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Energía solar: tendencias de
desarrollo, investigación e innovación
para la sustentabilidad
Claudio A. Estrada Gasca
2º Congreso Internacional de Medio Ambiente y Sociedad.
El uso de energi as alternativas para resolver problemas
sociales.
Sede tema tica de Energi as Renovables del 6to Congreso
Nacional de Investigacio n en Cambio Clima tico de la
UNAM.
20 de Octubre, 2016. El Colegio de Chihuahua,
Ciudad Jua rez, Chihuahua.
Contenido
1. Tendencias y prospectivas
2. Energía Solar
3. Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia
4. Tecnologías Termosolares. Combustibles solares
5. Laboratorio Nacional de Concentración y Química Solar
6. Conclusiones
Energy Outlook 2030 © BP 20118
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Non-OECD
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Non-OECD
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1970 1990 2010 2030
OECD
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Primary energy
Billion toe
Forecast
The world we live in…
Trillion, $2009 PPP
Forecast
GDPPopulation
Billion
Forecast
Energy Outlook 2030 © BP 20118
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0
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Non-OECD
Primary energy
Billion toe
Forecast
The world we live in…
Trillion, $2009 PPP
Forecast
GDPPopulation
Billion
Forecast
Population, Primary energy and Gross domestic product (GDP)
[BP, Energy Outlook 2030, 2011].
En los últimos 20 años, la
población mundial se ha
incrementado en 1,600
millones de personas.
Se espera que aumente
a 1,400 millones en los
próximos 20 años.
Energy Outlook 2030 © BP 20118
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1970 1990 2010 2030
OECD
Non-OECD
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1970 1990 2010 2030
OECD
Non-OECD
0
20
40
60
80
100
1970 1990 2010 2030
OECD
Non-OECD
Primary energy
Billion toe
Forecast
The world we live in…
Trillion, $2009 PPP
Forecast
GDPPopulation
Billion
Forecast
En 20 años, el ingreso
real aumentó en un 87%.
Es probable que aumente
en un 100% en los
próximos 2 años.
La demanda mundial de
energía está aumentando
de forma continua a un
ritmo de crecimiento anual
del 2,47%.
Tendencias y prospectivas
• Según la Administración de Información sobre Energía de USA, en su
escenario de referencia, la demanda mundial de petróleo va a evolucionar a
partir de 555 PJ por día en 2011 a 759 PJ por día en el 2040: se incrementará
en un 36% durante el período.
• Lo anterior significa un gran desafío en términos de inversiones, sobre todo en
un contexto de disminución de las reservas de lo que se ha llamado el
"petróleo fácil" (un término que se refiere a extraer y transportar fácilmente el
petroleo y por lo tanto es más barato). USA DOE / EIA, 2013.
Tendencias y prospectivas
Se puede establecer que el problema energético del mundo actual consiste
en:
• por un lado, el crecimiento de la población mundial y el aumento de los
niveles de vida de la misma están reforzando la demanda de energía;
• por otra parte, las fuentes principales de energía (los hidrocarburos)
que utilizamos los seres humanos para satisfacer dicha demanda están
mostrado su finitud;
• el uso intensivo de combustibles tiene un impacto hacia el medio
ambiente de dimensiones globales y catastróficas.
Esto demuestra que el sistema energético mundial no es sustentable.
Tendencias y prospectivas
• Los combustibles fósiles seguirán desempeñando un papel clave en los próximos
años, ya que ninguna otra fuente energética puede sustituirlos por completo, dada la
estructura actual de la sociedad globalizada y sus problemas económicos, políticos y
tecnológicos.
• Sin embargo, ante esta situación energética mundial y nacional, se necesita un
cambio de paradigma del modelo energético.
• Es urgente una utilización más racional de la energía, con menos impacto ambiental y
que lleve a la sustitución de los combustibles fósiles por otro tipo de energía primaria.
• Es urgente encontrar las fuentes energéticas suficientes que puedan sustituir a las
fuentes fósiles, además de que permitan la conservación del medio ambiente para
obtener un desarrollo sustentable.
• Este proceso de transición se debería lograr sin tensiones geopolíticas dramáticas por
el control de los yacimientos de los hidrocarburos y sin la degradación irreversible del
medio ambiente natural, particularmente debida a las emisiones de gases de efecto
invernadero.
Tendencias y prospectivas
Recurso energético en el mundo y consumo global anual de energía, 2007.
Demanda global (DG) de energía
primaria, es aproximadamente
de 425 Exajoules / año (EJ /
año, EJ = 1018 Joules).
Tendencias y prospectivas
Source: National Petroleum Council, 2007,
after Craig, Cunningham and Saigo
Ante la situación anterior, debe hacerse un ejercicio responsable de planificación
energética del país, donde se decidirán qué tecnologías deberán impulsarse o
implementarse; para ello se debería tomar en consideración los siguientes puntos:
• La seguridad en el suministro energético para todos los habitantes
• Las reservas energéticas con las que se cuenta
• Los precios ($/Mtoe, $/Kw) y los costos (c$/kWh) de las tecnologías
• La minimización del impacto ambiental del uso de los sistemas energéticos
Tendencias y prospectivas
Escenarios posibles para la transformación del sistema mundial de energía, elaborado a partir del
cumplimiento de las nuevas políticas energéticas, las cuales consideran una economía baja en
carbono para la protección del medio ambiente. BP, 2011.
Contribución porcentual a la cuota de la energía
primaria mundial
Aportación de cada fuente primaria al crecimiento
de la demanda energética.
Trends and prospects [BP, Energy Outlook 2030, 2011].
Tendencias y prospectivas
La energía solar recibida cada 10 días sobre la Tierra equivale a todas las reservas conocidas de petróleo, carbón y gas.
El 70% de la población del planeta vive dentro de la denominada “Franja Solar”.
40 N
35
S
Energía Solar. Un recurso inagotable
La energía solar puede ser usada como fuente primaria para producir los dos vectores energéticos
modernos: electricidad combustibles.
4,225 Km2
65 Km
65 K
m
Potencial:
Chihuahua: 18,873 GWe
Sonora: 14,030 GWe
Con la energía solar que
llega a 0.14% de la
superficie de estos
estados, toda la energía
eléctrica consumida en el
país podría ser
satisfecha.
México recibe energía solar de alta calidad en más de la mitad de su territorio:
G = 1000 W/m2 promedio en estados de alta insolación
Potencia eléctrica instalada en México : 50 GWe (Sep 2008)
Potencia de una CSP/ área = 49 MWe / Km2
Energía Solar, un recurso inagotable en México
Algunas tecnologías
comerciales:
• Paneles fotovoltaicos,
• Colectores solares para
calentamiento de agua,
• Colectores para calor de
proceso industrial,
• Concentración solar para
generación de potencia
eléctrica,
• …..
• Concentración solar para
almacenamiento
termoquímico de
energía,
Energía Solar, Tecnologías
Parasol, Austria
Solar PV Global Capacity, 2004–2014
REN21 facilitates the collection of comprehensive and timely information on renewable energy. This information reflects diverse
viewpoints from both private and public sector actors, serving to dispel myths about renewable energy and to catalyse policy change.
It does this through six product lines.
Renewables Global Status Report (GSR)
First released in 2005, REN21's Renewables Global Status Report
(GSR) has grown to become a truly collaborative ef ort, drawing
on an international network of over 500 authors, contributors,
and reviewers. Today it is the most frequently referenced report
on renewable energy market, industry, and policy trends.
Regional Reports
These reports detail the renewable energy developments of a
particular region; their production also supports regional data
collection processes and informed decision making.
Renewables Interactive Map
The Renewables Interactive Map is a research tool for tracking
the development of renewable energy worldwide. It comple-
ments the perspectives and findings of REN21’s Global and
Regional Status Reports by providing continually updated
market and policy information as well as providing detailed,
exportable country profiles.
Global Future Reports (GFR)
REN21 produces reports that illustrate the credible possibilities
for the future of renewables within particular thematic areas.
Renewables Academy
The REN21 Renewables Academy provides an opportunity
for lively exchange among the growing community of REN21
contributors. It of ers a venue to brainstorm on future-orientated
policy solutions and allows participants to actively contribute on
issues central to a renewable energy transition. The next REN21
Renewables Academy will take place in autumn 2016.
International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs)
The International Renewable Energy Conference (IREC) is a
high-level political conference series. Dedicated exclusively to
the renewable energy sector, the biennial IREC is hosted by a
national government and convened by REN21. SAIREC 2015 will
be held in South Africa on 4–7 October 2015.
Global Futures Report
MENA Renewable Energy Status Report
Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies
ADIREC, Abu Dhabi International Renewable Energy Conference
First REN21 Renewables Academy, Bonn
SAIREC, South AfricaInternational Renewable Energy Conference
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Report
SADC and UNECE Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Reports
EAC Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Report
Second REN21 Renewables Academy
3
Solar Energy in the World
GigawattsWorld Total
Solar PV Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries, 2014
40 GWadded in 2014
Solar Energy in the World
Gigawatts
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Global Capacity, by Country or
Region, 2004–2014
Solar Energy in the World
Gigawatts
World Total
Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, Shares of Top 10
Countries, 2013
Solar Energy in the World
REN21 facilitates the collection of comprehensive and timely information on renewable energy. This information reflects diverse
viewpoints from both private and public sector actors, serving to dispel myths about renewable energy and to catalyse policy change.
It does this through six product lines.
Renewables Global Status Report (GSR)
First released in 2005, REN21's Renewables Global Status Report
(GSR) has grown to become a truly collaborative ef ort, drawing
on an international network of over 500 authors, contributors,
and reviewers. Today it is the most frequently referenced report
on renewable energy market, industry, and policy trends.
Regional Reports
These reports detail the renewable energy developments of a
particular region; their production also supports regional data
collection processes and informed decision making.
Renewables Interactive Map
The Renewables Interactive Map is a research tool for tracking
the development of renewable energy worldwide. It comple-
ments the perspectives and findings of REN21’s Global and
Regional Status Reports by providing continually updated
market and policy information as well as providing detailed,
exportable country profiles.
Global Future Reports (GFR)
REN21 produces reports that illustrate the credible possibilities
for the future of renewables within particular thematic areas.
Renewables Academy
The REN21 Renewables Academy provides an opportunity
for lively exchange among the growing community of REN21
contributors. It of ers a venue to brainstorm on future-orientated
policy solutions and allows participants to actively contribute on
issues central to a renewable energy transition. The next REN21
Renewables Academy will take place in autumn 2016.
International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs)
The International Renewable Energy Conference (IREC) is a
high-level political conference series. Dedicated exclusively to
the renewable energy sector, the biennial IREC is hosted by a
national government and convened by REN21. SAIREC 2015 will
be held in South Africa on 4–7 October 2015.
Global Futures Report
MENA Renewable Energy Status Report
Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies
ADIREC, Abu Dhabi International Renewable Energy Conference
First REN21 Renewables Academy, Bonn
SAIREC, South AfricaInternational Renewable Energy Conference
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Report
SADC and UNECE Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Reports
EAC Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Report
Second REN21 Renewables Academy
3
Solar Water Heating Collectors Global Capacity, 2004–2014
Solar Energy in the World
REN21 facilitates the collection of comprehensive and timely information on renewable energy. This information reflects diverse
viewpoints from both private and public sector actors, serving to dispel myths about renewable energy and to catalyse policy change.
It does this through six product lines.
Renewables Global Status Report (GSR)
First released in 2005, REN21's Renewables Global Status Report
(GSR) has grown to become a truly collaborative ef ort, drawing
on an international network of over 500 authors, contributors,
and reviewers. Today it is the most frequently referenced report
on renewable energy market, industry, and policy trends.
Regional Reports
These reports detail the renewable energy developments of a
particular region; their production also supports regional data
collection processes and informed decision making.
Renewables Interactive Map
The Renewables Interactive Map is a research tool for tracking
the development of renewable energy worldwide. It comple-
ments the perspectives and findings of REN21’s Global and
Regional Status Reports by providing continually updated
market and policy information as well as providing detailed,
exportable country profiles.
Global Future Reports (GFR)
REN21 produces reports that illustrate the credible possibilities
for the future of renewables within particular thematic areas.
Renewables Academy
The REN21 Renewables Academy provides an opportunity
for lively exchange among the growing community of REN21
contributors. It of ers a venue to brainstorm on future-orientated
policy solutions and allows participants to actively contribute on
issues central to a renewable energy transition. The next REN21
Renewables Academy will take place in autumn 2016.
International Renewable Energy Conferences (IRECs)
The International Renewable Energy Conference (IREC) is a
high-level political conference series. Dedicated exclusively to
the renewable energy sector, the biennial IREC is hosted by a
national government and convened by REN21. SAIREC 2015 will
be held in South Africa on 4–7 October 2015.
Global Futures Report
MENA Renewable Energy Status Report
Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies
ADIREC, Abu Dhabi International Renewable Energy Conference
First REN21 Renewables Academy, Bonn
SAIREC, South AfricaInternational Renewable Energy Conference
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
ECOWAS Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Report
SADC and UNECE Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Reports
EAC Renewable Energy and Energy Ef ciency Status Report
Second REN21 Renewables Academy
3
Data are for
solar water
collectors only
(not including
air collectors).
Gigawatts-ThermalWorld Total
Solar PV and CSP Capacities Installed Globally, 2013
Solar Energy in the World
Range in Levelised Cost of Energy for Selected Commercially Available
Renewable Energy Technologies in Comparison to Non-renewable Energy Costs
Economics in Solar Energy and RE
Range in Levelised Cost of Energy for Selected Commercially Available
Renewable Energy Technologies in Comparison to Non-renewable Energy Costs
Economics in Solar Energy and RE
40
100
80
60
40
20
0
2020 2030 2040 2050
Greenpeace(2012)
IEA ETP (2014) "2DS"
IEA WEO (2013) "450"
ExxonMobil (2014)
GEA (2012)"Efficiency"(highest)
Share of Total Global Energy (Percent)
High renewables
Moderate
Conservative
SE4ALL objective
Visions for the Future: The upcoming decades 6
Global perceptions of renewable energy have shifted considerably during
the last decade; renewables have arrived in the mainstream. Despite
impressive achievements, greater efforts and closer collaboration between
the public and the private sector are needed to double the global share
of renewables by 2030 and about ensuring access to clean and sustainable
energy for all people by 2030 outlined by Sustainable Energy for All.
Over the past decade, renewable energy technologies have
moved into the mainstream. However, compared to the vast
global potential of all renewable energy sources, the current
market volume reveals only a glimpse of what it could be in the
future. Progress was most spectacular in the electricity sec-
tor; heating and cooling as well as transport still lack behind.
However, despite the remarkable growth of many renewable
energy technologies, the overall share of renewable energy in
total final energy consumption remained relatively stable from
1990 to 2013 due to increasing energy demand and the central
role of traditional biomass, which accounts for roughly 50% of
the renewable energy share in total final energy consumption.
In order to double the share of renewable energy in final energy
consumption as outlined by SE4ALL (from 18% in 2010 to 36%
in 2030), significant e orts in up-scaling the deployment of mod-
ern renewable energy sources including hydropower need to be
made; system integration and sustainability concerns need also
to be addressed.
As stated in REN21’s Renewables Global Futures Report, given
technology and economic trends the future of renewable energy
is fundamentally a choice, not a foregone conclusion. The con-
text for that choice includes the present situation—high levels of
current investment and more than a decade of dramatic market
growth, proliferation of support policies, and cost reductions in
renewable energy. The context also involves a growing diversity of
motivations, such as energy security, climate and environment,
Source: IEA ETP 2014; IEA WEO 2013. Reference see endnotes.
Figure 13: Conservative, Moderate, and High Renewable Energy Scenarios to 2050
40
100
80
60
40
20
0
2020 2030 2040 2050
Greenpeace(2012)
IEA ETP (2014) "2DS"
IEA WEO (2013) "450"
ExxonMobil (2014)
GEA (2012)"Efficiency"(highest)
Share of Total Global Energy (Percent)
High renewables
Moderate
Conservative
SE4ALL objective
Visions for the Future: The upcoming decades 6
Global perceptions of renewable energy have shifted considerably during
the last decade; renewables have arrived in the mainstream. Despite
impressive achievements, greater efforts and closer collaboration between
the public and the private sector are needed to double the global share
of renewables by 2030 and about ensuring access to clean and sustainable
energy for all people by 2030 outlined by Sustainable Energy for All.
Over the past decade, renewable energy technologies have
moved into the mainstream. However, compared to the vast
global potential of all renewable energy sources, the current
market volume reveals only a glimpse of what it could be in the
future. Progress was most spectacular in the electricity sec-
tor; heating and cooling as well as transport still lack behind.
However, despite the remarkable growth of many renewable
energy technologies, the overall share of renewable energy in
total final energy consumption remained relatively stable from
1990 to 2013 due to increasing energy demand and the central
role of traditional biomass, which accounts for roughly 50% of
the renewable energy share in total final energy consumption.
In order to double the share of renewable energy in final energy
consumption as outlined by SE4ALL (from 18% in 2010 to 36%
in 2030), significant e orts in up-scaling the deployment of mod-
ern renewable energy sources including hydropower need to be
made; system integration and sustainability concerns need also
to be addressed.
As stated in REN21’s Renewables Global Futures Report, given
technology and economic trends the future of renewable energy
is fundamentally a choice, not a foregone conclusion. The con-
text for that choice includes the present situation—high levels of
current investment and more than a decade of dramatic market
growth, proliferation of support policies, and cost reductions in
renewable energy. The context also involves a growing diversity of
motivations, such as energy security, climate and environment,
Source: IEA ETP 2014; IEA WEO 2013. Reference see endnotes.
Figure 13: Conservative, Moderate, and High Renewable Energy Scenarios to 2050
40
100
80
60
40
20
0
2020 2030 2040 2050
Greenpeace(2012)
IEA ETP (2014) "2DS"
IEA WEO (2013) "450"
ExxonMobil (2014)
GEA (2012)"Efficiency"(highest)
Share of Total Global Energy (Percent)
High renewables
Moderate
Conservative
SE4ALL objective
Visions for the Future: The upcoming decades 6
Global perceptions of renewable energy have shifted considerably during
the last decade; renewables have arrived in the mainstream. Despite
impressive achievements, greater efforts and closer collaboration between
the public and the private sector are needed to double the global share
of renewables by 2030 and about ensuring access to clean and sustainable
energy for all people by 2030 outlined by Sustainable Energy for All.
Over the past decade, renewable energy technologies have
moved into the mainstream. However, compared to the vast
global potential of all renewable energy sources, the current
market volume reveals only a glimpse of what it could be in the
future. Progress was most spectacular in the electricity sec-
tor; heating and cooling as well as transport still lack behind.
However, despite the remarkable growth of many renewable
energy technologies, the overall share of renewable energy in
total final energy consumption remained relatively stable from
1990 to 2013 due to increasing energy demand and the central
role of traditional biomass, which accounts for roughly 50% of
the renewable energy share in total final energy consumption.
In order to double the share of renewable energy in final energy
consumption as outlined by SE4ALL (from 18% in 2010 to 36%
in 2030), significant e orts in up-scaling the deployment of mod-
ern renewable energy sources including hydropower need to be
made; system integration and sustainability concerns need also
to be addressed.
As stated in REN21’s Renewables Global Futures Report, given
technology and economic trends the future of renewable energy
is fundamentally a choice, not a foregone conclusion. The con-
text for that choice includes the present situation—high levels of
current investment and more than a decade of dramatic market
growth, proliferation of support policies, and cost reductions in
renewable energy. The context also involves a growing diversity of
motivations, such as energy security, climate and environment,
Source: IEA ETP 2014; IEA WEO 2013. Reference see endnotes.
Figure 13: Conservative, Moderate, and High Renewable Energy Scenarios to 2050
Development of Solar Photovoltaic Module Prices, 1980 – 2013
Economics in Solar Energy and RE
Renewable Energy Jobs by Technology and Region, 2014
Economics in Solar Energy and RE
WindCSP
PV
Lifecycle of an energy technology revolution
Economics in Solar Energy and RE
Ejemplos de investigación, desarrollo e innovación:
o Tecnologías Termosolares de potencia
o Tecnologías Termosolares para el almacenamiento de energía con la
producción de combustibles
Capacidad Mundial
instalada o en proceso: >
11,000 MWe
Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia. Inicios
Discos Parabólicos con motor Stirling
Canales Parabólicos
Reflectores lineales Frenel
Helióstatos con receptor en torre
Fluidos de trabajo
- Temperatura
- Rendimiento
- Almacenamiento
Diseño sistemas
- Ciclos
- Refrigeración
- Hibridación
- Terreno
- Costos
Diferentes tecnologías: Diferentes prestaciones y potenciales
Potencia de PTS / Area: 1 MWe / 2 acres
Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia
Sun and Wind Energy 6 2010
227 Proyectos (> 11 GWe)
> 1.3 GWe en operación
~ 4 GWe en construcción
Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia. Despliegue
Extresol 1 y 2 (ACS/Cobra)
PS10 and PS20 (Abengoa Solar)Puertollano 50 MW (Iberdrola Renovables)
Gemasolar (Torresol)
Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia. Despliegue
SEGS Plants (Total 354 MW)Kramer Junction / Harper Lake, California
Nevada Solar One 64 MWBoulder City, Nevada
Kimberlina 5 MWBakersfild, California
Sierra Sun Tower 5 MWLancaster, California
Red Rock 1 MW
Arizona
Plantas en Operación en EUA
Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia. Despliegue
Empleos creados: 3,500,000
Fuente: REN21. Renewable 2011. Global Status Report.
Mercados mundiales de energías renovables
DecarbonizationDecarbonizationH2O-splittingH2O-splitting
Solar Fuels (Hydrogen, Syngas)
Solar
Cracking
Solar
Gasification
Solar
Reforming
Solar HT-
Electrolysis
Solar
Thermochemical
Cycle
Solar
Electricity
+
Electrolysis
Concentrated
Solar Energy
Fossil Fuels(NG, oil, coal)
Fossil Fuels(NG, oil, coal)
Optional CO2/C
Sequestration
Optional CO2/C
Sequestration
H2OH2O
Descomposición H2O/CO2
H2O/CO2
Tecnologías Termosolares. Combustibles solares
Laboratorio (<1 kW) Piloto (1-100 kW) Industriales (>100 kW)
Tub
ular
esD
oble
cám
ara
Par
tícul
asV
olum
étric
os
DCORE
McNaughton
SOLZINC
Gokon Weimer
Flamant
Steinfeld
Wieckert Wieckert
Wömer
SOLREF
Kodama
HYDROSOL
Flamant
Steinfeld
Kodama
Bertocchi
ImhofAPPCDC
Steinfeld
SYNPET Siegel y Kolb
Tecnologías Termosolares. Combustibles solares
Reactores
Temperature [K]
Pro
du
ct
Ga
s C
om
po
siti
on
[%
]
Solar Gasification
CO2
Concentrated Solar Power
Petcoke
H2O
CO
H2
Shift
Reactor
Shift
Reactor
H2OH2O
CO2H2
CO2H2
Separation H2H2 Fuel cell Work
Output
Sequestration
(optional)
CC Work
Output
ceramic cavity
Concentrated
Solar
Power
quartz window
syngas
petcoke
H2O nozzle
Tecnologías Termosolares. Combustibles solares
Gasificación de coke
Con la visión de que en México hay:
• Abundancia de recurso solar
• Desarrollo industrial suficiente en metalmecánica
• Ingeniería de calidad
En los últimos 20 años se han realizado esfuerzos para generar
recursos humanos y grupos de investigación que cultiven y
desarrollen las tecnologías de CSP, grupos que han madurado y
tienen presencia nacional e internacional.
El objetivo del esfuerzo es permitir el desarrollo de una industria solar
mexicana en las tecnologías de CSP.
México. Condiciones adecuadas
México. Proyectos de I+D+i. Fondos
Fondos Gubernamentales, Secretaría de Economía, CONACYT:
Fondos Sectoriales:
SENER Sustentabilidad, Hidrocarburos
SAGARPA, …..
Fondos Mixtos
Fondos Institucionales
Proyectos Relevantes
1. Laboratorios Nacionales:
a. Sistemas de concentración y química solar
b. Innovación fotovoltaica y caracterización de celdas solares
2. Centro Mexicano de Innovación Energía Renovables:
CeMIE Solar, CeMIE Eólico, CeMIE Geotérmico, Hidrógeno, minihidráulico,
bienergía,…..
3. Otros proyectos: FORDECyT,
• Está constituido por una red de grupos de investigación, con el propósito de avanzar en el
desarrollo de tecnologías solares, generando conocimiento científico y tecnológico, así
como formando recursos humanos de alto nivel en el área.
• El proyecto se divide en tres sub-proyectos:
• Horno Solar de Alto Flujo Radiativo (HoSIER)
• Planta Solar para el Tratamiento Fotocatalítico de Aguas Residuales (PSTFAR)
• Campo de Pruebas de Helióstatos (CPH)
• El proyecto es único en Latinoamérica o en países en desarrollo y permitirá a México
posicionarse en el ámbito mundial en la investigación sobre las tecnologías de
concentración solar.
• Lo anterior permitirá impulsar el desarrollo de una industria nacional de tecnologías de
concentración solar.
Laboratorio Nacional de Concentración y Química Solar Primera Etapa (2008-2010)
Proyecto de 3 años, empezó en Sep 2007 – terminó en Dic 2010. ≈ 4 M $USD
Laboratorio Nacional de Concentración y Química Solar Primera Etapa (2008-2010)
Subproject: Solar Furnace of High Radiative
Flux. Temixco, Morelos
Carbon steel:
Tf = 1808 K; 1535 C
Tungsten:
Tf = 3704 K; 3406 C
Sub-project: Heliostats testing field
HTF. Hermosillo, Sonora
• Tower 33 m high
• Lambertian target of 36 m2
• 15 Heliostats in operation 36 m2
• 82 heliostats of 36 m2: 2 MWt
Está constituido por una red de grupos de investigación nacionales e internacionales, con el propósito de avanzar en el desarrollo de tecnologías solares, generando conocimiento científico y tecnológico, así como formando recursos humanos de alto nivel en el área.
Objetivo Científico
• Ciencia Aplicada / Tecnología: Generar conocimientos científicos y tecnológicos en áreas como energía solar, ingenierías térmica, mecánica, química, de control, ciencia de materiales, economía e impactos ambientales de la energía
Sub-proyectos
• Laboratorio de TermoQuímica Solar (LTQS)
• Campo Experimental de Torre Central (CEToC)
• Concentración Solar Fotovoltaica (CSF)
Laboratorio Nacional de Concentración y Química Solar. Segunda Etapa (2011-2015)
Concentración Solar Fotovoltaica (CSFV)
Simulación con Defrac
0,00E+00
5,00E+02
1,00E+03
1,50E+03
2,00E+03
2,50E+03
3,00E+03
3,50E+03
-5,00E-02 -3,00E-02 -1,00E-02 1,00E-02 3,00E-02 5,00E-02
Inte
nsid
ad
de
Flu
jo
Longitud
Spo…
Concentración Solar Fotovoltaica (CSFV)
Uniformidad: 0.0536115
Flujo Promedio: 449076
Longitud del
Homogeneizador 1: 1m
Longitud del
Homogeneizador 2: 1m
Área: 9 cm2
• El uso potencial de la energía solar es enorme y su desarrollo incluye un gran número
de disciplinas científicas y técnicas, fundamentales y aplicadas.
• Se observa una gran actividad en todas las áreas de I + D + I en STP, pero no tienen
una buena distribución geográfica, ya que sólo hay un grupo pequeño de actores bien
definidos.
• El paso a la madurez tecnológica de la electricidad generada a partir de fuentes
renovables requiere el aumento de la capacidad instalada y la adaptación a la demanda.
• La influencia de las políticas a favor de la aplicación de la tecnología solar es ahora un
elemento clave. Sin embargo, no existe una solución única.
• En combustibles solares, se avanza progresivamente hacia la escala industrial.
• Se sumará México a este esfuerzo tecnológico global o sólo va a ver pasar el
tren como lo hemos hecho con otras tecnologías?
Algunas conclusiones
Reunión de STAGE-STE en Mexico,
Oct 6, 2014
Gracias por su atención
cestrada@ier.unam.mx
• En solar termoeléctrica
– la demostración de las primeras plantas comerciales y
– el avance hacia generación directa de vapor y
– sistemas de almacenamiento térmico a gran escala.
• En química solar sobresalen
– la producción de hidrógeno y
– destoxificación de aguas y aires contaminados.
• En calor y frío solar,
– el desarrollo de captadores para su uso en aplicaciones de gran valor
añadido como la desalación y la refrigeración.
– El calor de proceso industrial
– Materiales y captadores avanzados e integración en edificios
Conclusiones sobre tecnologías
Tecnologías Termosolares de Potencia. Costos
2014 10 27 Red Energia IPN vf.pptx2014 10 27 Red Energia IPN vf.pptx2014 10 27 Red Energia IPN vf.pptx
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