. maT Soris ki warmatebulia is
mimarTuleba, romelic mxardaWerilia informaciuli manqanisa-
gan da kargad aris reklamirebuli.
TeologTa SexedulebiT, fexs ikidebs vulgaruli az-
rovneba, romelic adamianSi mxolod cxoveluri instiqtebis
win wamowevas emsaxureba.
es aris WeSmariti Tavisuflebis sruli antipodi. es
aris codvis da eSmakis iseTi batonoba, romlis msgavsic ar
axsovs kacTa modgmas!
amgvari azrovnebis wessa da damokidebulebas propagan-
15
das uweven yvelgan da maT Soris saqarTveloSic.
rogorc Cans, am ,,axali ideologiis” gamovlineba da
gamoxatulebaa 100 000 qarTvelis wamebis uwmides adgilze
buda-baris aSeneba, aseve qalaqis centrSi codvis saxlebis, -
kazinosa (Tanac sapatriarqos gverdiT) da totalizatoris...
gaxsna, sodom-gomoris codvis CamdenTa da maTi msgavsi sxva
,,gmirebis” popularizacia.
eklesias, romelic mis wevrTa pirovnuli naklulevanebis
miuxedavad, yovlad wmindaa da sruliad ucdomeli, qristes mc-
nebisamebr, yvela uyvars da cdilobs daexmaros maT, magram es
siyvaruli sulac ar niSnavs codvasTan Semgueblobas. piriqiT,
Cveni rwmena moiTxovs, rom codva moviZuloT da vebrZoloT mas,
xolo adamiani gavafrTxiloT da davicvaT.
aseTi dawesebulebebi bevr civilizebul da demokra-
tiul qveyanaSi jerjerobiT akrZalulia, xolo sadac daS-
vebulia, maT kanoniT mkacrad gansazRvruli mdebareoba aqvT
– mocilebulni arian saswavlo da religiur dawesebulebebs,
qalaqis centrs, sazogadoebis dasvenebisa da kulturuli Tav-
Seyris adgilebs.
minda kmayofilebiT aRvniSno, rom miuxedavad didi mcde-
lobisa da mravali xelSemwyobi faqtorisa, axalgazrdebis
didma nawilma da Cvenma xalxma gauZlo am sacdurs da zneo-
bisa da tradiciuli Rirebulebebis damcvelad darCa.
Cveni valia, xeli SevuwyoT mtkice ojaxisa da Zlieri
saxelmwifos Seqmnas, amitomac gvsurs, rom gamovTqvaT Cveni
zogierTi mosazreba:
miuxedavad qveynis garkveuli winsvlisa, mosaxleobis
didi nawili socialurad kvlavac daucvel fenas warmoad-
gens; dabalia erovnuli warmoebisa da mcire da saSualo bi-
znesis maCvenebeli; bazarze dominirebs importuli saqoneli;
ararealuradaa gazrdili gadasaxadebi, maT Soris komunaluri,
Semosavlis wyaro ki, dabalanazRaurebadia.
saWiroa iseTi kanonebis miReba, romelic Seamcirebs gad-
asaxadebs, gansakuTrebiT ki, soflis meurneobis sferoSi, raTa
igi gaxdes dainteresebis sagani. friad sasurvelia, daxmareba
gaewios glexur meurneobas, rom maT SeZlon miwis damuSaveba,
Teslis, sasuqisa da sxva Sesawamli saSualebebis SeZena, ekolo-
giurad sufTa produqciis moyvana da gadamuSaveba. sarealiza-
cio bazris mopoveba ki, vfiqrobT, saxelmwifos ar gauWirdeba,
masze msoflioSi moTxovna didia.
saaRdgomo epistole
16
Tu es ganxorcielda, mokle droSi SesamCnevi iqneba wins-
vla da xalxs daubrundeba Sromis survili.
xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani, ra Tqma
unda, unda iyos jandacvis sfero.
eqimoba RvTivkurTxeuli da kacobriobis istoriis man-
Zilze erT-erTi yvelaze keTilSobiluri saqmianobaa. dResac
msoflioSi igi yvelaze sapatio da maRalanazRaurebadi pro-
fesiaa. xolo iq, sadac eqims ar uWiravs saTanado adgili da
ara aqvs dafaseba, pacients ekargeba misdami ndoba, ris Sed-
egadac pirvel rigSi zaraldeba ara eqimi, aramed avadmyofi
da sabolood mTeli sazogadoeba; amitom, vfiqrobT, jandacvis
prioritetad unda darCes eqimis kvalifikaciis amaRleba, maTi
prestiJis dacva da axalgazrda maRalprofesiuli kadris aRz-
rda.
avadmyofis mkurnaloba asevea damokidebuli efeqturi
da usafrTxo medikamentebis gamoyenebaze, vinaidan uvargisi da
falsificirebuli wamali SeiZleba sawamlavad eqces mas. ami-
tom sagangebo yuradReba unda mieqces qveyanaSi Semotanili Tu
adgilobrivi warmoebis preparatis xarisxs.
friad sasurvelia saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli zrunvis
sagani gaxdes Cvilobis asakSi bavSvisa da dedis erTad yofnis
xelSewyoba da dedisaTvis xelfasiani Svebulebis Tundac eqvs
Tvemde gazrda.
dRes seriozulad zrunaven daavadebaTa profilaqtikasa
da maT adreul gamovlenaze, rac Zalian sworia da aucile-
beli. amasTan, mimaCnia, rom cxovrebis jansaRi wesis propagan-
da unda gagrZeldes jandacvis sferosa da eklesias Soris
mWidro TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, rac, vfiqrobT, ufro efeq-
turi iqneba.
didi yuradReba unda mieqces patimarTa janmrTelobis
mdgomareobasac, radgan cixeebSi arsebobs mravali xelSemwyobi
faqtori iseTi socialurad saSiSi daavadebebis mZime formebis
gavrcelebisaTvis, rogoricaa Tundac tuberkulozi.
aucilebelia specialuri samsaxurebis mobilizeba da
maTi ntegrirebuli saqmianoba, rom sworad gatarebuli pro-
filaqtikuri da samkurnalo RonisZiebebiT Tavidan avicil-
oT cixeebSi rogorc am daavadebebis, ise C hepatitis, Sidsis da sxvaTa gavrceleba, xolo ukve daavadebulebSi – drouli
mkurnaloba.
Cveni tkivilia, rom saqarTvelos penitenciarul dawese-
17
bulebebSi Zalian bevri patimaria, maT Soris didia aras-
rulwlovanTa da qalTa raodenoba. vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania
sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis
saministrosTan arsebuli vadaze adre gaTavisuflebis mud-
mivmoqmedi komisiebis ufro aqtiuri saqmianoba. amasTan, iqneb
vizrunoT sazogadoebisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis, mimagrebis
da sxva alternatiuli sasjelebis amoqmedebaze im patimarTa
mimarT, romelnic saSiS damnaSaveebs ar warmoadgenen.
kargi iqneba, cixeebSi Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi, sadac
isini SeZleben Tavisi niWisa da SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebas.
realizebuli adamiani ki sazogadoebisaTvis nakleb saSiSia.
aucilebelia amoqmeddes kanoni sasjelis gadavadebis
Sesaxeb, rac niSnavs, rom samedicino komisiis daskvnis safuZ-
velze, mZime an ukurnebeli seniT daavadebul patimrebs ufle-
ba mieceT, datovon sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebuleba da gamo-
janmrTelebamde darCnen da imkurnalon ojaxur garemoSi ax-
loblebis mzrunvelobis qveS. patimrebsa da sneulebze zrunva
RvTis mcnebis aRsruleba da erT-erTi mTavari saTnoebaa.
xSirad uTqvamT: xom SeeZlo ufals, adamianebi sikeTisak-
en ise miemarTa, rom isini codviT ar dacemuliyvnen da amdeni
gansacdelic aRar gadaetanaT?
RmerTi sulia, - wers pavle mociquli, - da sadac uflis
sulia, iq Tavisuflebaa” (II kor.3,17).
adamianis sidiade swored imaSia, rom igi TavisuflebisT-
visaa dabadebuli da miniWebuli aqvs arCevanis SesaZlebloba
keTilsa da borots, siwmidesa da codvas, sikvdilsa da mara-
diulobas Soris.
Tavisuflebis mTavari arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ama Tu
im pirovnebam Tavisi surviliT, gacnobierebulad, siyvaruliT
daumorCilos Tavisi neba RvTis nebas, raTa moxdes Zaldautane-
beli SeerTeba da sruli daqvemdebareba misdami, risi Sedegic
aris SemoqmedTan msgavsebis miRweva, anu madlismieri ganRmr-
Toba.
romeli miwieri keTildReoba SeiZleba Seedaros imas,
rasac ufali Tavis morwmuneT umzadebs?!
,,saerTod, yvela adamianis suli bunebiT qristiania” –
wers II-III-saukuneebis cnobili mwerali tertuliane.
ase rom, TiToeul Cvengans SeuZlia gaxdes morwmune da
WeSmariti RvTis madidebeli, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, adamiani ar
gaiukuRmarTebs bunebas da Tavisi pirovnuli arCevaniT ar
saaRdgomo epistole
18
daeqvemdebareba codvas.
WeSmariti rwmenis mopovebisaTvis ki aucilebeli pirobaa
sakuTar TavSi CaRrmaveba. sulis, gulisa da gonebis ganwmenda,
wminda werilisa da saRvTismetyvelo literaturis kiTxva da
damxarebisTvis uflis winaSe locva.
Zveli naTqvamia: msgavsi msgavss Sehxaris da Seicnobso.
bunebrivia, sadac sibnelea, iq sinaTle ver iqneba, sadac
WuWyi budobs, iq sisufTaveze laparaki zedmetia. amitomac WeS-
mariti rwmena ver iarsebebs uzneobisa da codvis garemoSi.
xolo adamiani, vinc gulwrfelad eZiebs samyarosa da
Tavisi arsebobis mizezsa da mizans, visac mTeli arsebiT surs,
WeSmaritebis Secnoba, adre Tu gvian, mainc ipovis ufals da
gaacnobierebs, rom misi cxovreba gabrwyinebuli unda iyos aR-
dgomis naTliT da qristeSi maradiuli netarebis damkvidrebis
sasoebiT; rom adamianis amqveyniuri cxovrebis umTavresi mi-
zani sasufevlis mopovebaa, danarCeni yvelaferi, - samSoblo,
ojaxi, Svilebi, axloblebi, megobrebi da yovelive amqveyniuri
moRvaweoba am mizniT unda iyos warmarTuli. ufali brZanebs
– me var ani da hae, dasabami da dasasruli (gamocx. 1.8); me var
aRdgoma da sicocxle. visac hswams Cemi, kidec, rom mokvdes,
icocxlebs (in. 11,25). Cemo suliero Svilebo, afxazno, osno,
ukrainelno, qarTvelno, berZenno, asirielno, azerbaijanelno,
rusno, somexno da qurTno, udinno, iezidno da sxvano, saqarT-
velos farglebs gareT mcxovrebno Cveno sayvarelo Taname-
mamuleno, Cven gvwams, rom qristem miiRo sikvdili imisaTvis,
rom CvenSi momkvdariyo codva. maS, movkvdeT codvisTvis, raTa
CvenSic gacocxldes qriste!
qriste aRdga! WeSmaritad aRdga!
ilia IIilia II
sruliad saqarTvelossruliad saqarTvelos
kaTolikos-patriarqikaTolikos-patriarqi
aRdgoma qristesiaRdgoma qristesi
Tbilisi, 2012 weli Tbilisi, 2012 weli
19
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
revaz gvelesianirevaz gvelesiani
Tsu-is sruli profesori, Tsu-is sruli profesori,
ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneliekonomikuri politikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli
giorgi gafrindaSviligiorgi gafrindaSvili
ekonomikuri politikis kaTedris doqtorantiekonomikuri politikis kaTedris doqtoranti
ekonomikuri politikis, rogorc mecnieruli discip-
linis Semecnebis sagania praqtikuli ekonomikuri poli-
tika. erTi mxriv, man unda daaxasiaTos da gansazRvros
praqtikuli ekonomikuri politika, meore mxriv, unda Sead-
ginos prognozebi ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetile-
bebis gamtarebelTa qcevebis Sesaxeb. amgvari Zalisxmeva
gamiznulia ekonomikuri politikis pozitiuri Teoriis
Seqmnasa da mis empiriul uzrunvelyofaze. ekonomikuri
politika gulisxmobs ekonomikuri Teoriis gamoyenebas
imis asaxsnelad, Tu rogorc vlindeba neba politikur da
administraciul sferoebSi; es imas niSnavs, rom amiT da-
xasiaTebulia ,,sazogadoebrivi arCevanis~ anda politikis
ekonomikuri Teoriis kvlevis procesi.1 sabolood, ekonomikur-politikuri problemebis
mecnieruli analizi unda emsaxurebodes praqtikuli eko-
nomikuri politikis (ekonomikur-politikuri rCevebis)
momzadebas. ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
safuZvlebi gasagebi gaxdeba racionalurobis, rogorc me-
Toduri normis daxmarebiT. amasTan aRniSnuli amocanis
gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia arsebobdes Sesabamisi
codna da meTodebi, rac mimarTulia:
praqtikuli ekonomikuri politikis mizandasaxu-
1 ix. BUCHANAN, J. M. (1987), The Constitution of Economic Policy. American Eco-nomic Review 77, s. 243-250.
realur da potenciur SesaZleblobebs realur da potenciur SesaZleblobebs
Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba ekonomikur-Soris gansxvavebis Sefaseba ekonomikur-
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebadpolitikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad
20
lobaTa Sinaarsis axsnasa da maT identificirebaze, ram-
denadac isini SesaZloa ise arian ekonomikurad urTierT-
dakavSirebuli, rom amis deklarireba ar momxdara; mizandasaxulobaTa Soris SesaZlo mimarTebebze,
romlebic an logikur kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan, anda
maTi urTierTdamokidebulebis safuZveli ekonomikur
movlenaTa Soris arsebuli faqtobrivi urTierTmimarTe-
bebia;
imaze, Tu rogor funqcionirebs ekonomika, roca masSi ekonomikur-politikuri mizandasaxulobis mqone in-
tervenciebi xorcieldeba; gadawyvetilebis logikasTan dakavSirebul moq-
medebis wesze, romelic ekonomikur-politikuri probleme-
bis racionaluri gadawyvetis mizniT gamoiyeneba. intervenciis Sesaxeb ekonomikur-politikuri moZ-
Rvrebis mTavari sakiTxi swored is aris, Tu rogor unda
iqnes gamoyenebuli amgvari codna da meTodebi im ekono-
mikur-politikur procesSi, romelic arsebiTad racio-
nalurobiT xasiaTdeba. konkretuli ekonomikur-politi-
kuri problemis gadaWra swored maTma gamoyenebam unda
gaadvilos. amasTan, safuZvels moklebulia pretenzia imis
Taobaze, rom TiTqos SesaZlebeli iyos mecnierulad de-
terminebuli politikis Camoyalibeba. amgvari mcdeloba
im SemTxvevaSic ki marcxiT mTavrdeba, roca ekonomikur-
politikur mrCevelebs TavianTi adresatebi, anda ekono-
mikuri politikis gamtareblebi politikuri sistemebidan
da SesaZlo sakuTari interesebidan ganyenebul persone-
bad warmoudgeniaT. aseTi Sexeduleba farTod aris gavr-
celebuli, magram igi an demokratiuli procesis mcdar
gagebas emyareba, anda mTlianad mowyvetilia ekonomikur-
politikur ideaTa da SexedulebaTa formirebis realur
process. amitomac, aucilebelia, cal-calke ganvixiloT,
rogorc demokratiuli procesi da gadawyvetilebis wmin-
da logikuri sazRvrebi, aseve ekonomikur-politikuri
rCevebis realizebis pirobebi.
ekonomikuri politikis, rogorc intervenciis Ses-
axeb Teoriis mTavari wanamZRvari is aris, rom SesaZlebe-
lia ekonomikur movlenebze mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba.
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili
21
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
CvenTvis cnobilia Tu rogor funqcionireben sabazro-
ekonomikuri sistemebi da rogor yalibdeba ekonomikur-
politikuri moqmedebis moTxovnileba (saWiroeba). naTelia
isic, rom aseT sistemaTa marTvis SesaZleblobebi Zalze
SezRudulia, rac ganpirobebulia wesrigTan dakavSire-
buli mიzezebiT. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba marTvis im
mcdelobebs, rაc orientirebuliა sabazro procesis konk-retul Sedegebze, rasac adasturebs rogorc stabilize-
bis politikis, aseve ganawilebis politikis SemTxvevebi.
marTvis SesaZleblobaTa sazRvrebs TviTon saba-
zro-ekonomikuri sistemis struqtura adgens. rogorc
viciT, sabazro sistemis struqtura aris kompleqsuri
da evolutoruli (Ria). igi emyareba TviTkoordinacias
- sabazro moqmedebebis meSveobiT, xolo TviTkontrols
- konkurenciis safuZvelze. sabazro-ekonomikuri sistema,
rogorc daugegmavi wesrigi, warmoadgens koordinirebis
Sedegs; saqme exeba iseT koordinirebas, romelic Sromis
danawilebaze agebul ekonomikaSi im individebsa da me-
warmeebs Soris myardeba, sakuTari, kerZo miznebis ganxor-
cielebas rom eswrafvian. magram, sxvadasxva saxeobis wes-rigi, rogorc aseTebi, ar emsaxureba konkretul miznebs.
wminda sabazro ekonomikuri tipis wesrigidan regu-
lirebad sabazro ekonomikis tipad gardaqmnis mcdeloba
imas niSnavs, rom daugegmavi wesrigi Camoayalibo poli-
tikurad gansazRvruli miznebiT. aqedan gamomdinareobs
ori ZiriTadi problema:1
roca sabazro koordinaciis processa da Sede-gebs marTvis RonisZiebaTa safuZvelze veswrafviT, es ar-
sebiTad sxva araferia, Tu ara daugegmavi wesrigisaTvis
garkveuli miznebis winaswar dasaxva. amgvari miznebi ar
Seesabameba mocemuli wesrigis xasiaTs; amitomac mosa-
lodnelia, rom isini sistemis mxridan iseT reaqciebs gam-
oiwvevs, romelTa winaswar ganWvreta da gaTvaliswineba
SeuZlebelia;
marTvis RonisZiebaTa mizanmimarTuli gamoyenebi-saTvis aucilebeli iqneboda mosalodneli Sedegebis wi-
naswari codna. magram saqme is aris, rom evolutoruli
1 ix. STREIT M. (2005), Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik, 6. Aufl ., Stuttgart, s. 219.
22
sabazro movlenebi, maTi kompleqsuri bunebidan gamom-
dinare, ar daiyvaneba damajerebel da sando kanonzom-
ierebebze, rac SesaZlebelia zogierT sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaSi. igive unda iTqvas mizez-Sedegobriv kavSire-
bzec, rasac unda daemyaros marTvis RonisZiebebi.
im pirobebidan, romlebsac wesrigis Teoria ayenebs,
marTvis uamravi mcdelobis mimarT dasabuTebuli eWvi
Cndeba. amitomac mniSvnelovania:
marTvis mcdelobebis logikuri struqturebis da-muSaveba da maTi elementebis Sesaxeb diskusia;
iseTi pirobebis Tu SezRudvebis gaanalizeba, rom-lebic unda Seesabamebodes gansxvavebuli intervenciis
kategoriebs;im meTodebisa da kriteriumebis ganxilva, romlebic
marTvis mcdelobasTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis
momzadebis procesSi gamoiyeneba.
ekonomikur-politikuri problemebisaTvis arsebiTi,
ganmsazRvreli niSan-Tvisebaa realobasa da sasurvel so-
cioekonomikur mdgomareobas Tu ganviTarebis perspeqti-
vas Soris gansxvaveba. magram, imis Sefaseba Tu ra aris
sasurveli da ras niSnavs misgan gadaxveva – normatiuli
sakiTxia. masze SesaZlo pasuxebs is Sefasebebi moicavs, rac saboloo angariSiT, unda gaiziaron sazogadoebis wevrebma. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis arsebobas
safrTxe Seeqmneba. saqme exeba koleqtiur miznebs, rom-
lebic individualuri an koleqtiuri masStabiT fasde-
ba. rac Seexeba koleqtiur masStabebs, is absoluturad
SeuTavsebelia sabazro-ekonomikur wesrigTan. Sefasebe-
bis Camoyalibeba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca
Sefasebis masStabebi anda miznebi maqsimalurad opera-
cionalurad ariს formulirebuli.
ekonomikur-politikur gadawyvetilebebs, ro gorc
wesi, rTuli logikuri struqtura gaaCnia, rac ganpirobe-
bulia socialuri movlenebis urTierTkavSiriT. es uka-
naskneli gamoixateba imiT, rom ekonomikur-politikuri
moqmedebebi axdens rogorc moklevadian da grZelvadian,
aseve gverdiT zemoqmedebasac, romelTa gaTvaliswineba
aucilebelia gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. amasTan, aseT
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili
23
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
gadawyvetilebebs Tan axlavs erTgvari gaurkvevloba imis
Taobaze, sworad aris Tu ara gaanalizebuli ekonomikur-
politikuri sawyisi mdgomareoba da aris Tu ara gaTval-
iswinebuli ganxiluli moqmedebebis mosalodneli Sede-
gebi. amas, rogorc wesi, emateba isic, rom ara marto erTi
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi cdilobs ekonomikur movlenaze
zemoqmedebis moxdenas, aramed am procesSi CarTulia uam-
ravi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi. amgvari gadawyvetilebis
miRebaze aseve zegavlenas axdenen is pirebi da orga-
nizaciebi, romlebsac ar aqvT saTanado ekonomikur-poli-
tikuri kompetencia. garda amisa, unda gaviTvaliswinoT
isic, rom gadawyvetilebaze zegavlenis moxdenas kerZo
ekonomikuri subieqtebic cdiloben. es imas niSnavs, rom
racionaluri ekonomikur-politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miReba mniSvnelovan danaxarjebTanaa dakavSirebuli.
gadawyvetilebaTa logikuri struqtura gadawyvetilebis
Sesaxeb Teoriis sagania. mas SeuZlia daxmarebis gaweva
gadawyvetilebis ekonomikur-Teoriuli problemis Se-
fasebisa da gadaWris saqmeSi.
SezRuduli ekonomikuri codnis safuZvelze ver
davadgenT ekonomikurad mniSvnelovan normebs, romlebic
migviTiTebda Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, raTa Tavidan
aviciloT gansxvaveba maT Soris: rac aris da rac unda
iyos. codnis deficiti, saTanado reaqciebisaTvis saWiro
dro, gaurkvevloba, SezRuduli ekonomikuri perspeqtiva,
ekonomikisa da sazogadoebis mudmivi cvlileba, imis wi-
naswar ganWvretis SeuZlebloba Tu rogor warimarTeba
politikuri nebis formirebis procesi – mniSvnelovani
argumentebia imisaTvis, rom ekonomikur-politikuri moZ-
Rvreba intervenciis Sesaxeb mxolod normatiul teqno-
logiad ar miviCnioT.
zemoaRniSnuli siZneleebi ekonomikis politikosisa
da misi mrCevelisagan, garda im codnisa, Tu rogor unda
warimarTos ekonomikis marTva, moqmedebis politikuri
da organizaciuli CarCoebis argumentirebul codnasac
moiTxovs. amasTan, intervenciis Sesaxeb moZRvrebam unda
daakmayofilos is pretenziebi, romlebsac ekonomikur
politikas, rogorc “marTvis xelovnebis Teorias” uyen-
24
eben xolme. magram, codnis sazRvrebis gacnobierebasTan
erTad, aucilebelia, rom ekonomikis politikosma icodes
is teqnologiuri elementebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia
mizansa da saSualebas Soris kavSiris sistemur gaaz-
rebasTan. teqnologiuri OmoTxovnebi azrovnebis disci-
plinasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs agvarebს da Tavidan
gvacilebs dausabuTebelsa da araswor msjelobebs. kon-
stituciuri codnis deficitis gacnobiereba, sabazro
ekonomikuri wesrigis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebasTan
erTad, ekonomikuri politikis sferoSi gvicavs jer-erTi
imiT, rom gadaWarbebiT ar SevafasoT politikis zegav-
lena ekonomikuri movlenebis Camoyalibebis procesze.
meorec, igi Tavidan gvaSorebs moqmedebis iseT Sedegebs, sistemis gauaresebas rom iwveven.
ekonomikuri politikis problema Cndeba maSin, roca
xdeba sasurveli sociopolitikuri mdgomareobidan
Tu ganviTarebidan gadaxveva da imis gacnobiereba, rom
aucilebelia misi gamosworeba. masSi gamoxatulia Se-
fasebiTi mimarTeba, rac ukve cxadi unda iyos ekonomikuri
politikis ZiriTadi amocanebis sferodan gamomdinare.
Sefasebebi, rogorc Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rac aris,
magram rac unda iyos – survilebs efuZneba da amitom
isini SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT an ar miviRoT. sruliad
sxvagvaradaa agebuli pozitiuri ekonomikuri Sexedule-
bebi, romlebic ekonomikaSi funqciur urTierTdamokide-
bulebebsa da qcevis formebs gviCvenebს. marTalia, isini
ar gamoxataven subieqtur mrwamss, magram mainc aucile-
belia maTi namdvilobisa da saimedoobis intersubieq-
turi gadamowmeba. sabolood unda moxdes maTi empiriuli
Semowmebac. gadamowmebasa da Sefasebis Tavisuflebas So-
ris, rogorc naCvenebi iqneba, arsebobs uSualo kavSiri.
Tu Sefasebis Tavisuflebas mecnierulobis kriteriumad1
vaqcevT, maSin aqedan SeiZleboda is daskvna gamogvetana,
rom TiTqos SeuZlebeli iyos ekonomikuri politikis
mecnieruli analizi. magram saqme is aris, rom ekonomi-
kuri politikis SemTxvevaSi normatiuli, e.i. Sefasebis
1 ix. WEBER M. (1921), Wirstchaft und Gesellschaft, 5. rev. Aufl ., Studienausg., Nachdruck, Tuebingen, 2002, s. 28.
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili
25
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
implicirebuli (momcveli) elementebi mtkicedaa dakav-
Sirebuli pozitiur ekonomikur elementebTan. amitomac, mizanSewonili iqneba sakiTxi davsvaT imis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdenad urTierTTavsebadia Sefaseba da mecnieruloba.
amasTan, es dasabuTebuli unda iyos kritikuli racional-
izmis poziciidan gamomdinare, rogorc igi, uwinares yov-
lisa, k. poperisa da h. albertis mieraa warmodgenili.1
ekonomikur-politikuri analizis amosavali
wertilia gansxvaveba arsebulsa da mas Soris, rac unda
arsebobdes. amrigad, Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rac unda
iyos, SesaZloa gamoviyenoT, raTa dakvirvebad ekonomikur
mdgomareobaTa da ganviTarebaTa Sesaxeb Sefasebebi maTi
daxmarebiT warvmarToT. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia
gaCndes rekomendaciebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor
unda aviciloT Tavidan gansxvavebebi arsebulsa da mas
Soris, rac unda arsebobdes. gvxvdeba faqtobrivi movle-
nebi, romelTa Semowmeba nebismier adamians SuZlia; aseve
arsebobს sasurveli movlenebi, romlebic Sordeba amgvar
Semowmebas; swored maTi Sedarebis safuZvelze yalibdeba
rogorc Sefasebebis, aseve rekomendaciebis Sinaarsi. nor-
matiuli Sexedulebebi subieqtur survilebs gamoxatavს, amitom, Semowmebis Sedegi ar SeiZleba “sworad” an “mc-
darad” miviCnioT. SesaZlebelia, rom vinmem isini TavisT-
vis misaRebad CaTvalos an uaryos kidec.
ekonomikur-Teoriuli mosazrebebi yovelTvis im
gansxvavebis safuZvelze yalibdeba, ekonomikuri pro-
cesebis Sesaxeb varaudze damyarebul codnasa da faq-
tobriv procesebs Soris rom arsebobs. magram, ramdena-dac rogorc varaudze damyarebuli moCvenebiTi codna,
aseve faqtobrivi procesebi arsebulis Sesaxeb Sexed-
ulebebis meSveobiT mtkicebaTa formiT gadmoicema, saqme
gvaqvs pozitiur SexedulebebTan. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar-
sebobs realuri fenomenebis Sesaxeb enobrivi erTianoba,
romelTa safuZvelzec xdeba dakvirvebis Sesabamisi ve-
lis konstituireba (formireba), maSin arsebiTad SesaZle-
1ix. POPPER, K.R. (1962), Die Logik der Sozialwissenschaften. Koelner Zeitschrift fuer Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 14, s. 233-248; ALBERT, H. (1978), Traktat ueber rationale Praxis, Tuebingen
26
belia amgvari Sexedulebebis gadamowmeba. saamisod ki
aucilebelia imis dadgena, Tu romeli movlenebi iqnebo-
da SesabamisobaSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Sesaxeb
varaudze damyarebul codnasTan, anu Teoriuli axsnis
mcdelobasTan. aseTi ram xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca dak-
virvebadi - rogorc mizezobrivad SesamCnevi – movlen-
ebidan savaraudo mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTdamokideb-
ulebebis (hipoTeza) safuZvelze iseTi movlenebis Ses-
axeb keTdeba daskvna, romlebic unda arsebuliyო, Tu zemoT dasaxelebul damokidebulebas kanonieri Zala
eqneboda. am gziT formirebuli Sexedulebebi, romelTa
struqtura aris ,,Tu…- maSin - Sexedulebebi’’, empiriuli
gadamowmebisas SeiZleba winaaRmdegobaSi movides faqto-
briv movlenebTan.
ekonomikuri Teoriebi marcxs ara marto logikis
kanonebTan mიmarTebiთ ganicdiს, aramed empiriaSic, roca saqme exeba realobis mimarT maTi mecnieruli preten-
ziebis dasabuTebas. meore mxriv, xdeba imis dakonkreteba,
rom empiriuli Semowmeba sxva araferia, Tu ara falsi-
ficirebis meToduri principis gamoyeneba, anu sistemuri uaryofis mcdeloba. amis gamo adgili aqvs empiriuli
Semowmebis simZimis centris gadatanas iseTi movlenebis
Ziebaze, romelTa dadgoma gamoricxuli iyo navaraudev
kauzalobaTa SesaZlo Tanamimdevrobidan. es amave dros
imis gamoxatulebaa, rom moxdes mosalodneli Secdomis
gardaqmna kritikul Tvalsazrisad. uaryofis mcdelo-
bis marcxiT dasruleba niSnavs ara imas, rom Sesabamisi
hipoTeza ar dadasturda, aramed imas, rom jer kidev ar
momxdara misi uaryofa.
SeiZleba imis warmodgenac, rom empiriuli Semow-
mebisas aqcenti iseT viTarebaTa Ziebaze keTdebodes,
romlebic navaraudevi kanonzomierebebiT daSvebul Sede-
gebs ganekuTvneba. magram, advilad SeiZleba, rom aseTi
verificirebisas (mtkicebisas) mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes
uaryofis SesaZleblobebi da Semecneba erT mdgomareoba-
Si aRmoCndes. es ki xels Seuwyobda dogmaturi poziciis
Camoyalibebas. magram, meore mxriv, Tu aqcenti savaraudo
kauzalobaTa mcdarobaze gakeTdeboda, ufro male mi-
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili
27
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
vaRwevdiT mecnierul progress, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, roca
axsnis winandel mcdelobaTa gaumjobesebasa da Secvlas
veswrafviT. am miznisaTvis ufro Sesaferisia ara veri-
ficirebis, aramed falsificirebis (empiriuli uaryofis)
principi.
orive meTodur princips – rogorc falsificire-
bas, aseve SefasebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tavisuflebas
– normatiuli Sinaarsi aqvs, vinaidan isini rekomendaciebs
moicavს imis Taobaze:
Tu rogor unda veswrafvodeT realobis Sesaxeb mecnierul codnas (empiriuli uaryofa);
romeli mtkicebebi ar unda gaviTvaliswinoT in-tersubieqturi Semowmebis interesebidan gamomdinare (Se-
fasebebi).
aqedan ar gamomdinareobs, rom uaryofis meTodi
TiTqos ar iZleodes realobis Sesaxeb mecnieruli cod-
nis SesaZleblobas. ubralod keTdeba varaudi imis Tao-
baze, rom aseTi ram orive meToduri principis safuZvelze
miiRweva. Sefasebebis neitralizeba, rogorc vnaxavT, ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqosda SesaZlebeli ar iyos misi Se-
fasebisagan damoukidebeli da mecnieruli analizi.
Sefasebis Tavisuflebaze xSirad mcdari warmod-
gena aqvT sazogadod ekonomikur mecnierebebSi da gansa-
kuTrebiT – ekonomikur politikaSi. amgvari gaugebroba
uSualo kavSirSia axsnis mcdelobasTan. saqme is aris,
rom socioekonomikuri realobis dakvirvebad kanonzom-
ierebaTa dadgenis yovel mcdelobas SefasebiTi bunebis
mqone subieqturi arCevani da interesi gansazRvravs.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom ekonomikis funqcionireba
Sefasebisagan Tavisufali iyos? – am kiTxvaze, albaT, da-makmayofilebel pasuxs iZleva g. mirdali: ,,faqtebi my-
isierad rodi iqcevა cnebebad da Teoriebad; maT gareSe
ki mecnieruli faqtebis nacvlad qaosi daisadgurebda.
yoveli mecnieruli naSromi aucileblad moicavs aprio-
rul elements. jer kiTxvebi unda daisvas, Semdeg ki ma-
Tze pasuxis gacemas SevecadoT. TiToeuli kiTxva samya-
rosadmi Cveni interesis gamoxatvaa. isini arsebiTad sxva
28
araferia Tu ara Sefasebebi”.1 meore mxriv, sakvlevi prob-
lemis Semfasebluri arCevani imTaviTve rodi gamoricx-
avs mecnieruli, intersubieqturad Semowmebadi analizis
SesaZleblobas. magram, miuxedavad amisa, miRebuli Sede-
gebis kritikuli ganxilva unda moxdes da ara mecnieris
pirovnuli poziciisa, ramac SesaZloa zegavlena iqonios
problemis arCevaze.
meore gaugebroba warmoiSoba maSin, roca ar iTval-
iswineben im gansxvavebas, romelic Semfaseblur daskvnebsa
da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebs Soris arsebobs.
amis gauTvaliswinebloba iseT interpretacias iwvevs, rom
TiTqosda, gamoricxuli iyos Sefasebebisa da ekonomikuri
miznebis mecnieruli ganxilva. sinamdvileSi es mxolod
Semfasebluri daskvnebis, rogorc mecnieruli Zalisxme-
vis miznis formulirebas exeba. RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb
Sexedulebebi SefasebiTi msjelobebidan absoluturad
Tavisufali unda iyos. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomikuri
politikis mecnieruli programa am sferoSi arsebul Se-
fasebebTan mimarTebiT SeiZleba Semdegnairad dakonkret-
des:
SesaZlebelia SefasebaTa axsna (1), maTi urTierTmi-marTebebis Semowmeba (2), da im kombinaciebis urTierTSe-
dareba (3), romlebic drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi sxva-
dasxva jgufisa da sazogadoebis mier yalibdeba;
Sefasebebi, romelTa gamovlena SesaZlebelia Sexed-ulebebis Rrma analizis gziT (ideologiis kritika); ar
aris gamoricxuli, rom moqmedebebi da Sexedulebebi sa-
gangebo mizniT yalibdebodes; saqme exeba adresatze zemo-
qmedebis moxdenis mizans. TiTqosda, amgvari Sexedulebebi
intersubieqturad Semowmebad safuZvlebs emyarebodes;
dabolos, SesaZlebelia aRiweros, aixsnas da moxdes imis prognozireba, Tu rogoria an rogori iqneba
calkeuli pirisa Tu jgufis Semfasebluri qceva da maTi
urTierTqmedeba.
amrigad, Cven SegviZlia SefasebaTa mecnieruli
dadgena da gaanalizeba, iseve rogorc maTi urTierTmi-
1ix. MYRDAL, G. (1969), Objektivitaet in der Sozialforschung, 2. Aufl ., Frank-furt am Main 1971, s.13
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili
29
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
marTebebis Semowmeba, magram dauSvebelia maTi miCneva
“swor” an “mcdar” Sefasebebad.
es, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs imas, rom mecnieri SeiZleba pirovnulad mxars uWerdes garkveul norma-
tiul pozicias. aseve ar aris gamoricxuli SefasebiTi
msjelobebi mecnierulad Ria da sajaro faqtebis Sesax-
eb. Tu normad miviRebT imas, rom aucilebelia intersub-
ieqturad Semowmebadi SefasebiTi msjelobebis (ideolo-
giebis) Tavidan aSoreba, maSin mkafiod unda gvqondes
gacnobierebuli Sexedulebebis SefasebiTi nawili (Ri-
rebulebis transparentobis postulati). magram, am moTx-
ovnis Sesruleba Zalze Znelia imis gamo, rom metyveleb-
is elementebs xSirad viyenebT xolme Sefasebis mizniT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi amgvar daskvnebs mecnieruli xasiaTi
sulac ar eniWeba imis gamo, rom maს SeiZleba iseTi vinme
iyenebdes, vinc isedac mecnierul saqmianobas eweva. ma-
gram arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom mecnieri, Tavisi saqmi-
anobis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, garkveul SefasebiT
daskvnebs, sxva aseTive SexedulebebTan SedarebiT, ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebdes.
Sefasebis problematikis Taobaze Semdgomi gauge-
broba teqnolgiur informacias ukavSirdeba. adre ganxi-
luli SemTxvevebisagan gansხvavebiT, igi gadaWarbebul
mniSvnelobas aniWebs Sefasebisgan Tavisufali, mecnier-
uli analizis SesaZleblobas. aseTi analizis safuZve-
lia teqnologiuri informaciebi, rაc sxva araferia, Tu
ara im ZalisxmevaTa Sedegi ekonomikur kanonzomierebaTa
wvdomas rom eswrafviს. ekonomikis politikoss swored
amgvari savaraudo kanonzomierebebi ainteresebs, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki isini, romlebic:ukve axsnil movlenebTan aris mimarTebaSi; swored
im movlenebTan, pirdapiri an iribi kavSiri rom aqvს ekonomikur-politikur miznebTan;
anda mizezobrivad winaswar gansazRvruli movle-nebis saxeobas moicavს, romelsac ekonomikis politikosi
an gaiTvaliswinebs an ara.
aseTi kanonzomierebebi moqmedebis ekonomikur-poli-
tikuri SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb informacias gvawvdiს.
30
amisaTvis ki mxolod tavtologiuri transformaciaa
saWiro.1 amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWreba sakiTxi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gamoiyureba ekonomikur-politikurad
formirebadi movlenebi. swored amis safuZvelze moxdeba
zemoqmedebis im faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba, romlebic ar
monawileoben amgvar formirebaSi da gamoikveTeba sasur-
veli movlenebi. maTi prognozireba mTavar miznamde misv-
lis saSualebaa, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara garkveu-
li movlenebis axsna. zogjer arasworad esmiT xolme
tavtologiuri transformaciis Sedegi, rac SefasebisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisuflebis principis darRvevas
niSnavs.
Assessment of Difference between Actual and Potential Possibilities for Economic and Political Decision-making
R. GvelesianiG. Gaprindashvili
The difference between actual and desirable socio-economic condi-tions and the perspective of development is constitutive (essential) for eco-nomic and political problems. But to evaluate what is desirable and what the deviation from it means is a normative issue. Possible answers to this issue are included in the evaluations which should be fi nally shared by members of the society. Otherwise, existence of the society will be endangered. The point is that collective goals are evaluated in individual or collective scales. As for collective scales, they are completely incompatible with market and economic order. Making assessment is only possible when the scales or goals of assessments are formulated maximally operationally.
1ix. ALBERT, H. (1963b), Wertfreiheit als methodische Prinzip – Zur Frage der Notwendigkeit einer normativen Sozialwissenschaft; wiederabgedruckt in ders.: Aufklaerung und Steuerung – Aufsaetze zur Sozialphilosophie und zur Wissen-schaftslehre der Sozialwissenschaften, Hamburg 1976, s.177.
revaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvilirevaz gvelesiani, giorgi gafrindaSvili
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
THEORIE UND EMPIRIE ZUM ZUSAMMENHANG ZWI-THEORIE UND EMPIRIE ZUM ZUSAMMENHANG ZWI-SCHEN STAATSVERSCHULDUNG UND INFLATIONSCHEN STAATSVERSCHULDUNG UND INFLATION
Dr. Andreas Nastansky - Dr. Andreas Nastansky - Universität Potsdam Universität Potsdam
Prof. Dr. Simon Gelaschwili - Prof. Dr. Simon Gelaschwili - Iv. Djavachischvili Staatliche Iv. Djavachischvili Staatliche
Universität Tbilissi Universität Tbilissi
1. EinleitungDie Nationalstaaten haben gemeinsam mit den Zentralbanken das
Finanzsystem während der Finanz- und Bankenkrise der Jahre 2008/09 gestützt und stabilisiert.1 Anschließend wurde die Wirtschaftskrise durch Konjunkturprogramme gemildert. Dies führte zu einer Beschleunigung der Staatsschulden weltweit. Das hohe Schuldenniveau nicht nur in den Euro-Krisenstaaten und die starke Ausweitung der Bilanzsumme der Europä-ischen Zentralbank (EZB) infolge der unkonventionellen geldpolitischen Maßnahmen begründen die Befürchtung von Schulden restrukturierungen durch Staatsinsolvenzen. Eine Alternative dazu ist die Infl ationierung der Staatsverschuldung. Während Ausgabenkürzungen und Steuererhöhungen mit heftigem Widerstand von Interessengruppen und weiten Teilen der Be-völkerung einhergehen, stellt die Infl ation eine verführerische Lösung des Schuldenproblems dar. Wie Reinhart/Rogoff (2009) darlegen, versuchten Regierungen weltweit, Staatsschulden in eigener Währung durch Infl ation zu entwerten.2 Es stellt sich die Frage, ob das „Infl ationsgespenst“ zurück-kehrt? Diese Befürchtung wird durch die Krise um Griechenland noch ver-stärkt, da die wirtschaftlich stabileren Nationen die von der Krise bedrohten Länder unterstützen und dazu weitere Schulden aufnehmen müssen.
Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation stehen über unterschiedliche Über-tragungswege in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Die Geld-politik der Zentralbanken übt zudem einen großen Einfl uss auf dieses Zu-1 Nastansky, A./ Gelaschwili, S., Determinanten der Entwicklung der Krise am US-Immobilienmarkt zur globalen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise, in: ECONOMICS and BUSINESS, Nr. 1 (2010), s. 67-80.2 Reinhart, C.M./ Rogoff, K.S., This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton 2009.
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Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili sammenspiel aus. Staatliche Defi zite können zu Infl ation führen, wenn die Geldmenge ausgeweitet wird. Die Relevanz ergibt sich nicht zuletzt aus der seit der europäischen Staatsschuldenkrise wieder bedeutsamer gewordenen Problematik der Folgen staatlicher Verschuldung und einer expansiven Geldpolitik für die Entwicklung der Verbraucherpreise.
2.2.Empirie Staatsverschuldung und Infl ationDer Zusammenhang zwischen Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation ist
in der empirischen Forschung der letzten Jahre in zahlreichen Studien und unter verschiedenen Fragestellungen behandelt worden. Der Schwerpunkt wurde auf die ökonometrischen Modellierungen der Auswirkungen der Staatsverschuldung auf das Zinsniveau, den Output und die Infl ation ge-setzt. Die Autoren gelangen teilweise zu widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen, ob die Monetarisierung der Staatsschuld zu realen Effekten und zu Infl ation führt.
Nach Giannitsarou/Scott (2006) konnte in den Industriestaaten seit den 1960er Jahren kein signifi kanter Zusammenhang zwischen Staatsver-schuldung und Infl ation ermittelt werden.1 In den Schwellenländern fan-den Catao/Terrones (2005) für den Zeitraum 1960-2000 hingegen einen deutlichen Einfl uss der Staatsdefi zite auf die Infl ation.2 In den entwickelten Ländern tragen unabhängige Zentralbanken und eine hohe Reputation bei den Kapitalmarktakteuren zu einer stabilen Finanzlage bei, sodass staatli-che Defi zite nicht in hohen Infl ationsraten münden. Taghavi (2000) unter-suchte den Zusammenhang zwischen Infl ation und realer Schuldenquote für Deutschland, Italien, Frankreich und Großbritannien im Zeitraum 1970-1997.3 Für keines der Länder konnte eine Kointegrationsbeziehung nachge-wiesen werden. Jedoch war in allen vier Staaten die öffentliche Schulden-quote Granger-kausal zur Infl ation mit einer Zeitverzögerung von 3 und 5 Jahren. Mithilfe von Impuls-Antwort- Funktionen zeigte Taghavi, dass eine plötzliche Erhöhung der realen Schuldenquote signifi kante Reaktionen der Infl ation nach sich zogen. Richtung und Stärke der Antwort differenzierten teils erheblich. Demgegenüber konnten Seccareccia/Sood (1999) für die 1 Giannitsarou, C./ Scott, A., Infl ation Implications of Rising Government Debt, in: NBER Working Paper Series, No. 12654 (2006).2 Catao, L./ Terrones, M.E., Fiscal Defi cits and Infl ation, in: Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 52 (2005), s. 529-554.3 Taghavi, M., Debt, growth and infl ation in large European economies: a vector auto-regression analysis, in: Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol. 10 (2000), s. 159-173.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
G7-Staaten (ohne Japan) keine Granger-Kausalität des Budgetdefi zits für die Infl ation nachweisen.1 Bleaney (1996) führte eine Korrelationsanalyse des öffentlichen Schuldenstands mit der Infl ation durch.2 Er ermittelte eine schwache positive durchschnittliche Korrelation von 0,36 zwischen beiden Variablen in fünfzehn OECD-Ländern für den Zeitraum 1973-1982. Für einen späteren Zeitraum 1983-1989 wurde mit -0,19 eine schwach negative durchschnittliche Korrelation für dieselben Länder berechnet. Nastansky/Mehnert (2012) ermitteln für Deutschland seit 1991 eine Kointegrations-beziehung und einen signifi kant positiven Einfl uss der nominalen Staatsver-schuldung auf die Verbraucherpreisentwicklung.3 Wenn die Verschuldung des Staates um 10% wächst, dann steigt der VPI im Mittel um 2%. Die Zerlegung der kointegrierten Zeitreihen in transitorische und permanente Komponenten unter Berücksichtigung der Gleichgewichtsfehler mittels der multivariaten Beveridge-Nelson-Dekomposition offenbarte, dass von den nominalen Staats schulden auch im Konjunkturverlauf ein infl ationärer Ef-fekt ausgeht.
Junius/Tödtmann (2010) analysieren auf Basis einer Simulations-rechnung die Effekte alternativer Infl ationsraten auf die Staatsschulden-quote der Europäischen Währungsunion (EWU).4 Demnach hat ein dau-erhaft moderater Anstieg der Infl ationsrate (von 2% auf 4%) nur geringe Auswirkungen auf die Staatsschuldenquote (-10 Prozentpunkte). Mit dem Anziehen der Risikoprämien (Realzinsen) geht dieser Vorteil langfristig wieder verloren. Ferner identifi zierten sie anhand verschiedener Kriterien Griechenland, Portugal, Irland uns Spanien als Länder in der Euro-Zone mit den größten Infl ationierungsanreizen. Demgegenüber würden höhere Infl a-tionsraten in Deutschland nur eine relativ schwache fi skalische Entlastung hervorrufen. Mehnert/Nastansky (2012) zeigen für Deutschland, dass im Zeitraum 1991-2010 von den Verbraucherpreisen langfristig ein erhöhen-
1 Seccareccia, M./ Sood, A., Government Debt Monetization and Infl ation: a Some-what Jaundiced View, in: University of Ottawa Working Paper Series, No. 9903 (1999).2 Bleaney, M., Infl ation and Public Debt, in: Australian Economic Papers, vol. 35 (1996), s. 141-155.3 Mehnert, A./ Nastansky, A., Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation - Eine empirische Analyse für Deutschland, in: Potsdamer Schriften zu Statistik und Wirtschaft, Nr. 2 (2012).4 Junius, K./ Tödtmann, K., Infl ation und Staatsverschuldung, in: Ifo Schnelldienst, vol. 63 (2010), s. 16-26.
34
der Einfl uss auf die nominale Staatsverschuldung ausgeht. Die kurzfristigen Veränderungen des VPI wirken hingegen dämpfend auf das Wachstum der Staatsverschuldung ein. In der kurzen Frist profi tiert der Staat von höheren Infl ationsraten. Während mittel- bis langfristig ein Gleichlauf beider Va-riablen zu beobachten ist. Umgekehrt hängt die Entwicklung der Verbrau-cherpreise signifi kant positiv von der Staatsverschuldung ab. Beide Größen stehen in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Damit geht einer-seits von der Verschuldung des Staates ein infl ationärer Effekt aus. Ande-rerseits wird die Verschuldungssituation des Staates von der Verbraucher-preis entwicklung determiniert. Darüber hinaus wurde in den Niveaus ein stabiler Zusammenhang zwischen Geldmengen- und Preisentwicklung in Deutschland seit 1991 ermittelt.
3.3.Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation: Theoretische AspekteNach Sichtweise der klassisch-neoklassichen Theorie führen Staats-
ausgaben über Kredit fi nanzierung nicht zu einem höheren Output. Es kommt lediglich zu einer Verlagerung der Nachfrage vom privaten Sektor hin zum Staat. Die Defi zitfi nanzierung ist mit kompensierenden Verhaltensweisen der Wirtschaftssubjekte verbunden. Bei Vollbeschäftigung
werden vor allem die Bautätigkeit und Investitionen der Unterneh-men infolge eines höheren Zinsniveaus verdrängt (zinsinduziertes crow-ding-out). Die zusätzliche staatliche Nachfrage am Kreditmarkt führt bei gegebenem privatem Sparaufkommen zu einer Überschussnachfrage nach Kredit und übt Druck auf den Preis des Kapitals (Zins) aus. Unternehmen können weniger Kredite für Investitionen aufnehmen bzw. müssen einen höheren Zins bezahlen, da die private Kreditnachfrage durch die staatliche teilweise verdrängt wird. Wenig rentable Investitionen können so unterblei-ben. Langfristig wird der private Kapitalstock durch öffentliche Schulden ersetzt. Hinzu treten verzerrende Effekte und Effi zienzverluste als Folge der Erhebung von zusätzlichen Steuern zur Finanzierung der zukünftigen Zins- und Tilgungsleistungen.
Entsprechend dem Äquivalenttheorem von Ricardo führen kredit-fi nanzierte Staatsausgaben nicht zu realen Effekten und damit auch nicht zu einer höheren Infl ation. Agieren die Wirtschaftssubjekte vorausschau-end, ist die heutige staatliche Kreditaufnahme mit höheren Steuern in der Zukunft gleichzusetzen. Damit ist die Staatsverschuldung äquivalent zu künftigen Steuern. Die gesamtwirtschaftliche Ersparnis bleibt unverändert, da die Zunahme der privaten Ersparnis die Verringerung der staatlichen
Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Ersparnis ausgleicht. Demgegenüber unterstellt die keynesianische Theorie, dass von
der Staatsverschuldung ein expansiver Effekt auf die gesamtwirtschaftli-che Nachfrage ausgeht. Kurzfristig wird die konjunkturelle Entwicklung wesentlich durch die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage deter miniert. In rezessiven Phasen trägt die kreditfi nanzierte expansive Fiskalpolitik zur Auslastung der Produktionspotenzials bei. Die Wirtschaftssubjekte kön-nen die höheren Einkommen für zusätzliche Konsumausgaben verwenden. Demnach sollten in Rezessions phasen Budgetdefi zite bewusst hingenom-men werden. Über den Konjunkturzyklus hinweg stehen den Defi ziten im Idealfall Überschüsse in konjunkturellen Hochphasen gegenüber. Aus sta-bilisierungspolitischen Gründen sollen die zyklischen Schwanken der Wirt-schaftsentwicklung geglättet werden. Mittel- bis langfristig ziehen jedoch die Verbraucherpreise an.
Die Finanzierung von Staatsausgaben durch Kreditaufnahme (Staats-verschuldung) bei der Zentralbank führt nach der monetaristischen Sicht-weise zu einer Ausweitung der Geldmenge und entsprechend der Quanti-tätstheorie steigt mittel- bis langfristig das Preisniveau.
3.1. Transmission von der Staatsverschuldung zur Infl ationDie Staatsverschuldung und die Preisentwicklung auf dem Güter-
markt (Infl ation) stehen über unterschiedliche Transmissionswege in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Bei der Analyse der Transmission der Staatsverschuldung auf die Infl ation muss die Wirkung auf die Geld-menge und die Rolle der Notenbank untersucht werden. Die Finanzierung von Staatsausgaben durch Kreditaufnahme (Staatsverschuldung) bei der Zentralbank führt zu einer Ausweitung der Geldmenge. In diesem Fall wird die Kreditierung auch als Schöpfungskredit bezeichnet. Die Zentralbank bezahlt den Staat mit dem von ihr geschaffenen Geld. Der Staat gibt das Zentralbankengeld im Austausch für Güter und Dienstleistungen an den privaten Sektor weiter. Die Übertragungswege von der Staatsverschuldung hin zur Infl ation gehen über die Geldpolitik der Zentralbanken und die Out-putnachfrage des Staates
direkt durch Ankauf von Staatsschuldtiteln durch die Zentralbank oder
indirekt durch die Nachfrage nach Staatsschuldtitel durch die pri-vaten Haushalte bei gleichzeitiger expansiver Geldpolitik, um die Zinser-höhung zu sterilisieren.
36
indirekt durch Kredite bzw. der Nachfrage nach Staatsschuldtitel durch die Geschäfts banken.
über die Infl ationserwartungen der Wirtschaftssubjekte.Eine Erhöhung der Staatsausgaben durch Verschuldung stimuliert
kurzfristig die gesamt wirtschaftliche Nachfrage.Diese fünf Faktoren münden mittel- bis langfristig in steigenden
Verbraucherpreisen. Das Resultat der schuldenfi nanzierten expansiven Fis-kalpolitik sind höhere Verbraucherpreise und eine Ausweitung des Outputs in der kurzen Frist. Output und Beschäftigung nehmen zu. In diesem Fall trat eine nachfrageinduzierte Infl ation ein, d.h. die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage stieg schneller als das Produktionspotenzial der Volkswirtschaft. Wird die Staatsausgabenerhöhung noch von einer expansiven Geldpolitik begleitet, kann der Preisauftrieb noch stärker ausfallen. Bei prinzipiell feh-lender Geldillusion werden mittel- bis langfristig die Reallohnsenkungen durch Lohnforderungen kompensiert und der Preisauftrieb beschleunigt sich. In den ersten drei Punkten schafft die Notenbank Geld, d.h. sie erhöht die zirkulierende Geldmenge. Wächst die Geldmenge schneller als die ge-samtwirtschaftliche Produktion erzeugt dies zusätzlich Druck auf die Ver-braucherpreise und ein infl ationärer Prozess setzt ein.
Bei der Übertragungsmöglichkeit spielen die Liquidität des Banken-sektors und der institutionelle Rahmen eine wichtige Rolle. Der Liquidi-tätsstatus des Bankensektors beeinfl usst den crowding-out. Ist die Liquidi-tätslage der Geschäftsbanken kritisch, kann die zusätzliche staatliche Nach-frage am Kreditmarkt Verdrängungseffekte bei privaten Kreditnachfragern hervorrufen. Die Gefahr, dass von der Staatsverschuldung eine Infl ation ausgeht, ist umso geringer, je unabhängiger der Status der Zentralbank ist. Allerdings tendieren Regierungen bei hoher Staatsverschuldung vielfach zu einer subtilen Form der Beeinfl ussung der Öffentlichkeit und damit auch der Notenbank. Mit der Begründung der Unterstützung der Konjunktur oder Reduktion der Arbeitslosigkeit fordern sie eine expansive Geldpolitik bei Inkaufnahme von „etwas mehr“ Infl ation und üben Druck auf die Zentral-banken aus.
Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Staatsverschuldung und Infl ation ergeben sich nicht nur über die Geldmenge und die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage. Auch die Wirkung der Staatsdefi zite auf die Infl ationserwartun-gen der Wirtschaftssubjekte kann Einfl uss auf die spätere tatsächliche Prei-sentwicklung nehmen. Führt eine hohe Neuverschuldung oder ein hoher
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Schuldenstand zu langfristig steigenden Infl ationserwartungen, kann dies Druck auf die Nominallohnforderungen der Wirtschaftssubjekte erzeugen und infl ationäre Entwicklung begründen. Für die Zentralbanken ergibt sich über diesen Kanal eine Verbindung zwischen Fiskalpolitik und Geldpolitik. Die Notenbanken sind bestrebt die langfristigen Infl ations erwartungen zu beeinfl ussen. Eine auf Preisniveaustabilität ausgerichtete Geldpolitik hängt von der Verschuldung der öffentlichen Haushalte ab. Bei hohem Schulden-stand und hohen Nominalzinsen wird die Verankerung des Infl ationsziels in den Infl ationserwartungen der Wirtschaftssubjekte erschwert.
3.2. Transmission von der Infl ation zur StaatsverschuldungDie Übertragungswege von der Infl ation hin zur Staatsverschuldung
bestehen ausdem Geldschöpfungsgewinn als Teil des Notenbankgewinns. der kurzfristigen Stimulierung des Wirtschaftswachstums durch
die expansive Geldpolitik. (Die Staatseinnahmen steigen und die Ausgaben sinken.)
ebenso ein progressives Steuersystem führt bei höherer Infl ation bereits ohne Realwachstum zu höheren Steuereinnahmen.
der Entwertung des nominalen Staatsschuldbestands durch Infl ati-on (Infl ationssteuer).
Diese vier Faktoren reduzieren kurz- bis mittelfristig die Staatsver-schuldung. Durch eine expansive Geldpolitik und hohe Infl ationsraten kann der Notenbankgewinn gesteigert werden. Dieser entsteht im Wesentlichen durch einen Zinsüberschuss der Aktiva über die Passiva in der Zentral-bankbilanz und durch die Erträge aus der Geldschöpfung (Seignorage). Die Geldschöpfung stellt eine günstige Finanzierungsquelle für die Staatsde-fi zite dar. In Ländern mit hohen Infl ationsraten kommt dem Geldschöp-fungsgewinn für die Staatseinnahmen größere Bedeutung zu. Als staatliche Institution sind die Zentralbanken verpfl ichtet einen Teil des Notenbank-gewinns an den Staat auszuschütten, wodurch die Verschuldung bzw. die Neuverschuldung gesenkt wird. Die Reaktion der realen Geldhaltung der Wirtschaftssubjekte auf die Infl ation determiniert den Geldschöpfungsge-winn.
Das Wachstum wirkt sich auch positiv auf die Steuereinnahmen so-wie die Einnahmen der Sozialversicherung aus. Auf der Ausgabenseite sin-ken die Lohnersatzleistungen und die Aufwendungen für Arbeitslose. Das Problem dieses Szenarios ist, dass es nur für einen relativ kurzen Zeitraum
38
Gültigkeit hat, sofern die Geldpolitik keinen dauerhaften Einfl uss auf die Realwirtschaft ausübt.
Eine andere Möglichkeit für den Staat auf der Einnahmenseite von der Infl ation zu profi tieren, ist die kalte Progression. In einem progressiven Steuersystem ohne automatische Anpassung der Freibeträge und Progres-sionsstufen führt die Anpassung der Löhne und Gehälter an das gestiegene Preisniveau zu höheren durchschnittlichen Steuersätzen. Bei niedriger In-fl ationsrate sind die Mehreinnahmen überschaubar. Bei höheren Infl ations-raten können Verzerrungen durch die hohe Steuerbelastung real zu einem Einnahmerückgang führen.
Dauerhaft ist die Staatsverschuldung tragbar, solange die Schulden langsamer wachsen als das nominale Bruttoinlandsprodukt. Eine schädliche Wirkung entsteht im umgekehrten Fall, denn dann steigt auch die (nomina-le) Staatsschuldenquote an. Als Folge wachsen die Zinszahlungen schneller als die Steuereinnahmen. Die Infl ation kann dem Staat helfen, die eigenen Schulden zu entwerten. Hohe Preissteigerungsraten senken bei gegebenem Nominalwert den realen Wert der Staatsschuld. Die Infl ation entfaltet ihre Wirkung auf das Wachstum des nominalen BIP. Bei einem gegebenen re-alen Wachstum wächst hingegen, durch eine hohe Infl ation, das nominale Bruttoinlandsprodukt stärker. Bei unverändertem Nominalwert der Staats-schuld sinkt die Staatsschuldenquote. Demnach kann Infl ation als Steuer (Infl ationssteuer) auf die reale Geldhaltung mit der Infl ationsrate als Steu-ersatz aufgefasst werden. Die Verzinsung der Staatsschuldtitel passt sich nur mit Verzögerung an die höheren Preissteigerungsraten an, sodass die Gläubiger des Staates reale Wertverluste tragen müssen. Erst bei der Ver-längerung der Staatsschuld bzw. bei neuen Schulden kann eine höhere Ver-zinsung durchgesetzt werden.
Seignorage und Infl ationssteuer sind eng miteinander verbunden. Die Geldschöpfung führt zu einer Zunahme der Geldmenge und mit Ver-zögerung zur Infl ation. Letztere trägt wiederum über die Infl ationssteuer zu einer Senkung der realen Staatsverschuldung bei. Wenn die Infl ationsrate steigt, werden die Käufer neuer Staatsanleihen jedoch höhere Nominalzins-forderungen verlangen. Auch werden sie tendenziell kürzere Laufzeiten be-vorzugen. Bleibt der Verschuldungsprozess instabil, wird der Staat (bzw. die Zentralbank) die Geldmenge ausweiten und die Infl ation weiter forcie-ren. Dies führt zu noch höheren Nominalzinsforderungen, die eine weitere Steigerung der Infl ation erforderlich machen. Am Ende dieses Prozesses könnte eine Hyperinfl ation stehen.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
4. FazitStaatsverschuldung und Infl ation stehen über verschiedene Kanäle
in einer wechselseitigen Beziehung zueinander. Über die Geldmenge kann die Verschuldung des Staates auf die Verbraucherpreise und damit auf die Infl ationsentwicklung einwirken. Dabei spielt es eine wichtige Rolle, bei wem sich der Staat verschuldet und wie die Anleger die Staatsschuldtitel bewerten. Ein wichtiger Faktor bei der Bewertung von Staatsanleihen ist das Vertrauen in die Bonität des Staates, d.h. in dessen Zahlungsfähigkeit und Zahlungswilligkeit. Dies wird aktuell am Beispiel Griechenlands sicht-bar. Ein als nicht tragfähig eingeschätzter Schuldenstand kann in den Ver-lust der Kreditwürdigkeit münden und den Zugang zu den Kapitalmärkten abschneiden.
Die Notenbanken in den hoch verschuldeten Währungsräumen haben seit 2008 massiv Staatsschuldtitel erworben, um deren Renditen und somit die Refi nanzierungskosten der Staaten zu senken. Die Kapitalmarktzinsen wurden in vielen Ländern erfolgreich unterhalb der Preissteigerungsrate ge-halten. Die Realzinsen verharren in einem negativen Bereich und tragen zur realen Entschuldung der Staaten bei.
Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Interdependence between Public Debt and Infl ation
A. Nastansky, A. Nastansky,
S. Gelashvili S. GelashviliThis article reviews theoretical and empirical aspects of interaction
mechanism between public debt and infl ation. On the current stage, the im-portance of this issue is conditioned by the consequences of the infl uence of state debt and expansionist monetary policy on the change in consumer prices. This interdependence became stronger in terms of debt crisis in most European countries. Therefore, the analysis is focused on deciding the fol-lowing issues: How big is the infl uence of infl ation on growing state debt? How does the infl ation affect the state debt? And what is the role of the central banks’ monetary policy regarding this effect?
Based on the empirical research on the indicators of interdependence between state debt and infl ation the article also shows the basic transmis-sion mechanism. The defi nite factors, determining transmission of infl ation on the state debt through monetary policy are discussed.
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saxelmwifo valisa da inflaciis urTierT- saxelmwifo valisa da inflaciis urTierT-
damokidebulebis Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevadamokidebulebis Teoriuli da empiriuli kvleva
a. nastanski, a. nastanski,
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inflaciis urTierTzemoqmedebis meqanizmis Teoriuli
da empiriuli aspeqtebi. Tanamedrove etapze am Temis
aqtualuroba ganpirobebulia saxelmwifo valisa
da eqspansionisturi fulad-sakredito politikis
samomxmareblo fasebis cvlilebaze gavlenis Sedegebis
mniSvnelobiT. es urTierTdamokidebuleba gansakuTrebiT
gaZlierda evropis umetesi qveynebis savalo krizisis
pirobebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, analizi fokusirebulia
Semdegi amocanebis gadawyvetaze: ra sididiT axdens
gavlenas inflacia mzard saxelmwifo valze, ra efeqti
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deficitma SeiZleba gamoiwvios mniSvnelovani inflaciuri
procesi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu fulis masis emisia ufro
da ufro Zviri ujdeba mTavrobas. aqve, saxelmwifo valsa
da inflacias Soris kavSiris maCvenebelTa empiriuli
kvlevis safuZvelze naCvenebia transmisiis ZiriTadi
meqanizmi. ganxilulia aseve is konkretuli faqtorebi, rac
ganapirobebs saxelmwifo valis inflaciaze transmisias
fulad-sakredito politikis saSualebiT.
Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili Andreas Nastansky, Simon Gelaschwili
41
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
ekonomikur mecnierebaTa ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori doqtori, profesori
ekonomikuri Teoria fundamenturi mecnierebaa,
romelsac safuZvlad sameurneo praqtikis Teoriuli
ganzogadeba udevs. es ukanaskneli ki sxva araferia Tu
ara imavdroulad mTeli sazogadoebis materialuri da
sulieri moTxovnilebebisa da interesebis dakmayofile-
ba-realizaciaze mimarTuli adamianTa socialur-ekono-
mikuri saqmianoba. es zogadad, ufro konkretulad ki _
ekonomikuri Teoriis amocanaa TiToeul qveyanaSi re-
alurad mimdinare socialur-ekonomikuri procesebis da
movlenebis gamokvleva. Sesabamisad, didia ekonomikuri
Teoriis zegavlena ekonomikuri sistemis optimaluri
funqcionirebis mimarTulebiT miRebul gadawyvetileba-
Ta ganxorcielebaSi. ufro metic, ama Tu im ekonomikuri
Teoriis praqtikulma ganxorcielebam SeiZleba xeli
Seuwyos an piriqiT, Seaferxos qveynis socialur-ekono-
mikuri ganviTareba. amitom, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs ekonomikuri mecnierebis mier Camoyalibebuli
mravali kategoriis, cnebis, kanonis gonivrul gamoyen-
ebas ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.
sayovelTao faqtia, rom warmoeba yovelTvis ar-
ealizebs mis monawileTa gadawyvetilebebs imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra, ramdeni da rogor iqnes warmoebuli. Tumca, es
gadawyvetilebebi SezRudulia arsebuli konkretuli
SesaZleblobebiT, rac orad xasiaTs atarebs _ teqnolo-
giurs (romelic asaxavs warmoebis faqtorTa sididesa
da Sedgenilobas) da ekonomikurs (romelic asaxavs Se-
mosavlianobis dones warmoebis Sedegebis realizaci-
ekonomika ekonomikuri ekonomika ekonomikuri
kanonebis gareSe?!kanonebis gareSe?!
42
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
idan). teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri SezRudulobis
aseTi gamijvna da imavdroulad urTierTkavSiriT Ses-
wavla, SesaZleblobas iZleva gavigoT is ekonomikuri
meqanizmi, romelic gansazRvravs mwarmoebelTa qcevas
sabazro meurneobis sistemaSi.1
am procesSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs warmoebis
ekonomikuri organizacia, romlis arsia is, rom yvela
dargsa da doneze misi efeqtianobis Sefasebis krite-
riumia Sedegebis Sefardeba danaxarjebis sididesTan.
ekonomikurad efeqtiania warmoeba, romliTac maqsi-
maluri Sedegi miiReba minimaluri danaxarjebiT. Sesa-
bamisad, idealurad efeqtianma ekonomikam optimalurad
unda Seaxamos sazogadoebrivi warmoebis danaxarjebi,
Sedegebi da moTxovnilebebi. mxolod aseTi principe-
biT funqcionirebad ekonomikas SeuZlia maqsimalurad
daakmayofilos sazogadoebis materialuri (da Tu gne-
bavT _ sulieri) moTxovnilebebi, ganuwyvetliv sruly-
os warmoebis procesi da Seuferxeblad gauxsnas gza
axal teqnologiebs, teqnologiuri warmoebis wesebs,
rac saqarTvelos Tanamedrove ekonomikisaTvis mxolod
ocnebis donezea Tua ... ufro uaresi _ ocwliani sa-
bazro gardaqmnis periodis safuZvelze, dabejiTebiT
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom saqarTveloSi ar aris Seqm-
nili realuri sabazro ekonomikis safuZvlebi, rom daw-
yebuliyo stabilizaciis procesi da ekonomikuri gan-
viTareba upiratesad sabazro meqanizmebis gamoyenebiT
warmarTuliyo.
sabazro ekonomikis sistemis safuZveli da mas-
timulirebeli faqtoria warmoebis saSualebebze kerZo
sakuTreba, xolo misi funqcionirebis mTavari meqaniz-
mi _ saqonelmwarmoebelTa Soris konkurencia. es ide-
alurad, faqtobrivad ki, ra xdeba? _ kerZo sakuTrebis
tradicia CvenTan sruliad dakarguli iyo, mosaxleobis
1 Современная экономика. Под. ред. дэн, профессора О.Ю. Мамедова, М., 2010, с. 30.
43
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ZiriTad masas ar hqonda raime mniSvnelovani sakuTreba,
faqtobrivad, dominirebda formiT sazogadoebrivi, ma-
gram SinaarsiT saxelmwifo-biurokratiuli sakuTreba.
yovelive amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, didi siZneleebi
Seuqmna gardamaval periodSi realuri kerZo mesakuTre-
obis institutis Camoyalibebas da sakuTrebis obieq-
turi funqciebis realur ganxorcielebas iman, rom es
procesi daemTxva (ufro zustad Tu vityviT, gadaexlar-
Ta) kapitalis pirvandeli dagrovebis velur praqtikas.
aqedan cxadia Crdilovani struqturebis gaaqtiureba,
rasac mohyva `garecxili” fulis dagroveba, biurokra-
tiuli samTavrobo struqturebis gaaqtiureba dauoke-
beli surviliT _ moexdinaT danakargebis kompensire-
ba (an Semcireba mainc), Tundac ukiduresad miuRebeli,
aSkarad mZarcveluri gzebiTa da meTodebiT. sxvanairad
rom vTaqvaT, sakuTrebiT urTierTobaTa gardaqmna xor-
cieldeboda saxelmwifoebrivi ZalauflebiTi diqtatis
pirobebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, saqarTveloSi privati-
zebis Sedegebis Sefasebisas, ekonomikuri Teoriis Tval-
sazrisiT, es procesi unda gavigoT ara rogorc upirate-
sad socialuri, e.i. dakavSirebuli ara idealuri mod-
elis realizaciasTan, aramed rogorc Sedegi realuri
politikuri brZolisa sxvadasxva jgufis interesebs
Soris, romelTagan postsocialisturi reformis saw-
yis etapebze, bevri flobda ufro did resursebs, vinem
saxelmwifo xelisufleba.
aRniSnul process, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, xeli
Seuwyo imanac, rom marqsistuli politikuri ekonomiis
uaryofis Semdeg, qarTuli da saerTod postsabWouri
ekonomikuri mecniereba aRmoCnda gzajvaredinze _ ra
aeRo safuZvlad _ dasavluri subieqtivizmi Tavisi
maTematikuri, ekonometrikuli safuZvlebiT, obieqtur
ekonomikur kanonebze damyarebuli klasikuri Teoriebi,
Tu sxva ram mesame. amasTan dakavSirebiT, metad sayura-
dReboa mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom `... ekonomikuri
44
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
Teoriebi umTavresad Seqmnilia sabazro ekonomikisaTvis,
aSkaraa, isini ver iqneboda gamosadegi sabazro ekonomi-
kaze gadasvlis Teoriuli gaazrebisaTvis. amitom, nebi-
smieri msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom sabazro ekonomikaze
gadasvlis procesSi, magaliTad, monetarizmis gamoyeneba
ufro gamarTlebulia Tu keinzianizmis, ubralod mok-
lebulia jansaR azrs, radganac esenia sabazro ekono-
mikis Teoriebi da ar iTvaliswinebs iseT situacias,
sadac jer kidev ar aris sabazro ekonomika da, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, is mxolod Seqmnis procesSia”.1
rac Seexeba `ekonomiksis” momravlebul saxelmZR-
vaneloebs, aseve menqius `ekonomikis principebs” Tu sxva
wignebs, sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali periodisaTvis
gzis maCveneblad ver gamodgeba maTi arsebiTad poziti-
uri (da ara _ normatiuli) xasiaTis gamo. ekonomikse-
biT, faqtobrivad, daiwyo ekonomikuri Teoriis gadarTva
sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri procesebis kvlevidan `niv-
Tobriv” kavSirurTierTobaTa kvlevaze, ama Tu im al-
ternatiuli miznis misaRwevad SezRuduli ekonomikuri
resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebis, aseve firmebSi
warmoebul Sromis produqtTa gasaRebis organizaciaze.
Tumca, aris azri imis Sesaxeb, rom ekonomikuri Teoria
da ekonomiksi erTimeores ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed _
avseben, wyveten ra saerTo da SedarebiT damoukideb-
el amocanebs. ekonomiksi amuSavebs versiebs, romelSic
sWarbobs aRwarmoebiTi da raodenobriv-operaciuli
midgomebi, e.i. aRwers da xsnis sagans, ekonomiksi ada-
mians ayenebs Semcnobelis, damkvirveblisa da uSualo
Semqmnelis mdgomareobaSi. ekonomiksi Taviseburi in-
Jineriaa, romelic emsaxureba sameurneo da socialur
samyaros. Tumca, maTematikurma principebma da xerxebma
misgan gamodevna sameurneo procesebis filosofiur-
ekonomikuri gansja da gaazreba. ufro metic, XX-XXI
saukuneebis mijnaze ekonomikurma mecnierebam Rrma
1v. papava. aratradiciuli ekonomiksi, Tb., 2011, gv. 82.
45
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
krizisi ganicada: man damajerebeli pasuxi ver gasca
sameurneo praqtikis aqtualur moTxovnebs, ver SeimuSa-
va mecnieruli paradigmebi da efeqtiani rekomendaciebi
XX saukunis mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis
gadasaWrelad. marTalia, ekonomikuri Teoria rogorc
ganviTarebadi mecniereba, gaivlis dacemisa da aRmav-
lobis garkveul stadiebs, magram is, rom Tanamedrove
ekonomikuri azri aris sxvadasxva mimarTulebis, mimdin-
areobisa da skolebis rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi sistema,
romelTagan TiToeuli Taviseburad xsnis ekonomikur
movlenebsa da procesebs, garkveulwilad mianiSnebs mis
met-naklebad krizisul mdgomareobaze. amasTan, aRsaniS-
navia, rom ekonomikuri Teoriis sxvadasxva mimdinareobis
mwvave kritikiT gamoirCeva instituciur-sociologiuri
mimdinareoba (j. gelbreiTi, r. aroni, f. peru, v. iufmani
da sxv.), romelic ekonomikas ganixilavs, rogoc sxva-
dasxva isntitutis (sawarmoebi, profkavSirebi, saxelm-
wifo) urTierTqmedebis erTobliobad. misi mimdevrebis
azriT, subieqtTa qmedebaSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba
samarTlebriv normebs, moralur-eTikur, fsiqologiur
da sxva Taviseburebas. am mimdinareobis rolis ga-
Zlierebaze migvaniSnebs moTxovna _ gaZlierdes axali
midgomebi ekonomikis saxelmwifo regulirebis sfero-
Si, maqsimalurad iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli mosaxleo-
bis gazrdili socialuri moTxovnilebebi, gamoinaxos
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos funqcionirebis axali gzebi
da mimarTulebebi.
Zveli mecnieruli maragis gadaazrebis, gamokvleve-
bisadmi axleburi midgomis, axal mimarTulebaTa Camoy-
aliebisadmi swrafva damaxasiaTebelia postsocialis-
turi sivrcis qveynebis, maT Soris _ saqarTvelosTvisac.1
Tanac, misasalmebelia isic, rom aRniSnul process Tan
1ix. v. papava. postkomunisturi gardamavali periodis makroekono-
mika, Tb., 2005; nekroekonomikis zombireba, Tb., 2010; aratradiciuli
ekonomiksi, Tb., 2011 da sxv.
46
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
axlavs dasavluri ekonomikuri mecnierebis winaSe sru-
li qedmoxris TandaTanobiT daZleva, ufro metic _
xvalindel dReze `misi gaazrebis” mcdeloba.
rac Seexeba sabWoTa sistemis ekonomikur Teo-
rias, is dasavlurisgan gamoirCeoda imiT, rom sistemu-
rad swavlobda ekonomikur kategoriebs da kanonebs da
am mxriv udavod mniSvnelvani miRwevebi hqonda, Tumca,
sameurneo praqtika, mis moTxovnebs, rogorc wesi, ugule-
belyofda, ramac mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba sabWouri
socializmis kraxi. magram, samwuxaro aRniSnuli kraxi
ki ar aris, aramed is, rom sabWoTa ekonomikis es si-
namdvile sazmcodneTa garkveuli nawilis mier fasdeba
rogorc meurneobaSi ekonomikuri kanonebis ar arsebo-
bis an kidev arsaWiroebis maCvenebeli. aseTi Sexeduleba
yovelgvar realobas moklebulia da ama Tu im qveynis
ekonomikas, rogori ganviTarebulic ar unda iyos, qaosi-
sa da sistemuri krizisis Waobisken eqaCeba. marTlac, is,
rac mouvida sabWoTa ekonomikas, obieqturi ekonomikuri
kanonebis moTxovnaTa ugulebelyofis realuri gamoZax-
ilia da daskvnac erTaderTi SeiZleba iyos: sameurneo
gadawyvetilebaTa miReba warmoebis faqtobriv danaxar-
jebsa da ekonomikur ukugebas Soris kavSiris gareSe,
qveyanaSi gardauval socialur-ekonomikur kriziss gam-
oiwvevs.
yovelive aRniSnulidan is daskvna gamodis, rom sa-
bazro ekonomikis formireba da sabazro urTierTobaTa
mTeli speqtris realurad ganviTareba postsocial-
istur qveynebsa da maT Soris gansakuTrebiT saqarT-
veloSi, obieqturad ganapirobebs ekonomikur urTier-
TobaTa mTeli sistemisa da misi gamovlenis formeb-
is Zireuli ganaxlebis aucileblobas. imisaTvis, rom
damkvidrdes meurneobriobis axali formebi da mas
miesadagos mewarmeTa saqmianoba, rom am pirobebSi maT
SeZlon TavianTi ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebisa da in-
teresebis gafarToebuli aRwarmoeba, TiToeulma meurne
47
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
subieqtma unda icodes da gaiTvaliswinos ekonomikur
kanonTa obieqturi moTxovnebi. saqme isaa, rom veranairi
sameurneo Tu antisameurneo politikis ganxorcielebiT,
ekonomikuri kanonebis mospoba Tu gauqmeba SeuZlebelia,
is potenciurad mainc arsebobs da elodeba praqtikuli
ganxorcielebisaTvis adekvaturi niadagis Seqmnas, raTa
Semdgom ekonomikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis macocxle-
beli arteriis roli Seasrulos. sawinaaRmdego SemTx-
vevaSi, ekonomikuri kolafsi gardauvalia, ramdenadac
ekonomika ar SeiZleba funqcionirebdes ekonomikuri
kanonebis gareSe.
Cven amiT ekonomikur kanonTa gafetiSebas ki ar
vaxdenT, aramed piriqiT, xazs vusvamT imas, rom ekono-
mikur kanonTa sistema pirdapir ki ar Sedis qveynis
sameurneo meqanizmSi, aramed aisaxeba masSi, anu ekono-
mikuri kanonebi da kategoriebi gamoiyeneba sameurneo
meqanizmis sistemaSi iseTi berketebisa da stimulebis
saxiT, rogoricaa: Rirebuleba, fasi, mogeba, Sroma, xel-
fasi da a.S.
amasTan, zogadad ekonomikuri kanonebis moqmedebis
meqanizmze msjelobisas, aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi mi-
viRoT maTi moqmedebis formaTa cvlileba-srulyofis
procesi. materialuri warmoebis ganviTareba da amis sa-
fuZvelze adamianTa ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebisa da
interesebis cvlileba, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikur kanonTa
moZraobis formaTa progresul cvlilebas ganapirobebs.
warmoebisa da sakuTrebiT urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis
kvalobaze viTardeba axali winaaRmdegobebi kanonebis
moqmedebisa da gamovlenis formebs Soris, rac kvla-
vac axal doneze moiTxovs mis gegmazomier gadawyvetas.
ekonomikuri kanoni rogorc aseTi _ kanoni-SesaZleblo-
ba da misi gamovlenis forma _ kanoni - sinamdvile,
sruliad araigiveobrivia da kanoni, saboloo angariSiT,
vlindeba rogorc tendencia.
48
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom Tu ekonomikuri kategoria
konkretul ekonomikur urTierTobaTa arsia, ekonomikuri
kanoni am arsTa (urTierTobaTa) erToblioba, sistemaa.
ekonomikur kanonTa aseTnair gagebas, TeoriulTan er-
Tad, didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. saqme isaa, rom
ekonomikuri kanonebi moqmedebs mxolod maSin, Tu Seqm-
nilia pirobebi, rasac kanonTa moqmedeba da praqtikuli
gamoyeneba moiTxovs. aq ueWvelad saxezea ekonomikur
kanonTa moqmedebisa da gamoyenebis meqanizmTa Soris
dialeqtikuri, anu mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTkavSiri:
moqmedebis meqanizmi obieqturia, gamoyenebis meqanizmi
_ subieqturi, ramdenadac kanonebis moTxovnaTa real-
izacia SeuZlebelia adamianTa saqmianobis gareSe.1 am
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ekonomikur kanonTa sistema
sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri progresis, uwyveti
ganviTarebis sayovelTao fenomenia. yovelive aRniSnul-
Tan erTad, xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom saba-
zro ekonomikis kanonebi, Tavisi obieqturi moTxovnebiT,
erTnairia yvela qveynisaTvis, Tumca, misi praqtikulad
gamoyenebis formebi da meTodebi gansxvavebulia, rac
ganisazRvreba ama Tu im qveyanaSi mwarmoebluri Zalebi-
sa da ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis doniT.
ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv dRevandel saqarTvelo-
Si? _ uaRresad aradamakmayofilebeli, gadauWarbeblad
SeiZleba iTqvas, katastrofuli. Sesabamisad, sabazro
ekonomikis mSeneblobasa Tu saerTod qveynis ekonomikis
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi volentari-
stulad, meurneobis funqcionirebis obieqtur moTxovna-
Ta gauTvaliswineblad ̀ wydeba“. amis mizezi, obieqturic
da subieqturic, bevria, magram yvelaze mTavaria is, rom
damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba-mSeneblobis
mcdelobis periodSi ekonomika, faqtobrivad, politikis
1Иохин В.Я. Экономическая теория, учебник, М., 2004, с. 62-63.
49
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
mZevali gaxda da igi mis marwuxebSi moeqca. amiT, rogorc
ekonomikis, aseve politikis diskreditacia moxda.1
saqarTveloSi permanentulad mimdinare ekonomiku-
ri reformebis arsebiTi xarvezia adekvaturi strategi-
is ar arseboba da Sesabamisad, Sedegebis winaswarganu-
sazRvreloba. amitomac, ekonomikuri reforma saerTod,
da pirvel rigSi, gansaxelmwifoebriveba da privatizeba
TviTmiznad iqca da ara socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqm-
nebis saSualebad, anu, rac igivea, reformatorebisaTvis
sabazro sistemis Seqmna gaxda mizani, Tumca, sabazro re-
formebi unda ganixilebodes qveyanaSi ekonomikuri da
socialuri gardaqmnebis saSualebad. amasTan, dReisaT-
vis saqarTveloSi funqcionirebadi kvaziekonomika ara
mxolod sistemuri sabazro reformaciis, aramed refor-
mis morig etapze biurokratiuli renesansis reformis
Sedegia, romlis msvlelobaSic politikuri Zalaufle-
ba da ekonomikuri Zalaufleba (yovlisSemZle fulis
saxiT) urTierTs mizanswrafulad Seerwya. e.i. warmoiS-
va monopoliur-biurokratiuli kapitalizmi, romelSic
kapitali, romelic mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli saxelm-
wifo-biurokratiul struqturebTan, arakonkurentuli
formiT mogvevlina. aseT sistemaSi erovnuli resurse-
bi sxvadasxva meqanizmiT gadanawildeba ara ekonomiku-
ri ganviTarebis miznebisaTvis, aramed monopoliur-bi-
urokratiuli jgufebis sasargeblod. Sedegic saxezea:
XX-XXI saukuneebis mijnaze mTavrobam ganaxorciela
saxelmwifo qonebis totaluri privatizeba: gayida met-
naklebad mniSvnelovani yvela saxelmwifo aqtivi, TiT-
qmis yvela strategiuli obieqtis CaTvliT, rac Seqm-
nili iyo winamorbedi Taobebis mier. amasTan, aRebul
iqna udidesi vali da qveyana 11 mlrd-ze meti dolaris
`tyveobaSia“ (maT Soris 8,6 mlrd dolari sagareo va-
lia), rac astronomiuli sididea patara qveynisaTvis. es
1gogoxia r. vidre sruli ekonomikuri katastrofa ar momxdara.
Jurn. `socialuri ekonomika“, 2006, #4, gv. 86.
50
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
maSin, roca realur ekonomikaSi fuli ar Cadebula, rac
momavalSi mogebas mogvitanda. rac mTavaria, saqarTve-
loSi `sabazro reformebma“ gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi
warmoebis da Sesabamisad, cxovrebis donis katastrofu-
li dacema, jandacvis, ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, kulturis
_ mTeli soacialuri sferos degradacia.
yovelive aRniSnuli, saqarTveloSi mcxvrebi, yvela
saRad moazrovne adamianisaTvis naTelia, rasac ucxo-
el eqspertTa dasturi ar sWirdeba. da mainc, gverds
ver avuvliT maT mosazrebasac. magaliTad, kolumbiis
universitetis mier axlaxan Catarebuli kvleviT,1 sa-
qarTvelo msoflios erT-erTi uRaribesi qveyanaa, sadac
mosaxleobis erT sulze mSp 149 lars Sedagens, rac
`saqstatis“ monacemebiT, saSualo pensiis mxolod 50-
70%-ia. aRniSnuli maCvenebliT saqarTvelos CamorCeba
TviT angolas, bocvanas, gabons, kosta rikas, domenikis
respublikas da sxvebs.
imave kolumbiis universitetis eqspertebma ga-
moaqveynes `msoflio bednierebis reitingi“ (gaanalize-
bulia 33 maCvenebeli: samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, koruf-
cia, socdacva, jandacva, demografiuli maCveneblebi da
sxv.): yvelaze bednierebi aRmoCdnen danielebi, finelebi,
norvegielebi, holandielebi da kanadelebi. rac Seexeba
saqarTvelos, igi yofil ssrk-is qveynebs Soris boloa,
xolo 155 qveynidan _ 146-e adgilzea. Cvenze winaa: avRa-
neTi, somali, ruanda da a.S.
amrigad, marTalia, uarvyaviT sabWouri socializmi,
magram ver SevqmeniT raime politikurad da socialu-
rad Rirebuli axali sistema _ rac gvaqvs, yovelgvar
saSinelebaTa konglomeratia, rasac Znelia raime siste-
ma uwodo. msgavs Sefasebebs, arc Tu iSviaTad, vxvdebiT
saerTaSoriso eqspertTa mxridanac. magaliTad, germa-
nelTa mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT
evropaSi reformebis dapirebebi da maTi perspeqtivebi
1ix. gaz. `axali Taoba”, 2012 wlis 13 aprili.
51
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
iseve gaqra, rogorc komunisturi memkvidreobis laqebi.
vakuumi ki Seuvsebeli darCa... mTeli egreT wodebuli
yofili sabWoTa evropa ara mxolod SeCerda ganviTa-
rebis mxriv, aramed ukanac midis. specialistebi aRniS-
naven, rom ukraina da saqarTvelo,ukraina da saqarTvelo, romelTaganac, pirvel
rigSi, elodnen warmatebas, saerTod gadavidnen progre-
sis gzidan da egreT wodebuli samarcxvino demokratia
moipoves... am regionis qveynebma ver Seqmnes verc mtkice
politikuri sistema, verc normaluri sabazro ekono-
mika, verc saxelmwifo administraciuli mmarTveloba
axali drois Sesabamisad... samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa,
romelic didi daJinebiT akakunebs evrokavSiris karze,
bazrisaken mimaval gzaze Zalze susti maCveneblebis de-
monstrirebiT Semoifargleba. rogorc Cans, am qveynebSi
sabazro urTierTobebisadmi ndoba jerac ara aqvT. mim-
dinareobs politikuri cxovrebis polarizacia, opozi-
ciurad ganwyobil blokebs Soris dapirispierebebi. da
am qveynebSi sul ufro xSirad gaigonebT varauds, rom
evrokavSiris wevroba sulac araa garantia, rom erT mS-
venier dRes qveyana CamorCenil warsulSi ar aRmoCndes...
aRmosavleT evropaSi igive problemebia, rac arabul re-
gionSi: siRatake, siZvire, umuSevroba, inflacia. arada, iq
xom dasavlur Targebze apirebdnen cxovrebis gadakeTe-
bas, es Targi ar gamodga. siRatakidan kvlav siRatakeSi?
iqneb revolucionerebma raime gza SemogvTavazon?...1
axali gzis Sesaxeb amjerad verafers getyviT, ma-
gram is ki faqtia, rom sabazro ekonomikis kurss, kaco-
briobis (da miT umetes saqarTvelos) ganviTarebis am
etapze, alternativa ara aqvs, mis gareSe Cven ver SevalT
maRalganviTarebul qveyanaTa samyaroSi. amitom, upriania,
wina planze wamovwioT ganviTarebul qveynebSi sakmaod
aprobirebuli sakiTxi saxlmwifos ekonomikuri funq-
ciebis Sesaxeb: Sereuli ekonomikis fuqncionirebis sa-
1 saqarTvelo da msoflio, 2012 wlis 4-10 aprili, #13, gv. 22;
Alarab Online
52
revaz gogoxia revaz gogoxia
marTlebrivi safuZvlebis Seqmna, makroekonomikuri sta-
bilizebis programis gansazRvra, ekonomikuri refor-
misaTvis strategiuli mimarTulebis micema, romelic
etapobrivad ganxorcieldeba da romelSic, prioriteti,
pirvel rigSi, soflis meurneobis upirates ganviTarebas
miecema, ekonomikis demonopolizacia da konkurentuli
bazris Seqmna da a.S.
dasasrul, yovelive aRniSnulma realuri niadagi
unda Seqmnas imisaTvis, rom qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis yvela arsebiTi problema wydebodes ekonomikuri
kanonebis moTxovnaTa mecnieruli gaazrebis da praqti-
kuli realizaciis safuZvelze. amis gareSe ekonomikis
normaluri, optimaluri funqcionireba SeuZlebelia,
iseve rogorc ekonomikuri kanonebis moTxovnaTa reali-
zacia _ nekroekonomikis pirobebSi.
Economy without Economic Laws?!
R. GogokhiaR. Gogokhia
The article highlights the fact, that all essential problems of socio-economic development of any country should be solved based on scien-tifi c consideration and practical realization of demands of economic laws. Thus, the task of economic policy is to create real basis for functioning of economic laws. As proved by the modern crisis, it’s possible for the econ-omy to function normally without such basis, as well as it’s impossible to realize demands of economic laws in conditions of necroeconomics.
The point is that it’s impossible to eliminate or abolish economic laws with any economic or anti-economic policy, it potentially still exists and is waiting for creation of adequate basis for practical realization so that it can become life-giving artery of the further economic growth and development. Otherwise, economic collapse is unavoidable as economy can’t function without economic laws.
53
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
solous naSTis modifikacia saxelmwifos solous naSTis modifikacia saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiTekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT
demna kvaracxelia
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori
samecniero-ekonomikur literaturaSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikuri
zrdis wyaroebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempis
gansazRvras faqtoruli analizis safuZvelze.
aRniSnuli kvlevebis saboloo mizania
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis cvlilebis, m.S. misi
dacemis mizezebis dadgena, misi aRmosafxvreli an
gamaneitralebeli RonisZiebebis SemuSaveba da
sawarmoo funqciis gaumjobesebis gzebis dasaxva.
ekonomikuri zrdis wyaroebis faqtoruli
analizis modeli, anu warmoebis moculobis
zrdis tempSi warmoebis faqtorebisa (Sromisa da
kapitalis) da warmoebis faqtorTa erToblivi
mwarmoeblurobis (teqnologiuri progresis)
wvlilis gaangariSebis xerxi SeimuSava r. soloum1 .
warmoebis faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis
wvlili warmoebis moculobis zrdis tempSi man
gansazRvra narCeni principiT. solous mier
warmoebis faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis
wvlilis gamoTvlis, anu solous naSTis
gaangariSebis xerxi dawvrilebiT aRwerilia
1 Robert M. Solow, Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function, Review of Economics and Statistics, August 1957, pp. 312-320.
54
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
makroekonomikis saxelmZRvaneloebSi1 . ekonomikuri
zrdis faqtorebis wvlilis Sesaxeb fundamenturi
gamokvleva aqvs Sesrulebuli e. denisonsac2.
aRniSnul kvlevebSi, ekonomikuri zrdis
wyaroebis wvlilis gaangariSebisas, gamokveTili
ar aris warmoebis iseTi mniSvnelovani faqtori,
rogoricaa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unari, rac
ganapirobebs solous naSTis xelovnur amaRlebas
da misi rolis gadaWarbebul Sefasebas.
Sesabamisad, warmodgenili statiis mizania
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris rolis win
wamoweva, rac gansazRvravs mocemuli statiis
aqtualurobas.
solous modelSi, sawarmoo funqcias
gaaCnia Semdegi saxe:
(1)
sadac: Y produqciis gamoSvebis moculobaa, K _
produqciis warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli
kapitalis maragi RirebulebiT formaSi, L _ kac-
saaTebiT gamoxatuli Sromis raodenoba (solous
modelSi cxadi saxiT figurirebs warmoebis
mxolod es ori faqtori), xolo T _ teqnologiis
donis, anu faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis
maCvenebelia. e.i. warmoebis moculoba
1 . , . .
. ., 1996, c. 603-605; Mankiw N. G. macroe-conomics, fifth edition, 2001, pp. 229-233 da a.S. 2 Edvard Denison, Trends in American Economic Growth, 1929-1982. Washigton, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985, 141 p.
55
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ganisazRvreba, rogorc TiToeuli faqtoriT, aseve
maTi erToblivi mwarmoeblurobiT. aris Cveulebrivi neoklasikuri sawarmoo funqcia,
romelic damokidebulia kapitalisa da Sromis
moculobaze. (1) gantolebis Tanaxmad T-s cvlileba ganapirobebs Sromisa da kapitalis
zRvruli produqtebis Tanabar cvlilebas1.
(1) gantolebis safuZvelze produqciis
warmoebis moculobis nazrdi SeiZleba
gamovsaxoT Sromisa da kapitalis nazrdiT _
da da teqnologiis donis cvlilebiT, anu _ ,
e.i.:
(2)
sadac, kapitalis zRvruli produqtia,
xolo ki _ Sromis zRvruli produqti.
Sesabamisad, (2) gantolebaSi pirveli Sesakrebi
warmoadgens kapitalis maragis, meore Sesakrebi –
SromiTi danaxarjebis, xolo mesame Sesakrebi _
teqnologiis donis cvlilebis Sedegad miRebul
produqciis gamoSvebis nazrds.
(2) gantolebis gardaqmniT vRebulobT:
(3)
Mme-3 gantolebaSi aris warmoebis
moculobis cvlilebis tempi, –kapitalis
1 . , . .
. ., 1996, c. 603-605.
56
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
gamoyenebis cvlilebis tempi, _ Sromis
gamoyenebis cvlilebis tempi, xolo ki _
teqnologiis donis cvlilebis tempi. Tanafardoba
tolia erTis, vinaidan (1) gantolebis
Tanaxmad solous ekonomikuri zrdis
modelSi ekonomika funqcionirebs srulyofili
konkurenciis pirobebSi, ris Sedegadac kapitalis
zRvruli produqti misi gamoyenebis realuri
fasis tolia, xolo Sromis zRvruli produqti ki
_ realuri xelfasisa. amitom
warmoadgens kapitalis wils, xolo
Sromis wils warmoebuli produqciis moculobaSi.
amasTan, vinaidan solous ekonomikuri zrdis
modelSi, sawarmoo funqcias axasiaTebs
masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis Tviseba, amitom
eileris Teoremis Tanaxmad, warmoebul
produqciaSi am ori faqtoris wilTa jami erTis
tolia1, anu:
(4)
sadac, aris kapitalze Semosavlis,
xolo ki _ SromiTi Semosavlebis wili
saerTo SemosavlebSi.
1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, p.231.
57
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
me-4 gantolebis Tanaxmad, -s ucvlelobisas, ekonomikur zrdis done 1 gani-
sazRvreba kapitalis moculobis, Sromis
raodenobisa da faqtorTa erToblivi
mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebiT.
teqnologiuri progresis, anu faqtorTa
erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdis wvlili
ekonomikur zrdaSi ganisazRvreba iribad, anu
narCeni principiT, rogorc sxvaoba warmoebis
moculobis zrdis tempsa da mis im Semadgenlebs
Soris, romelic modis kapitalisa da Sromis
wilad:
(5) ekonomikur zrdaSi faqtorTa erToblivi
mwarmoeblurobis zrdis wvlils _ , agreTve
uwodeben solous naSTs..
solous naSTis gansazRvrisas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTo SemosavlebSi Sromasa
da kapitalze Semosavlebis wilebis gaangariSebas,
rac uwinares yovlisa, moiTxovs SromiTi
Semosavlebis, kapitalze Semosavlebisa da
1 solous naSromSi yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvile-
bulia dabandebuli Sromis erTeulze produqciis
gamoSvebis zrdis tempze (ix.: Robert M. Solow, `Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function`, Review of Econom-ics and Statistics, August 1957, p. 313), magram, Cveni kvlevis
miznidan gamomdinare, aseTi wiaRsvla aucilebeli ar
aris, amitom ekonomikuri zrdis tempis cvlilebas-
Tan dakavSirebul maCveneblebs ganvixilavT mTeli
ekonomikis masStabiT.
58
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
erToblivi Semosavlebis gansazRvras. SromiT
SemosavlebSi aRiricxeba daqiravebul muSakTa
xelfasebi da masTan gaTanabrebuli Semosavlebi,
mag.: premiebi. kapitalze Semosavali aris
korporaciuli Semosavlebis, rentuli
Semosavlebis, wminda procentebis da amortizaciis
jami. erToblivi (saerTo) Semosavlebi ki Seadgens
Sromaze da kapitalze Semosavlebis jams.
Semosavlebis am meTodiT gaangariSebisas
gamoiricxeba TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreTa
Semosavlebi, vinaidan igi moicavs rogorc SromiT,
agreTve sakuTrebidan, anu kapitalze Semosavlebs
da maTi gamijvna Znelia1.
rogorc vxedavT, saerTo Semosavlis
gaangariSebisas, mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba biznesze
iribi gadasaxdebic, vinaidan is ar miekuTvneba arc
SromiT da arc kapitalze Semosavlebs.
Mmiuxedavad amisa, maTi CarTva erTobliv
SemosavlebSi saSualebas mogvcems, ekonomikuri
zrdis danarCeni wyaroebis (Sromis, kapitalisa da
faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis cvlileba)
msgavsad, ganisazRvros saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis wvlili
ekonomikuri zrdis tempSi.
PqarTvelma mecnierma, saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-
korespondentma, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa
doqtorma vl. Ppapavam daasabuTa, rom saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unari warmoebis mexuTe faqtoria, ris
gamoc man saxelmwifos garkveuli Semosavali
1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, p. 73.
59
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
unda moutanos. es is Semosavalia, romelsac
amJamad biznesze irib gadasaxads uwodeben.
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris warmoebis
faqtorad aRiareba, Tavis mxriv, biznesze irib
gadasaxadebs, samewarmeo mogebis analogiiT,
saxelmwifo mogebis statusis miRebis uflebas
aZlevs1.
`faqtorul Semosavlad biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebis miCnevis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb wamoiWras, rom saxelmwifo
ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod pirdapir
gadasaxadebsac iRebs. sinamdvileSi es ukanaskneli
sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedis da roca saxelmwifos xelSi gadadis,
maTgan mxolod mas Semdgom gamoiqviTeba.
pirdapirisgan gansxvavebiT, iribi gadasaxadebi
zemoT ganxiluli momsaxurebis sanacvlod
saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi uSualod eqceva;
biznesze iribi gadasaxadebi sxva faqtorul
SemosavlebTan erTad pirveladi Semosavlebia,
pirdapiri gadasaxadebi ki warmoebuli~2.
amrigad, produqciis warmoebis moculobis
nazrdis, agreTve ekonomikuri zrdis tempisa da
solous naSTis gansazRvris mizniT, zemoT
aRweril analizSi mizanSewonilia Sromisa da
kapitalis damatebiT CavrToT warmoebis iseTi
1 vladimer Ppapava. postkomunisturi gardamavali
periodis makroekonomika. Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba. Tb., 2005.Ggv. 100-101. 2 vladimer Ppapava. postkomunisturi gardamavali
periodis makroekonomika. Tbilisis universitetis ga-
momcemloba. Tb., 2005. Ggv.:101-102.
60
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
faqtori, rogoricaa saxelmwofos ekonomikuri
unari, anu saxelmwifos ekonomikuri roli, rac
aRniSnuli analizisaTvis ufro realuri saxis
miniWebis saSualebas iZleva, anu (2) gantoleba
miiRebs Semdeg saxes:
(6)
sadac, aris saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
`moculobis~ nazrdi, xolo _ damatebiT
warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris damatebiTi erTeulis
gamoyenebis Sedegad (anu saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
rolis pirobiTad erTi erTeuliT gadidebis
Sedegad).
saerTod, ekonomikur literaturaSi G asoTi aRniSnaven saxelmwifo Sesyidvebs, romelic
moicavs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saerTo
raodenobas, romelsac iZenen centraluri
mTavroba da adgilobrivi marTvis organoebi1, anu
G-Ti aRniSnulia mSp-is SemadgenlobaSi
aRricxuli danaxarjebis erT-erTi komponenti.
MMmocemuli statiis farglebSi G gulisxmobs
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculobas~, anu
saxelmwifos maregulirebel funqciis
`moculobas~.
MTuki me-6 gantolebas gardavqmniT (2) gan-
tolebis analogiurad, maSin is Semdeg saxes Sei-
Zens:
1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, p. 25.
61
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
(7)
sadac, warmoadgens saxelmwifos eko-
nomikuri unaris xvedriT wils warmoebuli pro-
duqciis moculobaSi, xxolo warmoadgens sax-
elmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~
cvlilebis temps.
ssaxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculo-
bis~ cvlilebis tempis raodenobriv gazomvas ar-
Tulebs saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `mocu-
lobis~ sazomi erTeulis ararseboba, aamitom miv-
marTavT mis irib Sefasebas. e. i. saxelmwifos eko-
nomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis temps
iribad SevafasebT saxelmwifos mier am unaris
ganxorcielebis sanacvlod miRebuli Semosavlis,
anu biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis cvlilebis tem-
pis mixedviT, rac misi raodenobrivi Sefasebis
saSualebas mogvcems. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tem-
pis aseTi Sefaseba dazRveuli ar aris cTomilebe-
bisagan, vinaidan saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
`moculobis~ cvlilebis tempi da biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebuli Se-
mosavlis moculobis cvlilebis tempi SeuZlebe-
lia yovelTvis erTmaneTs daemTxves. mag.: mosa-
lodnelia SemTxveva, rodesac SeiZleba saxelmwi-
fos ekonomikuri roli ekonomikaSi Semcirdes, ma-
gram biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli
Semosavlebi gaizardos ekonomikuri zrdis maRali
tempebis Sedegad an piriqiT, mosalodnelia, rom
62
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis zrdis pirobebSi
Semcirdes an ucvleli darCes saxelmwifos mier
biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semo-
savlebi. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi SemTxvevebi gamo-
naklisad unda miviCnioT da ara kanonzomierebad,
vinaidan, magaliTad, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali
tempebi, aucileblad ganapirobebs saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris (rolis) `moculobis~ zrdas:
socialuri garemos cvlilebis, axali institu-
cionaluri struqturebis formirebis, komunika-
ciebisa da sxva infrastruqturis ganviTarebis
aucileblobis Sedegad, anu mTeli qveynis masSta-
biT ekonomikis efeqtiani organizaciis uzrunve-
lyofis mizniT. ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempe-
bis pirobebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
(rolis) `moculobis~ zrda agreTve ganpirobebu-
lia saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciis
zrdiT. ekonomikuri zrda da bazris tevadobis
gafarToeba, uamrav dadebiT SedegTan erTad, xSi-
rad ganapirobebs sxvadasxva uaryofiT movlenas,
kerZod inflaciis maRal dones da nameti Semo-
savlebis mkveTrad uTanasworo ganawilebas, fi-
nansuri bazrebis `gadaxurebas~ da a. S.. maTi Ta-
vidan acileba an Serbileba-aRmofxvra da ekonomi-
kuri ganviTarebis arsebuli tempis SenarCuneba,
moiTxovs saxelmwifos maregulirebeli funqciis
zrdas. A
amgvarad, SesaZloa moklevadian periodSi
warmoiSvas disbalansi saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempsa da biz-
nesze iribi gadasaxedebisagan miRebuli Semosav-
lebis moculobis cvlilebis temps Soris, magram
mna kvaracxelia
63
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
didi albaTobiT mosalodnelia maT Soris Sesaba-
misobis aRdgena grZelvadian periodSi1.
vinaidan (rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT) saxelmwi-
fos ekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT modifi-
cirebul kobi-duglasis sawarmoo funqciasac axa-
siaTebs masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis Tviseba, ami-
tom eileris Teoremis Tanaxmad, warmoebul pro-
duqciaSi am sami faqtoris (kapitalis, Sromisa da
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris) wilTa jami er-
Tis tolia, anu:
(8) 1 Aaqve unda mivuTiToT, rom saxelmwifos ekonomiku-
ri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempsa da biz-
nesze iribi gadasaxedebisagan miRebuli Semosavlebis
moculobis cvlilebis temps Soris Sesabamisobis
aRdgenis Sesaxeb Cveni zemoaRniSnuli msjeloba
emyareba daSvebas _ bbiznesze iribi gadasaxadebis ga-
nakveTebis ucvlelobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli ganakve-
Tebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, misi Sem-
cirebisas, Seicvleba Tanafardoba saxelmwifos eko-
nomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempsa da
biznesze iribi gadasaxedebisagan miRebuli Semosav-
lebis moculobis cvlilebis temps Soris, anu aseT
SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris `moculobis~ ucvlelad SenarCunebisas an
mcirediT gadidebisas, biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis-
gan miRebuli Semosavlebis cvlilebis tempi gaxdeba
uaryofiTi sidide. amasTan, axali sagadasaxado ga-
nakveTebis grZelvadian periodSi ucvlelad SenarCu-
nebis SemTxvevaSi, isev aRdgeba maT Soris arsebuli
Tanafardoba, anu aRdgeba Tavdapirveli Sesabami-
osoba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~
cvlilebis tempsa da biznesze iribi gadasaxedebisa-
gan miRebuli Semosavlebis moculobis cvlilebis
temps Soris.
64
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
sadac, dda aris kapitalsa da Sromaze Semosav-
lebis wili saerTo SemosavlebSi, xolo
ki – biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwi-
fos mier miRebuli Semosavlebis wili saerTo Se-
mosavlebSi (saerTo SemosavlebSi kapitalsa da
Sromaze Semosavlebis damatebiT, mocemul
SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswinebulia biznesze iribi ga-
dasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebuli Semo-
savlebic).
me-8 gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom roca da ucvlelia, warmoebis cvlilebis tempi damo-
kidebulia: kapitalis danaxarjebis cvlilebis
tempze SromiTi danaxarjebis cvlilebis
tempze saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris `mo-
culobis~ cvlilebis tempze da faqtorTa
erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebis tempze.
me-8 gantolebis gardaqmniT miviRebT:
(9) Ame-9 gantoleba gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT gaangariSe-
buli solous naSTi, anu faqtorTa erToblivi
mwarmoeblurobis zrdis wvlili ekonomikur
zrdaSi, ganisazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba warmoebis
moculobis zrdis tempsa da am ukanasknelis ganm-
sazRvrel im komponentebs Soris, romelic modis
kapitalis, Sromisa da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris wilad.
65
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
GimisaTvis, rom davrwmundeT zemoT Catare-
buli analizis marTebulobaSi, ganvaxorcieloT
kobi-duglasis standartuli sawarmoo funqciis1 :
modificireba saxelmwifos ekono-
mikuri unaris gaTvaliswinebiT, ris Sedegadac mi-
viRebT:
TavisTavad cxadia, rom me-10 gantoleba, ko-
bi-duglasis standartuli sawarmoo funqciis
msgavsad, akmayofilebs masStabidan mudmivi ukuge-
bis Tvisebas. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tuki
Sromisa da kapitalis raodenobas da saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris `moculobas~ gavamravlebT
romeliRac mudmiv ricxvze, vTqvaT _ Z-ze, ris Se-degadac vnaxavT, rom imave proporciiT gaizrdeba
produqciis gamoSvebis moculobac.
Mmocemuli gantolebis sust mxares war-
moadgens is, rom SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos ekono-
mikuri unaris `moculobis~ rogorc pirdapiri,
agreTve iribi raodenobrivi Sefaseba. Mmiuxedavad
amisa, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris, rogorc
warmoebis erT-erTi faqtoris roli kobi-
duglasis sawarmoo funqciaSi maTematikurad swo-
rad aris formulirebuli (me-10 gantoleba), rac
Tavis mxriv adasturebs saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris gaTvaliswinebiT solous naSTis gam-
sazRvreli me-9 gantolebis marTebulobas.
1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, p. 71.
66
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
pol duglasma, Sesabamisi statistikuri mo-
nacemebis analizis safuZvelze, daaskvna, rom Tu
warmoebis faqtorebi Rebuloben TavianT zRvrul
produqtebs, maSin erTobliv SemosavalSi kapita-
lisa da Sromis wili, Sesabamisad _ Sromaze Se-
mosavlis kapitalze SemosavalTan Tanafardoba
mudmivia1, anu: (11)
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris gaTvalis-
winebiT modificirebuli kobi-duglasis sawarmoo
funqcia: TavisTavad
gulisxmobs imas, rom kapitalisa da Sromis wili
saerTo SemosavalSi (romelic gaangariSebulia
saxelmwifos mier biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan
miRebuli Semosavlebis gaTvaliswinebiT) SeiZleba
Seicvalos saxelmwifos mier biznesze iribi gada-
saxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlis wilis cvlile-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT (biznesze iribi gadasaxade-
bisgan miRebuli Semosavlis wilis sididis arse-
biTi cvlileba SesaZloa mxolod sagadasaxado
ganakveTebis cvlilebisas). mocemul SemTxvevaSi,
sainteresoa, Seicvleba Tu ara maTi Tanafardoba,
anu _ aRniSnuli gantolebis da parametrebs
Soris Tanafardoba: .
aRniSnuli Tanafardoba ar Seicvleba, vi-
naidan erTobliv SemosavlebSi saxelmwifos wi-
lis cvlileba, magaliTad _ Semcireba, gamoiwvevs
kapitalisa da Sromis wilebis proporciul zrdas
1 Mankiw N. G. macroeconomics, fifth edition, 2001, pp.71-73.
67
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
ise, rom maT Soris Tanafardoba ucvleli rCeba.
es gamowveulia imiT, rom pol duglasis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifos mier miRebuli Semosavlebis (biz-
nesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan) gareSe gaangariSe-
bul erTobliv SemosavalSi kapitalisa da Sromis
wili praqtikulad ucvlelia. maTi wili ucvleli
iqneba sawarmoo funqciis zemoaRniSnuli modifi-
kaciis SemTxvevaSic, Tuki ucvlelad SenarCundeba
saxelmwifos wilic. amasTan, Tuki saxelmwifos
wili Seicvleba, maSin sapirispiro mimarTulebiT
Tanabrad Seicvleba Sromisa da kapitalis wilebi
ise, rom maT Soris Tanafardoba ucvleli dar-
Ceba, rasac ganapirobebs is faqti, rom biznesze
iribi gadasaxadebisgan miRebuli Semosavlebis ga-
reSe gaangariSebul erTobliv SemosavalSi kapi-
talisa da Sromis wili praqtikulad ucvlelia.
amasTan, erTobliv SemosavalSi biznesze
iribi gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebu-
li Semosavlebis wilis Sesaxeb saintereso
daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magali-
Tad, aSS-is mSp-isa da biznesze iribi gadasaxade-
bis Tanafardoba. qvemoT cxrilSi mogvyavs monace-
mebi aSS-Si, 1950-1988 wlebSi, mSp-isa da biznesze
iribi gadasaxadebis moculobisa 1 da amis safuZ-
velze gaangariSebuli saxelmwifos mogebis wilis
Sesaxeb.
1 . ., . . “ ”, . 1. ., 1992.
68
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
mSp, biznesze iribi gadasaxadebi da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri mogeba aSS-Si _ 1950-1988ww
2002 wlis monacemebi aRebulia: m. Ciqobava, n. kakulia. makroekonomika. Tb., 2009. gv. 42.
wlebi
mSp
mlrd
dolari
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
mSp
288,3
333,4
351,6
371,6
372,5
533,8
574,6
606,9
649,8
705,1
biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebi
24,6
28,9
30,9
34,1
33,7
47,1
51,9
55,2
58,3
62,5
biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebis
wili mSp-Si,
%-biT
8,5
8,7
8,9
9,2
9,1
8,8
9,0
9,1
9,0
8,9
wlebi
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1979
1986
1987
1988
20021
mSp
1102,
7
1212,8
1359,3
1472,8
1598,4
2508,2
4240,3
4526,7
4861,8
10437
biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebi
107,0
110,7
118,5
131,9
147,5
195,1
347,3
368,0
392,7
695
biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebis
wili mSp-Si, %-
biT
9,7
9,1
8,7
9,0
9,2
7,8
8,2
8,1
8,1
6,7
69
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
cxrilidan Cans, rom 1950-1988 wlebSi
saxelmwifos mier biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisgan
miRebuli Semosavlis, anu saxelmwifo mogebis
wili mSp-is safuZvelze gaangariSebul erTobliv
SemosavalSi (romelic zemoT gaangariSebul
erTobliv Semosavals aRemateba TviTdasaqmebul
mesakuTreTa Semosavlebis sididiT), Tuki
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT 1971 da 1979 wlebs,
icvleba metad mcire diapazonSi: 8,1-9,3%-is
farglebSi. Ees niSnavs imas, rom aRniSnul
periodSi, biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisagan
saxelmwifo Semosavlebis wili erTobliv
SemosavalSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos mudmiv sidided.
misi saSualowliuri sidide, romelic Cvens mier
gansazRvrulia saSualo ariTmetikulis
gaangariSebis safuZvelze, aRniSnul periodSi,
Seadgens daaxloebiT 8,7%-s (gaangariSeba
ganxorcielebulia 1950-1988 wlebis yvela wlis
monacemis gaTvaliswinebiT). Semdgom periodSi
saxelmwifo mogebis wili aSkarad Semcirebulia,
rasac adasturebs is, rom 2002 wlisaTvis igi 6,7%-
is tolia, rac, Cveni azriT, ganpirobebulia
ekonomikis deregulirebasTan dakavSirebuli
sagadasaxado ganakveTebis SemcirebiT. miuxedavad
amisa, zemoaRniSnuli monacemebis analizis
safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom grZelvadian
periodSi, romelic xasiaTdeba stabiluri
sagadasaxado ganakveTebiT, saxelmwifos wili
erTobliv SemosavalSi praqtikulad ar icvleba
(cvlilebis diapazoni iqneba metismetad mcire).
aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom
Sromisa da kapitalis wilebis Tanafardobis, anu
70
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
ucvlelobis mizezis axsnis SesaZleblobas
iZleva ekonomikuri zrdis solous modeli,
romlis Tanaxmadac `mosaxleobis raodenobis,
vTqvaT n%-iT zrdisas, investiciebis moculobac
unda gaizardos n%-iT, raTa ucvlel doneze
SenarCundes Sromis kapitalSeiaraReba, anu
Sromac da kapitalic solous ekonomikuri zrdis
modelis Tanaxmad, izrdeba erTi da imave tempiT~1.
masStabidan mudmivi ukugebis Tvisebis Tanaxmad, es
uzrunvelyofs mSp-is imave tempebiT zrdas da mSp-
Si maTi Tavdapirveli wilebis SenarCunebas.
solous naSTis zemoaRniSnuli
modifikaciis SedarebiT sust mxares, saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis
tempis irib SefasebasTan erTad, warmoadgens isic,
rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod
miRebul SemosavlebSi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris
pirdapir gadasaxadebi im motiviT, rom es
ukanaskneli sxva faqtoruli Semosavlebis
(Sromisa da kapitalis) SemadgenlobaSi Sedis da
aRniSnuli faqtoruli Semosavlebisgan
gamoqviTvis Semdeg, gadadis saxelmwifos
gankargulebaSi. Tumca, eWvgareSea, rom pirdapiri
gadasaxadebic saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
sanacvlod miRebul Semosavlebia. im faqtidan
gamomdinare, rom pirdapiri gadasaxadebi sxva
faqtoruli Semosavlebisgan gamoqviTvis Semdeg
gadadis saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi, ar SeiZleba
imis Tqma, rom aRniSnuli gadasaxadebisgan
1 . , . .
. ., 1996, c. 613.
71
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
miRebuli Semosavlebi saxelmwifos ekonomikur
unarTan mimarTebiT neitraluria. sxva faqtoruli
Semosavlebidan (xelfasi, korporaciuli mogeba,
procenti, dividendi da a.S) Ppirdapiri
gadasaxadebis gamoqviTvis safuZveli isaa, rom
saxelmwifo gansazRvrul rols asrulebs adamian-
kapitalis ganviTarebaSi, investiciebis
dabandebisaTvis da kapitalis maragebis
formirebisaTvis aucilebeli garemo pirobebis
SeqmnaSi da a.S. nebismier SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa, rom
rogorc biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis, agreTve
pirdapiri gadasaxadebis saxiT saxelmwifos mier
miRebuli Tanxebi ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod
miRebuli Semosavlebia.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom saxelmwifos mier
ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod miRebul
SemosavlebSi biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis
damatebiT, pirdapiri gadasaxadebis CarTva,
moiTxovs SromiTi Semosavlebisa da kapitalze
Semosavlebis Semcirebas maTgan daricxuli
pirdapiri gadasaxadebis moculobiT. amasTan,
pirdapiri gadasaxadebis Sesabamisi TanxiT
gaizrdeba saxelmwifos mier miRebuli
Semosavlebi. erToblivi (saerTo) Semosavlebi ki,
romelic Seadgens Sromaze, kapitalze da
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris sanacvlod
miRebuli Semosavlebis jams, ucvleli darCeba.
Semosavlebis am meTodiT gaangariSebis
SemTxvevaSic, ra Tqma unda, gamoiricxeba
TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreTa Semosavlebi.
72
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
Aam SemTxvevaSi warmoebis moculobis
cvlilebis tempis ganmsazRvrel me-8 gantolebas
eqneba Semdegi saxe:
(12)
sadac, 1 kapitalze Semosavlebidan
Sesabamisi pirdapiri gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
Semdeg darCenili Semosavlebis wilia erTobliv
SemosavlebSi, 1 aris SromiTi Semosavlebidan
Sesabamisi pirdapiri gadasaxadebis gadaxdis
Semdeg darCenili Semosavlebis wili imave
SemosavlebSi, xolo aris saxelmwifo
Semosavlebis, anu rogorc biznesze iribi
gadasaxadebisgan, agreTve pirdapiri
gadasaxadebisgan saxelmwifos mier miRebuli
Semosavlebis wili erTobliv SemosavlebSi.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom pirdapiri gadasaxadebis
gadaxdis Semdeg mcirdeba Sromasa da kapitalze
Semosavlebis wili erTobliv SemosavlebSi,
romelic kompensirdeba saxelmwifo Semosavlebis
wilis Sesabamisi zrdiT. aris saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis tempi,
romelic am SemTxvevaSic Sefasebulia iribad _
saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri unaris
ganxorcielebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlebis,
anu biznesze iribi gadasaxadebisa da pirdapiri
gadasaxadebis mTliani moculobis cvlilebis
tempis mixedviT.
Mme-12 gantolebidan aSkaraa, rom
ekonomikuri zrdis tempis formirebaSi, me-8
gantolebiT gansazRvrulTan SedarebiT,
73
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
Semcirebulia Sromisa da kapitalis wvlili,
xolo amaRlebulia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris wvlili. Aam ukanasknelis zrdam wesiT
unda moaxdinos Sromisa da kapitalis wvlilis
Semcirebis zusti kompensireba, Tumca, arc isaa
gamoricxuli, rom misi mniSvneloba, saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebis
xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, meti an naklebi
aRmoCndes. e.i. SesaZloa saxelmwifos ekonomikuri
unaris `moculobis~ cvlilebasTan SedarebiT
mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos cvlilebis xasiaTi,
rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom am ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
`moculobis~ cvlilebis tempis Sefasebisas,
biznesze iribi gadasaxadebis damatebiT
gaiTvaliswineba pirdapiri gadasaxadebisgan
miRebuli Semosavlebic. amitom, ekonomikuri
zrdis tempis formirebaSi saxelmwifos
ekonomikuri unaris wvlilis cvlilebis dadgena
ufro zust maTematikur formulirebas an
Sesabamis empiriul monacemebze dakvirvebas
moiTxovs.
Mme-11 gantolebidan gamomdinare, solous
naSTis gasaangariSebuli formula SeiZens Semdeg
saxes:
(13)
faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis
cvlilebis wvlili ekonomikuri zrdis tempSi, me-
9 gantolebiT gansazRvrulTan SedarebiT meti
74
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
iqneba Tu naklebi (an srulebiTac identuri),
damokidebulia saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
wvlilis cvlilebis xasiaTze, razec zemoT
gvqonda msjeloba.
Kkobi-duglasis Cven mier zemoT
modificirebuli sawarmoo funqcias, anu me-10
gantolebas, Tuki gardavqmniT pirdapiri
gadasaxadebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelic
miRebulia saxelmwifos gankargulebaSi biznesze
iribi gadasaxadebis damatebiT, maSin:
(14) Mcxadia, rom me-14 gantolebac, kobi-
duglasis standartuli sawarmoo funqciis
msgavsad, akmayofilebs masStabidan mudmivi
ukugebis Tvisebas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi, saerTo
SemosavlebSi Sromisa da kapitalis wilebis
Tanafardobis mudmivobis aucilebeli pirobaa
Sromasa da kapitalze Semosavlebze dadgenili
pirdapiri gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis ucvleloba
an Tanabari cvlileba, xolo Tuki aRniSnuli
gadasaxadebis ganakveTebis cvlilebaSi dairRveva
sinqronuloba, maSin Tanafardobac Seicvleba.
Ddabolos, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri unaris
gaTvaliswinebiT solous naSTis modifikacia,
SesaZleblobas mogvcems, ufro mkafiod
ganvsazRvroT teqnologiuri progresis wvlili
faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi (am
mizanis misaRwevad, Cveni azriT, me-13 gantolebas
aSkara upiratesoba gaaCnia me-9 gantolebasTan
SedarebiT). faqtorTa erToblivi
mwarmoeblurobis cvlilebis mizezebs Soris
umniSvnelovanesia teqnologiuri progresi, Tumca,
arsebiT rols asrulebs saxelmwifo
75
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
regulirebac. ase, magaliTad, ganaTlebis sferoSi
saxelmwifos danaxarjebis zrda gamoiwvevs
adamian-kapitalis xarisxis amaRlebas, Sesabamisad
gaizrdeba Sromis mwarmoebluroba da produqciis
warmoebis moculoba, rac aramodificirebuli
solous naSTis gaangariSebis SemTxvevaSi, aisaxeba
faqtorTa erToblivi mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi da
ganapirobebs realurTan SedarebiT teqnologiuri
progresis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebas.
modificirebuli solous naSTis SemTxvevaSi,
saxelmwifo regulirebis Sedegad, Sromis
mwarmoeblurobisa da warmoebis moculobis zrda
aisaxeba saxelmwifos wvlilis zrdaSi, rac
faqtorTa erTobliv mwarmoeblurobaSi ufro
mkafiod warmoaCens teqnologiuri progresis
wvlils.
Modification of Solow Residual Regarding the
Economic Capacities of the State
Demna Kvaratskhelia
Article provides modification of the formula for calculation of Solow residual and Cobb-Douglas production function regarding economic capacities of the state.
Standard formula for calculation of Solow residual:
after modification is as follows:
, where Y – is production
quantity; K – capital reserves; L – labor costs and G1 – “quantity” of
economic capacities of the state. In addition, is the rate of produc-
76
demna kvaracxeliademna kvaracxelia
tion increment; pace of capital costs increment; - labor input in-
crement rate; rate of state economic capacities increment, which
is evaluated indirectly based on the pace of change of the total direct and indirect taxes for revenues gained in result of the economic capac-ities of the state, i.e. business, and is Solow residual; 1 - is the
share of incomes remained after payment of direct taxes from the capi-tal revenues in the aggregate incomes and 1 - share of labor incomes remained after payment of direct taxes in the same revenues.
Cobb-Douglass modified function is as follows: which, similar to the standard Cobb-
Douglass production function satisfies the property of constant return of scale.
Article justifies that modification of Solow residual would al-low similar to the other sources of economic growth (change of ag-gregate productivity of labor, capital and factors), determination of the share of change of “quantity of state economic capacities in the eco-nomic growth rate and, what is most important, such modification al-lows more clear assessment of the contribution of technological progress in growth of aggregate productivity of the factors.
77
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba
ekonomikuri krizisisa da postkrizisul ekonomikuri krizisisa da postkrizisul
periodebSiperiodebSi
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis sapatriarqos wminda andria pirvelwodebulis
saxelobis qarTuli universitetis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis doqtorantidoqtoranti
saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba gansa-
kuTrebul aqtualurobas iZens ekonomikuri krizise-
bis dros. aSS-is mTavrobis antikrizisuli politika
hipoTekuri bazris krizisis periodSi, romelic mogvi-
anebiT, globalur finansur-ekonomikur krizisSi gada-
izarda, imis naTeli magaliTia, rom ekonomikuri liber-
alizmis iseT klasikur qveyanaSiac ki, rogoricaa aSS,
kerZo bizness ar SeuZlia mwvave krizisidan Tavis daR-
weva saxelmwifos aqtiuri mxardaWeris gareSe. aRniS-
nulidan gamomdinare, ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT
aSS-is da industriulad ganviTarebuli zogierTi sxva
qevynis mTavrobebis antikrizisul qmedebebs 2007–2008 wlebis globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis pi-
robebSi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom „sabazro funda-
mentalizmis“ principi imdenad Rrmad iyo fesvgadgmuli
aSS–is politikuri da ekonomikuri mmarTveli elitis
cnobierebaSi, rom krizisis sawyis etapze mTavroba agr-
Zelebda am principze damyarebul politikas. kerZod, igi
miiCnevda, rom bazris moTamaSeebs ar unda moxsnodaT
sakuTari saqmianobis Sedegebis mimarT finansuri pasux-
ismgebloba. am midgomidan gamomdinare, erTderT umsx-
viles finansur korporacias - „Lehman Brothers”, gakotre-bis „neba daerTo“. movlenebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam
aCvena sakiTxisadmi msgavsi damokidebulebis mcdaroba.
78
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
finansur bazarze gaCnda panikis pirveli niSnebi, ramac
kidev ufro gaamwvava krizisuli situacia. movlenaTa
ganviTarebis Semdgomi msvleloba xasiaTdeboda finan-
suri bazris mimarT aSS–is mTavrobis damokidebulebis
mkveTri SecvliT, rac gamoixata intervencionistuli an-
tikrizisuli RonisZiebebis gatarebaSi.
aSS-is mTavrobis antikrizisul politikaSi Ses-
aZlebelia ramdenime etapis gamoyofa. pirveli etapia
2007 wlis meore naxevari, rac xasiaTdeboda mTavro-
bis SedarebiT gaubedavi nabijebiT ipoTekuri bazris
krizisis Sedegebis Sesarbileblad. meore etapi iyo 2008
wlis pirveli naxevari, rodesac saxelmwifom gaaaqtiu-
ra sakuTari antikrizisuli RionisZiebebi. mesame eta-
pad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 2008 wlis seqtember-noemberi,
anu krizisis yvelaze mwvave stadiaze saxelmwifos mier
ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi. dabolos, meoTxe etapi,
romelmac moicva aSS–is axali prezidentis b. obamas
mier gatarebuli antikrizisuli RonisZiebebi.
antikrizisuli politikis pirvel da meore etape-
bze mTavrobis mier gamoyenebuli instrumentebi emyare-
boda tradiciul institutebsa da meTodebs. kerZod,
saxelmwifo, finansTa saministros saxiT, xels uwyobda
da exmareboda bazris subieqtebs ipoTekuri bazris kriz-
isTan brZolaSi. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba davasaxeloT
2007 wlis Semodgomaze, imJamindel finansTa ministris
g. polsonis gegmis farglebSi (gegma iTvalsiwinebda
finansuri sistemis institutebisaTvis 700 mlrd dola-
riani damxarebis gawevas), e.w. FHASECURE programis amoq-medebas, romliTac ipoTekuri davalianebiT datvirTuli
sacxovrebeli saxlebis mflobelebs 2008 wlis bolomde
miecaT kreditebis refinansirebis SesaZlebloba. 2008
wlis dasawyisSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pi-
robebSi, federalurma sarezervo sistemam (fedma) gaaaq-
tiura monetaristuli politika da 2008 wlis 28 ianvars
79
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
miiRo eqstraordinaruli gadawyvetileba saprocento
ganakveTis 0,75 punqtiT, anu wliur 3,5%–mde Semcirebis Sesaxeb. ori dRis Semdeg ki, kidev 0,5%-iT Seamcira sap-
rocento ganakveTi. es procesi SemgomSic gagrZelda da
2008 wlis maisSi sabaziso saprocento ganakveTi 2%–mde Semcirda.1 aRniSnuli imaze migvaniSnebs, rom aSS–is mon-etaristuli xelisufleba am periodSi biznesis gaaqti-
urebas ufro met mniSvnelobas aniWebda, vidre inflaci-
is tempebis gazrdis muqaras.
antikrizisuli politikis mTavari elementi iyo
kerZo biznesisaTvis finansuri daxmarebis gaweva. 2008
wlis TebervalSi kongresma daamtkica ekonomikis san-
aciis programa da am mizniT gamohyo 167 mlrd dolari.
117 mln saojaxo meurneobam miiRo sagadasaxado SeRa-
vaTi: 600& - erT pirze, 1200& - ojaxur wyvilze da 300&
- yovel bavSvze.2 es damxareba ZiriTadad orientirebu-
li iyo moTxovnis waxalisebaze, romelsac Tavis mxriv
unda gamoewvia ekonomikuri zrdis daCqareba. 2008 wlis
mart-ivlisis monakveTSi mTavrobis ZiriTadi ekonomi-
kuri RonisZiebebi mimarTuli iyo likvidobis deficitis
aRmofxvrisa da finansur bazrebze panikis Tavidan ac-
ilebisaken. mTavroba uSualod monawileobda finansuri
kompaniis - Bear Stearns gadarCenaSi, romelic saswrafod
iyida kompania J.P Morgan-ma, rosTvisac am ukanasknelma
saxelmwifosgan miiRo 30 mlrd dolaris krediti. 2008
wlis martSi fedma daiwyo moklevadiani sagangebo kredi-
tis gacema im bankebsa da finansur kompaniebze, romlebic
axorcielebdnen sasesxo dabandebebs ipoTekasTan dakav-
Sirebul warmoebul fasian qaRaldebSi. am programis
dasafinanseblad fedma gamoyo 400 mlrd dolari, anu
sakuTari rezervebis daaxloebiT naxevari. 2008 wlis 30
ivniss kongresma daamtkica axali kanoni - ,,The Housing 1 В. Супян. Кризис в США: экономический контекст. Вестник института Кенана в России. Вып. 15, М., 2009, с. 22.2 iqve, gv. 25.
80
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
and Economic Recovery Act of 2008”, romelic iTvaliswinebda
ipoTekuri davalianebis mqone ojaxebze 300 mlrd dola-
ris gacemas. am kanoniT ganxorcielda mxardaWera umniS-
vnelovanes finansur kompaniebze - ,,Fannie Mae” da ,,Fredie Mac”. amave kanoniT finansTa saministros mieca ufleba 18
Tvis manZilze aRniSnuli kompaniebisaTvis gaexsna ulim-
ito sakredito xazi.
2008 wlis Semodgomaze finansuri krizisi simwvavis
axal fazaSi Sevida, ris gamoc saxelmwifo iZulebuli
gaxda gaeaqtiurebina finansuri institutebisaTvis mx-
ardaWera. dekembris Sua ricxvebSi gakotrebis piras aR-
moCnda safinanso riskebis dazRvevis sferos gigantic -
,,American International Group” (AIG). mis gadasarCenad fedma saswrafod gamohyo 85 mlrd dolari. 2008 wlis seqtem-
berSi finansTa ministrma polsonma kongress warudgina
e.w. „toqsikuri aqtivebis“ problemis Serbilebisaken mi-
marTuli gegma saxelwodebiT - Trouble Asset Relief Program (TARP), iTvaliswinebda krizisSi myofi safinanso in-
stitutebidan 700 mlrd dolaris Rirebulebis „cudi“
fasiani qaRaldebis gamosyidvas. mTlianobaSi polso-
nis gegma niSnavda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politi-
kis Zireul Secvlas kerZo institutebTan mimarTebiT
da regulirebis aratradiciuli meTodebis gamoyenebaze
gadasvlas.
polsonis gegmaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekava banke-
bis rekapitalizaciis RonisZiebebs, romlis aucileblo-
ba warmoSva finansuri institutebis, maT Soris bankebis
kapitalis araadekvaturma Sefasebam. 2008 wlis noemberSi
finansTa saministrom ganacxada TARP-is gadaxedvis Ses-axeb da saxelmwifosaTvis xmis uflebis armqone aqcie-
bis gadacemis sanacvlod, finansur institutebs SesTava-
za 125 mlrd dolaris finansuri daxmareba. daaxloebiT
imave raodenobis Tanxa gamoiyo ufro wvrili finansuri
institutebis dasaxmareblad.
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ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
2008 wlis 7 noembers saxelmwifo struqturis – Federal Housing Finance Agency direqtorma ganacxada, rom
meurveobas gauwevda (concervationship) kompaniebs - ,,Fannie Mae” da ,,Fredie Mac”, ris Sesaxebac fedis xelmZRvanelma
b. bernankem gaakeTa komentari, rom amgvari meurveo-
ba ganixileba, rogorc „taim-auti“ im mizniT, raTa gad-
aixedos finansuri Suamavlebis roli misi srulyofis
TvalsazrisiT.
antikrizisul RonisZiebaTa intesificireba daukav-
Sirda aSS-is prezidentad b. obamas arCevas. misma admin-
istraciam wamyvani finansuri institutebis mxardaWeris
mizniT, gazarda saxelmwifos xvedriTi wona Citygroup-is aqcionerul kapitalSi da 2009 wlis ivnisis bolos
saxelmwifo ukve flobda am kompaniis aqciebis 34%-s.1
isargebla ra am situaciiT, aSS-is mTavrobam aiZula es
kompania daeqiravebina damoukidebeli eqspertebi korpo-
raciuli menejmentis xarisxis Sesafaseblad. amave peri-
odSi grZeldeboda mZime finansuri mdgomareobis mqonde
kompaniebis daxmarebis praqtika. kerZod, miRebuli iqna
AIG-is finansuri daxmarebis paketi, romliTac kompaniebs
damatebiT gamoeyo 180 mlrd dolari. unda SevniSnoT,
rome ეs iyo kerZo kompaniisaTvis saxelmwifo daxmarebis
uprecedento SemTxveva Tanxis moculobis TvalsazrisiT.
aRniSnulis sanacvlod aSS–is mTavrobis pirdapir gan-
kargvaSi moeqca aRniSnuli kompaniis aqciebis 79,9%, anu
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amJamad AIG sadazRveo kompanias
mTvaroba akontrolebs. aSS-is mTavrobam sakuTar kon-
trols dauqvemdebara da faqtobrivad nacionalizacia
Cautara or umsxviles ipoTekur kompanias - ,,Fannie Mae” da ,,Fredie Mac”. es iyo axali movlena aSS-is ekonomikur
istoriaSi da mas ewoda „rbili privatizeba“.
aSS–is finansTa saministro agrZelebda bankebidan
1 К. Корищенко, И. Соловьёва. Новые вызовы в регулировании финансового сектора в условиях кризиса, журн. «Вопросы экономики», 2010, №4, с. 106.
82
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
„cudi“ aqtivebis Camoweras, romlis moculobac, sxva-
dasxva SefasebiT, 59 mlrd dolaridan 1 trln dolars
Seadgenda. am uzarmazari Tanxebis CamoweriT mTavroba
imedovnebda, rom bankebi da sxva finansuri institutebi
ganaaxlebdnen kerZo seqtorze kreditebis gacemas.
2009 wlis 25 marts fedma gamoacxada samomxmare-
blo dakreditebis axali programa da Seqmna specialuri
fondi - Term Asset Backed Securities Lending Facility, romelSic
federaluri biujetidan gadaircixa 200 mln dolari.
aRniSnuli fondis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda mcire
biznesisa da momxmareblebisaTvis kreditebze xelmis-
awvdomobis gazrda.
mTavrobis mier gatarebulma aqtiurma da araor-
dinarulma safinanso ekonomikurma RonisZiebebma Tavisi
Sedegi gamoiRo. rigma bankebma ukve 2010 wlis dasaw-
yisSi ganacxades, rom mzad arian axali aqciebis gayidvi-
dan miRebuli miliardobiT dolaris xarjze daabrunon
mTavrobisagan miRebuli sesxebi. obamas mTavrobis axal-
ma finansTa ministrma T. gaitnerma ganacxada, rom TARP-is farglebSi gacemuli da ukandabrunebuli Tanxebi
ZiriTadad moxmardeboda wvrili safinanso institute-
bisaTvis finanasuri damxarebis gawevas.
finansur daxmarebsaTan erTadб federaluri da
Statebis xelisuflebis Sesabamisi struqturebi dawvr-
ilebiT swavlobdnen sxvadasxva finansuri institutis
wvlils finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis warmoSobaSi. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom b. obamas adminis-
traciis antikrizisuli programa mxolod finansuri
RonisZiebebiT ar Semoifargleboda, masSi gaTval-
siwinebuli iyo qveynis socialurdekonomikuri stabi-
lurobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aucilebel RonisZiebaTa
farTo wre. kerZod, saxelmwifo investiciebis gafar-
Toeba ganaTlebaSi, jandacvaSi, socialur dazRvevaSi,
infrastruqturasa da ekologiaSi, aseve mosaxleobis
83
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
yvelaze daucveli kategoriisaTvis daxmarebis gaweva.
swored am konteqstiT unda iqnes ganxiluli kongresis
mier miRebuli ekonomikis aRdgenisa da amerikaSi re-
investirebis kanoni (American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009), romlis ZiriTadi mizania moTxovnis stimulireba
da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna. am mizniT kongresma
gamohyo 787 mlrd dolari.
b. obamas xelisuflebis mier xazgasmiT iqna de-
klarirebuli saxelmwifo da biznesstruqturebSi gam-
Wirvaleobisa da angariSvaldebulebis uprecendentod
maRali donis miRwevis aucilebloba, rasac, erTi mxriv,
xeli unda Seewyo kerZo biznesis sagadasaxado bazis
maqsimaluri transparentulobisaTvis, meore mxriv ki,
kerZo biznesidan miRebuli Tanxebis miznobriv da efeq-
tian gamoyenebaze qmediTi sazogadoebrivi kontrolis
ganxorcielebisaTvis.
b. obamas administraciis antikrizisul gegmasa da
postkrizisuli ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs finansuri bazris reg-
ulirebis sxvadasxva aspeqts. aSS-is ipoTekur bazarze
warmoSobilma krizisma, mogvianebiT misma gadazrdam
globalur-ekonomikur krizisSi, TvalnaTliv aCvena, rom
regulirebis Zveli sistema, romelic manamde gamoiyen-
eboda aSS-sa da rig sxva industriulad ganviTarebul
qveynaSi, veRar pasuxobda Tanamedrove realobaTa moTx-
ovnebs. Sesabamisad, garkveuli reformebi daiwyo am mi-
marTulebiT, romlis pirvel nabijadac SeiZleba CaiTva-
los 2009 wlis maisSi miRebuli TaRliTobis winaaRm-
deg da misi Sedegebis daZlevisaken mimarTuli kanoni.
2009 wlis 17 ivniss miRebuli iqna finansuri bazrebis
likvidobis reformirebis programa, romelic moicavda
Semdeg xuT mimarTulebas:
1. finansuri kompaniebis regulirebisa da kontro-
lis gamkacreba. Camoyalibda axali makontrolebeli
84
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
organo d finansuri momsaxurebis gawevaze kontrolis
sabWo (Financial Services Oversight Council). mis mTavar amo-
canebad ganisazRvra: potenciurad saxifaTo riskebis
gamovlena; maregulirebel organoTa Soris koordini-
rebis gaumjobeseba; yvela finansuri kompaniisagan in-
formaciis savaldebulo wesiT miReba. zemoaRniSnuli
programis farglebSi aseve navaraudevia fedisaTvis ax-
ali uflebamosilebis miniWeba, romelic mas gadaaqcevs
yvela finansuri institutis mTavar maregulirebel or-
ganod. gaTvaliswinebulia, agreTve, erovnuli sabanko
regulatoris (National Bank Supervisor, romelsac mieniWeba
prudenciuli regulirebis funqcia) da finansTa samin-
istros struqturaSi dazRvevis erovnuli ofisis Seqmna (Offi ce of National Insurance), romlis analogi aqamde aSS-is
praqtikaSi ar yofila;
finansuri bazrebis yovlismomcveli regulire-2.
bisa da zedamxedvelobis ganxorcieleba. kerZod, seku-
ritizaciis bazrebis regulirebis srulyofa da arasa-
birJo derivativebis bazris efeqtiani regulireba;
finansur bazrebze momxmareblebisa da inves-3.
torebis uflebaTa dacvis instituciuri gaZliereba, ra
mizniTac erTiani federaluri maregulirebeli organos
saxiT iqmneba finansur bazrebze momxmarebelTa ufle-
bebis dacvis saagento (Consumer Financial Protection Agency – CFPA);
sistemuri riskebis gaZlierebis pirobebSi saxelm-4.
wifosaTvis finansuri krizisis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
sagangebo saSualebebis gamoyenebis uflebis miniWeba;
regulirebis saerTaSoriso standartebis amaR-5.
leba da am sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis ga-
farToeba. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova-
nia 2009 wlis aprilSi londonSi „didi oceulis“ (G20) samitze miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi, rac iTvaliswinebs:
kapitalis sakmarisobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovne-
85
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
bis saerTaSoriso sistemis srulyofas;
globalur-finansur bazrebze zedamxedvelobis, pirvel rigSi, derivativebis bazrebis kontrolis stan-
dartizacias da srulyofas;
saerTaSoriso finansur kompaniebze zedamxed-velobis meqanizmebis daxvewas;
prudenciuli zedamxedvelobis gamkacrebas likvi-dobis krizisebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, anu e.w. „fin-
ansuri baliSebis“ Seqmnas;
regulirebis sferos gafarToebas masSi HEG fon-debis CarTviT;
saerTaSoriso doneze kompaniebis marTvis axali sistemebis danergvas, romelic moicavs „top menejerTa“
Sromis anazRaurebis axal wesebs.
b. obamam aSS-is erovnul mecnierebaTa akademiis
yovelwliur sxdomaze gamosvlisas ganacxada, rom
Tanamedrove gamowvevaTa globaluri xasiaTi dRis
wesrigSi ayenebs finansuri sferos regulirebaSi
amerikuli gamocdilebis sxva qveynebis mxridan gaziarebis
aucileblobas, rac praqtikuli aspeqtiT gulisxmobs
antikrizisul RonisZiebebze saxelmwifos biujetidan
mniSvnelovani Tanxebis gamoyofas da finansuri
regulirebis maRali standartebis danergvas.1
aSS-is mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebuli
antikrizisuli politikis ganxilvasTan erTad
sainteresoa am sferoSi sxva industriul qveynebSi
dagrovili gamocdilebis analizic. kerZod, inglisis
centralurma bankma, erT-erTi umsxvilesi britanuli
komerciuli bankis Northern Rock gakotrebis Semdeg, daiwyo ramdenime mimarTulebiT antikrizisuli RonisZiebebis
gatareba d 2008 wels man finansTa saministrosTan
erToblivad gamohyo 500 mlrd girvanqa sterlingi
1 Remarks by President at the National Academy of Sciences Annual Meeting. The White Shouse. Offi ce of the Press Secretary. April 27, 2009. http://www.scientifi c.ru)
86
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
komerciuli bankebis sagarantio uzrunvelyofasa da
bankebis rekapitalizaciaze. amis Sedegad didi britane-
Tis saxelmwifo valis moculoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda
mSpds 224%-dan (1990 weli) 466%- mde (2009 weli).1 2009
wlis 5 martidan inglisis bankma ganaxorciela axali
RonisZieba - sakuTari rezervebis xarjze komerciuli
bankebis aqtivebis Sesyidva, risTvisac gamohyo 75 mlrd
girvanqa sterlingi. aseve umniSvnelovanesi RonisZieba
iyo didi britaneTis mTavrobis mier qveynis erT-erTi
umsxvilesi bankis - ,,Brandford & Binley” nacionalizacia.
germaniis centralurma bankma (bundesbankma) kriz-
isis dros sxvadasxva kerZo kompaniisa da mosaxleo-
bis dasaxmareblad gamohyo daaxloebiT 1 trln evro.
swored am Tanxidan iqna garantirebuli mosaxleobis
mimdinare da sadepozito Senatanebis mTeli 100%. mcire
da saSualo biznesis dasaxmareblad, germaniis mTavro-
bam miznobrivad gamoyo 82 mlrd evro. 2009 wlis dekem-
berSi ki Seiqmna stabilizaciis fondi 480 mlrd evros,
anu qveynis ori wlis biujetis moculobiT. am fondSi
Senatanebis 65% gaiRo federalurma, 35% ki - miwebis biu-
jetebma.2 germaniis mTavroba aseve finansurad daexmara
qveynis erTderT umsxviles sakredito dawesebulebas
,,Hypo Real Estate”. beniluqsis qveynebis mTavrobebma Tavi-
anTi finansuri resursebi gaaerTianes didi belgiuri
bankis Fortis-is gakotrebisagan gadasarCenad da a.S.aqtiuri antikrizisuli RonisZiebebi tardeboda
iaponiaSic. kerZod, qveynis mTavrobam, iaponiis centralur
bankTan erTad, krizisis dros miiRo erovnuli ekono-
mikis sistemaSemqmneli kompaniebis, finansuri seqtoris,
mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis, mosaxleobis finansur-
ekonomikuri mxardaWeris RonisZiebaTa paketi, romlis
farglebSic gamoyofili iqna 5,5 trln ieni. mTavrobisa
1 www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/news/2009/0192 Кошаров А. Сумленный С. Союз для хорошей погоды. «Эксперт», 2010, №19, с. 26.
87
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
da centraluri bankis mier kerZo seqtorisaTvis fi-
nansuri daxmarebis gamo, 2010 wlis 31 marts iaponiis
saxelmwifo valma Seadgina 9,6 trln dolari, anu qveynis
mSp-is 225%. 1
krizisis pirobebSi saxelmwifos rolis mniSvnelo-
vani gaaqtiureba da biznesisadmi aqtiuri mxardaWera
ar SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes rogorc calsaxad dadebiTi
movlena. aucilebelia davinaxoT rigi problema da sa-
frTxe, rac am procesTanaa dakavSirebuli.
ramdenime mwvave problemaze ufro dawvrilebiT
SevCerdebiT. erT-erTi maTgania lobizmis gaZlierebis
safrTxe. ekonomikur literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazre-
ba, rom krizisisa da postkrizisul periodebSi aSS-is
mTavroba lobistTa Zlieri zegavlenis qveS aRmoCnda.
ase, magaliTad, saavtomobilo gaerTianebulma komitetma
ganacxada, rom Tu mTavroba finansurad ar daexmare-
boda am dargs, es gamoiwvevda qveynis masStabiT 14 mln
samuSao adgilis dakargvas. Tumca, eqspertebis gaan-
gariSebiT, samuSao adgilebis danakargi ar SeiZleboda
yofiliyo 2 mlnze meti.
Semdegi problema dakavSirebulia e.w. „arakeTilsin-
disieri qcevis efeqtis“ (moral hazard) warmoSobasTan.
misi arsia is, rom saxelmwifo rodesac sakuTar Tavze
iRebs kompaniebis gadaWarbebulad riskiani operaciebis
Sedegad miRebul zarals, amiT kompaniebs uCens msgavsi
moqmedebis gameorebis survils. isini imedovneben, rom
saxelmwifo yovelTvis aanazRaurebs maT danakargebs.
damnaSavis mier zaralis anazRaurebis arsebuli wesi
kidev ufro aRrmavebs am winaaRmdegobas. kerZod, zaralis
nebismieri sidide, romelic ekonomikuri agentis qoneba-
ze metia, misTvis mxolod virtualuri cnebaa. realurad
igi verasdros gadaixdis imaze mets, ra qonebac gaaCnia.
Sesabamisad, sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobis miRma misi aq-
1 Зотин А. , Великий делеверидж. «Финансы», 2010, №10, с. 36.
88
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
tivoba xSirad ar aris frTxili, mozomili da riskebsac
naklebi yuradReba eTmoba. rodesac garkveul momentSi
bazarze dgeba „gankiTxvis Jami“ d krizisis saxiT, ekono-
mikuri agentebi sasowarkveTaSi vardebian, saxelmwifo-
saken iSveren xels da misi daSantaJebis mcdelobasac
ar eridebian. aseT SemTxvevebSi ekonomikuri agentebis
qcevis meqanizms unda gansazRvravdes finansuri bazris
calkeul produqtebze SeuzRudavi kontraqtebis kano-
niT akrZalva. im SemTxvevaSi, roca ekonomikuri agentebis
qoneba maT mier ganxorcielebuli operaciebis riskis
xarisxis Tanazomadia, am ekonomikuri subieqtebis mimarT
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes e.w. ex post midgoma, romelic
gulisxmobs miyenebuli zaralis sruli moculobiT
iZulebiT anazRaurebas. es principi gansakuTrebiT efeq-
tiani SeiZleba aRmoCndes mmarTvelTa umaRlesi katego-
riis (e.w. „topmenejerebis“) mimarT.
ekonomistTa erTsulovani SefasebiT, global-
uri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis erTderTi seriozu-
li mizezi iyo korporaciuli marTvis dabali xarisxi.
topmenejerebi sakmarisad ar iTvaliswinebdnen mosal-
odnel riskebs da xSirad moqmedebdnen yovelgvari wi-
naswari analizis gareSe. globalizaciam da finansuri
inovaciebis masobrivma gamoyenebam mniSnelovnad gazarda
finansur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi. amJamad
dRis wesrigSi aqtualurad dgas korporaciuli marTvis
axali paradigmis Seqmnis amocana, romelSic kompanie-
bis mogebis maqsimizeba da kapitalizaciis swrafi zr-
didan menejerTa aqtiuroba gadainacvlebs grZelvadiani
strategiuli amocanebis gadawyevtaze da am ukanasknels
miebmeba mmarTvelTa stimulirebis meqanizmi. axal para-
digmaSi aseve aisaxeba topmenejerTa pasuxismgebloba im
danakargebze, rac kompaniebma SeiZleba ganicados mene-
jerTa mxridan zedmetad riskiani operaciebis ganxor-
cielebis an saqmiani eTikis darRvevis gamo. mniSvnelovan
89
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
bonusebs mxolod is menejerebi unda iRebdnen, romelTa
mmarTvelobaSi myofi kompaniebis aqcionerebi xangrZli-
vi drois manZilze stabilur dividendebs iReben. sax-
lemwifom efeqtiani kontroli unda daawesos kompanie-
bis SigniT interesTa konfliqtze. dauSvebelia erTi
da igive kompania konsaltingsac axorcielebdes da au-
ditsac an erTi kompaniis menejeri iyos meore kompaniis
mmarTvelTa sabWoSi da iq gasamrjelos iRebdes.
amrigad, Tezisuri saxiT, krizisul periodSi
saxelmwifos aqtiurobis gaZlierebasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebi (riskebi) ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
krizisamdeli araefeqtiani struqturebis konser-vaciis riski;
konkurentunarianobis daqveiTebis riski;aqtivebis mniSvnelovani nawilis saxelmwifos
xelSi gadasvliT gamowveuli marTvis efeqtianobis
daqveiTebis riski;
krizisidan droSi gawelili da duned gamosvlis riski;
saxelmwifo xarjebis araracionaluri xarjvisa da korufciis gaZlierebis riski;
lobirebis gaZlierebis riski;arakeTilsindisieri qcevis gaZlierebis riski;„status kvos“ SenarCunebisa da modernizaciaze
uaris Tqmis survilis gaZlierebis riski (“business as usual”);
didi saxelmwifos (big government) ideologiisa da
praqtikis reanimaciis riski.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
daibados kiTxva - Tuki aseT riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli
krizisul periodebSi saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi Carevis
gaZliereba, ratom aqvs mas adgili? - saqme isaa, rom
aseT situaciebSi Caurevloba kidev ufro mZime Sedege-
bis momtani iqneboda.
90
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
krizisis dros qveynis mTavrobebi upiratesad ex-
marebian msxvil kompaniebs swored imis gamo, rom isini
metismetad didebi arian imisaTvis, rom gakotrdnen („too big to fail“). aq sidideSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod maTi
moculoba, aramed maT mier warmoebuli produqciis an
gaweuli momsaxurebis xasiaTi, mniSvneloba da maTi dax-
urviT gamowveuli socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi.
maSasadame, saxelmwifos mier e.w. „brijdmenejmen-
tis“ politikis ganxorcieleba, romelic gulisxmobs
saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT erovnuli ekonomikis kriz-
isidan gamoyvanas da postkrizisuli ganviTarebis daw-
yebas, obieqturi aucileblobaa. amasTanave, isic unda
aRiniSnos, rom saWiroa am sakiTxisadmi dabalansebuli
midgoma, rac gulisxmobs sabazro ekonomikis regulire-
bis formebisa da meTodebis srulyofa-daxvewas da ara
ekonomikis funqcionirebaSi saxelmwifos pirdapir an/da
uSualo monawileobas.
Teoriuli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, uaRre-
sad rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da mniSvnelovania kriz-
isidan gamosvlisa da postkrizisul sawyis periodSi
saxelmwifosa da biznesis urTierToba. postkrizisuli
ganviTareba moiTxovs ara mxolod axali, ufro efeq-
tiani firmebis funqcionirebas, aramed Zvelis, SedarebiT
CamorCenilis da araefeqtianis asparezidan gaqrobas.
Tuki am ukanasknelTa mimarT saxelmwifos mxridan gagr-
Zeldeba Zveli politika, anu isini kvlav miiReben uxv fi-
nansur daxmarebas, SesaZlebelia maTi arsebobis xelov-
nuri SenarCuneba, rac Seasustebs jansaR konkurencias
da xels SeuSlis ekonomikur progress. amgvar mdgo-
mareobas prof. v. papava ekonomikis zombirebas uwodebs
da aRniSnavs: „zombi d ekonomika, rogorc aseTi, finansur
krizisSi iRebs saTaves. rogorc cnobilia, stagnaciis
pirobebSi ekonomikas SedarebiT xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi warmoebisa da vaWrobis uZraoba axasiaTebs,
91
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
rasac Tan sdevs umuSevarTa ricxvis zrda, xelfasisa da
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis Semcireba. aseT pirobebSi,
rogorc wesi, mTavrobisagan moiTxoven ekonomikis aseTi
mdgomareobidan gamoyvanas, is ki sabanko sistemis (sa-
banko krizisis Tavidan asacileblad) da mTeli ekonomi-
kis funqcionirebis SenarCunebas sabiujeto dafinansebis
gziT cdilobs. finansuri krizisis dasrulebis Semdeg
ekonomika memkvidreobad iRebs mis arasicocxlisunarian
nawils, romelic cdilobs saxelmwifos mxridan is fi-
nansuri mxardaWeris sistema SeinarCunos, romliTac igi
stagnaciis pirobebSi sargeblobda. Sedegad SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom zombi d ekonomika finansuri krizisis
memkvidreobas warmoadgens.“1
postkrizisul periodSi saxelmwifosa da kerZo
biznesis urTierTobis aseve mniSvnelovani aspeqtia
mTavrobis damokidebuleba mcire da saSualo biznesis
mimarT. dRemdis, TiTqmis sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli,
rom mcire biznesi warmoadgens kapitalisturi ekonomi-
kis inovaciurobisa da dinamizmis ZiriTad wyaros („small is beautiful”). krizisma gviCvena, rom CvenTvis ukve cnobili
mizezebis gamo, saxelmwifos mTavari yuradReba did bi-
znesze iqna fokusirebuli. postkrizisul periodSi Tuki
es praqtika gagrZelda, gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri progresis
Semaferxebeli paradigmis gaCenas, risi pirveli niSnebic
ukve saxezea. kerZod, giganturi kompaniebis mxridan mod-
ernizaciis mcdeloba absoluturad Seusabamo aRmoCnda
saxelmwifos mier krizisis periodSi maTTvis gaweul
finansuri daxmarebis moculobisTan.
amrigad, krizisisa da postkrizisul periodebSi
saxelmwifos rolis gaaqtiureba ekonomikur procesSi
obieqturi aucileblobaa, xolo devizi - „droa gamo-
vacxadoT krizisze gamarjveba da uari vTqvaT mastimu-
lirebel politikaze“, mcdaria da uaryofiTi Sedege-
1 v. papava. nekroekonomikis zombireba. Tb., 2010, gv. 17-18.
92
Temur miminoSviliTemur miminoSvili
bis momtani. amasTanave, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis
gaZliereba gagebuli unda iqnes ara rogorc ekonomi-
kur procesebSi pirdapiri Careva - kerZo biznesisa da
zogadad kerZo iniciativis SezRudva, aramed rogorc
misi stimulireba, saxelmwifos mier xelsayreli mak-
roekonomikuri garemos Camoyalibeba Sesabamisi finan-
sur-ekonomikuri, organizaciuldadministraciuli da sa-
marTlebrivi berketebis gamoyenebiT.
Government-Business Relationship in Economic Crisis and Post-Government-Business Relationship in Economic Crisis and Post-crisis Periodscrisis Periods
T. MiminoshviliT. Miminoshvili
The article describes various directions of economic activities car-ried out by the state in the fi nancial and economic crisis and post-crisis period. For this purpose the cases of the USA and some other countries are discussed.
A number of anti-crisis directions of macroeconomic management are discussed, including “soft nationalization” of commercial banks and insurance companies; direct fi nancial assistance from the state budget, al-location of so called “toxic” assets, etc.
The article illustrates the problems that accompany high economic activeness of a state during the post-crisis period and suggests several rec-ommendations in order to solve and overcome these problems.
93
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
inflaciis gaangariSebis meTodologiis inflaciis gaangariSebis meTodologiis
srulyofisaTvissrulyofisaTvis
nino abesaZe nino abesaZe
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
iv.javaxiSvilissaxelobis iv.javaxiSvilissaxelobis
Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri saer-
TaSoriso savaluto fondis teqnikuri daxmarebis proeq-
tis farglebSi da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebis safuZvelze,
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss 1992 wlidan angariSobs.
is erTaderTi maCvenebelia, romelic qveyanaSi samomxmare-
blo fasebis saerTo donis cvlilebas zomavs. „ev-
rostatis“ rekomendaciiT xdeba samomxmareblo kalaTis
CarTva inflaciis donis dasadgenad, radgan igi kargad
asaxavs mosaxleobis danaxarjebis uaxles struqturas,
rac ufro saimedos xdis samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss
- inflaciis maCvenebels.
samomxmareblo kalaTa Sedgenilia Sinameurneobe-
bis integrirebuli gamokvlevidan miRebuli moxmarebis
struqturis safuZvelze. moxmarebis proporciulad Ti-
Toeul saqonels da momsaxurebas miniWebuli aqvs Sesa-
bamisi xvedriTi wona. samomxmareblo kalaTa Seicavs im
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, romelTa moxmareba yvelaze
xSiria saqarTvelos Sinameurneobebis mier. 2012 wlis
ianvridan ganaxlebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa erovnul
angariSTa sistemiT gansazRvrul moxmarebis struqtu-
ras daefuZna. erovnuli angariSebidan miRebuli wonebis
gamoyeneba samomxmareblo kalaTis formirebis procesSi,
erT-erTi arsebiTi rekomendaciaa, romelsac ,,evrostati”
evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs sTavazobs.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi gaiangariSeba yov-
elTviuri periodulobiT saqarTvelos xuT qalaqSi: Tbi-
94
nino abesaZenino abesaZe
lisSi, baTumSi, gorSi, quTaissa da TelavSi.
indeqsis gaangariSebisaTvis arsebobs Sesadarisobis
kriteriumebi, rac rogorc wesi, daculia samuSaos yovel
etapze. kerZod: fiqsirebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa; fiq-
sirebuli dro fasebis registraciisaTvis; vaWrobisa da
momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli obieqtebi, saqonlisa da mom-
saxurebis xvedriTi wonebi.
samomxmareblo fasebi registrirdeba yoveli Tvis
10-dan 20 ricxvis CaTvliT, sacalo vaWrobis da momsax-
urebis obieqtebze, romelTa mTliani raodenoba aRwevs
1300-s.1
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) moicavs 12
sasaqonlo jgufs, saerTaSoriso klasifikatoris (COICOP) Sesabamisad. fasebis individualuri indeqsebis bazaze ga-
iangariSeba fasebis agregirebuli indeqsebi TiToeuli
sasaqonlo jgufisaTvis, rogorc TiToeuli qalaqisaTvis,
aseve mTlianad qveynisaTvis. 2012 wlidan indeqsi 4 Ziri-
Tad WriliT gamoqveyndeba: wina TvesTan, wina wlis Sesa-
bamis TvesTan, 12 Tvis saSualo da grZelvadian bazasTan
SedarebiT.
monacemTa baza mosaxleobis mier gaweuli samomx-
mareblo xarjebis Sesaxeb, miiReba socialuri statisti-
kis sammarTvelos Sinameurneobebis kvlevebis ganyofileb-
is mier Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze. mosaxleobis
xarjebis struqtura, romelic dReisaTvis gamoiyeneba, mi-
iReba 7000-mde Sinameurneobis gamokvlebis safuZvelze.2
rogoria ganaxlebuli samomxmareblo kalaTa?
2012 wels ganxorcielda pozitiuri Zvrebi samomx-
mareblo kalaTis formirebis nawilSi. kerZod, moxda
mTeli rigi axali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gaTval-
iswineba. amJamad samomxmareblo kalaTa Sedgeba 288
samomxmareblo saqonlisa da momsaxurebisgan, romelTac
miniWebuli aqvs Sesabamisi xvedriTi wona, mTliani mox-
1.zogadi ganmartebebi inflaciis meTodologiasa da samomx-
mareblo kalaTaze. www.geostat.ge 2 iqve.
95
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
marebis proporciulad.
2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTasTan SedarebiT,
ganaxlebul samomxmareblo kalaTaSi, CarTul iqna 42
dasaxelebis saqoneli (momsaxureba). maT Soris: gayinuli
qaTmis xorci, pilmeni (naxevarfabrikati), Sebolili Zexvi,
pasterizebuli rZe, iogurti, koniaki, ZiZis momsaxurebis
Rirebuleba, axali msubuqi avtomobili, gazis sawvavi, av-
tomobilis zeTisa da filtris Secvla da a.S. 2010 wlis
samomxmareblo kalaTidan amoRebul iqna 20 dasaxelebis
saqoneli (momsaxureba). maT Soris: bali da alubali, bi-
nis gayidvis Rirebuleba, samSeneblo bloki, merqan-bur-
buSelis fila, sawoli, xaliCa, a.S.
2012 wlisa da 2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTis
SedarebiTma analizma cxadyo, rom ganaxlebul samomx-
mareblo kalaTa pozitiuria 2010 wlis kalaTasTan Se-
darebiT. kerZod:
Tu 2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTa moicavda
mxolod regionis qalaqebis danaxarjebis struqturas da
qalaqis xvedriTi wona gansazRvruli iyo mosaxleobis
raodenobis mixedviT, 2012 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTa
moicavs mTliani regionis danaxarjebis struqturas da
regionis wona gansazRvrulia regionSi gaweuli danaxar-
jis moculobis mixedviT.
2010 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTaSi gamoyenebulia
Sinameurneobebis integrirebuli gamokvlevis 2007-2009
wlebis monacemebi. 2012wlis samomxmareblo kalaTaSi ki
_ erovnul angariSTa sistemis 2010 wlis monacemebi.
Zvel samomxmareblo kalaTaSi sakvlevi obieqtebi
SeirCeoda interviuerTa mier, adgilmdebareobis mixedviT,
moculi iyo qalaqis yvela raioni da yvela tipis savaWro
obieqti. 2012 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTis daTvlisas,
sakvlevi obieqtebis SerCeva ganxorcielda obieqtebis
brunvebis moculobebis mixedviT (biznesstatistikidan
miRebuli informacis safuZvelze), moculia qalaqis yve-
la raioni da yvela tipis savaWro obieqti;
96
nino abesaZenino abesaZe
gaumjobesda fasebis registraciis teqnikuri
nawili. savaWro obieqtebSi monacemTa Segrovebis savele
samuSaoebi xorcieldeba saangariSo Tvis 10-20 ricxvebis
ganmavlobaSi, 20 interviueris mier. 2010 wels es
xorcieldeboda qaRaldis kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT, xolo
2012 wels portatuli kompiuterebis gamoyenebiT, romleb-
Sic eleqtronulad Seitaneba informacia da monacemTa
baza Sesabamis drois vadebSi waredgineba saTavo ofiss.
portatuli kompiuterebis gamoyenebam realurad Seqmna
winapiroba pirveladi informaciis skanirebul bazebze
gadasasvlelad, rac igegmeba axlo momavalSi saqarT-
veloSi.
2010 wels, elemetaruli indeqsi iangariSeboda sa-
Sualo ariTmetikuli formulis gamoyenebiT, rasac Tan
axlda xarvezebi - konkretuli produqtisaTvis xvedriTi
wonis ganisazRvreboda farulad, fasis sididis mixedviT.
2012 wlidan, elementaruli indeqsi iangariSeba saSualo
geometriuli formulis gamoyenebiT. mas gaaCnia upirate-
soba, radgan wonebis miniWeba moxdeba mizanmimarTulad
an gamoiyeneba Tanabari wonebi.
oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, pozitiuri Zvre-
bi SeiniSneba mosaxleobis xarjebis nawilSic. (gamom-
dinare iqidan rom 2012 wlis samomxmareblo kalaTa
moicavs mTliani regionis danaxarjebis struqturas.)
40,1%-dan - 30,3%-mde Semcirda sursaTze mosaxleobis
mier gaweuli xarjebis moculoba da gaizarda iseTi
kategoriis momsaxurebaze, rogoricaa: ganaTleba (6,1%),
transporti (12,8%), dasveneba, garToba da kultura (6,8%),
kavSirgabmuloba(5,6%) da a.S. aRniSnuli pozitiuri cv-
lilebebi warmodgenilia pirvel diagramaze.
gaumjobesda samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis
gaangariSebis programuli produqti. dReisaTvis
programa warmatebiT asrulebs sezonur produqciasa
da droebiT ararsebul produqtebze fasebis cvlilebis
gaangariSebebs.
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gasaan gariSeblad
gayidvaSi droebiT ararsebuli da sezonuri saqonlis
97
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
im kategoriebze, romlebic mkveTri sezonuri xasiaTiT
gamoirCeva gamoiyeneba pirobiTi fasis, anu imputaciis
meTodi. gaangariSebis mizania im uzustobebis minimumamde
dayvana, romelic tradiciulad arsebobs rogorc
saqarTveloSi, aseve msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi,
gayidvaSi droebiT ararsebul an sezonur saqonelze
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebis dros.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis
mier sezonur saqonelze fasis gaangariSebisaTvis
rekomendebuli imputaciis meTodi 2010 wlis 1 ianvridan
srulad dainerga saqarTvelos statistikis praqtikaSi.
mosaxleobis xarjebis struqtura
diagrama1
D
rac Seexeba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaan-
gariSebis meTodologias, igi gaiangariSeba laspeiresis
indeqsis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad mosaxleobis xarjebisa
da samomxmareblo kalaTis 3 weliwadSi erTxel ganax-
lebiT.
rogoria inflaciis done da dinamika saqarTvelo-
Si?
oficialuri statistikuri monacemebiT, 2012 wlis
martSi, 2011 wlis martTan SedarebiT, inflaciis donem
98
nino abesaZenino abesaZe
saqarTveloSi 2,2% Seadgina. qvemoT mocemul cxrilsa
da diagramaze warmodgenilia samomxmareblo kalaTaSi
Semavali saqonlisa da momsaxurebis jgufebis fasebis
procentuli cvlileba da Sesabamisi wvlili inflaciis
mTlian maCvenebelSi.
Ddiagrama 2
1 es da sxva diagramebi agebulia ,,saqstatis” monacemebis safuZvelze.
procentuli cvli-
leba 2012 wels, wina
welTan SedarebiT
jgufebis wvlili 2012
wels, wina welTan Se-
darebiT sul - 2,2%)
12–Tvian periodSi aRniSnuli maCveneblis formire-
baze ZiriTadi gavlena iqonia fasebis cvlilebam Sem-
deg jgufebze:
• sursaTi da ualkoholo sasmelebi: mocemul
periodSi fasebi Semcirda 7,5 %-iT da jgufis wvlilma
wliuri inflaciis saerTo maCvenebelSi _ 3,6 procentuli
punqti Seadgina. fasebis klebis maRali maCveneblebi
dafiqsirda Semdeg qvejgufebze: xili da yurZeni (34,3%),
bostneuli, baRCeuli, kartofili da sxva bolqvovanebi
(17,8%), Saqari da sxva tkbileuli (14,4%). fasebi gaizarda
xorcsa da xorcis produqtebis qvejgufze (10,9%).
• transporti: fasebi gaizarda 11,9%-iT. Sesa-
99
ekonomikuri Teoria da ekonomikuri politika
bamisad, jgufis wvlilma wliuri inflaciis maCvenebelSi
1,2 procentuli punqti Seadgina. aRniSnul jgufSi fase-
bis mniSvnelovani mateba dafiqsirda satransporto
qvejgufze (19,3%) da piradi satransporto saSualebebis
eqspluataciis qvejgufze (4,1%).
pozitiuria wina wlis Sesabamis TvesTan samomx-
mareblo fasebis indeqsebis dinamika (2010-2012w.w.)
wina wlis Sesabamis TvesTan samomxmareblo fase-
bis indeqsebis dinamika (2010-2012 w.w.)
diagrama 3
dReisaTvis samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis gaan-
gariSebisas gaTvaliswinebulia:
1. moklevadiani indeqsebis gaangariSeba (Str - Short Term Index ) qalaqebis WriliT;
2. imputirebuli indeqsebi. imputacia xorcieldeba
moklevadiani indeqsebis gaangariSebisas (Str Imputation) qalaqebis WriliT;
3. grZelvadiani indeqsebis daTvla (Ltr - Long Term In-dex) qalaqebis WriliT;
4. jgufebis grZelvadiani indeqsebis gaangariSeba
qalaqebis WriliT;
5. jgufebis moklevadiani indeqsebis gaangariSeba
qalaqebis WriliT;
6. sfi-s gaangariSeba erovnul doneze.
100
nino abesaZenino abesaZe
dResdReobiT kvlav seriozul problemad rCeba
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsSi uZravi qonebis gaTval-
iswineba. amis ZiriTadi mizezi uZravi qonebis arasruli
mocviT statistikuri aRricxvaa. amJamad saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri amuSavebs uZravi qone-
bis aRricxvisa da samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsSi misi
gaTvaliswinebis meTodikas. unda aRiniSnos, rom 2012
wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi igegmeba samomxmareblo kala-
Tis ganaxleba yovelwliurad. es udavod seriozuli win-
gadadgmuli nabiji, rac Seqmnis myar safuZvels samomx-
mareblo fasebis indeqsis gaangariSebis meTodologiis
daxvewisa da Semdgomi srulyofisaTvis.
For Improving Infl ation Calculation MethodologyFor Improving Infl ation Calculation Methodology
N. AbesadzeN. Abesadze
The article discusses methodological issues regarding practice of calculating consumer price index and improvement of the calculation meth-odology according to the recommendations of “Eurostat”. For this purpose, the article provides detailed overview of the new consumer basket and the positive changes having been implemented in Georgia regarding infl ation calculation since January, 2012. The new consumer basket refl ects the latest structure of expenditures of the population really well. It makes consumer price index - infl ation indicator more reliable.
101
mikro-makroekonomika
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
iv. javaxiSvilis iv. javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesorisaxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli profesori
ekonomikur mecnierebaSi socialuri mewarmeoba Se-
darebiT axali cnebaa da aqtiurad mimdinareobs diskusia
mis zust gansazRvrebasTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, ekonomi-
kaSi am axali seqtoris rolis Sesaxeb. Tumca, dasavleT-
Si es termini ukve imdenad moduria, rom yvela mewarme
cdilobs sakuTari biznesi socialur mewarmeobas dau-
kavSiros. am saxelwodebaSi moqceva maTTvis donori or-
ganizaciebidan dafinansebis miRebis Sansis gazrdasTan
asocirdeba. donorebisaTvis ki socialuri mewarmeobis
mxardaWera dabandebebis ekonomikuri da socialuri efeq-
tianobis amaRlebis saSualebaa. saqme iqamde mivida, rom
specialistebi garkveul safrTxesac ki xedaven, radgan
`socialuri mewarmeobis~ popularobam da farTod gavr-
celebam SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSi misi ara mxolod
rogorc terminis, aramed rogorc movlenis devalvacia
gamoiwvios.
popularobis miuxedavad, socialuri mewarmoba jer
kidev dakavSirebulia terminologiur gaurkvevlobasTan.
am problemis gadasaWrelad mkvlevarebi ubrundebi-
an TviT `mewarmeobis~ bunebas. Jan batist seis, jozef
Sumpeteris da piter drukeris naSromebze dayrdnobiT
isini askvnian, rom mewarmis qcevis Taviseburebebi, rac
mas Cveulebrivi menejerisagan ganasxvavebs, universalu-
ria. socialuri problemebis gadaWris sicocxlisunar-
socialuri mewarmeobis fenomeni socialuri mewarmeobis fenomeni
da inkluziuri biznesis modelebida inkluziuri biznesis modelebi
102
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
ian gzebs safuZvlad SeiZleba daedos iseTive elementebi,
rac warmatebuls xdis biznesinovaciebs. nebismieri me-
warme nacvlad imisa, rom daelodos vinmes an Seecados
mTavroba daarwmunos problemis mogvarebaSi, Tavad qmnis
produqts (momsaxurebas) am problemis gadasaWrelad. es
gadawyvetileba misi mxridan ganixileba rogorc same-
warmeo aqtiurobis gansakuTrebuli forma. amitom, SemTx-
veviTi araa, rom bolo wlebSi termini _ `mewarmeoba~,
sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac msjeloben
socialuri problemebis gadaWraze, xolo termini _ `so-
cialuri~, sityvaTSeTanxmebaSi _ `socialuri mewarmeoba~,
gansazRvravs am saqmianobis arss. amgvarad, socialur me-
warmeobaSi moiazreba _ socialuri misia, saqmiani disci-
plina, inovaciuri midgomebi da mdgradoba.1
socialuri mewarmeoba moicavs rogorc komerciul,
aseve arakomerciul sferos. marTalia, mas gaaCnia rogorc
mogebaze orientirebuli, aseve aramomgebiani seqtorisaT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi, magram is arsebobs da
viTardeba sakuTari kanonebis mixedviT.
Tu sqematurad warmovidgenT (ix.sqema), rom mewarmeo-
ba aris samkuTxedi, xolo socialuri saqmianoba wre, maTi
gaerTianebiT miviRebT axal samganzomilebian figuras
_ konuss, romliTac SeiZleba aRvniSnoT socialuri me-
warmeoba. am figuras sruliad gansxvavebuli parametrebi
da ganlageba gaaCnia socialur-ekonomikur sivrceSi, vi-
dre samkuTxeds (mewarmeobas) da wres (socialur saqmi-
anobas).
+ =
1 Alter, S. K. Social Enterprise Typology. Virtue Ventures LLC. Nov.27, 2007.
mewarmeoba
socialuri
saqmianoba
socialuri
mewarmeoba
103
mikro-makroekonomika
rodesac mewarmeobazea msjeloba, calsaxaa, rom
mTavari mizani mogebis miRebaa. swored es gansazRvravs
mewarmeebis motivacias da qcevis logikas. socialuri
mewarmeoba gancalkevebulia rogorc komerciuli, aseve
arakomerciuli sferoebisagan. marTalia, moqmedi pirebi
SeiZleba igive iyos, magram maT gaaCniaT gansxvavebuli
miznebi, faseulobaTa sistema, qcevis logika da motiva-
cia. urTierTkavSirebis sistema orientirebulia sazoga-
doebriv sargebelsa da socialuri problemebis gadaw-
yvetaze. aq mTavaria ara mxolod ekonomikuri efeqtianoba,
aramed TiToeuli monawilis wvlili sazogadoebisaTvis
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi _ rac ufro meti
sargebeli moaqvs fizikur an iuridiul pirs sazogadoe-
bisaTvis, miT met resurss, investicias da dakveTas iRebs.
am dros mogebuli rCeba ara mxolod sawarmo, visi Se-
mosavlebic izrdeba, aramed mTlianad sazogadoeba.
socialuri mewarmeobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
maxasiaTebelia inovaciuroba, raSic igulisxmeba, erTi
mxriv, orientacia socialur gardaqmnebze, romelic uz-
runvelyofs ama Tu im socialuri problemis axlebur
gadawyvetas; meore mxriv, esaa ekonomikuri gardaqmnebi,
ramdenadac socialuri miznebis miRweva xdeba sameurneo
siaxleebze dayrdnobiT _ ekonomikuri da socialuri
resursebis gansakuTrebuli kombinaciiT, rac adre aseTi
saxiT ar gamoiyeneboda. am SemTxvevaSi sakvanZo roli
aqvs socialur mewarmes, romelic aRmoaCens mniSvnelovan
socialur problemas da poulobs originalur meTods
mis gadasawyvetad. Tu midgoma gaamarTlebs, iwyeba zrunva
am meTodis ufro farTod danergvaze. aseTi inovaciuri
socialuri mewarmis TvalsaCino magaliTia muhamed iu-
nusi (Muhammad Yunus). igi 2006 wels nobelis mSvidobis
premiis laureati gaxda. es jildo mas mieniWa mikrosafi-
nanso sistemis Seqmnisa da realizaciisaTvis. es sistema
pirvelad gamoiyenes bangladeSSi, sadac muhamed iunusma
104
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
daafuZna banki (Grameen Bank), romelic Tavdebis moTxovnis
gareSe gascems mcire zomis sesxebs xelmokle mosaxleo-
bisaTvis. amis Semdeg mikrosesxebis gacemis aseTi prin-
cipi sxva qveynebSic gavrcelda. aman Raribi qveynebis
macxovreblebs saSualeba misca esargeblaT sabanko mom-
saxurebiT, raTa ewarmoebinaT sakuTari saqme da daemarcx-
ebinaT siRatake.
socialuri mewarmeobis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebe-
lia gavrcelebis masStaburoba da sazogadoebrivi cvli-
lebebis tiraJirebis unari, ramac unda uzrunvelyos gac-
ilebiT meti progresi, rasac sawyisi idea iTvaliswinebda.
msoflioSi arsebobs milionobiT organizacia, romelTa
magaliTi mibaZvas imsaxurebs. maTi nawili dakavebulia
socialuri momsaxurebis gaweviT da didi sargebloba
moaqvs sazogadoebisaTvis, magram yvela es organizacia
rodi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT socialur mewarmeobas. am ti-
pis organizaciebi (magaliTad, skola, romelSic swavlo-
ben garkveuli fizikuri naklis mqone bavSvebi) arasodes
ar scdeba Tavisi saqmianobis sferos da SezRudulia mas-
StabiT. am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba verasodes moeswreba
sistemur cvlilebebs da problema ar gadawydeba. Tu
karnegi aaSenebda mxolod erT biblioTekas da ar Seqm-
nida sajaro biblioTekebis qsels, milionobiT amerikeli
ver SesZlebda informaciis da codnis miRebas. karnegis
ideaa biblioTekebis saerTo erovnuli sistemis Seqmna,
rac mas socialur mewarmed aqcevs.1 igive SeiZleba iTqvas
muhamed iunusis mikrosafinanso sistemaze romelic mTel
msoflioSi gavrcelda.
amrigad, socialuri mewarmeoba xasiaTdeba Semdegi
ZiriTadi niSnebiT:
_ socialuri zemoqmedeba _ gamiznulia socialuri
da garemos problemebis mogvarebaze an Semsubuqebaze;
_ inovaciuroba _ axali, unikaluri midgomebis 1 Сестренский О., Социальное предпринимательство: сила новых идей, Деньги и благотворительность, 2008, № 3(68) c. 23.
105
mikro-makroekonomika
gamoyenebiT socialuri progresis miRweva;
_ komercializacia da finansuri mdgradoba _ so-
cialuri problemebis mogvareba samewarmeo saqmianobis
procesSi;
_ masStaburoba da tiraJirebis unari _ socialuri
sawarmos saqmianobis modelis gafarToebis SesaZleblo-
ba erovnul da saerTaSoriso doneze.
socialuri mewarmeobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
mimarTulebaa inkluziuri biznesi. mewarmeobis es mod-
eli emyareba xelmokle mosaxleobas da iTvaliswinebs
maT CarTvas Rirebulebis Seqmnis jaWvSi momxmareblis,
mwarmoeblis, dasaqmebulis an mimwodeblis saxiT. es mod-
eli dabali Semosavlis mqone mosaxleobas urTierTsar-
geblianobis principiT akavSirebs biznesTan. am dros, me-
warmis sargebeli momxmarebelTa wris gafarToeba, axali
da iafi samuSao Zalis daqiraveba, produqciis miwodebis
da realizaciis arxebis gaZlierebaa. xelmokle mosax-
leobas ki saSualeba eZleva daikmayofilos ZiriTadi
saWiroebebi, moipovos myari Semosavali, miiRos ganaTle-
ba, gazardos mwarmoebluroba. garda amisa, biznesis es
modeli SeiZleba iTvaliswinebdes bunebrivi resursebis
racionalur gamoyenebas da garemoze zrunvas.
xelmokle mosaxleobis monawileobiT samewarmeo
saqmianobis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba Zalze momgebiani aR-
moCndes da inovaciebiT, samuSao Zalis mwarmoeblurobis
amaRlebiT, bazrebis gafarToebiT mdgrad ganviTarebas
Cauyaros safuZveli. Vitmark-i ukrainaSi swored aseTi maga-
liTia. ramdenime wlis win xelmokle ukrainelebisaTvis
maRali xarisxis xilis wveni did fufunebas warmoadgen-
da. Vitmark-ma ukrainis sam qalaqSi gaxsna wvenebis qarxana
da daiwyo produqciis dabali fasiT gayidva. sawarmoSi
dasaqmebulia adgilobrivi dabalSemosavliani mosaxleo-
ba, xolo xils adgilobrivi glexebisgan iZenen. SeTava-
zebuli xelfasi saSualo adgilobriv xelfasze erTi
106
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
mesamediT maRalia. garda amisa, glexebs regularulad
utardeba treningebi, raTa SeZlon produqciis xarisxis
gaumjobeseba da mwarmoeblurobis amaRleba. amave dros,
Vitmark-ma imisaTvis rom gasuliyo dabali Semosavlis
mqone momxmarebelze, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba SefuT-
vis gamartivebas miaqcia, rac garemoze uaryofiT zemoq-
medebasac amcirebs. dabali Semosavlebis bazarze axali
konkurentebis gamoCenis miuxedavad Vitmark-is gayidvebi
ukrainis bazris dabali fasis segmentis 30%-s Seadgens.
kompaniis sabazro wili bazarze 10 weliwadSi 7-dan 22%-
mde gaizarda.1
dedamiwis mosaxleobis 1/4-ze meti yoveldRiurad
2 dolarze nakleb Semosavals iRebs, daaxloebiT 1/5-s
eleqtroenergiaze, xolo 2/3-s internetze ar miuwvdeba
xeli. amasTan, xelmokle mosaxleobas gaaCnia didi po-
tenciali moxmarebis, warmoebis, inovaciebis, samewarmeo
aqtivobis kuTxiT, romelic TiTqmis ar realizdeba. Se-
mosavlebis piramidis yvelaze dabal nawilSi (dRiuri
Semosavali 8 dolars qveviT) myofi 4 mlrd adamianis
erToblivi Semosavali 5 trln dolars aRemateba, rac
iaponiis erovnul Semosavals SeiZleba SevadaroT. xe-
lmokle mosaxleobas SeuZlia da mzad aris imisaTvis,
rom gadaixados saqonlis da momsaxurebis fasi, Tumca,
xSirad iCagreba `siRaribis jarimis~ gamo. zogjer maT
pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebisaTvis ufro metis gadaxda
uwevT, vidre mdidrebs. jakartis, manilis, nairubis Raribi
ubnebis macxovreblebi 5-10-jer met fass ixdian wyalSi, vi-
dre am qalaqis mdidari ubnebi, da kidev ufro mets vidre
londonis an niu-iorkis mcxovrebni. `siRaribis jarima~
moqmedebs kreditebis, eleqtroenergiis da jandacvis sf-
eroSic. biznesis modelebi, romelic uzrunvelyofs sa-
marTlian fass an axal produqcias Raribi mosaxleobis
1BUSINESS SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY– How inclusive business models create opportunities for all in Emerging Europe and Central Asia, United Nations Devel-opment Programme, p. 15-16.
107
mikro-makroekonomika
cxovrebis donis asamaRleblad, SeiZleba sakmaod momge-
biani aRmoCdes. magaliTad, mikrosesxebis sferoSi mTel
rig organizaciebs, romelic dabalSemosavlian mosax-
leobazea gaTvlili, msxvil bankebze didad maRali moge-
bis norma gaaCnia.
inkluziuri biznesis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT
rogorc SesaZleblobebi, aseve sirTuleebi Zalze bevr-
ia. soflis dasaxlebebi da qalaqis Raribi ubnebi bizne-
sis warmoebisaTvis ar warmoadgens xelsayrel adgils.
ar aris ganviTarebuli an saerTod ar arsebobs saWiro
infrastruqtura, Raribebis samyaroSi ar moqmedebs fi-
nansuri sistema, ekonomika bartersa da naRd angariSs-
worebas efuZneba. saimedo samarTldamcavi da iuridiu-
li sistemis ar arsebobis gamo garigebebi araformalur
xasiaTs atarebs. bunebrivia, aseT viTarebaSi kompaniebis
umravlesobas ar gaaCnia SesaZlebloba biznesi Cveuli,
standartuli scenariT warmarTos.
SeiZleba gamoiyos xuTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, rom-
lis gamoc mewarmeebi eridebian xelmokle mosaxleobasTan
saqmis daWeras:
_ SezRuduli informacia bazrebis Sesaxeb. me-
warmeebma Zalian cota ician Raribebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris
_ samomxmareblo miswrafebebi, finansuri SesaZleblobebi,
maTi rogorc daqiravebuli muSakis, mwarmoeblis, mewarmis
maxasiaTeblebi;
_ araefeqtiani regulireba. dabalSemosavliani
mosaxleobis bazrebze xSirad ar arsebobs maregulire-
beli meqanizmebi, rac biznesis funqcionirebas usafrTxos
gaxdida. ar aris uzrunvelyofili samarTlebrivi norme-
bis da xelSekrulebis pirobebis dacva;
_ ganuviTarebeli infrastruqtura. transportiT,
wyliT, eleqtroenergiiT da kavSirgabmulobiT uzrunve-
lyofis sistemis ganuviTarebloba;
_ codnis da gamocdilebis ukmarisoba. dabalSe-
108
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
mosavlianma momxmarebelma SesaZloa ar icodes sxvadasxa
produqtis upiratesobebi an misi gamoyeneba, ar gaaCdes
saTanado kvalifikacia sawarmoo procesSi CasarTavad.
_ SezRuduli xelmisawvdomoba finansur momsaxure-
baze. sabanko kreditis SezRuduloba mkveTrad amcirebs
dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis SesaZleblobebs ganax-
orcielos investiciebi an msxvili Sesyidvebi. sabanko an-
gariSsworebis sistemis xelmiuwvdomloba zrdis garige-
bis ganxorcielebis danaxarjebs da risks.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli sirTuleebisa, dabalSemosav-
liani mosaxleobis bazarze momuSave kompaniebis ricxvi
izrdeba. mewarmeebi Tavs arTmeven problemebs misi gver-
dis avliT an mogvarebiT. amisaTvis isini mimarTaven xuT
ZiriTad strategias: produqtis da procesebis adaptacia,
investiciebi sabazro barierebis dasaZlevad, dabalSe-
mosavliani mosaxleobis Zlieri mxareebiT sargebloba,
strategiuli aliansebis formireba da dialogi mTav-
robasTan politikis SemuSavebis sakiTxebze. ra Tqma unda,
es strategiebi unda Seesabamebodes adgilobriv pirobebs
da sawarmos miznebs. amasTan, aucilebeli komponenti Tav-
ad mewarmis intuicia da analitikuri azrovnebis unaria.
produqtis da procesebis adaptacia gulisxmobs sa-
bazro barierebis gadalaxvas axali teqnologiebis da
biznesprocesebis reorganizebis gziT. Tanamedrove sain-
formacio teqnologiebi iZleva aseTi adaptaciis saSu-
alebas, maT Soris _ mobiluri bankingi, smartbaraTebi,
telemedicina, romlis daxmarebiTac SesaZlebelia dis-
tanciuri momsaxureba. mobilurma bankingma SesaZlebeli
gaxada ofisebis da bankomatebis (infrastruqtura, romel-
ic iSviaTia Rarib dasaxlebebSi) gareSe ganxorcieldes
finansuri momsaxureba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi mobiluri
telefoni momxmarebels saSualebas aZlevs ganaxorcie-
los fuladi gadaricxvebi, aanazRauros SeZenili saqon-
lisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, dafaros kreditis
109
mikro-makroekonomika
Tanxa. inovaciuri teqnologiebi saSualebas iZleva Sem-
cirdes bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba da gaizardos
mwarmoebluroba.
investiciebi sabazro barierebis dasaZlevad Sei-
Zleba ganxorcieldes rogorc sakuTari resursebiT, aseve
TanadafinansebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom bazris Cavardnis
daZleva, rogorc wesi, mTavrobis saqmianobis sferod miiC-
neva, xSirad inkluziuri biznesis modeliT momuSave kom-
paniebi Tavad wyveten aseT amocanebs. aseTma investiciebma
SeiZleba uzrunvelyos rogorc sazogadoebrivi, aseve ker-
Zo upiratesobebi. magaliTad, TanamSromlebis swavlebiT
sawarmo amaRlebs kadrebis kvalifikacias da imyarebs sa-
kuTar poziciebs, amasTan, kvalificiur kadrebs ufleba
aqvT gadavidnen sxva kompaniebSi samuSaod, riTac mTli-
anad sazogadoeba sargeblobs. damatebiTi socialuri
sargeblis arseboba sxva dainteresebuli institutebis
mxridan Tanadafinansebis perspeqtivebs warmoSobs. aseTi
institutebi, maT Soris donorebi, mecenatebi, arakomer-
ciuli socialuri sainvesticio fondebi, mTavroba, kerZo
seqtors saSualebas aZlevs TanadafinansebiT (grantebi,
subsidiebi, SeRavaTiani kreditebi) Seqmnas socialuri
produqti.
dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis Zlieri mxareebis
gamoyeneba, maTi biznesSi uSualo CarTviT an social-
uri qselebis meSveobiT, erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
strategiaa.1 rogorc wesi, dabalSemosavliani adamianebi
inkluziuri biznesis modeliT momuSave sawarmos sakvanZo
partniorebia. xelmokle mosaxleobis mizidviT da maTi
socialuri qselebis gamoyenebiT kompaniebs, danaxarjebis
Semcirebis garda, SeuZliaT aimaRlon bazris xelmisawv-
domoba, ndoba da gamWvirvaleba. xelmokle mosaxleobis
bazrebze biznesis warmatebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia adg-
1J. Nelson, E. Ishikawa, A. Geaneotes, Developing Inclusive Business Models, Harvard Kennedy School and International Finance Corporation, 2009.
110
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
ilobrivi bazris Taviseburebebis codna da ndoba. amis
miRweva ki SesaZlebelia xelmokle mosaxleobis aqtiuri
CarTviT biznesSi, iqneba es bazris Sesaxeb informaciis
Segroveba, produqtis awyoba da SekeTeba, momarageba Tu
swavleba. garda amisa, xSirad Tavad xelmokle adamianebs
uCdeba inovaciuri ideebi axali saqonlis an momsaxure-
bis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic ukeT daakmayofi-
lebs Raribi mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebs.
strategiuli aliansebis formirebiT inkluziur bi-
zness SeuZlia miiRos is resursebi da SesaZleblobebi,
romelic sawarmos damoukideblad ar gaaCnia. aseTi Tan-
amSromloba saerTo miznis mqone sawarmoebis resurse-
bis gaerTianebas emyareba. aliansma SeiZleba sxvadasxva
saxe miiRos: dapatentebul teqnologiebze licenziebis
gacvla, sawarmoo simZlavreebis erToblivi gamoyeneba, kv-
levebis erToblivi dafinanseba, partnioris produqciis
gasaReba sakuTari qselebis meSveobiT da a.S. strategiu-
li aliansebi iqmneba rogorc sapasuxo reaqcia dabalSe-
mosavliani mosaxleobis bazrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
sirTuleebze da inkluziuri biznesis ganviTarebis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi strategiaa.
dialogi mTavrobasTan politikis SemuSavebis
sakiTxebze umniSvnelovanesi elementia xelmokle mosax-
leobasTan biznesis warmoebisas. yvela is problema,
romelsac biznesi awydeba dabalSemosavliani mosaxleo-
bis bazrebze saqmianobisas, met-naklebad dakavSirebulia
saxelmwifo politikasTan. xSir SemTxevaSi sawarmo naxu-
lobs SemoqmedebiT gzebs, raTa daZlios bazarze arsebuli
problemebi, magaliTad, axali teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT,
ganaTlebaSi da TanamSromlebis kvalifikaciis amaRle-
baSi investirebiT, strategiuli aliansebis formirebiT.
biznesis zogierT mimarTulebaSi sabazro sirTuleebis
daZleva kerZo iniciativebiT SeuZlebelia, amitom maTi
strategia mTavrobasTan dialogia. es rTuli da xangZli-
111
mikro-makroekonomika
vi procesia, romelSi monawileobiTac bizness SeuZlia
mTavrobas miawodos sasargeblo informacia arsebul
problemebsa da maTi gadaWris SesaZlo gzebze. xSirad
aseT dialogs SeiZleba maregulirebeli normebis gam-
yarebac mohyves, rac xelmokle mosaxleobis bazrebze bi-
znesis warmoebas gaamartivebs.
socialuri mewarmeobis rolis da funqcionirebis
meqanizmis Sesaxeb informacia saqarTveloSi uknaskneli
wlebis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadad ucxoeli donorebis wy-
alobiT gavrcelda. rogorc ekonomikis axali seqtori
is saqarTveloSi Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia. amaze miu-
TiTebs is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba jer-
jerobiT ar icnobs cnebebs _ „socialuri mewarmeoba“ da
„inkluziuri biznesi~, Sesabamisad, arc gansakuTrebuli
specifikuri regulaciebi da wesebi ar aris gansazRvru-
li aseTi organizaciuli warmonaqmnebis saqmianobis Ses-
axeb. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iZl-
eva imis SesaZleblobas, rom dainteresebulma subieqtma
daafuZnos iseTi warmonaqmnebi, romelic Tavisi arsiT
SeiZleba ZiriTadad akmayofilebdes socialuri sawar-
mosaTvis damaxasiaTebel kriteriumebs.1
ganviTarebul qveynebSi socialuri mewarmeobis
aRmavloba ganpirobebulia sazogadoebis warmatebuli
wevrebis socialuri aqtiurobis, pasuxismgeblobis zrdiT,
socialurad orientirebuli faseulobebis gavrcelebiT,
samewarmeo praqtikis da socialuri misiis warmatebuli
kombinaciis kritikuli masis gaCeniT. amitom, saqarTvelos
ekonomikaSi mimdinare dadebiTi Zvrebi TavisTavad emsax-
ureba socialuri mewarmeobis ganviTarebas. Tu gaviTval-
iswinebT qarTuli warmatebuli sawarmoebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebel socialuri pasuxismgeblobis mzard tendencias,
qarTvelebis miswrafebas swrafad auwyon fexi msofli-
1faniaSvili l., murRulia S., socialuri mewarmeobis regulireba saqarT-
velos kanonmdeblobaSi, strategiuli kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis cen-
tri, Tbilisi 2010.
112
SoTa SaburiSvili SoTa SaburiSvili
oSi mimdinare pozitiur tendenciebs, aseve imas, rom so-
cialuri mewarmeobis mxardaWera iseTive respeqtabelu-
ria rogorc qvelmoqmedeba, amavdroulad ufro Taname-
drove da efeqtiani, socialur mewarmeobas da inkluziur
bizness saqarTveloSi kargi perspeqtiva gaaCnia.
The Phenomenon of Social Entrepreneurship and Inclusive Business Models
Sh. ShaburishviliSh. Shaburishvili
Social entrepreneurship includes for-profi t as well as non-profi t en-terprises, consequently, it has elements characteristic for both profi t-ori-ented and non-profi t oriented sectors. Though, it exists and is developing according to its own laws. The information about the role and functions of social enterprises has spread in Georgia in resent years due to foreign donors. It is a new sector of Georgia’s economy just beginning to emerge. For development of social entrepreneurship it is necessary to know more about successful examples and share information on national as well as on international level.
Inclusive business models are based on the people with low incomes and focuses on including them in the value chain creation procces as con-sumers, manufacturers, employed or suppliers. This model promotes coop-eration between the people with low incomes and the business for mutual benefi t. In this case, benefi t of entrepreneur is the increase in the number of its consumers, hiring new and cheap labour force. As for the people with low incomes, it gives them possibility to satisfy basic needs, have steady income, higher productivity. In addition, the models might be designed so that they include rational usage of natural resources and caring for nature.
113
mikro-makroekonomika
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tsu-is mowveuli profesoriTsu-is mowveuli profesori
axali aTaswleulis dasawyisi transformaciis
periodia masobrivi politikidan kiberpolitikaze
gadasvlisTvis. XX saukuneSi bazirebuli politikisa da
politikuri institutebis faseuli fundamenti, interfeisi
da parametrebi kiberepoqaSi modificirdeba da transfor-
mirdeba. politika TandaTan kargavs adamianur bunebas da
xdeba eleqtronuli.
politika, rogorc organizaciis gegma an moqmedebis
kursi, umaRlesi xelmZRvanelobis instruqcia,1 informaciul
komunikaciuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT socialuri po-
litikis efeqtianobis amaRlebis, politikuri procesebis
marTvis optimizaciis, kiberkonfliqtebis marTvis, socialu-
ri urTierTobebis, socialuri proTezirebisa da kontro-
lirebad sazogadoebaze manipulirebis, sazogadoebaSi po-
litikuri komponentebis xarisxis amaRlebis SesaZleblo-
bas iZleva, rac gavlenas axdens qveynis kiberusafrTxoebaze,
politikur elitaze, sazogadoebis statusze.
dReisaTvis politikis ganxorcilebasa da transfor-
maciaze gavlenas axdens socialuri pirobebi, politikuri
procesebis dinebis masStabebi, politikuri brZola da po-
litikuri saqmianobis stili,2 kibersafrTxeebi, informaciu-
li usafrTxoeba, informaciuli teqnologiebi da informa-
ciuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba.
politikaSi informaciul-komunikaciuri teqnologie-
bis danergviT, gavrcelebiTa da ganviTarebiT xdeba moqala-
qeebisa da politikuri liderebis interpersonaluri komu-
nikaciis gaqroba; ukukavSiris sistemebi igeba kiborgebze
1 Balcha Reba . State of Cyber Security in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency. June 2005. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/contributions/Ethiopia_Reba_paper.pdf 2 http://www.cyberpolitics.ru/content/view/395/34/
kiberpolitikis safrTxeebi da kiberpolitikis safrTxeebi da
gamowvevebigamowvevebi
114
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
(sqesisa da asakis armqone an gamogonili personaJi); saxel-
mwifos struqturebis urTierToba xorcieldeba avtomo-
pasuxiT an xmovani momsaxurebis meSveobiT; geografiuli
mobilobis zrdis Sedegad warsuls bardeba gansazRvruli
teritoriidan xelisuflebis organos warmomadgenlis ar-
Ceva; globaluri qseli afarTovebs informaciul sistemebs
Soris urTierTdamokidebulebas; yvela qveynisaTvis saer-
To xdeba kiberproblemebi.
kiberpolitika ufro zneobrivi movlenaa, vidre poli-
tikis adreuli forma, romelic kacobriobis cxovrebis ga-
nuyofeli nawili xdeba. Tanamedrove informaciul-komuni-
kaciuri teqnologiebis ama Tu im saxiT SeRweva dedamiwis
nebismier kuTxeSi mcxovrebi TiToeuli adamianis yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi Caketvisa da izolirebis SesaZleblobas
ar iZleva globaluri civilizaciisa da kiberpolitikis
sxvadasxva formisgan.1
kiberpolitikaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs so-
cialuri qselebi (Facebook, Twitter da sxva), blogosfero, ki-
beraqtivistebis kiberaqciebi rogorc (dez)informaciuli
iaraRi.2
kiberpolitika gansazRvravs saxelmwifos, moqalaqee-
bisa da biznesisTvis adaptirebuli moTxovnebs da saxelw-
mifo momsaxurebisa da mravalarxiani servisis miwodebis
gaumjobesebis cvlilebebis katalizatoria.
kiberpolitika moicavs qveynis politikas; saxelmwi-
fos informaciul resursebs, rogorc Rirebul ekonomikur
aqtivsa da ekonomikis mastimulirebels; informaciis marT-
vas; politikur Setyobinebebs, tenikur politikasa da marT-
vas; wyobilebis (reJimis) dacvasa da ganxorcielebas.
kiberpolitika axal politikur sferoSi warmodgeni-
lia winaaRmdegobrivi mimarTulebebiT, romlis safuZvel-
zec formirdeba XXI saukunis politika. maTgan aRsaniSna-
via: 1
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sferoSi - eleqtronuli mTavroba;
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sferoSi - kiberkon-fliqtebis marTva internetiT;
politikuri monawileobis sferoSi - eleqtronuli xmis micema da TviTorganizaciis qseluri formebi (magali-
1http://www.cyberpolitics.ru/content/view/395/34/ 2http://www.centpapiers.com/cyber-guerres/34642
115
mikro-makroekonomika
Tad, daxmareba socialuri qseliT);
politikuri komunikaciis mimarTulebiT - informa-ciuli politikisa da axali masobrivi informaciis saSua-
lebebis marTva;
Siga usafrTxoebis sferoSi - devna da TvalTvali moqalaqeebze.
ramdenadac msoflio damokidebuli xdeba kompiute-
rul qselebze, imdenad sul ufro saSiSi xdeba kiberTa-
vdasxmebi da kiberterorizmi.1 kibersivrceSi cifruli re-
volucia Camoyalibda usafrTxoebis Sesabamisi sicocxli-
sunariani struqturis gareSe, Sesabamisad kiberinfrastru-
qtura gaxda kiberSetevebis samizne da misdami mgrZnobia-
re.2
kiberusafrTxoebis amocana riskfaqtorebis farTo
speqtris Semcirebis efeqtiani gadawyvetaa. kiberpolitikam
da strategiam unda iTamaSos pirdapiri Tu iribi roli
imgvarad, rom SesaZlebeli iyos safrTxeebis Semcireba, in-
formaciuli usafrTxoeba, daucvelobisa da arasasurveli
Sedegebis Tavidan acileba.
dReisaTvis kiberpolitika ganixileba rogorc yovel-
gvari informaciuli usafrTxoebis dagegmvis, konstruire-
bisa da gavrcelebis bazisi. informaciuli usafrTxoebis
programis Seqmna iwyeba usafrTxoebis politikis, standar-
tebisa da instruqciebis organizaciiT. kiberpolitika ar
karnaxobs teqnikisa da programuli uzrunvelyofis Sesaba-
mis operaciebs, es informacia ganTavsebulia standartebSi,
procedurebSi, momxmarebelTa saxelmZRvanelo instruqcie-
bsa da sistemis dokumentaciebSi.
globaluri konsaltinguli kompaniis Booz Allen Hamil-ton-is angariSiT, sul ufro izrdeba kiberSetevis safrTxee-
bi cifrul infrastruqturaze, strategiul seqtorebze, maT
Soris navTobis, gazis, finansur da satransporto siste-
mebze.3
1Balcha Reba . State of Cyber Security in Ethiopia. Ethiopian Telecommunications Agency. June 2005. http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/cybersecurity/contributions/Ethio-pia_Reba_paper.pdf 2Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Summit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US- Led_Cybersecurity_Summit.pdf 3 Booz Allen Hamilton . Annual Report 2009. http://www.boozallen.com/media/fi le/Booz_Allen_Hamilton_Annual_Report_2009.pdf
116
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
kiberusafrTxoeba arTulebs erovnuli strategiis
SemuSavebas, raSic gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes safrTxee-
bis veqtorebi da Semsruleblebi. kiberpolitikam unda gan-
sazRvros is saxelmwifo uwyeba, infrastruqtura da mar-
Tvis jgufi, romelic centralur rols iTamaSebs iseTi
sferoebis strategiul ganviTarebaSi, rogoricaa e-mTavro-
bis politikuri da institucionaluri konteqsti, kompiu-
terizaciisa da internetizaciis politika, kompiuteruli
qselebis operaciebi, kompiuteruli qselebis eqspluatacia,
Seteva kompiuterul qselebze da kompiuteruli qselebis
dacva.1
qveynebma kiberusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis
mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon Semdegi mimarTulebebi: 2 kiberu-
safrTxoebis politika; wvdomis eleqtronuli kontroli;
usafrTxoebis personali; fizikuri da ekologiuri usa-
frTxoeba; kiberusafrTxoebis mimarTulebiT moqalaqeebis
cnobierebis amaRleba da treningebi; monitoringi da inci-
dentebze reagireba; avariisSemdgomi aRdgena da uwyvetobis
uzrunvelyofa; sistemis ganviTareba; konfiguraciis marT-
va; riskis marTva.
dReisaTvis cifruli infrastruqtura (qselebi da
kompiuterebi) ganixileba, rogorc strategiuli naciona-
luri aqtivi, romlis dacvac nacionaluri usafrTxoebis
prioritetia.3
saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Ti-
Toeulma subieqtma kiberriskebis marTvisaTvis unda Seimu-
Saos da ganaxorcielos kiberusafrTxoebis kompleqsuri
gegma, sadac gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes Semdegi faqtorebi:
iurisdiqciis sidide da sirTule; teqnologiis gamoyenebis
mravalferovneba; gansxvavebebi kiberusafrTxoebis doneeb-
sa da teqnologiuri codnaSi; personalisa da resursebis
SezRudva; kadrebis denadoba; kibersivrcis usafrTxoebis
1 Steven R. Chabinsky . Cybersecurity Strategy: A Primer for Policy Makers and Those on the Front Line. Journal of National Security Law&Policy, Vol. 4.27, 2010 . http://www.jnslp.com/read/vol4no1/04_Chabinsky.pdf 2U.S. Department of Homeland and Security. Homeland and Security Grant Program. Supplemental Resource: Cyber Security Guidance. February 2008. http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/Pages/FinanceAndLogistics/Grants/PDF/fy08_hsgp_guide_cyber.pdf3United States, Executive Offi ce of the President, The White House,.Remarks by the President on Securing Our Nation’s Cyber Infrastructure, May 29, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_offi ce/Remarks-by-the-Presidenton-Securing-Our-Nations-Cyber-Infrastructure /
117
mikro-makroekonomika
uzrunvelyofis nacionaluri strategia da nacionaluri
infrastruqturis dacvis gegma; aSS-is DHS (Department of Ho-meland and Security)1 departamentis nacionaluri usafrTxoe-
bis Tavdacvis gegmiT (NIPP National Infrastructure Protection Plan)2 aSS-is ekonomika da nacionaluri usafrTxoeba didadaa da-
mokidebuli kiberinfrastruqturaze, romelic ers arsebiT
momsaxurebas uwevs biznesprocesebis mxardaWeriTa da mni-
Svnelovani procesebis kontrolis daxmarebiT.3
kiberpolitikis ganxilvisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi
avstraliis mTavrobis kiberusafrTxoeba, romlis saxelmZR-
vanelo principebia:4 nacionaluri xelmZRvaneloba; saerTo
valdebulebebi (yvela internet-moqalaqem unda daicvas sa-
kuTari sistema); partnioroba (mTavrobis, kerZo seqtorisa
da farTo sazogadoebis partnioruli midgoma); aqtiuri sa-
erTaSoriso valdebulebebi (internetis transnacionaluri
xasiaTis saWiroebs koordinirebul globalur qmedebas);
riskebis marTva; qveynis Rirebulebebisa da faseulobebis
dacva.
aseTi principebisa da balansis dacva yvela
Tanamedrove demokratiis mudmiv amocanas warmoadgens,
romelic iswrafvis momavali rTuli kiberusafrTxoebis
gamowvevebis gadaWrisken.
msoflio sazogadoeba sul ufro awydeba kiberdana-
Saulebis masStabebis zrdas, sirTuleebsa da warmatebiT
Cadenil danaSaulebs. rogorc izrdeba eleqtronuli in-
formaciis, transaqciebis, garigebebisa da biznesaqtivobe-
bis raodenoba da faseuloba, globaluri bazris Tanabrad
misawvdomoba saqonelTan, momsaxurebas da biznesorganiza-
ciebTan, aseve Zlierdeba damnaSaveebisa da kiberkriminale-
bis boroti zraxvebi.
kiberdanaSaulis speqtri farToa da moicavs: mavne
kodebs, arasasurvel programebs, SpionaJs, kibervandalizms,
sakredito baraTebis moparvas, spams, insaiderul Setevebs,
fiSings, DOS da DDOS Setevebs.5 1 http://www.dhs.gov/index.shtm 2 http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NIPP_Plan.pdf 3U.S. Department of Homeland and Security. Homeland and Security Grant Program. Supplemental Resource: Cyber Security Guidance. February 2008. http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/Pages/FinanceAndLogistics/Grants/PDF/fy08_hsgp_guide_cyber.pdf4Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, Cyber Security. http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/CyberSecurity_CyberSecurity 5 http://www.arcsight.com/collateral/whitepapers/2011_Cost_of_Cyber_Crime_
118
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
2006 wels eqspertebis mier aRricxulia daaxloebiT
3 mln danaSauli.1 2007 wels kiberSeteva ganxorcielda 70
qveynis 1 mln-ze met kompiuterze.2 mxolod aSS-Si internet-
momxmareblebis danakargebma Seadgina 240 mln dolari (rac
21%-iT metia wina welTan SedarebiT).3 dReisaTvis internet-
danaSaulebis centrSi (the Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3) yovelTviurad 25000 saCivari Sedis.4
kibersafrTxeebi gaxda ufro gamocdili, rTuli,
idumali da saSiSi, rac xSirad Seufasebeli Sedegebisaa.
magaliTad, kiberqurdobis Seufasebeli precendentia axlo
aRmosavleTis samxedro bazaze aSS-is Tavdacvis saministros
kompiuteruli qselebis dazaraleba inficirebuli
fleSis nouTbuqze mierTebiT, romelic klasificirebuli
iqna yvelaze mniSvnelovan dartymad amerikul samxedro
kompiuterebze (2008w).5 aseve Seufasebelia safrangeTSi,
energetikuli koncernis kvleviTi centridan portatuli
kompiuterebis gataceba, romlebSic birTvul iaraRTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebi da sxva saidumlo masalebi
inaxeboda (2010w).6
sul ufro mzardia saxelmwifoebisa da arasaxelmwi-
fo subieqtebis raodenoba, romelic qmnis safrTxes, iparavs,
cvlis an anadgurebs informacias da Sesabamisad iwvevs
sistemebis kritikul avarias. sxvaoba tradiciuli krimina-
lis CamdenebsaA (hakerebi, teroristebi, organizebuli krimi-
naluri qseli, samrewvelo SpionaJi) da ucxour dazvervas
Soris xdeba sul ufro bundovani. internetis usazRvro
da anonimuri Tvisebebis gamo, rTulia kiberSetevis wyaros
Study_August.pdf 1 http://www.ifap.ru/pi/10/ 2 Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Sum-mit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US-Led_Cyberse-curity_Summit.pdf 3 Laudon K.C., Traver C.G. E-commerce . fi fth edition. Pearson Prentice Hall. New Jersey. 2009.4 http://scamfraudalert.net/2011/02/27/fbi-2010-cybercrime-statistics/ 5 William J. Lynn III The Pentagon’s Cyberstrategy . Roreign Affairs. September/October 2010 . http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/defending-a-new-domain 6 http://www.interpressnews.ge/ge/msofl io/155073-safrangethis-kvlevithi-centri-dan-saidumlo-masalebi-gaitaces.html
119
mikro-makroekonomika
gaSifvra.1
aSS-is FBI Tavisi msxvili biujetidan, wliurad xarja-
vs 9.75 mln dolars (2010 w), rom daexmaros sakomunikacio
kompaniebs teqnikuri moTxovnebis SesabamisobaSi moyvanaze,
xolo 9 mln dolari mimarTulia eleqtronuli momsaxu-
rebis sferoSi eWvmitanilTa moZiebaze.2 mTlianobaSi pro-
gramebis, momsaxurebisa da aparatuli saSualebebis usafr-
Txoebaze aSS saSualod xarjavs 100 miliarddolariani biujetis 10%-s. 1
analitikuri kompania Gartner kvleviT, msoflio xarjebma
informaciuli teqnologiebze 2009 wels miaRwia 3.2 trln
dolars, rac 6%-iT dabalia 2008 wlis xarjebTan SedarebiT
(3.4 trln dolari iyo).3
kiberSetevis SemTxvevaSi usafrTxoebis paradigma bun-
dovania da zusti gaSifvris albaToba ki dabali. rTulia
imis garkveva, Tu vin iRebs kiberSetevaze pasuxismgeblobas,
sad aris ganTavsebuli da visi saxeliT warmoebs operacie-
bi (Tu es SesaZlebelia, metad Sromatevadia), xolo Tavda-
msxmelze sapasuxo reagirebis variantebi ki SezRuduli. 4
aSS-Si erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da ekonomikisadmi ki-
beromis safrTxeebis masStabebis gamo, pentagonma qselebis
garSemo aaSena Sreebiani saimedo Tavdacva da gaxsna kiber-
dacvasTan integrirebuli amerikuli samxedro operaciebis
kiberxelmZRvanelobis centri. aseve pentagoni muSaobs aSS-
isa da misi `axlo~ mekavSire qveynebis samTavrobo qsele-
bisa da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani infrastruqturis da-
cvaze, dacvis sxvadasxva iniciativis saerTaSoriso doneze
danergvasa da gavrcelebaze,5 rac mniSvnelovani faria ise-
Ti qveynebis usafrTxoebisaTvis, romelTa cifruli sivrce
Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSia da ganicdis specialistebis, re-
sursebisa da usafrTxoebis strategiis deficits.
1Australian Government Attorney-General’s Department, Cyber Security, http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/CyberSecurity_CyberSecurity 2 http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2010/09/100926_us_internet_wiretap.shtml3http://www.rosbalt.ru/2009/07/09/653809.html 4 Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Summit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US-Led_Cybersecurity_Summit.pdf 5William J. Lynn III The Pentagon’s Cyberstrategy . Roreign Affairs. September/October 2010 . http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/defending-a-new-domain
120
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
unificirebuli xdeba saerTaSoriso midgomebi kiber-
brZolis prevenciebSi. kerZod: satelekomunikacio obieqte-
bze msxvili teroristuli Tavdasxmebis, teqnologiuri ka-
tastrofis an sxva sagangebo mdgomareobis SemTxvevisTvis
SemuSavebuli iqna axali sistema _ Domain Name System Security Extensions, romelic msoflio qselis gadatvirTvis SesaZle-
blobas iZleva, xolo misi gasaRebi kodebi Canergilia 6
plastikur baraTSi, mikrosqemis formiT, romelsac ndobiT
aRWurvili pirebi floben.1 aseve mniSvnelovania birTvuli
usafrTxoebis samitis modeliT (2010 w) SemuSavebuli ki-
berbrZolis prevenciebi, romelic moicavs: qveynebs Soris
TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas saerTaSoriso kiberusafr-
Txoebaze reagirebisTvis; dasaSvebi legitimuri Tavdacvi-
sa da TavdasxmiTi RonisZiebebs; SeTanxmebas inicirebuli
Tavdasxmebis Semowmebeli sabrZolo danayofis Seqmnaze;
kiberdacvis struqturis standartizaciasa da srulyofas
ZiriTadi infrastruqturis obieqtebis dacvis mizniT. 2
dasasrul, kiberpolitikis analizis safuZvelze Sei-
Zleba davaskvnaT:
rogorc globalur, aseve erovnul strategiul in-frastruqturaSi kiberpolitika SemuSavebuli unda iqnes
sxvadasxva tipis midgomiT, radgan yvela sferosTvis er-
Tiani midgoma misaRebi ar iqneba. TiToeulma saxelmwifom
kerZo operatorma Tavisi qseli unda akontrolos SeWrisa
da saziano kodebis dacvisaTvis;3
kiberpolitikis mamoZravebeli politikuri, sazogadoebrivi da kerZo seqtoris survili da aqtivizeba
unda iyos da ara administrireba;
kiberpolitikam safrTxe ar unda Seuqmnas yvela im maxasiaTebels, romliTac interneti gaxda war-
matebuli (gaxsniloba, decentralizacia, TviTregulireba
da momxmareblis mier kontrolireba, inovaciis mxardaWera,
sityvisa da azris gamoxatvisa da gaziarebis Tavisufleba,
eleqtronuli komercia da sxva) da romelic erTnairad ga-1 http://topnews.ru/news_id_37159.html 2 Johnson A., Spector K. Deterring Cyber War: A U.S.-Led Cybersecurity Summit. The National Security Program. October 2010. http://content.thirdway.org/publications/343/Third_Way_Idea_Brief_-_Deterring_Cyber_War-A_US-Led_Cybersecurity_Summit.pdf 3 Nojeim G. T., Cybersecurity: Preventing Terrorist Attacks and Protecting Privacy in Cyberspace. Centre for Democracy & Technology, November 17, 2009. http://www.cdt.org/fi les/pdfs/20091117_senate_cybersec_testimony.pdf
121
mikro-makroekonomika
moiyeneba yvela ZiriTadi infrastruqturis mimarT;
qveynaSi unda Seiqmnas kiberpolitikis iseTi stra-tegia, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba internetis Riao-
ba, decentralizacia, qveynis gamWvirvaloba, angariSvaldebu-
lebianoba, moqalaqeebis CarTuloba marTvaSi, usafrTxoebis
dacvaSi, aseve gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes piradi cxovre-
bis xelSeuxebloba, sityvis Tavisufleba, moxmarebis kon-
trolireba da novatoruli maxasiaTeblebi;
kiberusafrTxoebis politikasTan urTierTdamoki-debulebaSi unda iqnes moyvanili qveynis cifrovizaciis
tendencia, marTvis avtomatizacia da urTierTqmedeba; 1
saxelmwifo organoebma sasurveli usafr-Txoebis miRwevisa da informaciuli usafrTxoebis stra-
tegiuli gegmis formireba-srulyofisa da mzadyofnis
uzrunvelyofisTvis unda awarmoos 4 nacionaluri qmedeba:
prevencia, dacva, pasuxi da aRdgena;2
kiberSetevebisa da kiberterorizmis safrTxebis, mTlianad informaciuli usafrTxoebis garantirebulo-
bisaTvis qveynebma fokusireba unda moaxdinon konkretul
sferoebze. kibersafrTxeebis eqskalaciisaTvis saWiroa
usafrTxoebis yovelmxrivi analizi, Sefasebebi da meqaniz-
mebi SesaZlo kritikuli situaciis dadgomisTvis.3
kiberSetevebis prevenciebisaTvis qveynis naciona-luri Zalebi arasakmarisia, amitom saWiroa Camoyalibdes
globaluri usafrTxo sivrce, calkeuli qveynis kiberu-
safrTxoeba da saerTaSoriso politikiT inicirebuli
calkeuli qveynis kanonmdebloba;
marTalia, yvela qveynisaTvis saerToa kiberpro-blemebi, magram mzadyofna, dacva da prevenciebi gansxvave-
bulia. aseve gansxvavebulia kiberpolitikisa da kibersivr-
cis reputacia. amitom, TiToeulma qveyanam unda SeimuSaos
1 Steven R. Chabinsky . Cybersecurity Strategy: A Primer for Policy Makers and Those on the Front Line. Journal of National Security Law&Policy, Vol. 4.27, 2010 . http://www.jnslp.com/read/vol4no1/04_Chabinsky.pdf 2U.S. Department of Homeland and Security. Homeland and Security Grant Program. Supplemental Resource: Cyber Security Guidance. February 2008. http://www.bhs.idaho.gov/Pages/FinanceAndLogistics/Grants/PDF/fy08_hsgp_guide_cyber.pdf3 The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). Economic Wellbeing for All – An Agenda for Business. Quarterly Newsletter from CII (Southern Region). January - April 2010. http://www.ciionline.org/webcms/Upload/Deccan%20-%20April%202010.pdf
122
rati abulaZerati abulaZe
sakuTari, adekvaturi, specifikuri kiberpolitika da kibe-
rusafrTxoebis gegma, romelic unda Seicavdes sasurveli
usafrTxoebis mdgomareobis miRwevisTvis informaciuli
usafrTxoebis gegmis ganviTarebas;
informaciuli usafrTxoebis prevencia saWiroebs kompiuterebisa da informaciuli usafrTxoebis marTvis
farTo speqtrs da masTan dakavSirebul sistemebs, rogori-
caa kiberpolitikis instrumentebi, kerZo da samoqalaqo se-
qtoris swavleba/treningebi, cnobierebis amaRleba da sxva;
kiberpolitikis usafrTxoebis prevencia ar unda Seicavdes sazogadoebisa da kerZo seqtoris TvalTvals,
monitorings da srulad unda iqnes daculi moqalaqeTa
Tavisufleba da kerZo cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba;
dabolos, sazogadoebis usafrTxoeba da keTildRe-oba saWiroebs mTavrobis gegmian moqmedebas, rac miiRweva
pasuxismgeblobis marTviT, farTo iurisdiqciiT, adekvaturi
samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebebiT da kiberpolitikisa
da kiberusafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSavebiT.
Dangers and Challenges of CyberpoliticsDangers and Challenges of Cyberpolitics
R. AbuladzeR. AbuladzeApplication of information and communication technologies in
politics resulted in the increase of effi ciency of social politics, optimization of administering political processes, management of cyber confl icts, social relationships, manipulation on controlled society, the quality of political components in society. All this infl uences the country’s cyber safety, political elite, social status.
Cyber politics determines the requirements adapted to the state, population and business and serves as a catalyst of changes of improvements in state service and supply of multichannel service.
Cyberpolitics includes the state policy, information resources of the country as valuable economic assets and stimulator of economics, information management, political messages, technical politics and administration, protecting and implementing of structure (regime).
The main challenge of modern politics is cyber safety. Cyber dangers are experienced, diffi cult, secret and dangerous, frequently followed by unforeseen results. In cases of cyber attacks, the paradigm of safety is unclear and probability of exact ciphering is low. The article provides the system of defi nite actions for reducing the risks in cyberpolicy.
123
mikro-makroekonomika
leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asistent-profesori iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is asistent-profesori
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gamoikveTa kacobriobis gan-
viTarebis axali etapi – globalizacia, rac fragmentaciis
sawinaaRmdego procesad Camoyalibda. Tu Tavdapirvelad
globalizacia wminda ekonomikuri Sinaarsis termini iyo,
sul ramdenime weliwadSi man farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva. ekono-
mikuris garda, globalizacias politikuri, teqnikuri, so-
cialuri, ekologiuri, kulturuli da sxva aspeqtebic aqvs.
am gagebiT globalizacia metad rTuli, urTierTdakav-
Sirebuli da urTierTgadajaWvuli procesebis kompleq-
sia da farTo gagebiT sxvadasxva mecnierebis Seswavlis
obieqtia.
arsebobs azri, rom internacionalizacia globalizaci-
is procesis ganviTarebis obieqtur safuZvels da msof-
lio ekonomikis ganviTarebis procesSi globalizaciis
winamorbed etaps warmoadgens. swored internacional-
izaciis etapze mimdinare procesebSi (saqonliT da momsax-
urebiT vaWroba, kapitalis saerTaSoriso moZraoba da a.S.)
dagrovilma raodenobrivma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia msof-
lio ekonomikis axal, ufro mTlian, erTian TvisebriobaSi
– globalur ekonomikur sistemaSi gadasvla.
globalizacia iwvevs regionuli integraciuli proces-
ebis intensifikacias, saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri sisteme-
bis gaxsnilobas, savaWro da safinanso operaciebis norme-
bis da wesebis universalizacias, bazrebis regulirebis da
kontrolis unifikacias da a.S.
namdvili globaluri bazris Seqmnas SeiZleba
aTwleulebic ki dasWirdes. mravali politikuri mizezis
gamo kapitalis moZraobisa da vaWrobis reJimebis univer-
ekonomikuri globalizaciis ekonomikuri globalizaciis
zogierTi Tavisebureba zogierTi Tavisebureba
124
leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili
salizaciam jer kidev ver Seqmna erTgvarovani sameurneo
garemo, Cveni planetisaTvis erTiani ekonomikuri sivrce.
Mmsoflios 200–ze meti saxelmwifo araTanabrad viTarde-
ba. ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis naxevarze mets ki
ganviTareba Tanamedrove gagebiT arc Sexebia, isini Caketil
ekonomikur sivrceSi cxovroben.
globalizacias hyavs momxreebic da mowinaaRmdegeebic.
momxreebi mis dadebiT mxareebze amaxvileben yuradRebas,
mowinaaRmdegeni ki – uaryofiTze. momxreebi amtkiceben,
rom globalizacias mTeli msoflios ekonomikisaTvis
sargeblis micemis uzarmazari potenciali aqvs1. vaWrobaze
SezRudvebis moxsnam da konkurenciis gamZafrebam calkeu-
li qveynebi da kompaniebi iZulebuli gaxada globalurad
eazrovnaT, globalurad daegegmaT da globalurad emoqme-
daT. axali teqnologiebi, rac globalizaciis mamoZrave-
beli Zalaa, swrafad vrceldeba da qveynebi, romlebic am
teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT awarmoeben axal saqonels da
momsaxurebas sabazaro konkurenciaSi imarjveben da li-
derebic xdebian.
globalizaciis dadebiTi mxareebi udavod bevria,
romelTa Soris unda aRiniSnos Semdegi:
Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebisa da special-izaciis gaRrmaveba. globalizaciis pirobebSi ufro efeq-
tianad nawildeba resursebi da saxsrebi, rac xels uwyobs
mosaxleobis cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis gaumjobese-
bas;
ganviTarebadi da gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebs eZlevaT saSualeba miiRon pirdapiri investiciebi,
romliTac iqmneba axali samuSao adgilebi da garkveul-
wilad izrdeba mosaxleobis Semosavlebi;
vaWrobis ganviTareba da ucxouri investiciebis zrda amaRlebs da ganamtkicebs saSualo klasis socilur
mobilobas;
globalizaciis Sedegad urTierT xelsayreli vaWrobidan mogebuli rCeba yvela mxare, maT Soris calkeu-
li pirebi, firmebi, korporaciebi, qveynebi, savaWro kavSirebi
da mTeli kontinentic ki;
globalizacia qmnis seriozul safuZvels kacobri-1 Дж. Сломан, Кевин Хайнз. Экономика для бизнеса (полный курс МВА) М., ЭКСМО, 2010, с.661.
125
mikro-makroekonomika
obis sayovelTao problemebis, upirveles yovlisa, ekolo-
giuri problemis gadawyvetisaTvis, rac ganpirobebulia
msoflio Tanamegobrobis Zalisxmevis gaerTianebiT da mo-
qmedebaTa koordinaciiT sxvadasxva sferoSi.
globalizaciis procesi msoflio ekonomikaSi araerT-
gvarovnad aRiqmeba. misdami gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba
gaaCnia ara mxolod mecnierebs, aramed sxvadasxva qveynis
mosaxleobas. mas miesalmebian ganviTarebuli qveynebi,
xolo ganviTarebad qveynebSi sifrTxiliT ekidebian. es
ganpirobebuli imiT, rom globalizaciis upiratesobebi
msoflioSi araTanabrad nawildeba. sikeTis arasamar-
Tliani ganawileba warmoSobs konfliqtebs regionul
da nacionalur doneebze. swrafad ganviTarebadi qveynebi
erTvebian ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebis wreSi, xolo
Raribi qveynebi sul ufro CamorCebian maT. gamomdinare
aqedan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ”globalizaciis yvela kargi
mxarec yovelTvis ar moergeba erovnul saxelmwifoebriv
interesebs. amitom ufro logikurad miviCnevT, rom su-
verenulma saxelmwifom individualurad (sakuTar isto-
riul tradiciebTan mimarTebaSi) globalizaciasTan adap-
tirebis strategia SeimuSaos1~.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi globalizacia iwvevs: regionu-
li integraciuli procesebis intensifikacias, saxelmwifo-
Ta ekonomikuri sistemebis gaxsnilobas, nebismier bazarze
uproblemo monawileobas, savaWro da safinanso operacie-
bis normebisa da wesebis universalizacias, bazrebis regu-
lirebisa da kontrolis unifikacias da a.S. realurad
msoflio iZens saerTo standartebs.
saqarTvelo istoriulad aziisa da evropis gasayarze
mdebareobs, ris gamoc is saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-
bis aRdgenis Semdeg swrafad CaerTo msoflio globalur
procesebSi. dReisaTvis is warmoadgens swrafad ganviTare-
bad demokratiul saxelmwifos, romelic miiltvis terito-
riuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa da ekonomikurad gaZliere-
bisken. amisaTvis ki qveyanas sWirdeba evrokavSirSi inte-
gracia da globalizaciis gamowvevebisaTvis mdgradobis
SenarCuneba. aseT pirobebSi icvleba erovnuli ekonomikis
1n. WiTanava, globalizacia da saqarTvelos socialur –ekono-
mikuri ganviTarebis problemebi. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mec-
nierebaTa akademia, Sromebis krebuli, #8, Tb. 2010, gv. 88.
126
leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili
roli da adgili da wina planze gamodis erovnuli ekono-
mikis sagareo Semadgeneli.
ukanasknel wlebSi msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri
procesebis saqarTvelos ekonomikaze dadebiTi zegavlenis
magaliTebidan SeiZleba dasaxeldes Semdegi:
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobidan 2008 wels saqarT-velosTvis 4.5 mlrd aSS dolaris moculobis daxmareba
gamoiyo, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada dagveZlia ruseT-
saqarTvelos omisa da globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis
negatiuri Sedegebi;
ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis miRweva. mSp-is moculoba ukanasknel wlebSi saSualod 7-8 %-iT gaizarda.
2007 wels am maCvenebelma 12, 3% Seadgina, marTalia ruseT-
saqarTvelos omisa da globaluri krizisis gavlenis Sed-
egad 2009 wels mSp-is moculoba wina welTan SedarebiT
3,8-iT Semcirda, Tumca 2011 wels zrdam 7% Seadgina;
masStaburi regionuli proeqtebis realizacia (transnacionaluri proeqtebi energetikisa da transpor-
tis sferoSi), romelSic saqarTvelo monawileobs, samuSao
adgilebis Seqmnis, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisa da konkuren-
tunarinobis gaZlierebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. qveynis
teritoriaze mniSvnelovani satransporto, satranzito ma-
gistralebis mSeneblobam uzrunvelyo ekonomikuri zrdis
tempebis daCqareba. globalizaciis sanimuSo magaliTebia
”baqo-sufsis”, ”baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis” navTobsadenis mSen-
ebloba;
dainerga komunikaciis Tanamedrove uaxlesi teq-nologiebi, gaizarda informaciis gavrcelebis siCqare,
farTod dainerga interneti rogorc biznesis, aseve sa-
zogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxva sferoebSi, ramac, erTi mxriv,
gaamartiva samewarmeo saqmianoba da meore mxriv, msoflios
mieca saSualeba gaecnos saqarTvelos kulturas, istorias
da geografias, ramac, saboloo angariSiT Seqmna turis-
tuli biznesis ganviTarebis pirobebi. 2011 wels qveyanaSi
2 820 185 turisti Semovida;
globalizaciisa da ekonomikuri integraciis erT-erTi prioritetuli mxarea ucxouri pirdapiri investicie-
bis Semodineba saqarTveloSi, ramac 2006 wels Seadgina
1.1 mlrd dolari, 2007 wels _ 2.0 mlrd, xolo 2011 wels
_ 1 mlrd dolari. gaizarda investori qveynebis geogra-
127
mikro-makroekonomika
fia. 2011 wels mTeli ucxouri investiciebis 21,8% modioda
niderlandebze, 10,2%-daniaze, 9,6%-saerTaSoriso organiza-
ciebze, 7,8%-TurqeTze, 5,3%- ruseTze da a.S;
zogadad globalizaciis da konkretulad ekono-mikuri integraciis mkafio magaliTs warmoadgens saqarT-
velos sagareo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis dinamika da
struqtura. importis maCvenebeli 2006 wlis 3,6 mlrd
dolaridan, 2011 wlisaTvis gaizarda 7,1 mlrd dolaramde,
xolo eqsportis, Sesabamisad _ 936 aTasi dolaridan - 2,2
mln dolaramde. gafarTovda sagareo vaWrobis geografi-
uli areali. 2011 wlisaTvis savaWro partniori qveynebis
raodenobam istoriul maqsimums _ 147-s miaRwia. saqarT-
velos savaWro brunvaSi 16,2% modis TurqeTze, 11,2%- azer-
baijanze, 9,2%- ukrainaze, 6,0%- CineTze, 5,7%-germaniaze, 4,6%-
ruseTze, 4,2% aSS-ze da a.S1.
globalizacias uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs:
globalizaciis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi rTuldeba qveynis erovnuli TviTmyofadoba, kulturaTa originalo-
bis SenarCuneba. izrdeba mcire zomis qveynebze msxvili su-
per-saxelmwifoebis politikuri, ekonomikuri da samxedro
gavlena, rac aseve damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove saqarT-
velosTvis;
globalizacia iwvevs samuSao Zalis migraciis zr-das ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ganviTarebul qveynebSi. am
process xels uwyobs satransporto saSualebebisa da teq-
nologiebis ganviTareba. dRes msoflioSi 300 mln-mde mi-
grantia. saqarTveloc ver ascda am process. eqspertuli
SefasebebiT qveynidan imigrirebulia 1 mln-ze meti ada-
miani. sazRvargareT wasvlis msurvelTa ricxvi kvlavac
maRalia, radgan TavianT qveyanaSi ara aqvT profesiuli da
socialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis saSualeba;
globalizaciam da gansakuTrebiT msoflio ekono-mikurma integraciam gazarda umuSevrobis done. axali
teqnologiebis da teqnikuri miRwevebis danergvam mniS-
vnelovnad gazarda Sromis mwarmoebluroba da fizikuri
Sroma Caanacvla manqanuri da eleqtronuli momsaxure-
1 aRniSnuli maCveneblebis Sesaxeb informacia ganTavsebulia veb-
gverdze http//www.geostat.ge 2011
128
leila qadagiSvilileila qadagiSvili
biT. amave dros gardamaval etapze ver moxerxda realuri
seqtoris, gansakuTrebiT agraruli seqtoris ganviTareba,
ramac mosaxleobis didi nawili samuSao adgilis gareSe
datova. 2004 wels, oficialuri statistikiT, saqarTveloSi
umuSevrobis done Seadgenda 12,6%, xolo 2011 wlisaTvis
igi 16,3 %-mde gaizarda;
globalizaciis yvelaze negatiur mxared unda CaiT-valos erT romelime msxvil qveyanaSi dawyebuli ekonomi-
kuri da finansuri krizisis swrafad gavrceleba msof-
lios sxva qveynebSi. amis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs, maT
Soris jer kidev bolomde dauZleveli ekonomikuri da
finansuri krizisi, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara aSS-Si da
swrafad moedo mTel msoflios.
G globalizaciis aRniSnuli da sxva negatiuri maxa-
siaTeblebis miuxedavad, kacobrioba mas rogorc obieq-
tur realobas, gverds ver auvlis. Tanac, misi pozitiuri
mxare gacilebiT masStaburia da mTavari amocana swored
misi Semdgomi ganviTareba da gaRrmavebaa. swored global-
izaciis dadebiTi mxareebis optimaluri gamoyenebiT unda
iqnes miRweuli saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaR-
leba da misi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi integrirebis
xarisxis zrda.
Some Peculiarities of Economic Globalization Some Peculiarities of Economic Globalization
L. Kadagishvili L. Kadagishvili
The paper discusses the peculiarities of economic globalization. It is noted that economic globalization has both advantages and disadvantages. The examples of positive and negative infl uence of the global processes on Georgia’s economy in recent years are analyzed. It is concluded that in spite of some negative sides of globalization, its positive side is much greater and the main task now is to further develop and deepen these directions. The positive sides of globalization are the factors which should be used optimally for increasing competitiveness of the country and achieving higher level of international integration.
129
mikro-makroekonomika
marina tabataZemarina tabataZe Tsu-is profesori, ekonomikis doqtori Tsu-is profesori, ekonomikis doqtori
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetad
agraruli seqtori ganixileba, rac realurad arsebul
sawarmoo potencials, mosaxleobis yofacxovrebis
istoriul tradiciebs da sameurneo saqmianobis
garkveul Cvevebs ukavSirdeba. postsabWoTa periodis
transformaciul procesebTan dakavSirebulma ekonomikis
dargobrivi struqturis rRvevam da sawarmoo procesebis
moSlam yvelaze mZime Sedegebi soflad iqonia da sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis sruli kraxi gamoiwvia. tradiciuli
bazrebis dakargvam da Cveni produqciis dabalma xarisxma
misi sasaqonlo done minimumamde Seamcira, Siga bazrebze
dominirebadi ki importuli sursaTi gaxada. mniSvnelovnad
Semcirda soflis meurneobis wili qveynis ekonomikaSi (90-
iani wlebis mSp-is 30%-dan, 2005 wlis - 15% da 2010 wlis
7%-mde), sursaTis importma 780 mln.dolari, eqsportma ki
143 mln. dolari Seadgina.1 es dargi jer-jerobiT biznes-
partniorebisaTvis interesmoklebuli da investorebisaTvis
aramimzidveli rCeba (soflis meurneobaze mTliani ucxouri
investiciebis mxolod 1% modis).
cxovrebis dabalma donem moxmarebis mcire
masStabi ganapiroba, ramac investiciebis koncentrireba
Siga bazarze orientirebuli ekonomikis nacvlad,
dRes eqsportSemcvel warmoebaSi moaxdina. ruseTisa
da TurqeTis bazrebis mniSvnelovani SezRudvis gamo,
qarTuli agraruli seqtorisaTvis yvelaze aqtualuri
evrokavSirTan savaWro partnioroba gaxda, gansakuTrebiT,
saqarTvelosaTvis preferenciebis zogadi sistemiT (GSP+) sargeblobis uflebis miniWebisa da evropis samezoblo
politikaSi (ENP) CarTvis Semdeg, rac evrokavSiris qveynebTan
yovlismomcvel vaWrobaze gadasvlas iTvaliswinebs da
qarTuli soflis qarTuli soflis aRorZinebisaTvisaRorZinebisaTvis
1 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, www.geostat.ge
130
marina tabataZemarina tabataZe
rasac arakorufciuli preferenciebis gamoyenebis
Sedegad investiciebis zrda unda mohyves.
qveynis ekonomikuri modelis SerCeva upirvelesad
strategiuli mniSvnelobis dargebis aRorZinebas da
maTdami upiratesi xelSewyobis sistemis gamoyenebas unda
iTvaliswinebdes.. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania swored
soflis meurneoba, misi reabilitaciis antikrizisuli
programa aucileblad moiTxovs dargSi arsebuli
problemebis kvlevas, maT ranJirebasa da sareabilitacio
RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas.
soflad ekonomikuri aqtivobis saxelmwifo
mxardaWera biznesgaremos gaumjobesebasa da samewarmeo
saqmianobis liberalizacias moiTxovs, rac
aucileblad unda aisaxos regionul programebsa
da saxelmwifo ganviTarebis erTian strategiaSi.
satranzito geopolitika saqarTvelos obieqturad aniWebs
agrobiznes-platformis funqcias mezobeli da partniori
qveynebisaTvis, rac Ria ekonomikis liberalur midgomebTan
erTad, Tavisufali sawarmoo-savaWro subieqtebis Seqmnas
da specialuri regulaciebis SemoRebas iTvaliswinebs.
radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovs dargis
ganviTarebis sakiTxisadmi saxelmwifo midgoma, igi
TiToeuli regionis specifikis, maTi araerTgvarovani
sastarto doneebis da ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli
potencialis mixedviT unda iyos diferencirebuli.
soflis meurneobis upiratesi ganviTarebis saxelmwifo
mxardaWera unda ganxorcieldes rogorc finansuri
meqanizmebis (diferencirebuli transferebi, grantebi da
subsidiebi, individualuri mxardaWeris koeficientebi,
SeRavaTiani kreditebi), ise administraciuli berketebis
gamoyenebiT (infrastruqturuli kooperaciebis da
logistikuri centrebis saqmianobis reglamentacia,
agraruli mimarTulebiT marTvis adgilobrivi rgolebis
saqmianobis gaaqtiureba da sxva).
agraruli seqtoris ganviTareba uSualod
ukavSirdeba sabiujeto sistemis optimizacias, rac
fiskalur decentralizacias, adgilobrivi Semosavlebis
damoukideblad gankargvasa da fermerTa mimarT
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebas iTvaliswinebs,
Tanamedrove sabiujeto mowyoba ki, realurad, amwvavebs
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, www.geostat.ge
131
mikro-makroekonomika
biujetis vertikalur daubalanseblobas, misi seqtoruli
da teritoriuli struqturebis ararseboba arTulebs
regionebTan asocirebuli agraruli subieqtebis
informirebas saxelmwifo asignebebisa da transferebis
Sesaxeb, es ki xels uSlis maT sakuTari saqmianobis
dagegmvaSi.
samewarmeo urTierTobebSi uaRresad centralizebulia
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi, regionuli
institutebis, saxelmwifo rwmunebulis administraciisa
da aRmasrulebebeli sistemis adgilobrivi organoebis
funqciebSi ar Sedis ekonomikuri aqtiurobis regulireba,
amaTan, araerTgvarovania sxvadasxva uwyebis teritoriuli
organoebis funqcionirebis sivrcobrivi sazRvrebi, rac
arTulebs regionuli marTvis struqturebis koordinacias
da erTmaneTTan komunikacias. am problemebis mogvareba
optimaluri teritoriuli proporciebis Camoyalibebas da
regionTaSorisi kavSirebis damyarebas, TviTmmarTvelobis
struqturebis swor funqciur regulirebas, ekonomikuri
samsaxurebis saqmianobis meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas da
calkeuli dargis gaZRolis organizaciuli qvesistemebis
Seqmnas moiTxovs. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaSi
prioritetulad marTvis korporaciul meTodebze
gadasvla miiCneva, igi aucileblad unda daemyaros
fermerebsa da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTkomunikacias
prioritetebis gansazRvris, reformebis SemuSavebisa
da maTi ganxorcielebis monitoringis procesebSi.
qarTuli soflis aRorZinebaSi kooperaciis mniSvnelobaze
saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs profesor paata koRuaSvils,
igi aSS-s, israelis, baltiispireTis qveynebis gamocdilebis
safuZvelze socialur pasuxismgeblobis principebze
orientirebul samewarmeo formebs ganixilavs soflis
meurneobis, misi momsaxure dargebis swrafi reabilitaciis
da samewarmeo aqtivobis mobilizebis ZiriTad formad.1
prof e.xaraiSvili miiCnevs,rom agraruli seqtoris
reforma gadaudeblad moiTxovs miwis wvril mesakuTreTa
nebayoflobiTi kooperaciuli gaerTianebebis Camoyalibebas
da maT integracias gadamamuSavebel dargebTan.
kooperaciul sawyisebze arsebul saTemo organizaciebs
didi roli eniWeba USAID-is socialuri programebis
1koRuaSvili p. rogor avaRorZinoT qarTuli sofeli, Jurn.
„biznesi da kanonmdebloba,“N7-8, 2010.
132
marina tabataZemarina tabataZe
ganxorcielebaSic.1 kooperirebas sawarmoo aqtiurobasTan
erTad SeuZlia pozitiuri wvlilis Setana fermerebsa da
gadamamuSavebel sawarmoebs Soris arsebuli interesTa
konfliqtis daZlevaSic, rac dReisaTvis erT-erTi mwvave
problemaa agrarul seqtorSi. migvaCnia, rom kooperacia,
rogorc vertikaluri integraciis forma obieqturi
aucileblobaa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze.
axal ekonomikur garemosTan agraruli seqtoris
adaptireba instituciur da finansur cvlilebebs
moiTxovs, ramac sameurneo aqtivobaSi municipaluri
erTeulebis CarTva unda uzrunvelyos, am poziciidan,
sabazro meqanizmebis sinTezirebis yvelaze konkurentul
instituciad klasteruli struqturebi ganixileba, romelic
samewarmeo, marketinguli, sainformacio, infrastruqturuli
erTeulebis konglomeraciiT zrdis sainvesticio aqtiurobas
da qmnis damatebiT samuSao adgilebs. didi mniSvneloba
aqvs aseTi kompaniebis saqmianobis koordinacias regionuli
struqturebis mier, maTi mxridan finansur da sakredito
mxardaWeras.
soflis meurneobaSi yvelaze aqtualuri sakiTxi
arsebuli savargulebis gamoyenebis intensifikaciaa, rac
miwebis privatizaciis dasrulebas, teritoriis swor
organizacias da amortizebuli savargulebis reabilitacias
moiTxovs. mecnierulad dasabuTebulma miwaTmowyobam da
sworma Teslbrunvam, agroqimiurma da melioraciulma
RonisZiebebma maqsimalurad unda uzrunvelyos
damuSavebuli savargulebis farTobisa da nayofierebis
zrda. saqarTvelos problema mciremiwianobasTan erTad,
teritoriis araswori organizaciaa, miuxedavad upiratesad
industriuli xasiaTisa, evrokavSiris qveynebi sasoflo-
sameurneo sivrcis maRali doniT xasiaTdebian - teritoriis
90%, CvenTan ki igi 60%-mdea. ramdenadac eqstensiuri
miwaTsargeblobis resursebi, praqtikulad, amowurulia,
agraruli sasaqonlo produqciis warmoeba meurneobis
gaZRolis intensiur meTodebze unda iyos orientirebuli,
rac saseleqcio muSaobis gaaqtiurebas, sanerge meurneobis
ganviTarebas, Tanamedrove agrobiologiuri meTodebisa
da informaciuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebas moiTxovs,
mecxoveleobis sferoSi ZiriTad amocanad kvlav rCeba
1xaraiSvili e. zviadaZe e. nedli xilis evropuli bazari da warmoebis
potenciali saqarTveloSi, Jurn. “ekonomika da biznesi,“N#2, 2011.
133
mikro-makroekonomika
saqonlis produqtiulobis zrdis xelSewyoba da
importSemcvleli ganviTarebis strategiaze orientacia,
sanaSene fermebisa da sakvebwarmoebis organizeba.
agrobiznesis ganviTarebisaTvis strategiul
mniSvnelobas iZens momsaxurebis servis-centrebi
da logistikuri struqturebi, maTSi produqciis
Senaxvis, daxarisxebis, sacalo da sabiTumo vaWrobis,
laboratoriuli kvlevisa da sasawyobo struqturebis
gaerTianeba. logistikurma da infrastruqturulma
centrebma srulyofili administraciuli meqanizmebiT da
liberaluri urTierTobebiT xeli unda Seuwyos eqsportis
zrdas da bazrebis diversifikacias. es procesi moiTxovs
evropuli teqnikuri da sanitaruli standartebis, xarisxis
marTvis, Sesabamisobis sertificirebis sistemebis danergvas,
sabaJo kontrolisa da satarifo barierebis Semcirebas,
sabaJo procedurebis maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo
normativebis harmonizacias, antimonopoliuri meqanizmebis
amoqmedebas. Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba sakmaod
mniSvnwelovani motivaciaa qarTuli agraruli produqciis
eqsportirebisa da biznes-platformis Seqmnis proeqtis
realizaciisaTvis. arsebuli potencialis da samewarmeo
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT zogierT adgilobriv
saqonels SeuZlia msoflio brendad iqces, rac
radikalur cvlilebebs moiTxovs rogorc dargis
instituciur regulirebaSi, ise gaZRolis meTodebsa da
teqnollogiur procesebSi. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania
Rvinis turizmis ganviTareba, qvevris Rvinis brendis Seqmna da
misi popularizacia, miwaTmoqmedebis tradiciuli dargebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki memarcvleobis, meCaieobis, mecitruseobisa
da mebostneobis reabilitacia. seqtoris ganviTarebas
mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels Tavisufali agrozonebis
Seqmna liberaluri sagadasaxado da saangariSsworebo
regulaciebiT.
Tanamedrove realobaSi yvelaze mwvave problemad
siRaribis daZleva rCeba, gansakuTrebiT soflad, sadac qveynis
Raribi mosaxleobis 55% cxovrobs, amasTan es maCvenebeli,
qalaqisagan gansxvavebiT, zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba
da dReisaTvis RaribTa wili soflis mosaxleobaSi 7%-
iT aRemateba imave maCvenebels qalaqad, aseTi tendencia
soflis meurneobis stagnaciis da sameurneo resursebis
mwvave deficitis mniSvnelovani determinantia. siRaribis
maRali maCvenebeli soflad Sromisunariani asakis
134
marina tabataZemarina tabataZe
mosaxleobis mkveTri Semcirebis da ekonomikis struqturuli
deformaciebis Sedegia, kerZod, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis
75% mxolod ekonomikuri koniunqturis cvlilebebiTaa
gamowveuli. soflis meurneoba Zalian Sromatevadi,
Sesabamisad, yvelaze meti samuSao adgilis warmomqmneli
da damsaqmebeli sferoa (amaze miuTiTebs is, rom 2011 wels
soflad qveynis mosaxleobis - 47%, xolo dasaqmebulTa
_ 63% cxovrobda), magram, es dargi saSualo ekonomikur
doneze orjer naklebi SemosavlianobiT xasiaTdeba, rac,
Tavis mxriv, agrarul seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa gaRaribebas
da socialurad daucvelobas iwvevs, marTalia, siRaribis
daZleva saxelmwifo prioritetad aris aRiarebuli,
magram, realurad ar arsebobs soflad mkafiod
Camoyalibebuli dasaqmebis politika, igi aucileblad
moiTxovs biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis sistematizebas,
satransfero politikis srulyofas, dasaqmebis sferoSi
maqsimalurad moqnil regulaciebs da socialuri daxmarebis
miznobrivi programebis dafinansebis zrdas regionebSi.
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis Tanamedrove problemebze
mniSvnelovani gamokvleva aqvs prof.e. meqvabiSvils
da prof.i.arCvaZes. is faqti, rom soflis meurneobis
produqciis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili
mosaxleobis fulad SemosavlebSi mxolod 6%-ia, maTi
azriT aixsneba imiT, rom Zalian dabalia Sinameurneobebis
mier warmoebuli produqciis dasaqonlianebis done-18%(1989
w.-82%), saxezea paradoqsi -- administraciul-mbrZaneblur
sistemaSi piradi damxmare meurneobebSi ufro metad
iyo bazarze orientirebuli, vidre dRes, „saqme gvaqvs
sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis naturalizaciasTan, rac misi
degradirebis maCvenebelia“.1
TviTdasaqmebis maRali done da meurneobriobis
eqstensiuri forma agrarul regionebSi Semosavlebis
simcires da mis araTanabar teritoriul ganawilebas
ganapirobebs. mag. miuxedavad imisa, rom samcxe-javaxeTSi,
guriasa da samegreloSi oficialurad registrirebulia
umuSevrobis yvelaze dabali done, swored guriaSi, samcxe-
javaxeTSi da qvemo qarTlSi dafiqsirda Semosavlebis
yvelaze cudi maCvenebeli rogorc absolutur
1arCvaZe i. meqvabiSvili e. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis
Tanamedrove mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi, Jurn.
„ekonomika da biznesi“,N#6, 2010.
135
mikro-makroekonomika
gamosaxulebaSi, ise zrdis tempebis mixedviT. soflad
arsebuli finansuri resursebis mwvave deficiti aferxebs
dargis reabilitaciis process, dReisaTvis soflis
mcxovrebTa 36% ver amuSavebs savargulebs, 52%-s ki ar hyavs
Sinauri pirutyvi, rac Semosavlebis mcire diversificirebis
gamo cud socialur garemos da cxovrebis dabal dones
ganapirobebs.
am viTarebaSi socialuri transferebi (ZiriTadad--
pensiebi) adgilobrivi SinameurneobebisaTvis Semosavlebis
ZiriTad wyarod iqca (55%). soflis mosaxleobis socialur-
ekonomikur problemebs amwvavebs regionebSi arsebuli
susti infrastruqtura da mZime sayofacxovrebo
pirobebi, rasac mwir sabiujeto uzrunvelyofasTan erTad,
araswori administrirebac ganapirobebs, sareabilitacio
infrastruqturuli obieqtebis SerCeva xSirad ar xdeba
instituciurad dasabuTebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT da
subieqtur xasiaTs atarebs.
agraruli seqtoris umniSvnelovanesi problema
Sromis dabali mwarmoeblurobaa, 1990-20101 w.w. igi
saqarTveloSi Svidjer Semcirda, amis ZiriTadi mizezi
amortizebuli teqnikuri baza, moZvelebuli teqnologiuri
procesebi da warmoebis gaZRolis aramecnieruli
sistemebi rCeba, investiciebis ararsebobasTan erTad, am
viTarebas fermerTa susti motivacia, agrarul seqtorSi
inovaciebis maRalriskianoba da ukugebis xangrZlivi
periodi gansazRvravs, praqtikulad, ar arsebobs regionebSi
sainovacio politikis makoordinirebeli sistema,
beCmarkingisa da statistikis meqanizmebi, inovaciebis
maregulirebeli sakanonmdeblo da administraciuli
baza, dabalia regionuli xelisuflebisa da finansuri
institutebis daintereseba sainovacio saqmianobis finansur
mxardaWeraSi. 2008 wels SemuSavebuli soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis strategiuli gegma ar iTvaliswinebs sainovacio
politikis komponentebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom swored es
dargi ganicdis yvelaze metad inovaciebis deficits da
msoflio teqnologiuri miRwevebis gamoyenebasTan erTad,
aucileblad moiTxovs dargis inovaciuri ganviTarebis
gegmis SemuSavebas. teqnologiebis transferi sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis xarisxis swori indikatoria, saqarTvelo ki
araTu agraruli inovaciebis, aramed, zogadad, inovaciebis
dafinansebiT mosaxleobis erT sulze msoflioSi 150-e
adgilzea, riTac nepalsa da seiSelis kunZulebs utoldeba
136
marina tabataZemarina tabataZe
da 500-jer CamorCeba fineTs. soflis meurneobaSi
inovaciuri procesebi aucileblad moiTxovs adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier maT regionul
koordinacias, dargobrivi inovaciuri proeqtebis Sedgenas,
maTi dafinansebis mizniT sabanko seqtoris gaaqtiurebas
da specializebuli regionuli safinanso institutebis
Seqmnas.
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasTan uSualo kavSirSia
adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis bazris xelmisawvdomobis
uzrunvelyofa. sursaTis fasebis sakiTxi gansakuTrebiT
mtkivneulia sazogadoebisaTvis, ramdenadac araadekvaturi
samomxmareblo fasebi yvelaze metad amZimebs socialur
garemos. bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi sursaTze
fasebi 166%-iT gaizarda, rasac, Teoriulad, agraruli
seqtoris upiratesi ganviTarebis motivireba unda
moexdina, realurad ki, permanentulad mcirdeba sasoflo-
sameurneo warmoebis moculoba da, Sesabamisad, erovnuli
produqciis wilic sasursaTo bazrebze, soflis meurneobis
saqonlianobis done 15%-mde Semcirda da igi mTlianad
Caanacvla importulma sursaTma. daeca produqciis
warmoeba yvela ZiriTad sasaqonlo jgufSi, 2006-2010 w.w.
mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT 5-10 kg-iT Semcirda
xorblis, xilis, yurZnis, xorcis warmoeba, amasTan, gaizarda
sabazro fasebi yvela saxis sasaqonlo jgufSi, Semcirda
naTesi farTobebi da warmoebis moculoba strategiul
produqtebze, mniSvnelovnad gauaresda TviTuzrunvelyofis
maCvenebelic. magram, qveyanaSi siRaribis maRali
maCveneblis gamo, sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis Siga
bazarze orientacia dReisaTvis, praqtikulad wamgebiania,
Sesabamisad, investirebis ZirTad orientirad saeqsporto
dargebis ganviTareba da saerTaSoriso bazrebze qarTuli
produqciis pozicionireba unda gaxdes.
soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva
uSualod ukavSirdeba garkveul instituciur cvlilebebs,
radganac wvrili meurneobebi jerjerobiT konkurencias
ver uweven sxva subieqtebs da marginalizebuli arian
sabazro sistemaSi. saWiroa Camoyalibdes sakontraqto
urTierTobis da saSuamavlo struqturebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofs fermerTa produqciis garantirebul
Sesyidva-realizacias. agrarul seqtorSi unda amoqmeddes
mcire mewarmeobis xelSewyobis saxelmwifo programa, rac
biznes-operatorebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis preferenciebs
137
mikro-makroekonomika
gaiTvaliswinebs. aucilebelia tradiciuli saojaxo
soflis meurneobis paralelurad, Seiqmnas modernizebuli
da Tavisufal samewarmeo principebze dafuZnebuli
sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebisa da pirveladi
gadamuSavebis kooperirebuli firmebi, logistikuri da
saSuamavlo centrebi.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas moiTxovs adgilobrivi
saqonlis saerTaSoriso bazrebze gasvlis saxelmwifo
mxaedaWeris strategiis SemuSaveba, ramac Sida bazris
dacvasTan erTad, sagareo bazrebis marketinguli kvleva
da masze sakuTari segmentebis mopoveba unda gansazRvros,
es SesaZlebeli iqneba mxolod ekologiurad sufTa,
saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesaferisi produqciis
warmoebiT, misi sasaqonlo saxis srulyofiT, am mizniT
aucilebelia licenziebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis
samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa, bazarze mwarmoeblis qcevis
saerTaSoriso normebis danergva, saeqsporto produqciis
Sesaxeb informaciis farTod gavrceleba da saTanado
reklamireba, am procesebSi cnobili sasaqonlo birJebis
CarTva, msoflio bazrebis koniunqturis Seswavla
da erovnuli agraruli produqciis warmoebis maT
moTxovnebze orientireba.
did mniSvnelobas iZens soflis meurneobisaTvis
kvalificiuri specialistebis momzadebis, niadagmcodneobis,
mikrobiologiis, zooveterinariis, mcenareTa dacvisa da
sxva dargobrivi mecnierebebis ganviTarebis, msoflio
gamocdilebis Seswavlis, fermerTa profesiuli momzadebis,
saerTaSoriso saswavlo da sakonsultacio programebSi
adgilobrivi mewarmeebis monawileobis sakiTxi..
saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiT ramodenime saintereso
proeqti Sedga, keZod, evraziis partniorobis fondis mier
ganxorcielebuli saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis
mefutkreTa TanamSromlobis proeqti, asociacia“elkanas“
mier organizebuli evrokavSiris biofermerebTan
adgilobrivi agromewarmeebis daaxloebis proeqti, kavkasiis
garemosdacviTi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis - CENN,
NACRES mier saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraobasTan erTad
sasoflo-sameurneo anarCenebisa da genmodificirebuli
organizmebis gamoyenebis proeqti, Rvinis warmoebisa da
eqsportis ganviTarebis mizniT specialistTa gacvlis
mimdinare programa da sxva. saWiroa swavlebis
sferoSi saqmianobis meti koordinacia da saerTaSoriso
138
marina tabataZemarina tabataZe
regulaciebis gamoyeneba. saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo
mewarmeobis didi gamocdilebis miuxedavad, aucilebelia
inovaciuri teqnologiebis, Sromis swori organizaciisa da
menejmentis Tanamedrove meTodebis danergva, progresuli
siaxleebis adaptireba.
agraruli sferos aRmavloba masSi dasaqmebis met
motivacias moiTxovs, am mizniT fermeruli meurneobebisaTvis
specialuri preferenciebis SemoRebasTan erTad, saWiroa
dasaqmebis mkafiod gansazRvruli saxelmwifo politikis
SemuSaveba, soflad sayofacxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobeseba
da farTomasStabiani socialuri daxmarebis programebis
amoqmedeba.
soflis meurneobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi
erovnuli tradiciebis dacvisa da mosaxleobisaTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis saqmea, misi orientiri TviTkmari
glexuri meurneobis nacvlad, saeqsporto produqciis
warmoeba unda gaxdes, amis SesaZlebloba qveyanas gaaCnia,
saWiroa xelisuflebis neba ganviTarebis swori
strategiis gansazRvriT, resursebis mobilizebiT da
mewarmeebisaTvis saTanado motivaciebis SeqmniT xeli
Seuwyos dargis reabilitaciis process.
For the Revival of Georgian villageFor the Revival of Georgian village
M. TabatadzeM. Tabatadze
Development of agriculture is of vital importance for keeping Georgian national traditions and generally for Georgian population. Therefore, assistance of the agriculture from the state requires both fi nancial mechanisms (fi scal decentralization, independence in distributing local incomes, reduction of taxes for farmers, allocation of preferential loans, providing differential transfers, grants and subsidies, establishing specialized regional fi nancial institutions) and administrative mechanisms (antimonopoly regulations, creating clusters, involving municipalities in agricultural activities, infrastructural cooperation networks and logistic centers).
It is of a vital importance to develop a national strategy for exporting local production to international markets, study the world market and be oriented to its requirements. Entering international market is only possible with ecologically clean products that meet international standards. This can be achieved by establishing certifi cation systems, harmonizing the customs procedures, reduction of customs duties and cooperating with international commodities exchanges.
139
mikro-makroekonomika
Tamar lazariaSvili Tamar lazariaSvili
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
asistent asistent -profesoriprofesori
dRes ekonomikaSi mravali saxeobis riski arsebobs,
rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba ekonomikuri zrdis maCveneb-
lebze. ekonomikuri riskebis efeqtiani marTva am riske-
bis Semcirebis garantiaa. aRniSnul procesSi gadamwy-
veti roli ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo politikis
SemuSavebam unda uzrunvelyos.
saqarTveloSi mimdinare sadazRvevo procesebiT,
maT Soris ekonomikuri riskebis dazRveviT, dainterese-
bulia msoflios sadazRvevo, gadazRvevis da sabrokero
kompaniebi. dRes, rogorc arasdros, ekonomikur sistemas
sxvadasxva riski emuqreba.Aamitom, qveynis ekonomikuri
politikis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili sadazRvevo
politika unda iyos. amasTan, qveyanam rom realurad ga-
ataros es politika, aucilebelia Sesabamisi kanonmde-
blobis arseboba. ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo po-
litikis praqtikuli realizacia xels Seuwyobs qveynis
CarTvas Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebaSi, sabazro
urTierTobebis ganviTarebaSi, monawileobas vaWrobis
msoflio organizaciasa da a. S. maSasadame, qveynis Siga
bazarze mravalferovani ekonomikuri riskebis pirobeb-
Si, sadazRvevo ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba
da Sesabamisi politikis Tanamimdevruli gatareba, saer-
TaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis umniSvnelovanes
winapirobas warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri
riskebis Tavidan acilebis minimumamde dayvanis saSua-
lebaa. saqarTvelosaTvis agraruli seqtori strategiu-
li mniSvnelobisaa. mecnierulad dasabuTebulia,1 rom Tu 1 e. xaraiSvili, konkurenciisa da konkurentunarianobis problemebi
saqarTvelos agro-sasursaTo seqtorSi, Tb., 2011, gv.5.
ekonomikuri riskebi da sadazRvevo ekonomikuri riskebi da sadazRvevo
politikis prioritetebipolitikis prioritetebi
saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSisaqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtorSi
140
Tamar lazariaSviliTamar lazariaSvili
sakuTari warmoebis sasursaTo produqtebze moxmarebis
norma 30% mde Semcirda, qveyana sasursaTo usafrTxoe-
bisa da politikuri damoukideblobis dakargvis saSiS-
roebis winaSe dgas. saqarTvelos sasursaTo seqtori
dReisaTvis ver uzrunvelyofs im raodenobis produ-
qtebis warmoebas, rac daakmayofilebda mosaxleobis
rogorc kvebis fiziologiuri normebiT gaTvaliswine-
bul, aseve gadaxdisunarian moTxovnasac. ETu saqarTve-
los mosaxleobas 4,4 mln-ad miviCnevT, eqspertuli gaTv-
lebiT, agrarul bazars moTxovnasTan SedarebiT 49%-iT
naklebi adgilobrivi warmoebis produqtebi miewodeba.
2010 wels, 2003 welTan SedarebiT, Semcirebulia umetesi
produqtebis moxmarebis done, dabalia TviTuzrunvelyo-
fis maCveneblebi strategiuli mniSvnelobis produqte-
bze. qveyanaSi sursaTis deficiti ar aRiniSneba, radgan
balansis Sevseba importuli produqtebiT xdeba. E2010
wlis monacemebiT, importis moculoba daaxloebiT 4_
jer aRemateba eqsports.1
agrosasursaTo seqtorSi risk-faqtorebi xuT jgu-
fad aris ganawilebuli2: 1. sakredito resursebis simci-
re-37,1%; 2. infrastruqturis ganuviTarebloba-20,4%; 3.
sagadasaxado sistema-18,2%; 4. importi-17,0%, 5. erovnuli
valutis kursis cvalebadoba-7,3%.
strategiuli da konkurentuli sasursaTo pro-
duqtebis warmoebaze, aseve inovaciur produqtebsa da
teqnologiebze kreditebis miRebis SesaZleblobebi
mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia. dasabuTebuli sadazRvevo
politikis gareSe, sasoflo-sameurneo seqtori naklebad
mimzidvelia investorebisTvis. dRes seqtoris wili mT-
lian sabanko sesxebze 1%-dan 2%-mde meryeobs, amasTanave,
Zalian mcirea ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis wili
saqarTvelos soflis meurneobaSi: 2007 wels - 0.8%, 2008
wels - 0.5%, 2009 wels -1.2%.3 aseTi monacemebi maRali
riskis maCvenebelia. agrosasursaTo seqtorSi mniSvne-
lovan riskad unda miviCnioT, erTi mxriv, farTobebis
1http:geostat.ge2ix. e. xaraiSvilis dasax. naSromi gv.1093mewarmeobis mxardaWeris saerTaSoriso centri, biznesgaremos
gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi, kvlevis masalebi, 2008, Ggv. 23.
141
mikro-makroekonomika
simcire da meore mxriv, sakuTrebis formebis pola-
rizacia. 2010 wlis monacemebiT, kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo
miwis mTliani farTobis 25%, xolo ijariT gacemuli
miwebis raodenoba Seadgens: kerZo pirebisagan _ 6, xolo
saxelmwifosagan _ 191 ha-s. dReisaTvis soflis meurneo-
bis seqtorSi dasaqmebulia qveynis ekonomikurad aqtiu-
ri mosaxleobis 3/5-ze meti, mSp-Si soflis meurneobis
wili 8,9%-ia, fermerTa raodenoba-2500 aTasi, saSualod
erTi fermeri flobs 1 ha miwis farTobs, fermerTa 82%
produqts TviTmoxmarebisaTvis awarmoebs. agrosasursa-
To produqtebs ZiriTadad awarmoebs 129 498 meurneoba.
meurneobis tipis 99% ki ojaxuri xasiaTisaa.1
MsaqarTveloSi sami tipis fermeruli meurneoba
funqcionirebs:2 1. mcire masStabis, romlebic produqtebs
mxolod sakuTari moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad
awarmoeben; 2. saSualo masStabis, romlebic produqtebs
sakuTari da bazris moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad
awarmoeben; 3. msxvilmasStabiani, romlebic produqtebs
mxolod gasayidad awarmoeben. dasaxelebuli meurneo-
bebidan pirveli da meore jgufis fermeruli meurne-
obebi maRali riskfaqtorebis matarebelia, rac upirve-
les yovlisa maTi wvrilmasStaburobiT aixsneba.. dRes
saqarTveloSi erT Sinameurneobas sakuTrebaSi saSua-
lod 1,3 ha. miwa aqvs. aRniSnuli farTobi Tavis mxriv 2-3
miwis nakveTisgan Sedgeba, romelTagan TiToeulis far-
Tobi 0,4-0,5 ha-s ar aRemateba.AaseTi wvrili fermeruli
meurneobebis xv. wona meurneobaTa saerTo raodenobaSi
98,4 %-s Seadgens.3 saqarTvelos agrosasursaTo seqtor-
Si riskebis zrdis xelSemwyobi faqtoria arasasurveli
biznesgaremo da finansuri resursebis SezRuduloba.
saqarTvelos axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis
mier ganxorcielebuli biznes-garemos kvlevis mixed-
viT, gamokiTxuli 1000 sawarmodan mxolod 344-ma SeZlo
damatebiTi finansuri resursebis mozidva, maSin rode-
sac Seswavlil sawarmoTa 58% gayidvebis zrdis Zi-
riTad SesaZleblobad finansuri resursebis mozidvas
1 http:geostat.ge2ix. e. xaraiSvilis dasax. naSromi, gv.101.3http:geostat.ge
142
Tamar lazariaSviliTamar lazariaSvili
asaxelebs. Mmdgomareobas arTulebs isic, rom bolo
periodSi sawarmoTa 73,2%_is Semosavlebi Semcirebulia,
maTgan 29,6%_Si sagrZnoblad. imave odenobis Semosavle-
bi mxolod sawarmoTa 19,6%_s darCa.1Aagrarul seqtor-
Si warmoebis moculobisa da Sesabamisad Semosavlebis
klebis tendencias masStabidan dabali ukugebis riske-
bic emateba. finansuri riskebis Sefasebis dros gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom agrarul seqtors ar aqvs Ffinansu-
ri mdgomareobis cvlilebaze swrafi reagirebis unari.
fermerul meurneobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seamci-
ros warmoebaSi dasaqmebulTa ricxvi bazris Secvlili
koniuqturidan gamomdinare, radgan sxva dargebisagan
gansxvavebiT, soflis meurneoba ara marto warmoebis,
aramed cxovrebis sferoc aris. Aamave dros, Tu fermeri
tovebs fermas, misi miwa gadadis sxva fermeris xelSi
da bazarze soflis meurneobis produqtebis miwodeba
SenarCunebulia.
agrarul seqtorSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda mieqces riskebis marTvas. Sesabamisad, sadazRvevo
politikis erT-erTi mTavari mimarTuleba unda iyos
„soflis meurneobis dazRveva da dakrediteba”. saqar-
TvelosaTvis strategiuli produqtebia: Txili, Rvino,
Rvinis Zmari, kakali, naturaluri Tafli, bostneuli, xili,
sunelebi. sazamTro, komSi, dafnis foToli. dasaxelebul
produqtebze dabalansebuli moTxovna-miwodebis formi-
rebaSi mniSvnelovania mikroekonomikuri konkurentuli
riskebis Sefaseba-analizi, maTgan gasaTvaliswinebelia:
sakuTrebis forma, firmis wili bazarze, firmis finan-
suri mdgomareoba, bunebrivi faqtorebiT gamowveuli
riskebi, mosaxleobis Semosavlebi, siRaribis done, inve-
sticiuri mimzidveloba, sakadro potenciali, inovaciuri
potenciali, warmoebis organizacia da sxva. mikroekono-
mikur risk-faqtorTa Soris, aseve, calke unda Sefasdes
agraruli sasursaTo seqtoris monaTesave da mxardam-
Weri seqtorebis finansuri, sakredito da konkurentuli
riskebi.
saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis xelSemSleli
ZiriTadi safrTxeebisa da riskebis gamomwvevi faqtore-1 http:geostat.ge
143
mikro-makroekonomika
bi Tanamedrove etapze Semdegia:
ekonomikis sferoSi CamorCena msoflioSi umrav-1.
lesi, maT Soris, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebis donesTan
SedarebiT;
ekonomikis realuri seqtoris dabali wili; 2.
ucxouri pirdapiri investiciebis simcire da misi 3.
araefeqtianoba;
soflis meurneobis mZime mdgomareoba; 4.
umuSevrobis problema; 5.
socialuri danaxarjebis dabali wili mSp-sa da 6.
saxelmwifo biujetSi da sxv.
Aაgraruli seqtoris dazRvevis ganviTarebis ba-
rierebis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime problema arsebobs:
fermerul meurneobaTa wvrilmasStaburoba, fiskaluri
politikis Seusabamoba fermerTa saWiroebebTan, grZel-
vadiani kreditebis deficiti, maRali saprocento gana-
kveTi, sasoflo-sameurneo dazRveva, ganuviTarebeli in-
frastruqtra da arastabiluri logistika, ekonomikuri
erTeulebis araswori marTva, fermerebis codnis SezRu-
duloba, dabali sadazRvevo kultura, fermerebisaTvis
arasaxarbielo dazRvevis pirobebi da sasoflo-sameu-
rneo dazRvevis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi saxelmwifo
programis ararseboba.
E saqarTveloSi agrosasursaTo warmoebaშi sadaz-Rvevo politikis mimarTulebebi Camouyalibebelia. Aაm sferoSi ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo bazris gan-
viTareba moiTxovs:
firmebisa da kompaniebis muSakebis, aseve, mosax-leobis ganaTlebis donis amaRlebas sadazRvevo pro-
gramebisa da misi struqturebis Sesaxeb;
ekonomikuri riskebis sadazRvevo sistemis regu-lirebis gaZlierebas;
maRali ekonomikuri riskebis SemTxvevaSi saxelm-wifo dazRvevis programebisaTvis savaldebulo xasia-
Tis micemas;
ekonomikuri riskebis Sesaxeb informaciis sru-lyofilad da operatiulad miwodebas arsebuli sadaz-
Rvevo produqtebis mixedviT.
agrosasursaTo seqtorSi ekonomikuri riskebis
144
Tamar lazariaSviliTamar lazariaSvili
Sesamcireblad saxelmwifom mniSvnelovani roli unda
Seasrulos sasoflo-sameurneo dazRvevis sistemis Ca-
moyalibebaSi ara marto finansuri monawileobiT, ara-
med, sawyis etapze, dasazRvevi produqciis saxeobisa da
raodenobis gansazRvraSi. am tipis dazRveva savalde-
bulo unda iyos. kreditis xelmisawvdomobა SesaZlebe-
lia agrosakredito specializebuli sistemis SeqmniT,
romlis sawesdebo kapitalis formirebaSi, saxelmwifo-
sTan erTad, kerZo seqtoric miiRebs monawileobas. ami-saTvis, თavis mxriv, aucilebelia agrowarmoebis momsa-
xure dargebis monopoliuri mdgomareobis Secvla da
mTavrobis saTanado mxardaWera, erovnuli bazris dacva,
agrokreditis sistemis Camoyalibeba, sajaro momsaxu-
rebis struqturebis Seqmna, miwis konsolidacia, efeqtia-
ni sagadasaxado, sadazRvevo, safinanso da sainvesticio
politikis SemuSaveba.
Economic Risks and Priorities of InsuranceEconomic Risks and Priorities of InsurancePolicy in Agro-Products Sector of GeorgiaPolicy in Agro-Products Sector of Georgia
T. LazariashviliT. Lazariashvili
The Article provides analysis of economic risks in Agro-products sector of Georgia, discusses the factors which cause the risks and demon-strates the results of negative impact of these risks on production. Based on the analysis, it reveals 5 groups of risk-factors mostly spread in agro-products sector. These are: 1. Scarcity of credit resources – 37,1%; 2. Undeveloped infrastructure – 20,4%; 3. Tax system – 18,2%.; 4. Import-17,0%; 5. Volatility of national exchange rate – 7,3%. The ways for reduc-ing the impact of risks over production are suggested.
Revealing microeconomic risks and defi ning priorities of relevant insurance policy are considered to be an important action for achieving balanced demand and supply on agro product market. The directions for development of insurance market for economic risks are proposed.
145
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove xelmZRvanelixelmZRvaneli
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuliiv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is asocirebuli
profesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtoriprofesori, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori
sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da winsvlaSi didi
roli akisria yvela donis xelmZRvanels. gansakuTrebiT
didia maTi roli sazogadoebis pirveladi organizacieb-
is (sawarmoebis, firmebisa da a S) efeqtian funqcionireba-
Si. swored mocemul problemazea Sesrulebuli winamde-
bare statia. masSi, ekonomikur literaturaSi arsebuli
Sesabamisi Sromebis1 Seswavlisa da analizis safuZvelze,
mocemuli da daxasiaTebulia Tanamedrove xelmZRvanelis
maxasiaTeblebi, muSaobis efeqtianobis faqtorebi da av-
toriseuli Sexeduleba maT (xelmZRvanelTa) saqmianobaSi
arsebul problemebsa da naklovan mxareebze.
xelmZRvanelia piri, romelic warmarTavs da koor-
dinacias uwevs misdami daqvemdebarebul Semsruleblebs,
romlebic, dadgeneli uflebamosilebis farglebSi, as-
ruleben yvela mis gankargulebas. Ddidia xelmZRvanelis
roli kadrebis marTvisas. Aam SemTxvevaSi igi gvevlineba
rogorc TanamSromelTa damrigebeli (moZRvari), maswav-
lebeli, avtoriteti, ideologi. xelmZRvaneli ramdenad
aqtiuri, mizanswrafuli da moqnilia adamianebTan urTer-
TobaSi, imdenad warmatebulia misdami rwmunebuli orga-
nizacia konkurenciul brZolaSi. xelmZRvanelTa muSao-
bis mTavari kriteriumia SromiTi koleqtivis saqmianobis
Sedegi, mis wevrTa dakmayofilebuloba da motivirebulo-
1Армстронг М. Стратегическое управление человеческими ресурсами. Пере-вод с английского. М., 2007;Десслер Г. Управление персоналом. Перевод с английского. М.,1997; Веснин В. Управление персоналом.М. 2008; Пугачев В. Руководство персоналом организации. М.,2000 და სხვ.
146
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
ba. specialist_mkvlevarTa azriT, xelmZRvanelis muSao-
bis efeqtianobis amaRlebis ZiriTadi faqtorebia: misi
moqmedebis strategiuli, taqtikuri da operatiuli (maT
Soris samuSao dRis) gegmis arseboba; daqvemdebarebulTa
potenciuri SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebis codna da un-
ari, maTdami ndobis arseboba; miTiTebebis micemis magier
amocanebis dasmis unari; daqvemdebarebulTa kargi codna,
maTTan Ria saubris survilis arseboba; sxvadasxva saqmi-
dan prioritetulis gansazRvris unari da sxv. Tavisi funqciis warmatebiT Sesasruleblad xelmZ-
Rvaneli unda flobdes amisTvis aucilebel mraval sx-
vadasxva Tvisebas. zogierTi mkvlevari asaxelebs 200- ze
met aseT Tvisebas.11 specialistTa umetesoba am Tvisebebs
yofs 3 jgufad: profesiuli, pirovnuli da saqmiani. cxadia,
aRniSnuli Tvisebebisadmi moTxovnebi sxvadasxvaa marTvis
sxvadasxva donis xelmZRvanelisaTvis. dabal doneze xe-
lmZRvanelisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania gabeduloba, komu-
nikabeluroba, zogjer agresiulobac ki; saSualo doneze
ki_adamianebTan urTierTobis maRali xarisxiT codna da
konceptualuroba, xolo marTvis maRali donis xelmZR-
vanelisaTvis saWiro aucilebeli Tvisebebidan yvelaze
mniSvnelovania strategiuli azrovnebis, arsebuli situ-
aciis Sefasebisa da axali amocanebis dasmis, gardaqmnis
ganxorcielebisa da daqvemdebarebulTa SemoqmedebiTi
procesis organizebis unari. amasTan erTad, imis gamo, rom
marTvis nebismieri donis xelmZRvaneli pasuxs agebs ara
marto muSaobis mimdinare, aramed momaval Sedegze, mas
unda hqondes momavlis xedvis kargi unari. amasTan, marT-
vis rac ufro maRal doneze imyofeba, ufro xangrZlivi
periodis.22
dRes saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom xelmZR-
vanelTa mniSvnelovani nawili Tavisi saqmis kargi mcodne
da profesionalia, samwuxarod, adamianuri resursebis
1 Веснин В. Управление персоналом. М., 2008, с. 457.2 წინამდებარე სტატიაში ძირითადად მსჯელობაა მართვის მაღალი დონის ხელმძღვანელებზე, ე. წ. ტოპ-მენეჯერებზე.
147
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
marTva dabal donezea. Aamis mTavari mizezia xelmZR-
vanelTa mier adamianebTan urTierTobis fsiqologiis
arcodna. სocialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ada-
mianuri resusebis marTvis mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens SromiTi koleqtivis TanamSromlebs So-
ris loialurobis done. samwuxarod, xSiria faqti, roca
organizaciis administracias ar esmis “loialurobis~
cnebis mniSvneloba da, cxadia, arc icis rogor miaRwios
koleqtivSi mis maRal dones. sinamdvileSi, xsenebuli
cneba momdinareobs inglisuri sityva “Loyal”-gan da niS-navs koreqtulobas, koreqtul urTierTobas vinmesTan
an raimesTan, maT Soris kanonTan, xelmZRvanelobasTan da
a.S.
TanamSromelTa Soris loialurobaze damokidebu-
lia bevri: organizaciis (firmis da a.S.) warmateba, biznes-
Si misi lideruli poziciebi, kompaniisadmi TanamSromelTა keTilsasurveli damokidebuleba, rac ganapirobebs
sakadro stabilurobas. Secdomaa imis varaudi, rom Tana-
mSromelTa maRali loialuroba SeiZleba miRწeul iqnes
mxolod maRali xelfasiT. სaqme isaa, rom maRali xelfasi
TanamSromlebs gansazRvruli zomiT aCerebs sawarmoSi, ma-
gram didi xniT ara. Tu sawarmoSi dabalia administraci-
is loiluroba TanamSromlebisadmi, es ukanasknelni kar-
gaven ndobas TavianTi xelmZRvanelebisadmi da pirveli
SesaZleblobisTanave mzad arian samuSaod gadavidnen
sxva, maTTvis ufro keTilsasurvel organizaciaSi. cxadia,
loialuroba unda iyos ormxrivi (nacvalgebiTi). im or-
ganizaciebSi, sadac TanamSromelTa maRal loialurobas
Tan axlavs administraciis mxridan maTdami pativiscema,
sadac TanamSromlebma mkafiod ician TavianTi movaleobe-
bi da pasuxismgebloba, sadac muSakTa dasja da waxalise-
ba samarTliania, sadac TanamSromlebi grZnoben TavianT
pasuxismgeblobas da mniSvnelobas socialurad aucile-
beli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi da amayoben
maT mier gamoSvebuli produqciis maRali xarisxis gamo,
yovelTvis maRalia adamianTa saqmianobis saboloo Sede-
148
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
gebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamianebi pativs scemen TavianT
xelmZRvanelebs da mzad arian imuSaon optimaluri sa-
Sualo xelfasisas. praqtikiT dadasturebulia, rom aseTi
TanamSromlebi muSaoben meti ukugebiT, vidre amas adgili
aqvs sawarmoebSi ufro maRali xelfasiT muSaobisas, ma-
gram administraciis mxridan dabali loialurobisas.
sazogadoebaSi, maT Soris organizaciebSi, maRali
loialurobis miRwevaSi didia saxelmwifos roli. magal-
iTad, aSS- Si saxelmwifo politikis- “kanoni erTnairia
yvelasaTvis,~ meSveobiT A propagandas uweven maRal mor-
alur Rirebulebebs, patriotizms, pasuxismgeblobas, mizan-
swrafulobas, karierul zrdas. aSS- Si 1930- ani wlebidan
muSaobs programa-“fsiqologia adamianebisaTvis~-semin-
arebis, kursebisa da treningebis saxiT rogorc biznesSi,
aseve cxovrebaSi saerTod. Yyovelive es xels uwyobs ada-
mianebs Soris normaluri da keTilsasurveli urTierTo-
bis damyarebas.
yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi
mocemul sakiTxze, gansazRvruli xarisxiT, igive midgoma
iyo. saxelmwifos rols faqtobrivad asrulebda mmarT-
veli partia, romelic partorgebis, “komsorgebisa~ da sx-
vaTa saxiT adamianebs mouwodebda patriotizms, muSao-
bisadmi siyvaruls da erTgulebas iseTi faseulobebi-
sadmi, rogoricaa: patiosneba, mowesrigebuloba da sxv.
samwuxarod, yovelive amas axlda didi naklovaneba, rac
ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo sabWoTa kavSirSi e. w. “war-
matebis fsiqologiis~ararsebobiT, anu adamianebTan xe-
lmZRvanelebis urTierToba ar emyareboda adamianis
fsiqologiisa da adamianuri moralis Rrma codnas. dRes
Cvens qveyanaSi, samwuxarod, uaresi mdgomareobaa. Aarc
saxelmwifos da arc ideologiur organizaciebs ada-
mianTa “morali~ naklebad an saerTod ar ainteresebs.
Aamitom, warmoebaSi (biznesSi) adamianTa “aRmzrdelis~
roli mTlianad dakisrebuli aqvs organizaciis xelmZ-
Rvanelobas. Ddid koleqtivebSi. sadac pirvel xelmZR-
vanels umetesad dro ar yofnis TanamSromlebTan aRmz-
149
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
rdelobiTi muSaobisaTvis, am funqcias, rogorc wesi, as-
rulebs profesionali sakadro fsiqologi_kadrebis me-
nejeri.
xelmZRvanelisaTvis zogadad da, gansakuTrebiT ka-
drebis menejerisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis
fsiqologiis codnas. dRes bevri Tavisi uSualo saqmis
maRali profesionalia, maRali xarisxiT esmis rogoraa
mowyobili esa Tu is samuSao aparati, avtomanqana da sxv., magram maTgan didma nawilma katastrofulad cota icis
da esmis _rogoraa agebuli adamiani, ra aris adamianis
grZnobebi, emociebi da ambiciebi, ratom iqcevian adamianebi
erTnair pirobebSi gansxvavebulad, rogoraa agebuli
adamianis fsiqika mTlianobaSi da saerTod ra aris igi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove xelmZRvanelTa umete-
sobis, gansakuTrebiT kadrebis ganyofilebaTa ufrose-
bisa da sakadro menejerebis muSaobaSi naklovanebaTa
ZiriTadi mizezia adamianis fsiqologiisa da admianuri
urTierTobis elementaruli codnis uqonloba. dRes bi-
znesis sferoSi ufrosi Taobis samamulo fsiqologebi
cotaa. Aaxalgazrda fsiqologTa didi nawili ki jer
kidev “moumwifebelia~ rogorc cxovrebiseulი, aseve so-cialur fsiqologiaSi mcire praqtikuli gamocdilebis
gamo. saTanado analiziT irkveva, rom SromiT koleqtivSi
arsebul naklovanebaTa da, upirveles yovlisa, “cxovre-
biseuli ubedurebis~ mTavari mizezi adamianuri urTier-
Tobis sworad warmarTvisa da fsiqologiuri kulturis
arcodnaSia.
fsiqologiuri kultura –esaa adamianis qcevisa da
misi Sinagani kulturis erTianoba. cxadia, adamianis qce-
vis kulturis safuZvelia misi Sinagani kultura. Ees
ukanaskneli ki, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia ada-
mianis sulierebasTan. rac ufro maRalia suliereba, miT
maRalia Sinagani kultura. Uunda gvaxsovdes, rom fsiqo-
logia erTianobaSi aris fizikis, qimiis, maTematikisa da
astrologiis sferoSi religiuri, filosofiuri da mec-
nieruli codnis sinTezi. rac Seexeba Sinagan kulturas
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nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
zogadad, igi SesabamisobaSia religiisa da filosofiis
e.w. “oqros wesTan~: moepyari irgvliv myofT ise, rogorc
Sen gsurs mogeqcnen, an kidev- rasac Txoulob qvemdgome-
bisagan, moiTxove Senganac~. Aaqedan gamomdinare, xelmZR-
vaneli unda iyos maqsimalurad samarTliani daqvemdebare-
bul pirTa waxalisebisas, maTi kritikisa da dasjisas.
kiTxvaze _ xelmZRvanelma ra mniSvnelovani daskvne-
bi unda gamoitanos adamianisa da adamianuri urTierTobis
fsiqologiidan, Mmokle pasuxi aseTia: xelmZRvanelisaT-
vis, upirveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania ganasxvavos Tana-
mSromlebi temperamentis mixedviT, icodes vinaa xoler-
ikosi, flegmatikosi da vinaa melanxoliki an singvinis-
ti. temperamenti adamianis nervuli sistemis Tvisebaa,
romliTac xasiaTdeba adamianis gamZleoba (amtanoba) da
simtkice fiziologiuri an sxva saxeobis datvirTvisadmi.
sxvadasxva adamianis temperamentSi gansxvavebis Seswavla
SeiZleba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT, rogoricaa:
qceva, sityvis tembri (simaRle), momTmenianoba, sificxe da
sxv. Aan saTanado specilistis (specialistebis) mier tem-
peramentze testirebis CatarebiT. Yyovelive es saWiroa
TanamSromelTaTvis, maT Soris, axalmiRebulTaTvis Tana-
mdebobisa da movaleobaTa sworad SesarCevad. magaliTad,
ar SeiZleba xolerikis daniSvna xelmZRvanelis mZRolad,
radganac misi saqmianoba dakavSirebulia xSir TaTbirTan
da mZRols uxdeba manqanaSi didxans lodini da usaqmod
yofna. es ki mas ar SeuZlia imitom, rom mis tempera-
ments Seesabameba ara monotonuri, aramed moZraobasTan
dakavSirebuli samuSao da maRali aqtiuroba. rac Seexeba
melanxoliks, igi Tavisi fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblidan
gamomdinare, uZlebs muSaobis monotonur, ciklur temps.
singvinistebi da flegmatistebi ufro gawonasworebuli
da amtanebia temperamentis mixedviT. Ggadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas, sasurvelia xelmZRvanelebma icodnen da ganasx-
vaon TavianTi TanamSromlebi am ukanasknelTa xasiaTisa
da qcevis mixedviT, gansakuTrebiT sakamaTo da konfliq-
tur situaciebSi.
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warmatebuli xelmZRvanelisaTvis (da ara marto mis-
Tvis) aucilebelia, rom igi iyos komunikabeluri, arakon-
fliqturi da araambiciuri (cudi gagebiT). samwuxarod,
zogierTs ar esmis am sityvebis mniSvneloba. Kkomunikabe-
luroba araa mravalsityvianoba da lazRandaroba. saqmian
wreSi komunikabeluroba esaa unari _ mkafiod da naTlad
gamoxato sakuTari azri, miitano igi irgvliv myofebTan,
unari–saimedod gadasce informacia, misi mniSvnelobisa da
faseulobis daumaxinjeblad, argumentirebulad awarmoo
molaparakebebi, Seqmna mkafio instruqciebi, angariSebi da
a. S. rac Seexeba sityva “araambiciurobas~, misi ganmarteba
araa calmxrivi. cudia, roca adamiani saerTod uambicioa.
Aambiciebi cudia mxolod maSin, Tu igi metismetad didia
an usafuZvlo, roca adamiani raime argumentaciis gareSe
ewinaaRmdegeba yvelafers, rac mas ar moswons an pirdapir
acxadebs: “rasac me vambob yvelaferi sworia~, ise, rom ar
mohyavs amis damadasturebeli raime arsebiTi faqtebi da
argumentebi.
warmatebuli xelmZRvanelobisaTvis saWiro Tvise-
bebidan didi mniSvneloba aqvs iseTebs, rogoricaa: pa-
tiosneba, zrunva daqvemdebarebulebze, samarTlianoba,
megobruloba, kompromisebis gawevis unari, obieqturoba,
racionaluroba, pragmatizmi, saqmiT dainteresebuloba da
xedvis unari, farTo Tvalsawieri, Tavisi Tavisa da drois
marTvis unari, msjelobisa da moqmedebebisas damoukide-
bloba, movaleobaTa sworad ganawilebisa da gundis Se-
qmnis unari da a.S. mokled zogierTi maTganis Sesaxeb:
xelmZRvanelisaTvis saWiro zemoaRniSnuli Tvisebebidan
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs daqvemdebarebulebTan
urTierTobisa da maTi motivirebis codnas. saqme isaa,
rom, rogorc Sesabamisi specialistebi miuTiTeben, Tanam-
SromlebTan urTierToba _ esaa xelmZRvanelis muSaobis
arsi, xolo saubari TanamSromlebTan “aramaterialuri
cocxali produqti~. swored mis xarisxzea damokidebuli
organizaciis warmateba da ganviTareba. Ffsiqologiuri
gamokvlevebiT damtkicebulia, rom TanamSromlebTan urT-
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nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
ierTobisas rac ufro maRalia xelmZRvanelTa sakomu-
nikacio Cvevebi, miT maRalia TanamSromelTa Sromis mwar-
moebluroba da, Sesabamisad, kompaniis (sawarmos, firmis
da a.S.) mogebac. adamianTa urTierToba moicavs fazebis
simravles, maT Soris _ kontaqtis damyarebasa da ndobiT
urTierTobaTa ganviTarebas kontaqtSi myof adamianebs
Soris. ndoba realizdeba xelmZRvanelsa da daqvemdebare-
bulebs Soris ukukavSris damyarebisa da SenarCunebis
gziT. ukukavSiris saSualebiT xelmZRvaneli informa-
cias aZlevs, astimulirebs da afasebs daqvemdebarebulTa
muSaobas. amiT igi xazs usvams mis statusur rols da
gansazRvravs mis dawinaurebas organizaciaSi. xelmZRvane-
lis aseTi piradi maxasiaTebeli _ survili endos Tav-
is TanamSromels, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. swored
amazea agebuli uflebamosilebisa da pasuxismgeblobis
delegireba da TanamSromelTa karieruli zrda.
nebismieri urTierTobisas mimdinareobs faseulo-
baTa gacvla. misi roli didia organizaciis formire-
baSi. nebismieri Zlieri brendi, esaa lamazad SefuTuli
raRac faseulobaTa nakrebi. ama Tu im saqonlis yidvi-
sas, Cven upiratesobas vaZlevT im faseulobas, romelT-
anac identificirdeba mocemuli saqoneli. faseulobani
aris karieraSi gzis gamkvlevi. organizaciis faseulobe-
bidan aseTebia: mogeba, xarisxi, warmateba, korporaciuli
suliskveTeba, usafrTxoeba da sxv. samuSaod axalmiRe-
buli TanamSromlebi maSinve ver iTaviseben TavianT orga-
nizacias da mis faseulobebs. igi mimdinareobs kompaniis
faseulobaTa dauflebis kvalobaze. amaSi wamyvan rols
TamaSobs xelmZRvaneli. igi aris organizaciis kulturisa
da faseulobaTa damcveli. TanamSromlebTan yoveldRiur
saubarSi xelmZRvaneli gadmoscems Tavis faseulobebs.
myarad damkvidrebuli organizaciis faseulobani aris
kompaniis guli, xolo xelmZRvaneli, esaa organizaciis
umaRlesi piri, romelic uzrunvelyofs am faseulobaTa
sisufTaves. Tavis TanamSromlebTan urTierTobiT xelmZ-
Rvaneli akontrolebs maT muSaobas, ganwyobilebasa da
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motivacias.
imisaTvis rom gaxde xelmZRvaneli, aucilebelia kom-
paniis mflobels an Tanamdebobrivad zemdgom pirs aCveno,
rom Tqven ara mxolod iziarebT kompaniis faseulobas,
aramed icavT mas, anu amas moiTxovT Tqveni daqvemdebare-
bulebisagan. amasTan erTad, xelmZRvanelebis SerCevisas
did mniSvnelobas aniWeben pirad praqtikul gamocdile-
bas. magaliTad, Tu kompaniaSi ZiriTadi faseulobaa usa-
frTxoeba, misi mflobelebi eZeben iseT mTavar menejers
(topmenejers), romelsac aqvs gamocdileba usafrTxoebis
samsaxurebSi. roca oganizacia miiltvis kompaniebis mar-
Tvis dasavluri stilisaken, momavali topmenejeris re-
ziumeSi mniSvnelovania grafebi dasavluri kompaniebis
xelmZRvanelobis gamocdilebis Taobaze. amitom, xelmZ-
Rvanel Tanamdebobebze warmatebuli karieruli winsv-
lisaTvis aucilebelia awarmoebde Tavis faseulobaTa
mudmiv inventarizacias da Seusabamo igi organizacieb-
is mflobelebisa da zemdgomi xelmZRvanelobis faseu-
lobebs.
organizaciis faseulobebis mimarTebiT SeiZleba
warmoiSvas konfliqti. am SemTxvevaSi situacia SeiZleba
iyos mravalgvari. maT Soris erT-erTia, roca xelmZR-
vaneli xedavs Tavis sakuTar da TanamSromlebis faseu-
lobebSi Seusabamobas da Tavis sakuTars miiCnevs ufro
gamarTlebulad organizaciisaTvis. meore situaciaa, roca
kompaniis ganviTarebis procesSi faseulobebi icvleba da
mdidrdeba siaxlis xarjze. magaliTad, firmis saqmiano-
bis dawyebisas misi mTavari faseulobaa mogebis miReba,
xolo misi sabazro niSis moZiebis Semdeg kompania ufro
dainteresebulia stabilurobiT da aviTarebs mis Sesa-
bamis organizaciul kulturasa da korporaciul proce-
durebs. TiToeul xelmZRvanels unda axsovdes da Tavisi
saqmianobisas iTvaliswinebdes aqsiomas organizaciuli
fsiqologiidan imis Sesaxeb, rom nebismieri mSvidobi-
ani konfliqti aviTarebs organizacias, xolo misi ig-
norireba angrevs mas. faseulobaTa konfliqti SeiZleba
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nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
gadawydes an faseulobaTa gacvlis (daaxloebis) gziT,
an konfliqtis erT-erTi mxaris mier Tavis faseulobe-
bze uaris TqmiT. xelmZRvanelebsa da maT daqvemdebare-
bulebs Soris faseulobaTa konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi
wamyvani roli xelmZRvanelebs ukaviaT. saqme isaa, rom
xelmZRvaneli, rogorc wesi, gavlenas axdens daqvemde-
barebulebze, rac iwvevs am ukanasknelTa trasformacias.
TanamSromelTa Zlieri mxareebi: mizanswrafuloba, Semoq-
medebiToba, Jinianoba, Sromismoyvareoba da sxv. viTardeba
organizaciis menejerebis zemoqmedebiT. imyofebian ra
mudmiv kontaqtSi, organizaciis TanamSromlebi iTavise-
ben xelmZRvanelTa faseulobebs da aduRabeben mas Ta-
vianT fsiqikaSi. Tu es ase ar xdeba, maSin adgili aqvs
konfliqts, romelic SeiZleba damTavrdes TanamSrom-
lis gaTavisuflebiT. am procesSi xelmZRvanelis roli
pirvelxarisxovnia. TanamSromeli, romelic miiswrafvis
samsaxurebrivi dawinaurebisaken, rogorc wesi, axdens Tav-
isi faseulobis Serwymas xelmZRvanelis Tvalsazrissa
da faseulobebTan. aseTi transfomacia pozitiurad an
negatiurad moqmedebs TanamSromlis fsiqikur an fizi-
kur janmrTelobaze. magaliTad, Tu TanamSromeli miCveu-
lia normirebul samuSo dRes, xolo misi xelmZRvanelis
qmedebebi iwvevs muSaobis dadgenili reJimis darRvevas,
maSin am TanamSromels realurad emuqreba janmrTelo-
bis Seryevis safrTxe, TavisTvis Cveuli Sromisa da das-
venebis reJimis darRveviT.
warmatebuli xelmZRvanelobisaTvis gansakuTrebu-
li mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvaneli piris iseT liderul
Tvisebebs, rogoricaa: a) simtkice ganusazRvrelobis situ-
aciaSi; b) Seqmnili situaciis gagebisa da misi marTvis
Tavis Tavze aRebis unari. aseTi xelmZRvaneli swrafad
wvdeba saqmis arss intuiciiT da advilad Sedis xelmZ-
Rvanelis rolSi; g) Seupovroba dasaxuli amocanebis
Sesrulebisas; d) TanamSromlobis unari. am Tvisebis
mqoneebi taqtianebia, SeuZliaT adamianebTan urTierToba
nebismier doneze. pirovnebaTaSorisi kontaqtebis kargi
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unaris wyalobiT, exerxebaT dafaron sxvebisadmi Tavi-
anTi mtroba da agresiuloba; e) iniciativianoba da en-
ergiuloba; v) Tavisi Tavis identifikacia saqmiT. isini
ar cdiloben Tavi warmoaCinon yovlisSemZleebad, maT ar
izidavs Zalaufleba rogorc aseTi, isini, upirveles yov-
lisa, dainteresebulebia miznis miRweviT; z) TanagrZnobis
unari. maT SeuZliaT uTanagrZnon adamianebs ise, rom am
ukanasknelebma Tavi ar igrZnon ususurebad; T) damoukide-
bloba da moqniloba; i) iumoris grZnoba. da pirovnuli
idealis miznobrioba. praqtikiT dadasturebuli, rom
ufro did warmatebas aRweven xelmZRvanelebi, romelTac
aqvT iumoris grZnoba. amasTan erTad, kargi xelmZRvaneli
unda iyos Tanmimdevruli da mudmivad cdilobdes, rom
misi sityva ar dascildes saqmes da Seesabamebodes mis
pirovnul ideals.
xelmZRvanelebze msjelobisas, sasurvelia, calke
iTqvas qalebze. saqme isaa, rom qalebi Tavisi bunebri-
vi (fsiqologiuri, fsiqikuri da sxv.) TvisebebiT gansx-
vavdebian mamakacebisagan, ramac ar SeiZleba gavlena ar
moaxdinos maTi Sromis (upirveles yovlisa, mmarTvelo-
biT Sromis) xasiaTze. isini, rogorc wesi, mamakacebze
ufro cudad adaptirdebian xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze
da aranormirebul samuSao dRes ver uTavseben saojaxo
zrunvas. garda amisa, qalebi, arc ise iSviaTad, nakleb-
mdgradebia, naklebdamoukidebelni da naklebiniciativi-
anebia. amasTan erTad, isini naklebgabedulebia, moikoWle-
ben siZneleTa gadalaxvisas, SedarebiT adre midian pensi-
aze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSirad profesiulad kargad
momzadebul qals uWirs moergos mamakacur modelze age-
bul marTvis stereotips (gansakuTrebiT e. w. mamakacuri
kulturis qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi), romelsac
axlavs mamakacisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iseTi Tvisebebi,
rogoricaa: simkacre, avtoritaruloba, simtkice. xelmZR-
vanel Tanamdebobaze muSaobis msurveli qali iZulebu-
lia daamsxvrios qcevis Zveli stereotipi da miiRos misi
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nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
bunebisaTvis sawinaaRmdego qcevis modeli, rasac praqti-
kulad adgili aqvs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelmZRvanelebis fsiqolo-
giur Sefasebasac, rasac, samwuxarod, xSirad yuradRebas
ar aqceven. es Secdomaa, ramdenadac, kompaniis mflo-
belebic da daqiravebuli xelmZRvanelebic Cveulebrivi
adamianebia, garkveuli sakuTari ambiciebiT. maTi piradi
interesebi yovelTvis ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. kompaniis
mflobelTa miznebi organizaciis daqiravebuli xelmZR-
vanelebisaTvis aris orientiri mxolod manmade, sanam igi
winaaRmdegobaSi ar mova mis pirad interesebTan (miznebT-
an). mis mier marTuli organizaciis warmateba misTvis
esaa ara TviTmizani, aramed sakuTari amocanebis gadaw-
yvetis saSualeba_ finansuris, socialuris (irgvlivmyo-
fTagan aRiareba, elitisadmi mikuTvneba), fsiqologiuris
(Zalauflebis mopoveba, adamianebze kontroli, procesebis
marTvis SesaZlebloba) da a. S. fsiqologebis dakvirvebis
mixedviT, arc ise iSviaTad, mesakuTrisa da daqiravebuli
xelmZRvanelis mosazrebebs Soris imdenad didi gansx-
vavebaa, rom SeuZlebelia maTi erTad muSaoba. am sakiTxSi
qarTuli da dasavluri midgomebi kardinalurad gansx-
vavebulia. dasavlur kompaniebSi TanamSromelTa mkacrad
reglamentirebuli Tanamdebobrivi movaleobebi maqsi-
malurad gamoricxavs pirovnul faqtors. sanam daiwyebd-
nen saWiro xelmZRvanelis (mmarTvelis) Zebnas, dasavluri
firmebi absoluturad mkafiod gansazRvravs: vin sWird-
eba maT, ratom da sad moZebnon igi, gansazRvraven misi
amocanebis Tvalsawiersa da pasuxismgeblobis zomebs da
zustad da detalurad SeaqvT igi masTan dadebul Sro-
miT xelSekrulebaSi (kontraqtSi). CvenTan mesakuTres
iSiaTad warmoudgenia Tavisi Tavi finansur invenstorad,
romelic mxolod Tvalyurs unda adevnebdes organizaci-
is saqmianobas da, ukiduresi aucileblobis garda, aravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi ar unda Caerios xelmZRvanelis saqmi-
anobaSi. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi mesakuTreebi xSirad
uxeSad erevian xelmZRvanelis yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi
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da, amdenad, irRveva erTmmarTvelobis principi. amiT ki, up-
irveles yovlisa, zaralobs organizacia (kompania, firma
da a.S.).
Tanamedrove xeelmZRvanelisadmi wayenebuli moTx-
ovnebidan erT-erTi mniSvnelovania uflebamosilebaTa uflebamosilebaTa
delegirebis unaris floba.delegirebis unaris floba. am sakiTxze arsebobs ori
erTaneTisagan gansxvavebuli mosazreba. xelmZRvanelTa
erTi nawili ewinaaRmdegeba uflebamosilebaTa delegire-
bas da moqmedebs deviziT: “Tu ginda, rom raRac gakeTdes
kargad, gaakeTe igi TviTon~. aseTi mmarTvelebi iswrafvi-
an Caswvdnen yvela wvrilmans, zogjer TviTon asruleben
iseT samuSaoebs, romlebic unda Seasrulon daqvemdebare-
bulebma. xelmZRvanelTa nawilis aseT qcevas aqvs Rrma
fsiqologiuri mizezi. erT nawils aSinebs ar dakargos
kontroli organizaciaze da ar dazaraldes daqvemde-
barebulebTan misi urTierToba, meoreni amiT (momuSaveTa
saqmianobaSi CareviT) ikmayofileben TavianT Tavmoyvare-
obas, zogierTs ki momuSaveni warmodgenili hyavs rogorc
cxvris fara, romelsac ar SeuZlia nabijis gadadgma gamZ-
Rolis gareSe. aq Tavisebur rols TamaSobs e. w. “eSmaki~
TanamSromlebis manipulaciac, romlebic mzad arian Tavi-
anTi samuSao da pasuxismgebloba gadaakisron sxvebs, maT
Soris xelmZRvanelobas. amerikeli menejerebi aseT ada-
mianebs uwodeben “ufrosis kiserze Semjdar maimunebs~.
cxadia, uflebamosilebaze aseTi Sexeduleba Rrmad mc-
daria. kargi xelmZRvaneli ar ereva wvrilman saqmeebSi, igi
ZiriTadad ganixilavs organizaciis ganviTarebis strate-
giul mimarTulebebsa da gzebs, xolo marTvis sxvadasxva
funqcias anawilebs calkeul Semsruleblebs Soris da
axorcielebs controls maT saqmianobaze. SemTxveviTi
araa, rom mravali msxvili korporaciis “mmarTvelobiTi
personalis moqmedebis wesebSi~ aris aseTi Sinaarsis deb-
uleba: xelmZRvanels ar aqvs ufleba Seasrulos samuSao,
romlis Sesruleba SeuZlia misi daqvemdebarebulebi-
dan romelimes. xelmZRcaneli unda Semoifarglos saku-
Tari funqciebis SesrulebiT, ar unda daxarjos dro da
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nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
Zala daqvemdebarebulis funqciis Sesrulebaze, cxadia, im
gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa, romlebic dakavSirebulia ada-
mianebis cxovrebisa da janmrTelobis saSiSroebasTan.
axla mokled im problemebsa da naklovanebebze,
romlebsac adgili aqvs xelmZRvanelTa saqmianobaSi: 1. 1.
mesakuTreebTan damokidebuleba.mesakuTreebTan damokidebuleba. umaRlesi rgolis xe-
lmZRvaneli, socialur ierarqiaSi maRali mdgomareobisa
da didi ambiciebis miuxedavad, mainc rCeba daqiravebul
momuSaved. amitom, cxadia, igi unda iyos loialuri kom-
paniis mflobelebis mimarT, Tanac, nebismieri mdgomareo-
bisas, igi unda darCes maTi gundis wevrad. winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, igi midis dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan an mas
uSveben. samwuxarod, bevri daqiravebuli xelmZRvaneli
iviwyebs am ubralo WeSmaritebas. amitomaa, rom dRes xe-
lmZRvanelebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa urTierToba
kompaniis mflobelebTan. arc ise iSviaTad, mesakuTreebsa
da maT mier daqiravebul mmarTvelebs Soris mimdinare-
obs “namdvili omi~ organizaciaSi liderobisaTvis da
Tanamdebobriv uflebamosilebaTa gadanawilebisaTvis.
mesakuTreebs eSiniaT ar dakargon biznesze gavlena nawi-
lobriv an mTlianad. daqiravebuli topmenejerebi ki, Tav-
is mxriv, ukmayofiloa maTdami wayenebuli moTxovnebiT,
maTi efeqturi xelmZRvanelobisaTvis arasakmarisi ufle-
bamosilebis gamo, mesakuTreTa mxridan maTi saqmianobis
araobieqturi SefasebisaTvis da a.S.
2. viwro profesionalizmis problema. 2. viwro profesionalizmis problema. menejmentSi
viwro profesionalizmi muSaobs Tanmdebobriv kibeze aR-
masvlis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. praqtikiT dadge-
nilia, rom marTviTi piramidis mwvervalTan miaxloebis
kvalobaze, aucilebeli viwrospecializebuli codnis
saWiro sidide mcirdeba. amitom, didi sawarmos direqto-
risaTvis an msxvili korporaciis prezidentisaTvis araa
aucilebeli warmoebis teqnologiis imdenad dawvrilebiT
codna, rogorc es moeTxoveba mTavar inJiners, miTumetes,
Tanamedrove teqnologiis ganviTarebis pirobebSi, es cod-
na TiTqmis mTlianad Zveldeba ramdenime welSi. Tumca,
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
mTavarma menejerma unda icodes: warmoebrivi procesebi
Seesabameba Tu ara msoflio standartebs, rogoria
teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi sawarmoebs So-
ris, romelia SedarebiT ufro pespeqtiuli saxeobis
produqcia da a. S. xelmZRvanelis karieris gansaRvrul
etapze icvleba marTvis vertikaluri kibis gageba. igi
SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc gavlenis wris gafar-
Toeba. bevri umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis aRiarebiT, maT kar-
ierul zrdas axlda prioritetebis saintereso cvla.
pirvel etapze ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoboda sakuTari
profesionalizmis amaRlebas, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis
dagrovebas. samsaxurebriv kibeze dawinaurebis kvalobaze,
mTavari xdeba sul sxva sagnebi: ambiciebis zrda, maTi
dakmayofilebis SesaZlebloba, urTierToba aqcionerebsa
da sawarmoTa mflobelebTan, “elitur sazogadoebaSi~
moxvedris SesaZlebloba. kariera iZens axal azrs_ara
ubralod “samsaxurebrivi moZraoba~ da meti fulis gamo-
muSaveba, aramed ufro xelsayrel kontraqtebze muSaoba,
“did TamaSSi~ monawileoba da sxv. roca saSualo rgo-
lis yofili menejeri ikavebs maRal Tanamdebobriv posts,
misTvis profesiuli codna da unari xdeba nakleb aq-
tualuri, vidre adamianebTan urTierTobis dalageba da
maTTvis yuradRebis mipyroba. zogierTs es ar esmis da
efloba viwro profesionalizmSi. isini movlenebs xedav-
en danawevrebulad da ara mTlianobaSi. gansakuTrebiT es
damaxasiaTebelia im organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebisaT-
vis, romlebmac karieruli zrda daiwyes iqve nulidan da
ganvles misi yvela etapi. aseTi kandidatura sawarmoTa
mflobelebisaTvis yovelTvis iTvleboda momgebianad,
radgan aseTma xelmZRvanelma dawvrilebiT icis viwro
adgilebi da Zveli problemebi. Tumca, arc ise usafuZv-
lod, zogierTi mkvlevarisa da gamocdili praqtikosis
mosazrebiT, aseTi xelmZRvaneli xSirad konservatoria,
ramdenadac Seguebulia organizaciaSi arsebul wess (igi
xom mis formirebaSi uSualod monawileobda) da arc ise
uyvars raime cvlilebebze, Tundac progresulze, wasvla.
160
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
amitom, isini Tvlian, rom umjobesia didi organizaciebis
umaRles xelmZRvanelad dainiSnos saTanado codniTa da
unar-CvevebiT aRWurvili garedan mowveuli piri, romel-
sac ukeT SeuZlia gansazRvros ganviTarebis axali gzebi,
tradiciebisa da organizaciaSi damkvidrebuli sqemisagan
yuradaRebis miuqcevlad. Tumca, garedan mowveuli piri
ejaxeba sxva problemebs. mas ar aqvs kolegebTan urTier-
Tobis istoria, naklebad an saerTod ar icnobs orga-
nizaciis problemebs da a. S. am sakiTxze Cveni mosazreba
aseTia: mocemul problemaze calmxrivad midgoma Sec-
domaa. organizaciis umaRlesi xelmZRvanelis daniSvnisas,
mizanSewonilia e.w. “oqros Sualedis~ principiT moqmede-
ba, anu mxedvelobaSi iqnes miRebuli rogorc pirveli, ase-
vee meore faqtori, yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisas arse-
buli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amasTan, yvela
donis xeimZRvanelis SerCevis mTavari kriteriumi unda
iyos dasawinaurebeli piris individualuri da saqmiani
Tvisebebi; 3. araadekvaturi TviTSefaseba. 3. araadekvaturi TviTSefaseba. misi mizezebia:
Tavbrudaxveva warmatebebisagan, kritikulobis SegrZnebis
Semcireba, yovlisSemZleobis ganwyoba da sxv. araadekva-
turi TviTSefaseba vlindeba informaciis arasworad aR-
qmis SemTxvevaSiac. xelmZRvanelis mier Tavisi kompeten-
turobis TviTSefasebis uunaroba xelmZRvanels ubiZgebs
iseTi amocanebis Sesrulebaze SeWidebas, romlis Zala mas
ar Seswevs. TviTSefasebis araadekvaturobis problema, up-
irveles yovlisa, mniSvnelovania umaRlesi rgolis xe-
lmZRvanelebisaTvis. saqme isaa, rom, rogorc praqtikiTaa
dadgenili, obieqturi informaciis raodenoba, romelsac
xelmZRvaneli Rebulobs Tavisi pirovnebis Sesaxeb, dakave-
buli Tanamdebobis donis ukuproporciulia, anu rac
ufro didi Tanamdeboba ukavia adamians mmarTvelobiT
ierarqiaSi, miT ufro naklebia Tavis Tavze kritikuli
informacia. amis mizezi isaa, rom cotaa daqvemdebareb-
ulebidan iseTebi, romlebic gabedaven didi bosis gakri-
tikebas da misi yvela naklisa da gadacdomis gamomzeure-
bas. araadekvaturi Sefasebis mizezia, agreTve, organizaci-
161
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
is SigniT informaciuli barieris arseboba. amitomaa, rom
dasavleli menejerebi yovelmxriv cdiloben kompaniis
SigniT informaciuli barierebi moSalon da waaxalison
organizaciis TanamSromlebTan araformaluri damokide-
buleba. CvenSi ki Zveleburad cdiloben gaaridon daqvem-
debarebulebi TavianT xelmZRvanelebs kabinetebis misaRe-
bebiT, telefonebis grovaTi, mdivan-referentebiT, rom-
lebic yvelanairad arTuleben xelmZRvanelTan misasv-
lels. aseT SemTxvevaSi aucileblad gamoCndeba, rogorc
mas samarTlianad uwodeben, e. w. “tvinebis Jandarmi~. Cveu-
lebriv, esaa didi bosis favoriti_ misi uaxloesi moadg-
ile an referenti. igi nebayoflobiT icavs ufross nebi-
smieri informaciisagan, romelsac SeuZlia igi gaaRizia-
nos. “tvinebis Jandarmi~ cdilobs daicvas Tavisi lideri
praqtikulad yvelafrisagan, romelsac SeuZlia Searyios
misi rwmena Tavis “genialurobaSi~.sxva sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT, yovelgvari kritika, Tundac konstruqciuli,
iblokeba jer kidev xelmZRvanelTan mis misvlamde; 4. cx- 4. cx-
ovrebis axal moTxovnebze adekvaturi reagirebis uunar-ovrebis axal moTxovnebze adekvaturi reagirebis uunar-
oba. oba. rogorc cnobilia organizaciis cxovrebas, ise
rogorc adamianisas, SeiZleba axldes seriozuli kriz-
isebi, romelTa gadasaWrelad aucilebelia adekvaturi
gadawyvetilebebis miReba da maTi ganxorcieleba. xelmZ-
Rvanelma ar unda dauSvas organizaciis (firmis da a. S.)
im etapSi Sesvla, romelsac mosdevs misi bazridan wasvla
da likvidacia. amisaTvis ki, aucilebelia xelmZRvanels
gaaCndes cvlilebebTan adaptirebis unari da, aqedan
gamomdinare, moqnilad varirebdes xelmZRvanelobis
stils. es, samwuxarod, bevrs ar gamosdis. xSirad zogi-
erTi xelmZRvaneli ebRauWeba mmarTvelobis im erT stils,
romelic efeqturi iyo gasul periodSi, magram ar pa-
suxobs intensiuri zrdisa da miRweuli poziciebis Se-
narCunebis sadReiso moTxovnebs. amis Sedegad firma kar-
gavs konkuretunarianobas. msoflio praqtikaSi bevria
magaliTi, roca zemoaRniSnuli mizeziT, araerTi saxel-
ganTqmuli xelmZRvaneli aRmoCenila gakotrebulTa
162
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
rigebSi da wasula dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan. magali-
Tad, jon akersi XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi iTvleboda
kompiuteruli teqnologiis flagmanad da hqonda naTeli
da warmatebuli kariera. miuxedavad amisa, 1993 wels gaTa-
visuflda udidesi korporaciis xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebo-
bidan, radgan ver gaumklavda XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi
kompiuteruli mrewvelobis swraf teqnologiur cvlile-
bebs. SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tanamedrve dasavlur biznesSi
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rom mTavari menejeri 5 welze meti
vadiT gaaCeron Tavis “kresloSi~. es ki korporaciebs
(kompaniebs da a.S.) saSualebas aZlevs iyvnen dinamikurebi,
adekvaturad reagirebdnen garemos swraf cvlilebebze. 5. 5.
karieruli zrdis avadmyofoba anu “mmarTvelobiTi narko-karieruli zrdis avadmyofoba anu “mmarTvelobiTi narko-
mania~mania~. arian xelmZRvanelebi, romelTa cxovrebiseuli
stilia_”xelmZRvaneloba xelmZRvanelobisaTvis~. maT
mxridan karieruli zrdis avadmyofoba gamoixateba admin-
istrirebis metismet gazrdaSi, Tavisi ZalauflebiT gata-
cebaSi. dasawyisSi aseTi xelmZRvaneli gamoiyureba
rogorc keTili da mSvidobiani. kompania neli tempiT vi-
Tardeba, xolo “didi xelmZRvanelis~ zogierT ucnau-
robaze cota vinme amaxvilebs yuradRebas. rogorc nebis-
mier narkomans sWirdeba “dozis~ mudmivi gadideba, aseve
“mmarTvelobiTi narkomani~cdilobs fokusirdes Tavis
pirad ambiciebsa da fsiqologiur kompleqsebze da ara
saqmis interesebze. igi iswrafvis daqvemdebarebulebisa
da titulebis raodenobis gazrdisaken da ara kompaniis
warmatebuli muSaobisaken. Rrmad sZuls da arafrad
agdebs maT, vinc mis socialur kibeze dgas. gansakuTrebul
klinikur SemTxvevebSi, mudmivi survili aqvs sajarod
daamciros da daCagros Tavisi daqvemdebarebulebi. amas-
Tan, ganicdis met zizRsa da miswrafebas im msxverpli-
sadmi, romelic yvelaze ufro sustad da ususurad gamoi-
yureba. romeliRac momentSi “mmarTvelobiTi narkomani~
mTlianad kargavs kontaqts realobasTan. misi saqmianobis
efeqtianoba miiswrafvis absoluturi nulisaken. xedaven
ra amas, daqvemdebarebulebi SvebiT amoisunTqaven: “dideba
163
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
RmerTs! ukve bevri ar darCa~. sabolood, aseTi xelmZR-
vaneli da guSindeli “varskvlavi~ momentalurad ecema
Tanamdebobrivi olimpidan. eqsxelmZRvaneli iqceva leg-
endebisa da anekdotebis odiozur personaJad. daqvemde-
barebul pirebze ukiduresad negatiur zemoqmedebas
axdens paTologiuri xasiaTis mqone an fsiqopati xelmZ-
Rvaneli. aseTi mmarTveli iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba
rogorc biznesSi, aseve adamianuri saqmianobis sxva sfer-
oebSi. istoriam icis araerTi magaliTi, roca fsiqopati
xelmZRvaneli ara marto fizikur Seuracyofas ayenebs
Tavis daqvemdebarebulebs, aramed fizikurad icilebs maT,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme exeba sakuTrebis an
Zalauflebis SenarCunebas; 6. fsiqologiur- profesion- 6. fsiqologiur- profesion-
aluri gadawva.aluri gadawva. maRali rgolis xelmZRvanelTa muSaoba,
rogorc wesi, mimdinareobs eqstremalurTan miaxloebul
pirobebSi, rac gamowveulia maRali pasuxismgeblobiT,
mudmivi stresebiT, didi fsiqologiuri datvirTviT da
sxv. amas axlavs mravalricxovani piradi kontaqti, zogjer
maTTvis arasasiamovno adamianebTan _ Zlieri grZnobebiT
da agresiiT, undoblobiTa da SuriT. yovelive amis Sed-
egad, xelmZRvanelTa erT niwilSi adre Tu gvian Cndeba
fsiqologiur-profesionaluri gadawvis niSnebi, sxva si-
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT, fsiqologiuri dezorientacia gare
da Siga faqtorebis mudmivi zewolis gamo. igi gamoix-
ateba mudmiv agresiulobaSi, adamianebisa da situaciebis
SegrZnebaTa araadekvaturobaSi, daRlilobasa da saqmi-
anobisadmi interesis dakargvaSi. aseTi mmarTvelebi, rom-
lebsac jer kidev ar amouwuravT TavianTi profesiuli
zrdis potenciali, iwyeben Tavisi Tavis Zebnas sruliad
sxva adgilze. maT sul ufro xSirad mosdiT azri_dato-
von Tanamdeboba da ipovon iseTi samuSao, romelic iqneba
ufro wynari da naklebsapasuxismgeblo. formalurad
isini agrZeleben yvela TavianTi movaleobis Sesrulebas,
magram es saqmiani aqtiurobis mxolod iluziaa. fsiqolog-
Ta mosazrebiT, aseT xelmZRvanelebs fsiqologiur-profe-
siuli gadawvis simptomebi uCndebaT intensiuri mmarT-
164
nugzar paiWaZenugzar paiWaZe
velobiTi saqmianobis meeqvse-meSvide wels. zemoaRniSnu-
li movlenidan Tavis daRweva arc ise iolia. special-
istebis, upirveles yovlisa, fsiqologebis mier SemoTava-
zebulia rigi rekomendacia fsiqologiur-profesion-
aluri gadawvidan Tavis dasaRwevad. maT Sorisaa: kon-
sultaciebi fsiqologTan an fsiqoTerapevtTan, xangrZli-
vi Svebulebis aReba, dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan droebiT
wasvla da sxv. Tu yovelive aman ar moitana sasurveli
Sedegi, maSin gardauvalia dakavebuli Tanamdebobis da-
toveba da sul sxva, ufro “wynari~ samuSaos Zieba.
What a Modern Manager should be likeWhat a Modern Manager should be like
N. PaichadzeN. Paichadze
The article discusses the characteristics of a modern manager and the required skills, criteria and the factors infl uencing the effectiveness of their activities. The article highlights the problems that might occur in the managers’ activities, such as: relationship with the owners, narrow profes-sionalism, inadequate self-assessment, lack of the skills to adequately react to new requirements of life, illness of career advancement or “managerial addiction”, psychological and professional burnout.D
165
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
konfliqtis regulirebis humanuri konfliqtis regulirebis humanuri meTodebimeTodebi
nino faresaSvili nino faresaSvili
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
iv.javaxiSvilis, Tsu-is asistent-profesori, iv.javaxiSvilis, Tsu-is asistent-profesori,
maia nikvaSvili maia nikvaSvili
profesoris asistenti profesoris asistenti
ukanasknel aTwleulebSi konfliqtologiis
Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba gaizarda.
garkveulwilad, es dakavSirebulia qveyanaSi mimdi-
nare socialur-ekonomikur reformebTan, sabazro
urTierTobebis Camoyalibebasa da, kerZod, ekonomikuri
partniorebis urTierTkavSiris garTulebasTan,
mewarmeTa da, saerTod, meurne subieqtebis interesebis
SejaxebasTan, mwarmoeblebsa da saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis momxmareblebs Soris sxvadasxva
wina aR mdegobaTa gamwvavebasTan; sikeTeebis
ganawilebasa da moxmarebaSi, moqalaqeTa socialuri
garantiebis, uflebebisa da movaleobebis dacvaSi
daubalanseblobasTan. ekonomikisa da socialuri
sferos krizisuli mdgomareoba, sazogadoebaSi
zneobrivi moTxovnebis daqveiTeba, qveyanaSi socialuri
daZabulobis zrda aisaxeba konfliqtebis problemebis
da maTi regulirebis praqtikuli gzebis Ziebis
interesze.
sazogadoeba mudmivad ganviTarebaSia, romlis
erT-erTi saSualebac konfliqtia. es procesi
ramdenime etapisgan Sedgeba. sinergetika xels uwyobs
sworxazovani azrovnebis daZlevas. dRes sul ufro
cxadi xdeba is faqti, rom rTulad organizebul
sistemebs Tavs ver moaxvev ganviTarebis gzebs. aqedan
gamomdinare, konfliqtebis marTvaSi uari unda iTqvas
166
nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvilinino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili
mkacri Zalismieri zemoqmedebis prioritetze, saWiroa
sazogadoebriv, jgufur, pirad interesebze gavlenis
ufro moqnil formebze gadasvla. konfliqtis marTvis
ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa is, rom stimuli mieces
socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas im mimarTulebiT,
romelic Seesabameba moZraobis obieqtur logikas da
mniSvnelovnad aZlierebs misi SemecnebiTi, analitikuri,
mizanganmsazRvreli funqciebis rols.
sazogadoeba da misi struqturuli elementebi
warmoadgens rTul sistemebs, romelTac gaaCniaT
aramdgradobis, mravalferovnebis, ganviTarebis
araTanabarzomierebis, arasworxazovnebis (SesasvlelSi
umniSvnelo signalma SeiZleba gamoiwvios sagrZnobi
signali gasasvlelSi), temporalurobis (drois mimarT
mimdinareobaze gazrdili mgrZnobeloba) Tvisebebi.
amitomac konfliqtologiaSi centraluri adgili
unda ekavos procesebis, gansakuTrebiT arawrfivi
ukukavSiris kvlevas. socialuri konfliqtebis marTva
naklebad efeqturia, Tu agebulia zogadsistemuri
Tvisebebis gauTvaliswineblad mTlianis nawilebad
daSlaze.
sinergetikam mogvca imis gacnobierebis
SesaZlebloba, rom rTul sistemebs, rogorc wesi,
gaaCniaT ganviTarebis ramdenime alternatiuli gza, e.i
ar arsebobs mkacri winaswarganzraxuloba. garda amisa,
man mogvca saSualeba axleburad Segvexeda droisaTvis.
amJamad sul ufro meti adamiani acnobierebs, rom
sistemis amJamindeli mdgomareoba ganisazRvreba ara
mxolod warsuliT, misi istoriiT, aramed igeba da
yalibdeba momavlisgan, momavali msoflio wesrigis
Sesabamisad.
amitomac, SemTxveviTi sulac ar aris, rom
konfliqtebis marTvaSi aqtiurad muSavdeba
mimarTuleba, romelic dakavSirebulia strategiuli
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisa da realizaciis meqanizmebis
dasabuTebasTan, Tanac axal meTodologiur bazaze.
167
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
axali meTodologiuri midgomis arsia is, rom ara
imdenad Zala, ramdenadac mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmedebis
sworad arCeuli konfiguracia gansazRvravs mis
Sedegianobas ama Tu im konfliqtis regulirebis
procesSi. konfliqtSi Zalze efeqtiania rezonansuli
zemoqmedeba.
amrigad, winarekonfliqturi situacia xasiaTdeba
imiT, rom igi qmnis konfliqtis realur SesaZleblobas,
magram igi SeiZleba gadawyvetil iqnes `mSvidobiani,~
arakonfliqturi gziT, Tu misi warmomqmneli
pirobebi gaqreba TavisTavad, an `moixsneba~ situaciis
winarekonfliqturad aRqmis Sedegad.
Sigapirovnuli konfliqti organizaciaSi xSirad
rCeba yuradRebis miRma. bevri xelmZRvaneli miiCnevs,
rom samsaxuri araa is adgili, sadac adamiani SeiZleba
movides problemebiT da sadac is SeZlebs misgan
Tavis daRwevas. amasTanave, aseTi xelmZRvanelebi
ar iTvaliswineben, rom Sigapirovnuli konfliqti
mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs TanamSromelTa saqmianobis
Sedegebze. ufro metic, maT ar esmiT, rom organizaciis
TanamSromelTa Sigapirovnuli konfliqtebis mizezebi
ukavSirdeba organizaciis SigniT maT saqmian da
pirovnebaTSoris komunikacias. rac Seexeba Tavad
Sigapirovnul konfliqtebis problemas, is ukavSirdeba
adamianis amoucnob Sinagan samyaros. aqedan gamomdinare,
igi warmogvidgeba sakmaod rTuli saxiT, romlis
gansxvavebuli aspeqtebi aisaxeba mraval fsiqologiur
koncefciasa da TeoriaSi.
nebismieri socialuri sistemis ganviTarebis
procesSi, Zvelisa da axlis urTierTobisas, xSirad
vlindeba winaaRmdegoba socialuri subieqtebis
urTierTqmedebebSi, e.w. inovaciuri konfliqtis
saxiT. inovaciaSi vgulisxmobT socialur sistemaSi
mimdinare procesebis mTeli an calkeuli elementebis
axal saSualebebs, struqturas an teqnologiebs, rasac
mis funqcionirebaSi arsebiTi cvlilebebi Seaqvs.
168
nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvilinino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili
sabolood, nebismieri siaxle arRvevs arsebul ritms,
pirobebs, algoriTmebs da a.S.
organizaciaSi subieqtebi, romlebsac SeiZleba
SeexoT inovaciebi, mravalgvaria. es SeiZleba iyos
pirovneba, mcire socialuri jgufi, struqturuli
danayofi, da a.S. amitom, yvelaze inovaciuri konfliqti
organizaciaSi SeiZleba iyos Sigapirovnuli,
pirovnebaTSorisi da jgufuri.
problemuri situaciis araadekvatur aRqmas
SeiZleba orgvari Sedegi mohyves:
man SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos Ria konfliqtis war-moqmnis Sekavebas. es maSin xdeba, roca problemuri
situaciis safrTxe jerovnad ar fasdeba, knindeba;
man SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos aSkara konfliqtis Setevis forsirebas, mis xelovnur `gaCaRebas~. es maSin
xdeba, roca winaaRmdegobaTa safrTxe winaekonfliq-
turi situaciis stadiaze gadaWarbebulia.
mniSvelovania aseve im kanonzomierebis xazgasma,
rom potenciuri konfliqtis oponenti SeiZleba
dainteresebuli iyos winaaRmdegobebis, winakonfliqtur
situaciaSi warmoqmnili faqtorebis safrTxis
araadekvaturi SefasebiTa da aRqmiT da, aqedan
gamomdinare, Segnebulad SecdomaSi SehyavT momavali
konfliqtis sxva monawileebi. potenciuri konfliqtis
mowinaaRmdegis am dezinformaciis, dezorientaciis
miznebi winakonfliqturi situaciis safrTxis
Sefasebisas SeiZleba aseve orgvari iyos: 1) is SeiZleba
mimarTuli iyos an momavali dapirispirebis Sekavebaze,
an 2)dapirispirebis forsirebisTvis konfliqtis erT-
erTi oponentis provocirebaze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,
winarekonfliqturi situaciis winaaRmdegobaTa
safrTxe, Segnebulad knindeba, meoreSi ki -diddeba. magram,
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, winarekonflqituri situaciis
Segnebulad mcdari Sefaseba gamoiyeneba erT-erTi
mxaris mier mxolod sakuTari interesebisaTvis.
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Ria konfliqtis stadiaze aseve cxadi xdeba, rom
arc erT mxares ar surs daTmobaze an kompromisze
wasvla. piriqiT, dominirebs daprispirebis ganawesi
sakuTari interesebis dasamtkiceblad. amasTan,
jgufebSi obieqtur winaaRmdegobebs xSirad erTvis
pirovnebaTaSorisi gansxvavebebi, rac amZafrebs
situacias. aseTia konfliqtis ganviTarebis
SeuCerebeli procesis zogadi logika. Tumca, am
procesSic SeiZleba gamoiyos Siga etapebi, romlebic
xasiaTdeba daZabulobis gansxvavebuli xarisxiT, rac
konfliqtologiaSi aRniSnulia terminebiT: incidenti,
eskalacia, konfliqtis dasasruli.
postkonfliqturi etapi, roca likvidirebulia
daZabuloba da sabolood normalizdeba urTierTobebi
mxareebs Soris, upiratesoba eniWeba TanamSromlobasa
da ndobas. amasTan, aucilebelia erTi principuli
momentis daTqma, romlis arsia is, rom konfliqtis
dasasruls yovelTvis rodi mosdevs mSvidoba da
Tanxmoba. xSirad isec xdeba, rom erTi konfliqtis
dasruleba biZgs aZlevs sxva warmoebul konfliqts
adamianTa cxovelqmedebis sruliad sxva sferoebSi.
konfliqtebs SeiZleba hqondes racionaluri da
emociuri buneba. aqedan gamomdinare, konfliqtebis
gadawyvetis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos: mizanmimarTuli
zemoqmedeba mizezebsa da misi warmoqmnis pirobebze;
metoqeTa ganawesebisa da faseulobiTi orientaciis
Secvla.
konfliqtis gadawyvetis es xerxebi realizdeba
organizaciuli, sociokulturuli, socialur-
fsiqologiuri da sxva mniSvnelovani paradigmebiT.
konfrontacia – mmarTvelobiTi konfliqtebis
kidev ufro Rrma formaa, romelic xasiaTdeba
mkacri konkurenciiT, marTvis subieqtebis karierul
miswrafebebze ukiruresi zomebisa da meTodebis
gamoyenebiT: jgufuri protestebi, metoqis
ganTavisufleba samsaxuridan da a.S. sxvagvarad rom
170
vTqvaT, konfrontacia marTvis konfliqtis yvelaze
mZafri formaa, romelsac arsebuli marTvis sistema
likvidaciamde mihyavs.
marTvis sferoSi konfliqtebis gadawyvetis
uSualo subieqtebi xelmZRvanelebia. mTavari
roli am procesSi miekuTvneba im qveganyofilebis
xelmZRvanels, romelSic warmoiqmna konfliqti, anda
maRali rangis menejers. konfliqtebis marTvis
regulirebisa da gafrTxilebis mizniT, mniSvnelovania
nebismieri rangis mmarTvelma moagvaros ukukavSiri
marTvis yvela obieqtTan. es, pirveli aucilebeli
pirobaa konfliqtebis Tavidan aridebis da marTvis
qmedebebisTvis. meore pirobas warmoadgens marTvis
stilis, formebis, meTodebis, saSualebebis mudmivi
koreqcia, konkretuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
xelmZRvaneli unda flobdes daqvemdebarebulebze
zemoqmedebis gansxvavebul formebs:
• pirdapiri zemoqmedeba: brZaneba, direqtiva,
miTiTeba, davaleba; • zemoqmedeba motivebiT:
moTxovnilebaTa da interesebis stimulireba sasurveli
moqmedebis miRwevis mizniT;
• faseulobaTa sistemiT moqmedeba: ganaTleba,
aRzrda, informacia;
• socialur garemoze zemoqmedeba: organizaciaSi
samuSao pirobebis, statusis, urTierTqmedebaTa sistemis
cvlileba da sxv.
konfliqtebis gadawyvetis socialur-fsiqo-
logiuri paradigmis cxovrebaSi gasatareblad,
maregulirebeli zemoqmedebis obieqtia konfliqtis
monawileebis fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, motivacia,
aseve pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis xasiaTi da
Sinaarsi.
sruliad sxvagvari xasiaTsaa konfliqtis
regulirebis humanuri meTodebi. igi emsaxureba ara
mxolod konfliqturi situaciebis gadawyvetis miznebs,
aramed SeiZleba asrulebdes profilaqtikur rolsac,
Tavidan iridebdes konfliqtebs, gansakuTrebiT –
nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvilinino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
destruqciuls.
konfliqtis regulirebis humanuri meTodebi
SeiZleba davyoT oTx jgufad:
1. zogadi xasiaTis rekomendaciebi, romlebic
ganekuTvneba ara mxolod konfliqtur urTierTqmedebebs,
aramed adamianTa nebismier urTierTobas. maT ricxvs
ganekuTvneba iseTi wesebi, rogoricaa: mudmivi
yuradReba mosaubrisadmi, misi moTminebiT mosmenis
unari; keTilmosurne, megobruli, pativiscemiT mopyroba
misdami; saubris tempis, ritmis erTgvari Seneleba im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRmoCndeba, rom mosaubre zedmetad
aRelvebulia; partnioris TanagrZnoba, evTanazia;
@2. meTodebis bloki, romelic gamoiyeneba
konfliqturi situaciebis mogvarebis mizniT saubris,
molaparakebebis sawyis, sityvieramdel fazaze. am
fazaze Tanamosaubres, saubarSi Caurevlad, unda mieces
SesaZlebloba bolomde gamoTqvas Tavisi azri, rogorc
ityvian, ̀ gamouSvas orTqli~; mimikiT, JestebiT mianiSnoT,
rom gesmiT partnioris mdgomareoba;
3. ZiriTadi rekomendaciebi saubris an
molaparakebebis meore, ZiriTad fazaze SeiZleba iyos
Semdegi: saWiroa, Tundac mokle xniT, gadavitanoT
mosaubris yuradReba konfliqtis sagnidan sxva Temaze,
mivceT mas mcireodeni Sveba emociuri daZabulobis
Semdeg; CamovjdeT, magram sasurvelia ara pirispir,
radgan fsiqologebi miiCneven, rom es aZlierebs
konfrontacias, aramed gverdiT, daaxloebiT naxevar
metrSi; mxolod aseTi winaswari qceviTi aqciebis
Semdeg unda SevudgeT konfliqtis gamomwvevi problemis
ganxilvas; amasTan, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sasargebloa
sakuTari danaSaulis aRiareba dapirispirebis
warmoqmnaSi; saWiroa Tanamosaubris simarTlis aRiareba
im punqtebSi, romlebSic igi marTalia;
ganxilvis procesSi mniSvnelovania mxareTa
interesebSi erTianobis xazgasma da ara mxolod
gansxvavebebze apelireba; aranakleb mniSvnelovania
172
yuradRebis miqceva Tanamosaubris saukeTeso Tvisebebze,
rac daexmareba mas Tavisi mRelvarebis daZlevasa
da arsebuli situaciidan optimaluri gamosavlis
moZebnaSi; da, ra Tqma unda, umjobesia uTanxmoebis
gamomwvevi sakiTxi maSinaTve an umokles vadaSi
gadawydes, radgan dayovneba, rogorc wesi, mxolod
amZimebs situacias.
universaluri xasiaTis rekomendaciebi, rac qmnis
specialuri, operatiuli xerxebis bloks, SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes rTul konfliqtur situaciebSi.
es gulsxmobs susti adgilebis gaTvaliswinebas
Tanamosaubris poziciaSi, aseve, mis pirovnul sust
wertilebs. rig SemTxvevaSi, unda vaCvenoT Tanamosaubres,
rom mis mier zedmetad xazgasmuli Tavaziani toni
sakmaod mkvaxea; zogjer saWiroa partnioris misamarTiT
ufro Zlieri agresiis gamovlena, vidre mis mier
demonstrirebuli agresiaa; SeiZleba Tanamosaubris
saqmis kursSi Cayeneba konfliqturi situaciis im
negatiuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac SeiZleba man piradad
iwvnios an kidev misi moTxovnebis dakmayofilebam
SeiZleba negatiuri Sedegebi moutanos im adamianebs,
visi mosazrebebic misTvis mniSvnelovania.
konfliqtis mogvarebis ZiriTadi saSualebebia:
ganawesebis Secvla jgufis wevrebTan mimarTebiT. ganawesebis Secvla jgufis wevrebTan mimarTebiT.
es xerxi aucilebelia, pirvel rigSi, emociuri
konfliqtebis gadaWrisas, roca mTeli yuradReba
gadatanilia metoqeTa pirovnebebze. amitomac,
sasargebloa TanamSromlobis atmosferos Seqmna,
romelic moqiSpe jgufebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs
erToblivi saqmianobis msvlelobisas Seafason
metoqeebi rogorc partniorebi. konfliqtis aseTnairad
mogvarebisas SesaZlebelia uaryofiTi stereotipebis
koreqciis, miznebis, prioritetebis cvlilebis
meTodebis gamoyeneba.
nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvilinino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili
173
aseve, mniSvnelovania socialuri samsaxuris socialuri samsaxuris
wevrTa motivaciis Secvla.wevrTa motivaciis Secvla. imdenad, ramdenadac
motivacia SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc Zala,
romelic ubiZgebs moqmedebisken, xolo konfliqtis dros
motivacia mimarTulia konfliqtur urTierTqmedebaTa
gaaqtiurebisken. cxadia, konfliqtur urTierTqmedebaTa
intensivobis marTvisaTvis saWiroa motivaciis Sesusteba
metoqis mimarT winaaRmdegobaze. es SeiZleba miRweul
iqnes konfliqtis araracionalurobis demonstraciis,
misi gamanadgurebeli Sedegebis, ukonfliqto muSaobis
mimzidvelobis gziT. igive efeqtis miRweva SeiZleba
konfliqtis monawileTa motivaciiT saqmianobis
ZiriTadi saxeobebisadmi. socialuri muSaobisadmi
Zlieri motivaciis gaCena iwvevs socialuri samsaxuris
wevrTa ganridebas konfliqtSi monawileobisgan.
araformaluri liderebis Semoyvana araformaluri liderebis Semoyvana _ konfliqtebis
mogvarebis yvelaze Zveli da aprobirebuli
meTodia. rogorc cnobilia, araformalur liderebs
SeuZliaT ara mxolod konfliqtebis organizeba,
misi monawileebis saqmianobis warmarTva, aramed
konfliqtis emociuri atmosferos Seqmna (mxars uWeren
siZulvils, brZolis ganawesebs). amasTan dakavSirebiT,
axali lideris mosvlam SeiZleba kardinalurad
Secvalos urTierTdamokidebulebebi konfliqtis
monawileebs Soris. konfliqtis mogvarebis am xerxis
ZiriTadi siZnele isaa, rom axali lideri unda miiRon
socialuri samsaxuris koleqtivSi, moisminon misi
rCevebi, daemorCilon mis gadawyvetilebebs mwvave
konfliqtis pirobebSi.
sasurvelia emociuri atmosferos Seqmna.sasurvelia emociuri atmosferos Seqmna.
konfliqtis mizezebis umravlesoba dakavSirebulia
saerTo ukmayofilebasTan, daukmayofileblobasTan,
siZulvilTan, rac mimarTulia socialuri samsaxuris
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
174
yvela sxva wevrze. amitomac, konfliqtis intensivobis
daqveiTebis erT-erTi xerxia sasurveli emociuri
atmosferos Seqmna, romelic moicavs konfliqtis
yvela monawiles. amasTan, mcirdeba konfliqturi
urTierTqmedebebis intensivoba.
socialurisocialuri samsaxuris wevrebis qcevaze samsaxuris wevrebis qcevaze
manipulaciuri zemoqmedeba.manipulaciuri zemoqmedeba. qcevis marTvis Tanamedrove
saSualebebi dakavSirebulia konfliqtis monawileTa
Segnebaze manipulirebiT, roca marTvis safuZveli
konfliqtis monawileebis qvecnobierze zemoqmedebaa,
rac xorcieldeba fsiqologiuri barierebis gverdis
avliT. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva komunikaciuri
arxi, risi meSveobiTac gadaicema specialurad
momzadebuli Setyobinebebi. SetyobinebaTa momzadebaSi
aucileblad unda monawileobdnen profesionali
fsiqologebi, romelTac ZaluZT konfliqtis monawileTa
qvecnobierze zemoqmedeba maTi reprezentaciuli
sistemebis meSveobiT.
Humane Methods of Confl ict Regulation
N. ParesashviliN. Paresashvili M. NikvashviliM. Nikvashvili
The article discusses confl ict regulation mechanisms, mainly humane methods of confl ict resolution. They not only focus on resolving confl icts, they may also have preventive function – to prevent confl icts, especially destructive ones.
Therefore, the authors think that in confl ict regulation it’s necessary to say no to the priorities like strict forceful measures. It is necessary to transfer to more fl exible forms of infl uence on public, collective and personal interests. The main function of confl ict management is to stimulate development of socio-economic development in the direction corresponding to objective logic of movement and signifi cantly increases the role of its cognitive, analytical and aim-defi ning functions.
nino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvilinino faresaSvili, maia nikvaSvili
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manana lobJaniZemanana lobJaniZe
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
asistent-profesori,asistent-profesori,
fakultetis samecniero kvlevebisa da fakultetis samecniero kvlevebisa da
ganviTarebis samsaxuris ufrosiganviTarebis samsaxuris ufrosi
saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis ltolva zogadad
ganaTlebis, kerZod ki, umaRlesi ganaTlebisaken
tradiciulad maRalia da rig SemTxvevaSi racionalurobis
sazRvrebsac ki scildeba. Tumca, am process safuZvlad
sruliad obieqturi garemoeba udevs. saqarTveloSi
sazogadoeba kvlav socialur statuszea orientirebuli,
rac imas niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli statusi arsebiTad
gansazRvravs pirovnebisadmi damokidebulebas, pirovnebisa
da ojaxis materialur keTildReobas1.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli realobidan gamomdinare,
axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba mwvave socialur-ekonomikuri
problemaa. cxovrebis donis daqveiTebasTan erTad
ufasurdeba adamianuri kapitali, romelic saxelmwifos
an ojaxis mier aris investirebuli. axalgazrda adamiani
moralurad travmirebulia, sazogadoeba ki kargavs im
ekonomikur dovlaTs, risi miRebac SesaZlebeli iqneboda
maTi SromiTi potencialis efeqtiani gamoyenebiT.
axalgazrdebis dasaqmeba gansakuTrebul daxmarebasa
da xelSewyobas moiTxovs. isini mosaxleobis sxva socialur-
demografiuli jgufebisagan gamoirCevian janmrTelobiT,
ganaTlebis doniT, profesiuli momzadebiT, mobilurobiT,
samuSaosadmi wayenebuli maRali moTxovnebiT da a.S.
yovelive es gansazRvravs maT qcevas Sromis bazarze.
axalgazrdebi damoukideblebi arian da
1 c. anTaZe, socialuri riskebi Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi,
Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 11.
saswavlo migraciis tendenciebi da saswavlo migraciis tendenciebi da
kanonzomirebebi globalizaciis pirobebSikanonzomirebebi globalizaciis pirobebSi
176
manana lobJaniZemanana lobJaniZe
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSic Seicvala prioritetebi.
ojaxuri tradicia naklebad ganmsazRvreli gaxda da isini
did mniSvnelobas aniWeben karieris Seqmnis perspeqtivas
da Sromis maRal anazRaurebas.
axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis nebismieri aspeqtiT Ses-
wavlisas aucilebelia ekonomikuri, socialuri da de-
mografiuli maxasiaTeblebis urTierTkavSirSi ganxilva,
ganaTlebisa da profesiuli momzadebis saxelmwifo regu-
lirebis politikis gaTvaliswineba.
Sromis bazris mkvlevarebi, dasaqmebis samsaxure-
bis eqspertebi, profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebi erTmniS-
vnelovnad aRniSnaven, rom problemis gadasaWrelad mniS-
vnelovania axalgazrdebis swori profesiuli orientacia
da kadrebis momzadeba, reformebi ganaTlebis sferoSi.
swored ganaTlebis reformis Sedegia saxelmwifo
politikis gaaqtiureba, profesiuli saganmanaTleblo pro-
gramebis danergva. saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecniere-
bis saministros erT-erTi prioritetuli mimarTulebaa
profesiuli kolejebis popularizeba da gaZliereba. am
mxriv araerTi RonisZieba gatarda, kanonSi Sevida cvlile-
ba, kolejebis umetesoba reabilitirebulia. saerTaSori-
so donorebis mxardaWeriT Seiqmna Tanamedrove saxelmZR-
vaneloebi, profesiuli kolejebi aRiWurva Tanamedrove
danadgarebiT. reformis farglebSi daigegma profesiuli
kolejis maswavleblebis kvalifikaciis amaRleba da ga-
damzadeba.
saqarTvelos mTavrobam profesiuli ganaTlebis re-
formis miznad daisaxa Sromis bazris moTxovnebze orien-
tirebuli axali profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemis Seqmna,
romelic gavlenas iqoniebs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTare-
baze, Tavsebadi iqneba saerTo evropul da saerTaSoriso
saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan da xels Seuwyobs pirovnebis
TviTrealizacias. profesiuli ganaTlebis strategiis sa-
moqmedo gegmis safuZvelze momzadda evrokavSiris ,,profe-
siuli ganaTlebis seqtoris mxardaWeris programa.”1
axalgazrdobis dasaqmebis xelSewyobis centrebis
1 www.mes.gov.ge
177
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
saqmianoba fasdeba maTze dakisrebuli funqciebis Sesru-
lebis xarisxiT, rac gamoixateba, upirveles yovlisa, stu-
dentTa da kursdamTavrebulTa SromiT mowyobaSi (staJi-
reba da profesiuli praqtika, droebiTi dasaqmeba swavlis
periodSi, SromiTi mowyoba saswavleblis damTavrebis Sem-
deg), aseve strategiuli amocanebis sworad gansazRvrasa
da gadawyvetaSi. am amocanebidan umTavresia saswavlo
programebis aqtualurobisa da Taviseburebebis gamovlena,
misi Sesabamisoba analogiuri profilis ucxoeTis wamyvani
umaRlesi saswavleblebis programebTan, sakuTari specifi-
kis, upiratesobebis dasabuTeba da Tavisi segmentis gamo-
kveTa rogorc saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebis, aseve Sromis
bazarze.
dasaqmebis xelSewyobis centrebis efeqtiani saqmi-
anobisaTvis mniSvnelovania monacemTa bazebis arseboba va-
kansiebis Sesaxeb, proforientaciuli samuSaoebis Catareba
studentebTan, samecniero samuSaoebis koordinacia Sromi-
Ti mowyobis xelSewyobis mizniT, informirebuloba Sromis
bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rekomendaciebis
SemuSaveba saswavlo programebSi koreqtivebis Setana da
specialobebis profilis SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT specia-
listebze moTxovnis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
saxelmwifos keTildReoba arsebiTad damokidebulia
maRali pasuxismgeblobis mqone ganaTlebul adamianebze,
romelTac gacnobierebuli aqvT sakuTari profesiuli saq-
mianobis mniSvneloba qveynisaTvis.
marTalia, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi SeuZlebe-
lia umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistebis profe-
siul-kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis sruli Sesabamisobis
miRweva ekonomikis mudmivad cvalebad moTxovnebTan, magram
miRebuli ganaTleba SromiTi mowyobisa da srulfasovani
cxovrebis garantias unda iZleodes.
im qveynisaTvis, saidanac xdeba axalgazrdobis mobi-
loba, yvelaze SemaSfoTebeli is aris, rom ucxoeTSi midi-
an yvelaze momzadebuli,
ganaTlebuli da Sromismoyvare axalgazrdebi. Mmi-
graciuli ganwyoba swored elitur student-axalgazrdo-
178
baSi SeimCneva. maTi akademiuri moswreba da profesiuli
momzadeba maRali maxasiaTeblebiT gamoirCeva.
umaRlesdamTavrebulTa migracias rogorc uaryofi-
Ti, aseve dadebiTi mxareebi gaaCnia. qveyana, saidanac ga-
edineba axalgazrdebi kargavs inteleqtualuri potencia-
lis mniSnelovan nawils (investireba ganxorcielebulia
ojaxis an saxelmwifos mier). Tumca, garkveuli periodis
Semdeg, mniSvnelovani kadrebiT qveyana kvlav avsebs ro-
gorc mecnierebas, aseve erovnul ekonomikas.
ucxoeTSi ganaTlebis miRebas unda SevxedoT ara viw-
ro erovnuli prizmidan, aramed sakadro potencialis rao-
denobrivi da xarisxobrivi ganviTarebis WrilSi.
,,codnis evropa» amJamad farTodaa aRiarebuli, ro-
gorc socialuri da individualuri zrdis ucvleli faq-
tori da evropis moqalaqeebis konsolidaciisa da sulieri
gamdidrebis aucilebeli komponenti. mas SeuZlia misces
Tavis moqalaqeebs saWiro kompetencia axali aTaswleu-
lis moTxovnaTa dasakmayofileblad da imis SegrZneba, rom
isini iziareben erTian faseulobebs da ekuTvnian saerTo
socialur da kulturul sivrces1.
ganaTleba da saganmanaTleblo TanamSromloba gada-
mwyveti faqtoria stabiluri, mSvidobiani da demokratiuli
sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da gaZlierebisaTvis, gansakuT-
rebiT im situaciis fonze, romelic samxreT-aRmosavleT
evropaSi Seiqmna.
am mosazrebebze dafuZnebulma boloniis deklara-
ciam gamokveTa universitetebis centraluri roli evropis
kulturul ganzomilebaTa ganviTarebaSi2.
boloniis procesi da misi Sedegi, umaRlesi ganaTle-
bis evropuli sivrce, umaRles ganaTlebaSi regionuli da
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis uprecendento magaliTia.
deklaraciaSi xazgasmulia, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis
evropuli sivrcis Seqmnas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba
moqalaqeTa mobilobis, dasaqmebis gaumjobesebisa da kon-
tinentis yovelmxrivi ganviTarebisaTvis.
1 www.mes.gov.ge budapeSt-venis deklaracia, 2010 w.2 www.mes.gov.ge boloniis deklaracia, 1999 w.
manana lobJaniZemanana lobJaniZe
179
axalgazrdebis saerTaSoriso migracias Tan sdevs
demografiuli, socialuri, kulturuli da ekonomikuri
Sedegebi. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis
mosaxleobis 1/3 swored axalgazrdoba Seadgens.
migraciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi da ,,tvinebis
gadineba” saqarTvelos inteleqtualuri potencialisaTvis
udidesi gamowvevaa.
dReisaTvis saswavlo-profesiuli mobiloba,
warmoadgens erT-erT prioritets pirovnebis Camoyalibebisa
da TviTrealizaciisaTvis. Aaxalgazrdas uyalibdeba
damoukidebeli cxovrebis, swavlisa da muSaobis
gamocdileba ucxo garemoSi.
nebismieri eris warmatebuli momavali damokidebulia
ganaTlebis sistemis swor mowyobasa da funqcionirebis
maRal xarisxze. im qveynebSi, sadac ganaTlebis sistema
efeqtiania, Sesabamisad jansaRia saxelmwifos yvela
wamyvani instituti.
rogorc axalgazrdebi, aseve damsaqmeblebi fiqroben,
rom Zalian mniSvnelovania zogadi kompetenciebi, romelTa
kavSiri tradiciul akademiur ganaTlebasTan aucilebelia.
Ees kompetenciebia: codnis gamoyenebis unari, axal pirobebSi
adaptaciis SesaZlebloba, damoukideblad muSaobis unari,
jgufSi muSaoba, organizebisa da dagegmis unari, zepiri da
werilobiTi komunikacia mSobliur enaze.
evropuli kreditebis transferis sistema (ECTS) aris evropis erTaderTi sakredito sistema, romelSic
integrirebulia qarTuli saganmanaTleblo sivrce. swored
amis Sedegia saqarTvelos umaRlesdamTavrebulTa maRali
mobiloba evropis sxvadasxva umaRles saswavlebelSi.
bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi yofili sabWoTa
kavSiri warmoadgenda inteleqtualuri resursebis donor
qveyanas. gansakuTrebiT maRalia moTxovna fundamentur
mecnierebaTa kursdamTavrebulebze, rogorc inteleqtualur
,,saqonelze”.
axalgazrdobis mniSvnelovani nawili SromiTi gamoc-
dilebis uqonlobis, samuSaosadmi wayenebuli maRali moT-
xovnebis gamo, Sromis bazarze gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobas
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
180
awydeba da umuSevarTa rigebs emateba. amitom saxelmwifos
mxridan axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis sakiTxisadmi midgoma
gansakuTrebul sifrTxiles da zomierebas moiTxovs. upir-
veles yovlisa, saWiroa im socialur-ekonomikuri danakar-
gebis gacnobiereba, rac SeiZleba gamoiwvios axalgazrdo-
bis dausaqmeblobam. xangrZlivi da masobrivi umuSevroba
axalgazrdebSi iwvevs fsiqologiur stress, sakuTar Se-
saZleblobebSi urwmunoebas, pirovnebis degradacias, xels
uwyobs danaSaulebebis zrdas, ojaxebis rRvevas da sxva
negatiur Sedegebs, rom araferi iTqvas mTliani Siga pro-
duqtis im danakargebze, romlis warmoebac SesaZlebeli
iqneboda sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi.
axalgazrdebis dasaqmebis problemebis gadawyveta
gansakuTrebul midgomas moiTxovs, radgan swored axal-
gazrdobaa sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtiuri nawili, rome-
lic mZafrad reagirebs socialur usamarTlobaze da erT-
veba kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa pasuxi gaeces kiTx-
vas: gauZlebs Tu ara saqarTvelo im konkurencias, rasac
msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebi Tavazobs perspeqtiul
axalgazrdebs. yvela qveyana cdilobs miizidos axalgazr-
da inteleqtualebi, romlebic SromiTi resursebis yvela-
ze mobilur nawils warmoadgenen.
saqarTvelodan saerTaSoriso saswavlo migraciis
ZiriTadi marSruti evropisa da amerikis umaRlesi saswav-
leblebia, gansxvevebiT me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulisgan,
rodesac saswavlo miraciis veqtori mxolod yofili sab-
WoTa respublikebisaken iyo mimarTuli.
axalgazrdebis saswavlo migraciis aseTi maRali
maCvenebeli ganpirobebulia Sromis bazarze arsebuli ma-
Rali konkurenciiTa da maRalanazRaurebadi samuSaos pov-
nis surviliT.
axalgazrdebi qveynis SromiTi resursebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nawili da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis strategiuli resursia. axalgazrdebis wili mosa-
xleobaSi SesamCnevad cvlis ara mxolod mis sqesobriv-
asakobriv struqturas, aramed SromiTi potencialis pro-
manana lobJaniZemanana lobJaniZe
181
fesiul-kvalificiur Semadgenlobas.
axalgazrdebis migraciis Seswavlisas, aucilebelia
ekonomikuri, socialuri da demografiuli maxasiaTeble-
bis urTierTkavSiriT ganxilva, ganaTlebis da profesiuli
momzadebis saxelmwifo regulirebis politikis gaTva-
liswineba.
axalgazrdobis dasaqmeba umwvavesi problemaa nebis-
mieri qveynisaTvis da maT Soris gamonaklisi arc saqarTve-
loa. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi moSlilia profesiu-
li ganaTlebis sistemasa da organizaciebs Soris urTier-
Tobis meqanizmi, yovelgvari moTxovnis gauTvaliswineb-
lad xdeba specialistebis momzadeba. marTalia, sabazro
ekonomikis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mqone specialistebis profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgen-
lobis sruli Sesabamisobis miRweva ekonomikis mudmivad
cvalebad moTxovnebTan, magram miRebuli ganaTleba Sromi-
Ti mowyobisa da srulfasovani cxovrebis garantias unda
iZleodes.
saxelmwifos mxridan dafinansebis gareSe ganaTle-
bis miReba mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis sul ufro
xelmiuwvdomeli iqneba. aRniSnuli problema kidev ufro
mwvavdeba globalizaciis pirobebSi. amis saukeTeso maga-
liTia germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuris (DAAD) muSaobis gaanalizeba da Sefaseba.
germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuri (DAAD) warmoadgens akademiuri gacvliTi programis gaerTianebas
germaniaSi, romelic 1925 wels Seiqmna.
germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuri damouki-
debeli organizaciaa. 2010 wlis mdgomareobiT igi aer-
Tianebs 232 germanul umaRles saswavlebelsa da 130 stu-
dentur organizacias. mas gaaCnia 14 ucxouri warmomad-
genloba da 50 sainformacio centri msoflios sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi. weliwadSi gascems 74 000 stipendias. am samsa-
xuris amocanaa saerTaSoriso akademiuri kontaqtebis
mxardaWera. misi biujeti 376 mln evroa, maTgan stipendie-
bi ucxoelebisaTvis Seadgens 84 mln evros, stipendiebi
germanelebisTvis 87 mln evros, umaRlesi saswavleblebis
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
182
internacionalizacia 79 mln evros, ucxoeTSi germanuli
enis swavlebis finansuri mxardaWera 48 mln evros,
saganmanaTleblo programebi ganviTarebad qveynebTan 78
mln evros. 1
germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuris (DAAD) biujetis Sevseba xdeba sxvadasxva wyarodan: 86 mln evro
(23%) - ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis federaluri saministro,
35 mln evro (9%) - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da
ganviTarebis federaluri saministro, 171 mln evro (45%) -
sagareo saqmeTa saministro, 51 mln evro (14%) - evrokavSiri
da 33 mln evro (9%) sxvadasxva wyarodan.
germaniis akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuri dafinase-
bas Semdegi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebiT axorcielebs:
stipendiebi ucxoelebisaTvis;1.
stipendiebi germanelebisaTvis;2.
umaRlesi saswavleblebis internacionalizacia;3.
stipendiebi germenuli enis mxardaWeris programe-4.
bisaTvis;
ganaTlebis sferoSi mxardaWeris programa ganviTa-5.
rebadi qveynebisaTvis.
am organizacis finansuri mxadaWeriT sargebloben:
studentebi, kursdamTavrebulebi, doqtorantebi, praqtikan-
tebi, sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi, mecnierebi. germa-
niasa da ucxoeTis umaRlesi saswavleblebis farglebSi
yvela specialobiT 250-ze meti programa moqmedebs.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dRes saqarTveloSi mkveT-
ri disbalansia Sromis bazris moTxovnebsa da axalgazr-
debis profesiul-kvalificiur Semadgenlobas Soris, auci-
lebelia arniSnul da sxva msgavs programebSi maqsimalu-
rad CaerTos saqarTvelo. problemis mogvarebaSi mniSv-
nelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia, aseve ganaTlebis
sferoSi mecnierulad dasabuTebuli efeqtiani reforme-
bis gatarebas.
1 www.daad.de
manana lobJaniZemanana lobJaniZe
183
Tendencies and Natural Characteristics of Educational Tendencies and Natural Characteristics of Educational Migration under Globalization Migration under Globalization
M. LobzhanidzeM. Lobzhanidze
Welfare of the country considerably depends on educated people with high sense of responsibility who acknowledge the importance of their profes-sional activities for the country.
For the country, which young people leave as a result of educational mobility, the most alarming thing is that young people who leave the country and go abroad represent the most educated and hard working part of the young. Willingness of migration is mostly observed in elite students and youngsters who have high academic achievements.
Migration of people with higher education has both advantages and disadvantages. The country, where young people move from, loses considerable part of its intellectual potential (investment is made by families or by the country). Though, some time later the country manages to prepare qualifi ed specialists for the science as well as for national economy.
We should discuss the issue of getting education abroad not only through the narrow national prism, but from the point of view of quantitative and qualitative development of the staff potential.
Education and educational cooperation are decisive factors for developing and strengthening stable, peaceful and democratic society.
International migration of young people is followed by demographic, social, cultural and economic consequences. It should be noted as well that young people make one third of the population of developing countries.
Successful future of any country depends on proper arrangement and high quality of functioning of the system of education. The countries with effective systems of education have sound leading institutions.
While studing migration of young people, it’s essential to discuss the interaction of economic, social and demographic characteristics and to take into consideration the state policy regulating education and vocational pre-paration.
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
184
eTer sarjvelaZe eTer sarjvelaZe
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tsu-is
ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis
samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis
samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti
ganviTarebuli konkurentuli bazris pirobebSi
saqonlis xarisxi aris efeqtiani saSualeba momx-
mareblis loialobis mopovebisa da bazarze damkvidrebi-
saTvis. saqonlis konkurentunarianoba firmis komerciu-
li warmatebis gadamwyveti faqtoria. es mravalaspeqtiani
cnebaa, romelic gulisxmobs Seesabameba Tu ara saqoneli/
momsaxureba bazris pirobebs, momxmareblis konkretul
moTxovnebs, ara marto misi xarisxis, teqnikuri, ekonomi-
kuri, esTetikuri maCveneblebiT, aramed komerciuli da misi
realizaciis sxva pirobebiT (fasi, miwodebis dro, gasaRe-
bis arxebi, momsaxureba, reklama). ufro metic, saqonlis
konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia
momxmareblis mier saqonlis eqspluataciaze gaweuli da-
naxarjebi. konkurentunarianobaSi igulisxmeba samomxmare-
blo da Rirebulebis (safaso) maxasiaTebelTa kompleqsi,
romelic ganapirobebs konkretulad am produqtis war-
matebas bazarze e.i. mis upiratesobas sxva konkurentebis
analogiuri produqtebis farTo miwodebis pirobebSi 1.
amitom, saqonlis konkurentunarinoba ganisazRvreba
konkurentebis saqonlis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT. ramdena-
dac yovel momxmarebels aqvs saqonlis/momsaxurebis Se-
fasebis Tavisi individualuri kriteriumebi, konkurentu-
narianobas aqvs agreTve individualuri saxec. praqtikul
saqmianobasa da Teoriul kvlevebSi xSirad svamen tolo-1 http://rosinvest.com/page/ocenka-konkurentosposobnosti-tovara-kak-sposob-proti-vostojanija-rynochnym-analogam
eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe
saqonlis xarisxi da konkurentunarianoba saqonlis xarisxi da konkurentunarianoba
saqarTvelos bazarze saqarTvelos bazarze
185
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
bis niSans saqonlis xarisxsa da konkurentunarianobas
Soris an kidev ar ansxvaveben maT erTmaneTisagan, kamaTo-
ben imaze, romelia am ori ufro cnebidan mniSvnelovani.
konkurentul bazarze naTlad ikveTeba konkurentTa
ekonomikuri metoqeoba. konkurencia TviT warmoadgens
process, romelSic monawileoben konkurentebi, romlebic
cdiloben maqsimaluri mogebis miRebas da amisaTvis ner-
gaven inovaciebs, resursebs maRalefeqtianad iyeneben, aum-
jobeseben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis xarisxs, amcireben
warmoebis, realizaciis an momsaxurebis danaxarjebs da
konkurentTan SedarebiT ufro xelsayreli fasebiT yid-
ian.
saqonlis xarisxisa da konkurentunarianobis amaR-
leba da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacva warmoudgenelia
samarTliani, Tavisufali bazris gareSe. am procesis da-
regulirebis mizniT, evrokavSiris konkurenciis politika
biznesebs Soris SeTanxmebebis dadebis, centraluri Tu
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis daxmarebiT bazarze zemoq-
medebis, monopoliebis Camoyalibebis da sxva msgavsi pro-
cesebis mkacr monitorings iTvaliswinebs.1
saqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris samezoblo poli-
tikis samoqmedo gegmis xelmoweriT saqarTvelom aRiara
ZiriTadi principebi, romlebic aucilebelia Tavisufali
konkurenciis ganviTarebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvisaTvis1.
xarisxis daxasiaTeba SeiZleba momxmareblis da
mwarmoeblis mxridan. momxmareblis azriT, xarisxi esaa
produqciis (saqonlis, momsaxurebis) Tvisebebis da maxasi-
aTeblebis erToblioba, rac aniWebs maT Tvisebas daakmay-
ofilon adeqvaturi moTxovnebi maTi daniSnulebis Sesabam-
isad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, es produqciis (saqoneli,
momsaxureba) is Tvisebebia, romelTa wyalobiT momxmare-
beli produqciis SeZeniT kmayofili rCeba. momxmareb-
lisaTvis mocemuli produqciis xarisxi gamoxatavs mis
1 evrokavSiris bazarze eqsportis Taviseburebani – evrokavSiri-
saqarTvelos biznes sabWo, Tbilisi, 2008.2 evropis samezoblo politika, samoqmedo gegma evrokavSiri-
saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 2006.
186
sargeblianobas (produqciis samomxmareblo Tviseba).
mwarmoeblis azriT, xarisxi esaa obieqtis maxasiaTe-
blebis Sesabamisoba dadgenil moTxovnebTan.
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi marketing-menejmentis
Tanamedrove koncefciebi xarisxs ganixilavs momxmareb-
lis poziciidan.
bazarze sawarmoTa konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis
uzrunvelyofa xdeba xarisxis da momsaxurebis xarisxis
mudmivad gaumjobesebiTa da firmebis sameurneo saqmiano-
bis rentabelobis gazrdiT. Tavisufali konkurenciis
pirobebSi bazarze konkurentuli upiratesobis ZiriTa-
di ganmsazRvrelia produqciis/momsaxurebis xarisxi da
fasi.
“produqtis yidvisas, qarTveli momxmareblis gadaw-
yvetileba, pirvel rigSi, emyareba fass da Semdeg xarisxs.
Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevaSi maRalfasiani da maRalx-
arisxiani produqti mainc gasavlianobiT xasiaTdeba (gan-
sakuTrebuli saqoneli bavSvebisa da qalebisaTvis, wveris
saparsi mamakacebisaTvis, sigaretebi, manqanis aqsesuarebi
da sxva). miuxedavad imisa, rom savaWro qselSi SedarebiT
dabalfasiani saqoneli batonobs, maRalfasiani produqti
da fufunebis sagnebi mainc pouloben klientebs dabali
Semosavlis mqone momxmarebelTa segmentidan. ucnauria, ma-
gram igive dabalSemosavliani jgufebi ixdian maRal Tanx-
ebs prestiJul nivTebSi, rac maT sxvebisagan gamoarCevT”.
_ esec kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili qarTveli myidvelis
kidev erTi specifikurobaa1.
sursaTis uvneblobis sakiTxi yovelTvis aqtualuri
iyo da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi saTaves iRebs
jer kidev uZveles droSi. uamravi wesi Tu rekomendacia,
romlebic gvxvdeba istoriul Tu religiuri xasiaTis
wignebSi, adamianTa sasursaTo produqtebiT gamowveu-
li daavadebebisagan dacvis aSkara mcdelobaa. vinaidan saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis umetesi nawilis Semosavlebi
ixarjeba ZiriTadad aucilebeli sasursaTo produqci-
eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe
1 N.todua, A. Apil,E .Kaynak. Georgian Consumers Evoluation of Products Sourced From a Geographically Close Proximity Country. USA. `Journal of Euromarket-ing~. 2008, Volume 17. Issue:3/4. p.199-218.
187
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
is SeZenaze, gadavwyviteT Segveswavla ra mdgomareobaa
saqarTvelos sasursaTo bazarze sursaTis xarisxis, misi
uvneblobisa da konkurentunarianobis TvalsazrisiT.Cven
mier Catarebulma momxmarebelTa kvlevis Sedegebma aCve-
na, rom dabali Semosavlebis gamo, maTi 68 % sasursaTo
produqtebis SeZenisas upiratesobas aniWebs fass, xarisxs
- 27% , xolo dabalSemosavliani segmentis - 5% icvlis
damokidebulebas da arCevans xarisxze akeTebs iSviaTad,
SesaZleblobisamebr. diagramaSi mocemulia saqarTvelos
bazarze momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba sasursaTo saqon-
lis fasisa da xarisxis mimarT.
bolo periodSi mTel msoflioSi sursaTis warmoe-
bis sferoSi moxda prioritetebis gadafaseba. exla misi
xarisxi fasdeba ara marto masSi sasargeblo nivTierebe-
bis SemcvelobiT, aramed adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis ma-
vne nivTierebebis zRvruli dasaSvebi raodenobiT an maTi
Semcveloba sasursaTo produqtebSi sruliad ikrZaleba.
momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba sasursaTo saqonlis momxmarebelTa damokidebuleba sasursaTo saqonlis
fasisa da xarisxis mimarT saqarTvelos bazarze (fasi; fasisa da xarisxis mimarT saqarTvelos bazarze (fasi;
xarisxi; xarisxze arCevani Semosavlis Sesabamisad).xarisxi; xarisxze arCevani Semosavlis Sesabamisad).
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188
uvnebloba _ sasursaTo produqciis erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi samomxmareblo Tvisebaa da igi gulisxmobs,
rom produqtma moxmarebisas ar unda miayenos ziani ada-
mianis janmrTelobas, rogorc mokle xanSi
(sasursaTo produqtebiT mowamvlebi da sasursaTo
produqtis moxmarebiT gamowveuli infeqciebi), aseve, Soreu-
li SedegebiT (kancerogenuri, mutagenuri da teratogenuri
moqmedeba). amitom, sasursaTo produqtis uvnebloba _ Tana-
medroveobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problemaa da misi aqtua-
loba wlidan wlamde izrdeba.
evrokavSirSi kvebis kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi moTx- kvebis kanonmdeblobis ZiriTadi moTx-
ovnebia: ovnebia:
sakvebi ar unda ganTavsdes bazarze, Tu is ar aris
uvnebeli, e.i. Tu janmrTelobisTvis saSiSia an/da sakvebad
uvargisi. unda ganisazRvros misi moxmarebis da Senaxvis
normaluri pirobebi, momxmareblisTvis unda iqnes miwode-
buli informacia janmrTelobaze swrafi an Senelebuli
gavlenis Sesaxeb, kumulatiur toqsikur efeqtebze, da sa-
dac Sesaferisia, momxmarebelTa gansakuTrebuli katego-
riis janmrTelobis mgrZnobelobaze.
Tu sakvebi, romelic saxifaToa (sakvebi miiCneva saxi-
faTod, Tu mas aqvs arasasurveli Sedegi adamianis an cx-
ovelis janmrTelobaze), qmnis partiis nawils, lots an
tvirTs, tvirTis mTliani sidide miiCneva saSiS sakvebad
(EC) #178/20021 .
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlasTan dakavSirebiT
saqarTveloSi savaWro kavSirebi mniSvnelovnad gafarTov-
da, sasursaTo produqtebis qarTuli bazari gaxda mravalf-
erovani: daxlebi savsea Turquli, iranuli, azerbaijanuli,
rusuli da sxva warmoSobis sakvebi-produqtebiT; bazarze
momravlda evropis sxvadasxva qveynidan importirebuli
maRali xarisxis produqciac (es ukanasknelebi ZiriTadad
supermarketebSi iyideba da sakmaod Zviradac), Tumca maTi
SeZena mosaxleobis umetes nawils ar SeuZlia dabali
myidvelobiTi unaris gamo.
asortimentis mravalferovneba TavisTavad dadebiTi
eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe
1 1 htt p://www.foodsafe.ge/ge/main.php?id=125300701htt p://www.foodsafe.ge/ge/main.php?id=12530070166
189
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
movlenaa, radganac es xels uwyobs Tavisufali konkurenci-
is ganviTarebas da warmoSobs situacias, rodesac myid-
vels didi arCevanis pirobebSi saukeTesos arCevis saSu-
aleba eZleva.
Catarebuli kvleviT Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgi-
na saqarTvelos sasursaTo bazarze arsebuli mdgomare-
oba sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis TvalsazrisiT da
gagveca pasuxi kiTxvaze aris Tu ara daculi momxmarebeli
da TviT biznesic, eZleva Tu ara bizness saSualeba ganvi-
Tardes Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi.
saqarTvelos sasursaTo bazarma Cveni yuradReba mi-
iqcia ara mxolod saqonlis mravalferovnebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, aramed, rogorc adgili sadac falsificirebuli
produqcia aqtiuri yidva-gayidvis sagania, rasac, ZiriTadad,
xels uwyobs, mosaxleobis dabali myidvelobiTunari-
anoba da `lmobieri~ sakanonmdeblo baza.
saqarTveloSi, mosaxleobis dabali myidvelobiTi un-
aris gamo, konkurenciis ZiriTad saSualebad rCeba fasi.
amasTan, saxelmwifos liberaluri politika, bazarze war-
modgenili produqciis uvneblobis kontrolis ararsebo-
ba, arakeTilsindisier kerZo mewarmes sxvadasxva saxeobis
falsifikaciisaken ubiZgebs.
es tendencia saSiSia, rogorc civilizebuli biznesis
ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli garemoeba (keTilsindisieri
mewarme ver uZlebs konkurencias, radgan is ar ayalbebs
produqcias da misi warmoeba Zviri ujdeba), Sesabamisad
mas aqvs naklebi Sansi gauZlos konkurencias. garda ami-
sa, saerTaSoriso midgomebiT falsifikacia ganixileba,
rogorc qveynis ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedi faqtori
da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, iwvevs momxmarebelTa jan-
mrTelobis gauaresebas da sikvdilsac ki.
momxmarebeli sursaTis biznesis yvelaze daucveli
rgolia. xSirad momxmarebeli iZens produqts, romlis qi-
miuri Sedgenilobis, damzadebis teqnologiis, Senaxvis pi-
robebisa da vadebis Sesaxeb mas araviTari informacia ar
gaaCnia, igi yidulobs mas, ase vTqvaT `brmad~. amgvarad igi,
rogorc wesi, mxolod produqtis moxmarebis Semdeg arkvevs
mis avkargianobas.
190
eTer sarjvelaZeeTer sarjvelaZe
saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikaze orientirebuli
sasursaTo seqtoris Camoyalibebisa da misi srulfasovani
ganviTarebisaTvis aucilebelia ori mTavari pirobis Ses-
ruleba:
saSinao bazarze samarTliani konkurenciis dam-kvidreba;
Ria saerTaSoriso bazris reJimis mtkiced dacva.· am problemebis mogvareba xels Seuwyobs, rogorc
warmoebis ganviTerebas, aseve momxmarebelTa uflebebis
dacvas.
momxmareblis uflebis dacva, umetes SemTxvevaSi,
gulisxmobs saqonelTan dakavSirebuli raime davis
samarTlebriv gadawyvetas, rac aucileblad moiTxovs
eqspertizis Catarebas, es ki rigiTi momxmareblisTvis ki
ara, rig SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebelTa uflebebis damcveli
organizaciebisaTvisac xelmiuwvdomelia. evrokavSiris
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, am procesis daregulireba
da samarTliani garemos Camoyalibeba unda uzrunvelyos
saxelmwifom, rac misi movaleobaa.
Product Product Quality and Competitiveness Quality and Competitiveness on on GeorgianGeorgian Market Market
E. SarjveladzeE. SarjveladzeBecause of low purchasing power of population in Georgia price re-
mains the main source of competition. In addition, liberal policy of the state and lack of the mechanisms to control the quality of goods on the market tempts dishonest entrepreneurs to provide different kind of falsifi ed goods.
It’s impossible to increase the quality and competitiveness of goods and to protect consumer rights without fair and free market. To regulate these processes, the EU Competition Policy includes strict monitoring of agree-ments between businesses, infl uence on the market of the central or local authorities, creation of monopolies and other similar processes.
By signing Georgia-European Union Action Plan within the European Neighborhood Policy, Georgia recognized the main principles which are nec-essary for development of competition and protection of customer rights. Ac-cordingly, it is the state’s responsibility to regulate these processes according to the EU legislation and ensure fair environment.
191
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
demur siWinava demur siWinava
ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori,
asocirebuli profesoriasocirebuli profesori
mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom garkveuli sa-
xeobis informacias adamiani Rebulobs jer kidev mucla-
dyofnis periodidan, xolo dabadebidan mis mier miRebuli
informaciis raodenoba dRiTiTdRe izrdeba. Tavdapir-
velad axaldabadebuli informacias iRebs mSoblebisa
da garemomcveli pirebisagan, Semdeg ki misi moculoba
TandaTanobiT izrdeba misi aRzrda-ganaTlebis procesSi
da grZeldeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, gansakuTrebiT
informaciis Tanamedrove mozRvavebisa da, Sesabamisad, Ta-
namedrove adamianis garkveulwilad `informaciul okean-
eSi~ da `informaciuli wnexis~ qveS moqcevis Sedegad. ase,
rom dResdReobiT Tanamedrove adamianisTvis miwodebuli
informaciis moculoba imdenad didia, rom igi mis miReba-
sa da gadamuSavebas praqtikulad ver aswrebs.
informaciis aseTma mozRvavebam da misma didma
mniSvnelobam, ganapiroba informaciis fenomenis gamokvle-
vebis simravle sruliad sxvadasxva aspeqtiT. miuxedavad
amisa, dRemde sabolood araa Seswavlili da ganmartebu-
li Tundac terminis _ `informacia~ raobis sakiTxi, rom-
lis garkvevasac eZRvneba winamdebare statia.
termini `informacia~ (informatio), romelic mec-
nierebaSi miRebulia, laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs
cnobas, Setyobinebas. arsebobs cnobac, rom Zvel saber-
ZneTSi termini `informacia~ niSnavda `formis micemas~
anu ̀ moxatvas~1. es termini XVII-XVIII saukuneSi msoflios
mTel rig qveyanaSi gamoiyeneboda `ideisa~ da `mecniere-
1Алёшин Л. И., Максимов Н. В. Информационные технологии. Московская финансово-промышленная академиа, 2004, с. 6.
informaciis arsis informaciis arsis
sakiTxisaTvis sakiTxisaTvis
192
bis~ mniSvnelobiT. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi termini
informacia fundamentur kategoriad iqca da igi gaxda
sruliad sxvadasxva mecnierebis kvlevis obieqti. miu-
xedavad amisa, dRemde ar arsebobs informaciis erTiani
zusti da calsaxa ganmarteba. es gamowveulia TviT in-
formaciis arsis sirTuliT. informacia araa xelSesaxe-
bi sagani da, amdenad, igi aranivTieria. miuxedavad amisa,
merkantilisturi TvalsazrisiT, igi erT-erTi ZviradRi-
rebuli brendia mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT iseT
sferoSi, rogoricaa navTobiT, iaraRiTa da narkotikebiT
vaWroba.
miuxedavad Tavisi sirTulisa, informaciis miRe-
ba-gadacemis dReisaTvis arsebuli sqema umartivesia (ix.
nax.1).
nax.1. informaciis miReba-gadacemis sqema
mocemul sqemaSi informaciis wyarom da informaciis
mimRebma SeiZleba adgilebi Seicvalon. ase, magaliTad,
diskusiisas drois garkveul monakveTebSi informaciis
mimRebi informaciis wyaro xdeba, xolo informaciis wy-
aro ki _ informaciis mimRebi.
aseTi sqemiT Setyobinebis miReba-gadacema xdeba ara
marto adamianebs Soris, aramed adamiansa da avtomats So-
ris, avtomatebs Soris, mcenareTa da cxovelTa samyaroSi,
signalebis gadacema ujredidan ujredSi, organizmidan
organizmSi da sxv.
saerTod, informaciis arsis sirTulis gamo, dRemde
mecnierebaSi, informaciis zomis erTeulebic ki araa Se-
muSavebuli.
informaciis zogierT mkvlevars, informaciis zomis
erTeulebad biti, baiti, kilobaiti, megabaiti, gigabaiti
da sxv. miaCnia. sinamdvileSi ki _ CamoTvlili sazomi
sidideebi Setyobinebisa da informaciis sintaqsuri zo-
informaciis
mimRebiinformaciis
wyarosainformacio arxi
demur siWinava demur siWinava
193
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
mis erTeulebia, romliTac izomeba Setyobinebis mocu-
loba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am erTeulebiT mxolod da
mxolod Setyobinebis aRmweri simboloebis raodenobis
daTvla xdeba, xolo Setyobinebis Sinaarsobrivi (seman-
tikuri) da miTumetes misi RirebulebiTi (pragmatuli)
mxaris (bitisa da misi jeradebis msgavsi) zomis erTeule-
bi jerjerobiT araa SemuSavebuli. es ukanaskneli Tavis
mkvlevars elodeba.
raki vaxseneT sintaqsi, semantika da pragmatuloba,
mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled CamovayaliboT Setyobi-
nebisa da, Sesabamisad, informaciis ganxilvis aRniSnuli
samive aspeqti.
sintaqsi ganixilavs Setyobinebis mxolod warmod-
genis formas: informaciis matarebels, informaciis war-
modgenis xerxs da sxv. sintaqsi ar ganixilavs Setyobine-
bis Sinaarssa da sargeblianobas.
Setyobinebis Sinaarss ganixilavs semantika. igi
arkvevs SetyobinebaSi Semaval sityvebs Soris kavSirebs
da, Sesabamisad, Setyobinebis mTlian Sinaarss, romelic
didadaa damokidebuli Setyobinebis verbalur da ara-
verbalur formaze. amitom, mizanSewonilia aqve mokled
ganvixiloT SetyobinebQis aRniSnuli verbaluri da ara-
verbaluri formebi.
informaciis gacvlisas, Setyobinebis Sinaarsi (se-
mantika) misi mimRebisTvis (igulisxmeba cocxali arsebe-
bi) didadaa damokidebuli Setyobinebis komunikaciur _
verbalur da araverbalur saSualebebze.
informaciis gacvla adamianebsa da, saerTod, coc-
xal arsebebs Soris xdeba ori _ verbaluri da araver-
baluri saxiT. verbaluri _ ZiriTadad gulisxmobs sity-
vebiT, teqstebiTa da sxv. msgavsi saSualebiT komunikacias,
xolo araverbaluri _ komunikacias mimikebiT, JestebiT,
sxeulis moZraobiT, xmis tembriT, tonalobiT da a.S. ro-
gorc kvlevebi aCvenebs, informaciis gacvlisas verbalur
komunikacias saerTo komunikaciaSi mxolod 10% uWiravs.
194
rac Seexeba Setyobinebis mesame _ pragmatul as-
peqts, igi gulisxmobs mimRebisTvis (subieqti an sistema)
Setyobinebis sargeblianobas (Rirebulebas, fass) ama Tu
im saqmianobaSi gamoyenebisas.
CamoTvlili aspeqtebidan dRemde Setyobinebisa da
informaciis mxolod sintaqsuri zomis erTeulebia (biti
da misi jeradebi) SemuSavebuli, xolo Setyobinebis se-
mantikuri (Sinaarsobrivi) mxarisa da misi pragmatulobis
(sargeblianobis) sazomi erTeulebi informaciis Teoria-
Si araa Seqmnili.
literaturaSi vxvdebiT Setyobinebisa da infor-
maciis erTimeoreSi arevas, rac araa gamarTlebuli.
sinamdvileSi pirveladi aris Setyobineba, romelic SeiZ-
leba iqces informaciad an darCes usargeblo Setyobine-
bad. amitom, zemoTmoyvanil informaciis gadacema-miRebis
sqemas unda hqondes Semdegi saxe (ix. nax. 2).
nax. 2. Setyobinebis miReba-gadacemis sqema
aRniSnul sqemaSi, Tu Setyobinebis mimRebi subieq-
tisTvis an obieqtisTvis (sistemisTvis), Setyobinebis sin-
taqsi, anu warmodgenis forma misaRebia, Setyobinebis se-
mantika, anu misi Sinaarsobrivi mxare gasagebia da siaxlea
da Setyobineba misTvis pragmatulia (Rirebulia), maSin
Setyobineba gadaiqceva informaciad, romelsac subieqti
an sistema iyenebs miRebisTanave an inaxavs Semdgomi ga-
moyenebis mizniT. xolo, Tu romelime zemoTCamoTvlili
punqti darRveulia, Setyobineba rCeba araRirebul Setyo-
binebad.
informaciis dReisaTvis arsebuli ganmartebebi,
romelic ramdenime aTeuls aWarbebs, sakmaod rTulia
da xSir SemTxvevaSi, Znelad aRsaqmeli da gaugebaricaa.
informaciis arsis gagebis msurvelebs uWirT arsebuli
Setyobinebis
mimRebiSetyobinebis
wyaroSetyobinebis arxi
demur siWinava demur siWinava
195
menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
ganmartebebis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris gaazreba.
Cveni kvlevis mizania CamovayaliboT informaciis
rac SeiZleba martivi da gasagebi ganmarteba, romelic
iqneba zogadi da misaRebi mecnierebis sxvadasaxva dar-
gisaTvis.
am TvalsazrisiT mizanSewonilia moviyvanoT infor-
maciis zogierTi cnobili ganmarteba:
n. vineris azriT, informacia arc energiaa da arc materia, aramed garemomcvel samyarosTan Seguebis (adap-
taciis) procesSi miRebuli Setyobinebebisa da faqtebis
asaxvaa1. rogorc vxedavT, n. vineris am ganmartebaSi in-
formaciis ori mTavari niSanTvisebaa gadmocemuli: pirve-
li, rom informacia TiTqosda araa materialuri da meore,
rom informacia Setyobinebebisa da faqtebis asaxvaa. miu-
xedavad amisa, igi sakmaod zogadi ganmartebaa. aq ar Cans,
informaciis miReba-gadacemis sqemaSi mocemuli Setyobi-
nebis momwodebeli da mimRebi, romelTa gareSe Setyobine-
ba informacia araa.
u. r. eSbis ganmartebiT, informacia aris is, rac aR-mofxvris ganuzRvrelobas da izomeba im ganuzRvrelobis
raodenobiT, romelsac igi spobs2. am ganmartebaSic araa
gamokveTili miReba-gadacemis sqemaSi mocemuli Setyobi-
nebis momwodebeli da mimRebi.
a. bergis mixedviT, informacia _ es aris Cven ga-remomcvel realur samyaroSi arsebuli obieqturi mi-
zez-Sedegobrivi kavSirurTierTobebis asaxva adamianTa
cnobierebaSi3. am ganmartebaSi a. bergi informacias ixi-
lavs mxolod adamianebTan mimarTebiT.
k. e. Senonis mixedviT, informacia aris moxsnil-Semcirebuli ganuzRvreloba4. miuxedavad aRniSnuli gan-
martebis lakonurobisa, aq mainc araa mocemuli visTvisaa
1 Винер Н. Кибернетика и общество. Пер. Е. Г. Понфилова. М., изд-во иностр. лит. 1958, с. 3.2Эшби У. Р. Введение в кибернетику. М., 1959, с. 254-255.3 Берг А., Черняк Ю. Информация и управление. М., Экономика, 1966.4 Шеннон К. Работы по теории информации и кибернетике. Перевод с английского, под редакцией Р. Л. Добрушина и О. В. Лупанова. М., Иностранная литература, 1963.
196
moxsnili da Semcirebuli ganuzRvreloba?
v. a. gluSkovis azriT, informacia aris sistemis mowesrigebis sazomi, misi gamarTvis xarisxi miznis misaR-
wevad1. am ganmartebasac aklia garkveuloba, kerZod, ara-
profesionalisTvis gaugebaria, Tu ras gulisxmobs avto-
ri sistemis mowesrigebisa da gamarTvis xarisxSi.
i. i. iuzviSinis sakmaod rTuli da Znelad gasa-gebi gansazRvriT, informacia aris fundamenturi, genera-
lizebul-erTiani usawyiso da usasrulo kanonprocesi
samyaros mikro- da makrostruqturebSi (drosa da sivr-
ceSi) energiis, moZraobis, masisa da antimasis rezonansul-
fiWuri, kvantur-sixSiruli da talRuri urTierToba, ur-
TierTqmedeba, urTierTgardaqmna da urTierTSenaxva mate-
rializaciis safuZvelze2.
d. adamis ganmartebiT, informacia aris is, rasac Cveni tvini aRiqvams sxvadasxva wyarodan da urTierTSe-
jerebiT ayalibebs Cveni codnis struqturas3. am ganmar-
tebaSi d. adami informacias ixilavs mxolod adamianeb-
Tan mimarTebiT.
n. v. makarovas mixedviT, informacia aris Setyo-bineba garemomcveli samyaros obieqtebsa da movlenebze,
maT parametrebze, Tvisebebsa da mdgomareobaze, romlebic
amcirebs ganuzRvrelobis xarisxsa da maTze arsebuli
codnis arasisrules4. aRniSnuli ganmarteba sakmaod ga-
sagebadaa gadmocemuli, magram masSi mainc araa naCvenebi
visTvis mcirdeba ganuzRvrelobis xarisxi.
sagulisxmoa a. i. Cornisa da r. s. giliarevskis xazgasma informaciis materialurobis Sesaxeb. maTi az-
riT, informacia materialuria, igi materiis komponentia5.1 Глушков В. М. Канигин Ю. М. Что такое современная НТР. Киев, 1980, с. 36.2 Юзвишин И.И. Информциология (или закономерности информационных процес-сов и технологии в микро- и макромирах вселенной). М., 1996, с. 23-24.3Блюменау Д. И. Информация и информационный сервис. Ленинград, Наука. 1976, с. 20-21.4Информатика. под ред Н. В. Макаровой. Третье переработанное издание. Мо-сква, Финансы и статистика, 2001, с. 41.5 Чёрный А. И., Гиляревский Р. С. О сущности информации. НТИ. Сер. 1. -2002.-№8.- с. 35-37.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
interess iwvevs Semdegi azric: cneba `informacia~ aRniSnavs ... Setyobinebas pirovnebebze, sagnebze, faqtebze,
garemoebebze, movlenebsa da procesebze maTi warmodgenis
formebis miuxedavad1.
mokle da zogadia Semdegi gansazRvrac. ... infor-macia vuwodoT yvelafers, rac amcirebs gaurkvevlobas
samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb2.
sadavo ganmartebas iZleva p. u. kuznecovi: `...in-formaciis arsi ganisazRvreba rogorc arsebuli saqmi-
anobis saxe, romelic asaxulia adamianis cnobierebaSi da
gamosaxuli simboluri formiT cxovrebaSi orientaciisa
da adaptaciis mizniT~3.
CamoTvlili ganmartebebis analizisa da Sedarebis
safuZvelze SeiZleba mivideT daskvnamde:
informacia aris subieqtis an obieqtis mier miwode-
buli Setyobineba raime siaxlis Sesaxeb, romelsac hyavs
subieqti an obieqti momxmarebeli. es ganmarteba, Seicavs
sam komponents: Setyobinebas, siaxles da momxmarebels (S-
s-m). ganvixiloT TiToeuli cal-calke.
Setyobinebis miReba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva for-
miT. rogorc cnobilia, adamiani Setyobinebas iRebs grZ-
nobaTa _ mxedvelobis, smenis, ynosvis, gemovnebis, Sexebis
da sxv. organoebiT.
gasarkvevia _ aris Tu ara yvela Setyobineba infor-
macia? amisaTvis ganvixiloT Cven mier SemoTavazebuli
ganmartebis meore komponenti _ siaxle.
Cveni azriT, informacia araa iseTi Setyobineba, ro-
melic ar warmoadgens siaxles, mag., 2X2=4-s _ Tanamedrove
adamianisTvis, Tumca igi siaxlea imaTTvis, vinc es-esaa
iwyebs maTematikis elementebis Seswavlas, mag., pirvelk-
laselisaTvis. aseve, informacia araa Setyobinebis ubra-
1 Алёшин Л. И., Максимов Н. В. Информационные технологии. Московская финансово-промышленная академиа, 2004, с. 5.2 lomkaci g., lomkaci o. informacia, signali, sistema. Tb., `teqnikuri
universiteti~. 2009, gv. 186.3 Информационные технологии в юридической деятельности. Под общей редакц. П. У. Кузнецова. М., Юрайт, 2012, с. 43.
198
lo mosmena da, gnebavT, safuZvliani gagonebac ki, Tu igi
aRqmuli araa rogorc siaxle da sasargeblo. mag., cxove-
lisTvis Setyobineba 2X2=4-s _ araa informacia.
dabolos, ganmartebis mesame komponenti _ momxmare-
beli. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, subieqtisTvis an obieq-
tisTvis (sistemisTvis), SeiZleba Setyobinebis sintaqsi
gasagebi iyos da semantikac siaxles Seicavdes, magram
pragmatulobis aspeqti nulis toli iyos, anu misTvis am
Setyobinebas Rirebuleba ar gaaCndes. maSin subieqti an
sistema misi momxmarebeli araa da, Sesabamisad, misTvis es
Setyobineba ar iqneba informacia.
informaciis Cven mier SemoTavazebuli gansazRvra
moicavs sam komponents: Setyobinebas, siaxlesa da momxma-
rebels. Tu subieqtisTvis an obieqtisTvis (sistemisTvis),
Setyobinebis sintaqsi, anu warmodgenis forma misaRebia,
Setyobinebis semantika, anu misi Sinaarsobrivi mxare ga-
sagebia da siaxlea da Setyobineba misTvis pragmatulia
(Rirebulia), maSin Setyobineba informaciaa, romelsac su-
bieqti an sistema iyenebs miRebisTanave an inaxavs Semdgo-
mi gamoyenebis mizniT.
amrigad, informacia aris Setyobineba raime siaxlis
Sesaxeb, romelsac hyavs momxmarebeli (S-s-m).
Regarding the Concept of InformationRegarding the Concept of Information
D. SichinavaD. Sichinava
The article deals with the defi nition of the concept of information. It provides critical analysis regarding the opinions about this issue. The con-clusion is made that information is a massage about something new which has its own customer.
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menejmenti, marketingi, turizmi
JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero JurnalSi – ,,ekonomika da biznesi~, samecniero
statiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesistatiis warmodgenis da gamoqveynebis wesi
1. statiaSi warmodgenili unda iyos: sakvlevi prob-
lemis aqtualuroba, kvlevis mizani da amocanebi, kvlevis
meTodologia; kvlevis Sedegebi (siaxle); rekomendacie-
bi;
2. statiaSi unda Candes sakvlev problemasTan dakav-
Sirebuli mniSvnelovani literaturis gamoyeneba, risT-
visac aucilebelia ramdenime maTganis miTiTeba teqstSi
(miRebuli wesiT sqolioebis miniSnebebiT Sesabamis gver-
debze);
3. statiis qarTuli teqsti unda aikrifos Sylfaen-iT,
12-iani SriftiT da xazebs Soris 1,5-iani daSorebiT;
4. statia warmodgenili unda iyos A4 formatiT, 6-10
gverdis moculobiT;
5. statiis saTauris qvemoT (marjvena mxares) unda
mieTiTos avtoris (an avtorebis) sruli saxeli, gvari, aka-
demiuri xarisxi, Tanamdeboba, telefoni da eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTi;
6. statias unda axldes referati qarTul da ingli-
sur enebze (8-10 striqonis moculobiT);
7. statiebi warmodgenili unda iyos eleqtronuli
da qaRaldze amobeWdili formiT (2 egzemplarad);
8. moTxovnebis darRveviT warmodgenili masala Jur-
nalSi ar daibeWdeba;
9. JurnalSi statiis gamoqveyneba ufasoa iv. javaxiS-
vilis Tsu-is profesor-maswavlebelTa, doqtorantebisa
da yvela TanamSromlisaTvis, xolo sxva (gare) avtorebi
ixdian safasurs –erT gverdze 10 (aTi) lars, rac maT
mier Cairicxeba iv. javaxiSvilis Tsu-is ekonomikuri Se-
mosavlebis angariSSi.
200
daibeWda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis bazaze
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa -
manana jixviSvili
ISSN 1987-5789
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