fish diversity iv. phylum chordata –superclass agnatha class pteraspidomorphi † class myxini (?)...

Fish Diversity IV

• Phylum Chordata– Superclass Agnatha

•Class Pteraspidomorphi †•Class Myxini (?)•Class Cephalaspidomorphi

– Superclass Gnathostomata•Class Placodermi †•Class Chondrychthyes •Class Acanthodii †•Class Sarcopterygii•Class Actinopterygii

Fish Taxa Diversity

Mobile premaxillae & other osteological characteristics

Division TELEOSTEI

Synapomorphy:-Mobile premaxillae-urostyle and uroneurals present; caudal fin usually homocercal

Subdivision Osteoglossomorpha

• Order Osteoglossiformes (6 fam.)– Most primitive teleosts– Freshwater– Tooth plate on tongue bites against

roof of mouth, intestine lies left of stomach• Osteoglossidae (bony tongues)• Notopteridae (knifefishes)• Mormyridae (elephantfishes)• Gymnarchidae

Subdivision Elopomorpha• Leptocephalus larva (long lived, no red blood

cells)

• Saltwater – Order Elopiformes (2 fam.)

• Elopidae (ladyfishes)• Megalopidae (tarpons)

– Order Albuliformes (3 fam.)• Albulidae (bonefishes)

– Order Anguilliformes (15 fam.)• Anguillidae (freshwater eels)• Muraenidae (moray eels)• Ophyctidae (snake eels)

– Order Saccopharyngiformes (4 fam.)• Snipe eels, Swallowers, Pelican eels

RIOS OCEANO

Anguila amarilla

Angulón

Angula

Anguila plateada

Huevos

Larva Leptocefala

Reproducción Reproducción

Leptocephalus larvae

OCEAN RIVERS

Reproduction

Eggs

Glass eel

Elver

Yellow eel

Silver eel

CATADROMOUSMigration

Subdivision Clupeomorpha

• Order Clupeiformes (5 fam.)– Gas bladder that connects with the ear– Most abundant fishes in the world– Pelagic environment, schooling behavior– Marine (freshwater and anadromous)

• Clupeidae (herring and sardines)• Engraulidae (anchovies)• Chirocentridae (Wolf herrings)

Division TELEOSTEISubdivision EUTELEOSTI

Synapomorphy:-Presence of adipose fin

Superorder Ostariophysi• Inner ear-gas bladder bone connection• Response to chemical alarm substances• Freshwater

– Order Cypriniformes (5 fam.)• Cyprinidae (largest FW family-2000 spp.)

minnows, shiners, carp, zebrafishes…

• Catostomidae (suckers)

– Order Characiformes (10 fam.)• Characidae (large tropical FW family) pirahnas, tetras, S. American darters…

– Order Siluriformes (34 fam.)• Fusion skull bones, vomerine teeth, adipose fin, no

scales, 1-4 pairs of barbels (CATFISH)

• Ictaluridae, siluridae, Ariidae, Calychthydae…

Superorder Protacanthopterygii• (still under revision)

– Order Esociformes (2 fam.)• Esocidae (pike, pickerel)• Umbridae (mudminnows)

– Order Osmeriformes (13 fam.)• Osmeridae (smelts)• Sarangidae (icefish)…

– Order Salmoniformes (1 fam.)• Salmonidae (trout, salmon, char, grayling)

TELEOSTEIEUTELEOSTI

NEOTELEOSTS

Synapomorphy:-First vertebrae articulation to skull-Retractor dorsalis muscle-Muscular lift of pharyngeal jaws-Hinged tooth attachment

Superorder Stenopterygii

• Order Stomiiformes (4 fam.)– Deep sea (mesopelagic and

bathypelagic environment)– 200-4000 m of depth– Long teeth, unique photophores

• Gonostomatidae (bristlemouths)• Sternoptychidae (marine hatchetfishes)• Stomiidae (dragonfishes, viperfishes)

Superorder Cyclosquamata

• Order Aulopiformes (13 fam.)– Cycloid scales– Mainly pelagic and abyssal

environments• Synodontidae (lizardfishes)• Giganturidae (telescopefishes)• Alepisauridae (lancetfishes)• ....

Superorder Scopelomorpha

• Order Myctophiformes (2 fam.)– Ctenoid scales, photophores– Missing first pharyngeal tooth plate– Commonly perform diel vertical

migrations– Mesopelagic environment

• Myctophidae (lanterfishes)

TELEOSTEIEUTELEOSTI

NEOTELEOSTSACANTHOMORPHA

Synapomorphy:-True fin spines (Spiny Telesots)-Strengthening of vertebral accesories-No teeth on maxillae

Superorder Lampridiomorpha

• Order Lampridiformes (7 fam.)– Unique mandiblar protrusion mechanism– Marine pelagic environments

• Lamprididae (opahs)• Radiicephalidae (ribbonfishes)• Regalecidae (oarfishes)

Superorder Polymixiomorpha

• Order Polymixiiformes (1 fam.)– (uncertain taxonomic status)– Large eyes and chin barbels– Marine environments– Medium depths (200-600m)

• Polymixiidae (beardfishes)

Superorder Paracanthopterygii

• Marine benthic environments• Order Percopsiformes (3 fam.)

– Amblyopsidae (cavefishes)

• Order Ophidiiformes (5 fam.)– Carapidae (pearlfishes)– Ophidiidae (cusk eels)

• Order Gadiformes (12 fam.)– Gadidae (cods)– Merluciidae (hakes)

• Order Batrachoidiformes (1 fam.)– Batrachoididae (toadfishes and midshipmen)

• Order Lophiiformes (16 fam.)– Lophiidae (monkfishes)– Antennariidae (frogfishes).....