hazardous waste managementenglish-c.tongji.edu.cn/_siteconf/files/2013/04/20/... · 2013-04-20 ·...
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玩具厂回收医疗垃圾做玩具
CCTV曝光部分地区回收医疗垃圾制作儿童玩具,有些含有毒害物质。用多次回收的二料生产玩具都有刺鼻的味道,含有甲醛等物质。甲醛已经被世界卫生组织确定为致癌物质,能造成儿童慢性中毒,甚至引发白血病。
What is hazardous waste?
These can be in a form of a solid, liquid, contained gas or sludge.
Properties of these products contain harmful components that are too dangerous to be sent to the landfill, dumped into the sewer system or released into the atmosphere.
Improper release of hazardous waste may seriously threaten the environment and human health.
Two terms
Hazardous waste
Used substance or by-product of some process or activity
Hazardous material
New or unused substance
Abandoned hazardous
materials become
hazardous wastes
Identified Characteristics of Hazardous Materials:
Products with the
words DANGER,
WARNING, or
CAUTION
on the product label
Identification of Hazardous Waste Common Symbols
Flammable
Environmental
Hazard
Poison or toxic
Corrosive
Oxidizer Explosive
Identification of Hazardous Waste Ignitable Waste:
Flashpoint less than 60 °C
Solid capable of igniting by friction, moisture absorption or spontaneous chemical changes and burns so it creates a hazard.
Ignitable compressed gas
Oxidizer
Examples of ignitable waste:
• aluminum powder, petroleum based solvents, gasoline, paints
Identification of Hazardous Waste Corrosive Waste:
Waste that can corrode steel or destroy other substances.
pH of waste is more than 10 and less than 2.
Examples of corrosive waste:
• Caustic or acidic cleaning solutions, laboratory chemicals, rust removers, drain cleaners, battery acids, and water treatment chemical
Identification of Hazardous Waste Reactive Hazardous Waste: Capable of detonating if heated.
Capable of detonating at standard temperature and pressure.
Reacts violently with water.
Forms explosive mixtures with air or water.
Is a cyanide or sulfide bearing compound that have the potential to form toxic gases, vapors or fumes between a pH of 2 and 12.5.
Generates toxic gases, vapors, or fumes when mixed with water.
Reactive Waste includes:
• Bleach, peroxidizable compounds, and alkaline metals such as sodium or potassium
Identification of Hazardous Waste Toxic Hazardous Waste:
Waste that exhibits the characteristic of toxicity if using the Toxic Characteristic Leachate Procedure (EPA test method 1311).
Is listed as a toxic substance in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) .
Manufacturer’s bottle has the word ‘toxic’
written on it or has the toxic symbol (skull and crossbones).
Examples:
Pesticides and cleaners
Two Additional Characteristics
Infectious or medical waste
Human tissue from surgery, hypodermic needles, microbiological material et generated by hospital and biological research centers
Radioactive waste
High level radioactive waste from nuclear power plants
Hazardous Waste Legislation
Mixture Rule
A mixture of a non-hazardous waste and a hazardous waste is still a hazardous waste
S. Hughes 2000
Hazardous Waste Management -- How did it begin? What events made humans aware of problems?
• Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring" discussed the bioaccumulation of DDT (a
pesticide). DDT was discovered in the reproductive tissues of numerous species of
birds. This chemical causes thinning of eggshells such that when the female attempts
to brood her eggs she ends up crushing them. Ms. Carson's work described for the
first time how all things are connected, and clearly demonstrated that the Out of Site,
Out of Mind philosophy was no longer valid.
Love Canal is located near Niagara Falls, New York. During the 1940s and 1950s
indiscriminate dumping of hazardous wastes by companies such as Hooker Chemical
Co. occurred. Eventually the site was filled in and sold to the Niagara Falls School
District. Although instructed on the nature of the site, and told not to engage in
excavation or underground construction, the school district built an elementary school
in the area, and a neighborhood of houses grew around it - complete with basements.
In the 1970s strange odors could be detected indoors and people began experiencing
symptoms of chemically induced illnesses. Investigation by reporter Michael Brown
(he won the Pulitzer Prize for this) uncovered the truth and the U.S. government
purchased the entire Love Canal site.
• The Love Canal incident
About 150 million tons of hazardous waste (HW) generated each year in the U.S. Uncontrolled dumping in the past
Hazardous Waste Management
Brief History
Solid Waste Disposal Act (1965) SWDA
Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (1976) RCRA
Issues: (1) Advancement in technology; (2) Population growth in metropolitan areas
Attempted to address nation’s
disposal needs through research, training, investigations, surveys, demo projects.
Amended SWDA and set goals for protecting human health and environment, conserving energy and natural resources, reducing waste generation, managing waste in an environmentally-sound manner.
Established programs for solid waste, hazardous waste
“Cradle to Grave”
Hazardous Waste Law: RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act National law for governing the disposal of solid and
hazardous waste.
Under RCRA the Environmental Protection Agency is given primary responsibility in promulgating detailed regulations in governing the generation, transport, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste.
Affects companies and institutions involved in the generation of hazardous waste.
Hazardous Waste Law: RCRA
Cradle to grave status
Hazardous waste is regulated from the moment it is created through the time of final disposal. Generator is forever responsible for their waste.
Hazardous Waste Law: RCRA
Legal actions will be taken against the individual or group who did not follow EPA regulations and guidelines.
Citations and fines will be awarded if the EPA finds any misuse.
Hazardous waste is regulated by:
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Authority responsible for regulating all aspects
of hazardous waste
Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulation of hazardous waste transportation
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Regulation of chemicals that represent a
security threat.
Cradle-to-Grave Hazardous Waste Management
Generators A company or corporation that generates over
1000 kg of hazardous waste per month
If creating a hazardous waste, they must Fill out a notification of hazardous waste activity
Can store HW for up to 90 days
Must ship with a licensed HW transporter
Fill out a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest and ship the waste following DOT guidelines
Small generators (100-1000 kg/month) have more lenient rules
Cradle-to-Grave Hazardous Waste Management
Transporters
People that move HW
Must keep the Manifest with them at all times
Can hold HW for up to 10 days without a TSD
Must be prepared to clean up a spill
How Should I Manage My Hazardous Waste For Proper Transportation?
Have an EPA I.D. Number
Package, label, and mark all containers in accordance with Department of Transportation regulations prior to shipment
Use a hazardous waste transporter registered with DTSC [ 916-255-4368]
Verify driver license class
Ensure that your waste is delivered to a permitted facility or authorized recycler
Use a HW manifest
Provide any Land Disposal Restriction (LDR) documentations
Submit Generator copy of manifest to DTSC.
Transportation
HW moved by truck over:
Public highway routes (less than 160km long)
Small amount by rail
Almost none by air or inland waterways
HW contained in
Cargo tank trucks (7600-34000L) made of steel or aluminum alloy
Or 210 L drums
Manifest System
Monitor the journey of the waste from its point of origin to point of final disposal.
Record keeping document
Prepared by the generator of the hazardous waste
Signed when each time the waste changes hands
Who’s Responsible for
Completing the Manifest?
All parties must:
Sign and date the manifest
Check for accuracy and consistency in volumes and/or quantities
Verify names are legible, printed or typed, next to the signature
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Completing the transfer form
Fill out the upper portion of the transfer form.
Name and contact info
Location of waste (building and room number)
Chemical(s) in waste, and their concentrations
For mixtures, list all constituents
If more room is needed, attach a separate list to the form
Type of container and physical state of the waste
Number of containers, their volume, and the total volume
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