heinz-peter mang chinese academy of agricultural · pdf filehe "chinese academy of...

农业部规划设计研究院能源环保 - 农业部能源与环境技术开发中心Institute of Energy and Environmental Protection (IEEP)Center for Energy and Environmental Protection Technology Development (CEEPTD/MoA)

Biogas Sanitation Systems

Heinz-PeterMang

Chinese Academy of Agricultural

Engineering, Beijing

Ecological sanitation course, N

orway15.-20.A

ugust 2005

•he "Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering” (CAAE), founded in 1979, is China’s leading institution in agricultural engineering scientific research, technical promotion and construction engineering. The Academy works independent but on behalf of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture. Its tasks include formulate development strategies, technology consultancy and advisory services, develop technical productive ideas, all in order to strengthen the Chinese technical ability and the Chinese national and world market competition.

Based on the recommendations of the Chinese National Scientific Congress in 1978 to strengthen the agricultural engineering as part of the agricultural research and his application in the framework of a socialist market economy system, the Central State Committee agreed to establish a "China Agricultural Engineering Research and Design Institute”, nowadays called CAAE.

The CAAE key domains are:

1. Establishment of plans and support to the management in the sector of agricultural development, infrastructure and construction

2. Research, training and promotion of agricultural technologies and engineering.

The specific areas – organised in six departments are:

1. Consultation on agricultural plans and projects;

2. Sensitive monitoring on crops and on agricultural resources, statistics and situation of agricultural production, and agricultural disaster evaluation;

3. Research, promotion and project management concerning sustainable energy supply, environmental protection, ecological agriculture and ecological construction (carried out by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Protection);

4. Research on agro-processing technologies, promotion and technical support;

5. Research on and implementation of technologies for agricultural facilities and livestock projects;

6. Design and project supervision for agro-industries and civil constructions.

Source control and reuse of treated waste(Ralf Otterpohl, Andrea Albold and Martin Oldenburg: Differentiating Management of Water Resources and Waste in Urban Area，

http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/oldenburg.html

1. Basic prerequisite for sanitation systems that care for the survival of our mankind, future sanitation concepts should produce a rich organic fertilizer for agriculture rather than waste.

2. One person can produce as much fertilizer as necessary for the food needed for one person (Niemczynowicz, 1997).

3. However the cycles should not be too short (industrial/energy crops first) and appropriate treatment is necessary.

4. First priority of all possible concepts is the consideration of hygienic aspects -alternative concepts can and should be better solutions in this respect, too.

5. As one of many technical solutions separated black water can be treated anaerobically in biogas plants.

6. The combination with the digestion of organic household wastes results in a mixture that is suitable for this process.

7. Separation of different qualities and their respective appropriate treatment for reuse is common in industry and is fundamental for new concepts.

1. Basic prerequisite for sanitation systems that care for the survival of our mankind, future sanitation concepts should produce a rich organic fertilizer for agriculture rather than waste.

2. One person can produce as much fertilizer as necessary for the food needed for one person (Niemczynowicz, 1997).

3. However the cycles should not be too short (industrial/energy crops first) and appropriate treatment is necessary.

4. First priority of all possible concepts is the consideration of hygienic aspects -alternative concepts can and should be better solutions in this respect, too.

5. As one of many technical solutions separated black water can be treated anaerobically in biogas plants.

6. The combination with the digestion of organic household wastes results in a mixture that is suitable for this process.

7. Separation of different qualities and their respective appropriate treatment for reuse is common in industry and is fundamental for new concepts.

Separation of substances

treatment

utilisation

substances faeces(brownwater)

anaerobic digestion,

drying, composting

biogas, soil

improvement

constructedwetlands, gardening,

wastewater ponds, biol.treatment, membrane-

technology

greywater (shower,

washing, etc.)

irrigation,groundwater-

recharge ordirect reuse

urine (yellowwater)

liquid or dry fertiliser

hygienisation bystorage or

drying

filtration,biological treatment

rainwater

water supply,groundwater-

recharge

composting, anaerobic digestion

organic waste

soilimprovement,

biogas

Pilot-Projekt Berliner Wasserbetriebe

Schwerkraft-Trenntoilette Vakuum-Trenntoilette

Urin-tank

Membran-biologie

Vakuum-anlage

Biogas-anlage

Kompost-separator

Boden-filter

Urin-tank

Grau-wasser Fäkalien Fäkalien Grau-

wasser Urin

bewachsener Bodenfilter 1

Bio-müll

Bio-gas

Betriebs-gebäude Wohn-

gebäude

Dünger(nach Kompostierung)

Dünger

Abfluss

AbflussVor-klär-ung

Dünger

Vor-klär-ung

Urin-tank

Membran-biologie

Vakuum-anlage

Biogas-anlage

Kompost-separator

Boden-filter

Urin-tank

Grau-wasser Fäkalien Fäkalien Grau-

wasser Urin

Bio-müll

Bio-gas

Betriebs-gebäude Wohn-

gebäude

Dünger(nach Kompostierung)

Dünger

Abfluss

AbflussVor-klär-ung

Dünger

Vor-klär-ung

In principle, all organic materials can ferment or be digested:

faeces from cattle, pigs and possibly from poultry and humans, organic waste, energy crops, and organic loaded wastewater.

The maximum of gas-production from a given amount of raw material depends on the type of substrate.

anaerobic digestion for treatment of organic materialProducts put into the digester are composed mainly of carbohydrates with some lipids and proteins. The digestion has three main stages.

The first, hydrolysis, involves breaking down the large macromolecules to sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids by bacteria under aerobic conditions.

The second stage is acetogenesis, during which acetogenic bacteria convert sugars into short-chain acids, mainly acetic acid.

The third stage is methanogenesis, which is carried out by anaerobicbacteria. Here, the acids are converted into methane.

Benefits from biogas (1)

Through the fermentation process biogas with high energy content is produced and can be converted into electricity and heat in cogeneration plants or is used directly for cooking, lighting, heating or cooling.

The blackwater from an extremely low flush toilet resembles pig slurry very much, in termsof nutrient content, water content, and organicmaterial.

Benefits from biogas (2)

Smell reduction through digestion

Geruchsminderung in Abhängigkeit von der Verweilzeit

10 12 15 40

Verweilzeit in Tagen

p-Kresol

Ethyl-Phenol

Skatol

Iso-Buttersäure

If the daily amount of available dung (fresh weight) is known, gas production per day will approximately correspond to the following minimum values:

• 1 kg cattle dung 40 litre biogas

• 1 kg buffalo dung 30 litre biogas

• 1 kg pig dung 60 litre biogas

• 1 kg chicken droppings 70 litre biogas

• 1 kg human excrements 60 litres biogas

If the live weight of all animals whose dung is put into the biogas plant is known, the daily gas production will correspond approximately to the following values:

• cattle, buffalo and chicken: 1,5 litres biogas per day per 1 kg live weight

Biogas potential

Diets higher in protein and lower in fibre, resulting in higher biogas production values!!!

1.Composting of feaces and biowaste is ambivalent. Composting (aerobic storage) of feaces can reduce CH4 emissions but will increase N2O by a factor of 10. In CO2equivalents there is no change.

2.Composting is not recommended as a Climate Emission Gas mitigation option (Bates 2001)1. But controlled anaerobic digestion of feaces, manure and biowaste combined with biogas production is a most promising option for GHG mitigation (Jarvis & Pain 1994)2.

1) Bates J (2001): Economic Evaluation of Emission Reductions of Nitrous Oxides and Methane in Agriculture in the EU. Contribution to a Study for DG Environment, European Commission by Ecosys Energy and Environment, AEA Technology Environment and National Technical University of Athens.

2) Jarvis SC and Pain BF (1994): Gaseous emissions from an intensive dairy farming system. Proceedings of the IPCC AFOS Workshop. 55-59. Canberra, Australia.

No GHG mitigation by composting!

Fossil energy substitutionThe use of biomass as a substitute for fossil fuel represents a high potential for the avoidance of GHG emissions.

One opportunity is associated with the processing of faeces or brown water, by which means biogas is obtained. The latter produces energy and at the same time reduces tradable methane emissions1.

1) The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is a compensation mechanism. It allows industrial countries to obtain emission reduction credits with emission reduction projects in developing countries. The credits are called Certified Emission Reductions (CER). An Annex I country invests in a Non-Annex I Country and cooperates with private or public institutions. The accounting of such reduction credits starts retroactively from the year 2000 onward.

biogas as energy

1 m3 Biogas (approx. 6 kWh/m3) is equivalent to:

• Diesel, Kerosene (approx. 12 kWh/kg) 0.5 kg

• Wood (approx. 4.5 kWh/kg) 1.3 kg

• Cow dung (approx. 5 kWh/kg dry matter) 1.2 kg

• Plant residues (approx. 4.5 kWh/kg d.m.) 1.3 kg

• Hard coal (approx. 8.5 kWh/kg) 0.7 kg

• City gas (approx. 5.3 kWh/m3) 1.1 m3

• Propane (approx. 25 kWh/m3) 0.24 m3

Amount cooked Time (min)

Gas(L)

1 L water 10 40

5 L water 35 165

500 g rice 30 140

1000 g rice 37 175

350 g pulses 60 270

700 g pulses 70 315

Equipment Amount of biogas

Household burners 200 – 450 L/h

Industrial burners 1000 – 3000 L/h

Refrigerator 100 L depending on outside temperature

30 – 75 L/h

Gas lamp, equiv. to 60 W bulb 120 – 150 L/h

Biogas/diesel engine per bhp 420 L/h

Generation 1kwh electricity biogas/diesel or gas engines

500-700 L/h

Sasse, India, 1988

Biofuels and conversion% dry matter Gas prod. Combust.

7 - 12 -Black (brown) water 0.5 - 2 + - - -

+ / -+ + / - -

Sludge 25 - 50 + +Slaughter waste 40 - 60 + + + +

Manure

20 - 50

+ / -Wet organic waste

Energy in brown water per person per year75 – 200 kWh net, biogas energy output

GTZ, 1997 and NLH, 2003

Diets higher in protein and lower in fibre, resulting in higher biogas production values!!!

economy

Sasse, Otterphol

Profit on additional investment to facilitate use of biogas in relation to wastewater strength

- 500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500

COD mg/l

Sasse, Otterpohl, 1998

Biogas from brown water

The concentration of nitrogen in the black water cold be so high, that the digestion process could be stopped. Ammonia from the urine will be transformed by enzymes in urea, carbon dioxide and ammoniac. Urea will be toxic to the bacteria (self-intoxification).

This could be solved by solid/liquid separation (AQUATRON, filter bag, settler) or urine diversion toilet bowls and pans and only the “solid” part (faeces, sludge) are digested.

Biogas sanitationHuman excreta from dry or low flush toilets and biodegradable organic fraction of household waste could enter a (domestic) anaerobic (wet or dry) digester to produce biogas.

Biogas plant only regarded from an energy point of view, its better to have some animal manure or additional feed of organic waste.

For biogas as a sanitation option it is more important to look for the sanitization of the incoming black-, brown-, or wastewater and organic wastes. Therefore the input material stays longer inthe digester, and the retention time will be adopted with an optimum of sanitation degree and biogas production.

Anaerobic sanitization (BRTC, China 1985)

In-activation of several pathogens during anaerobic digestion of bio-waste with the BIOCEL process (ten Brummeler, 2000)

Enterobacteriaceae Human and animal pathogenic bacteria (faecal contamination)

1.6 X 107 1.2 X 103 >99.99

Salmonella typhimurium

Human and animal pathogenic bacterium (intestine infections)

1.4 X 107 <3 >99.99

Pseudomonassolanacearum

Plant pathogenic bacterium (potato brown rot)

Infected potatoes tissue(+/- 50 units total )

<1 >99.99

Pathogen Type Inoculums( cfu / g )

In digestion after 21 days (cfu days /g)

% reduction

Fusarium oxysporum

Plant pathogenic fungus (root disease)

8.4 X 104 biowaste <1 >99.99

Reduction of pathogens

1,00E+00

1,00E+01

1,00E+02

1,00E+03

1,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,00E+06

1,00E+07

1,00E+08

1,00E+09

GKZ EBA GCF FCF FKS

Keimart

RohgülleBiogasgülle

93,75%

99,90%

Anlage: Laukenmann Temp.: 38°C VWZ.: 80 Tage Typ: Betonfermenter Datum: Juni 1993

99,98%

99,70%

Messung durch Institut für

Tierhygiene, Universität Hohenheim

99,98%

Dispose of your waste water and save money doing it!SRC upbeat about biodigester septic tank technology

By Petre Williams Observer staff reporterSunday, May 02, 2004

In the 1970s when the Germans introduced biodigester septic tank (BST) technology - a money-saving way to solve the acute waste water disposal practices in Jamaica - it was an idea whose time had not yet come.Three decades later, the state-run Scientific Research Council (SRC) is getting ready to embark on an aggressive promotion of its biodigester septic tank system, hoping to cash in on the many spin-off benefits. SRC executive director, Dr AudiaBarnett, is enthusiastic about the technology: "You are treating your waste water. You are getting gas, which you can use for cooking. You are getting water you can use for irrigation and you are getting literally no waste," she told the Sunday Observer.

"There's practically no (need for) maintenance. It's a system that my staff likes to call 'set it and forget it'. It's not like the septic tank that you have to be pumping every now and again," Barnett said.The SRC is reporting that there has been renewed interest in BSTs, as they are called. "We have seen a resurgence... of interest in our BSTs, both at the residential level and at the industrial level," said Barnett.

1. main planning criteria are the expected sanitary conditions which depend on frequency of use, frequency of cleaning, and safe slurry disposal.

2. no handling of fresh human excrete; even accidental touch should be avoided

3. no access of flies to undigested excrete

4. no worms may escape from the pedestal

5. no bad odor and no indecent appearance

6. additional feeding with animal dung or kitchen waste is possible.

7. slurry should be used for fertilizing trees or shrubs but not vegetables.

The sanitary biogas unit

Toilets connected to a simple fixed dome biogas plant should be pedestals where a minimum of water is used for cleaning.

Only dry and low flush toilets are suitable for connection to biogas plants of less than 30 m3 digester volume because of the danger of diluting the slurry and thus reducing the retention time.

The toilet chamber is connected to a vent pipe which passes the roof. It is placed outside, not shaded, and is painted black as to heat up for better draft.

Sketch of biodigester replacing a septic tank. Wastewater as well as kitchen and garden waste enter the digester and are broken down to biogas and fertile water.

The advantages: No more emptying of septic tank. Reuse of all water in the garden. Less cost on cooking energy.

Methane producing organisms produce gas

Other organic feeding material, dry toilet.

Gas taken to the house

Water flowing into the expansion canal, also constructed/combined as fixed film filter

Root Treatment SystemStorage for irrigation water – H20 could be pumped or irrigate gravitationally

Irrigation by gravity

Components together

Brown-, black-, grey-water connected

LESOTHO TED-BIOGASTED-BIOGAS

Household biogas system

Communal biogas plant

Pictures: I.Jurga

ecosan pilot project TED, supported by GTZ/DEDLESOTHO

• Pilot demonstration of neighborhood centered waterborne closed loop system

• 1st step (2002): small bore sewer grid for 8 houses, a biogas-septic tank unit, upflow filter based on recycled plastic bottles, wetland, 800m² vegetable and fruit garden, two household connections for the biogas as full cooking energy source

• 2nd step (2003): field tests of black, greywater and urine separation

Running cost (-) or benefits (+) in Maluti per year (4 person household)

• Conventional septic tank - 600• Biodigester septic tank +400• Cheap pit latrine - 50• Sophisticated double vault VIP latrines - 100• Ecosan toilet with urine separation,

utilizing compost and urine +200• Minimum urine separation set up,

utilizing urine only + 30

Retention timeUnder plug flow conditions - without post-treatment in wetlands or polishing ponds - the usual treatment of faecal sludge, properly applied by

1. anaerobic psyrophilic fermentation (above 10°C and retention times of at least 100 days),

2. mesophile digestion (above 30°C with retention times of at least 50 days) or

3. thermophile digestion temperature (above 55°C and about 10 days retention time),

can be considered as sufficient. (volume ratio: 10:5:1)

s e p tic ta n klo n g itu d in a l s ec tio n

in let ou tlet

b a ff le d s e p tic ta n k

p rovis ion for p rin c ip a l lo n g itu d in a l sec tio ng as re leas e ou tlet

in let

s e ttle r

b a ffled rea c to r

a n a e ro b ic f ilte r

sep tic tan k g as re leas e an ae ro b ic filte rin let ou tlet

h o riz o n ta l f ilte r (c o n s tru c te d w e tla n d )

lo n g itu d in a l s ec tio n

p lan tation , p referab ly ph rag m ites

in let ou tlet

r izom es

decentralised ecosan –biogas - systems

MCK plus+++ community system

The MCK plus ++ community sanitation system provides facilities such as bathrooms, toilets, laundry cleaning and consists of an integrated community “water point” for provision of drinking water. In addition The MCK plus ++” consists of an integrated underground wastewater treatment unit which is based on the DEWATS (Decentralized Waste Water Treatment System) technology, which is based on anaerobic biological processes and functions without external energy inputs

The advantages of this system are:

¨ Low maintenance cost, no hi-tech equipment/movable parts required

¨ Wastewater pollution reduced by up to 90 %, therefore reducing surface-water pollution

¨ Ground water is not polluted, the construction of the waste water treatment plant is waterproof and airtight

¨ Biogas production, provides energy for household cooking needs

¨ Long de-sludging intervals, de-sludging required every 2 - 3 years only

Due to these advantages MCK plus ++ is an ideal community sanitation solution for densely populated urban low income settlements where toilets and bathrooms are not available in private household.

BIOGAS DIGESTER

• Brick construction, fully water-proof and airtight plastering

• Functions as settler for “black water”

• Biogas produced consumed by households

• Connected to “Baffle Reactor”

BAFFLED REACTOR

• Simple and long lasting structure, efficient but low-cost wastewater treatment plant

• Underground construction below toilets/ bathrooms

• Based on anaerobic up-flow principles

• BOD reduction up to 90 %

BATHROOM & TOILET

• Long lasting, easy to maintain features

• Fully tiled wall and floor

• Modular design

UNIT MCK plus ++

• The innovative sanitation concept consists of toilets, bathrooms, facilities for laundry cleaning and an integrated wastewater treatment system

• MCK locations are landscaped and have street access

Total Investatment per Unit : Rp. 120.000.000,-

Monthly gross income through fees : Rp. 2.058.000,-

Operation and maintenance costs :

• On-site staff : Rp. 310.000,-

• Electricity : Rp. 138.700,-

• Cleaner : Rp. 90.000,-

• Social Development Contribution : Rp. 100.000,- to Communty Self-Help groups

Total operational cost and maintenance / month : Rp. 638.700,-

A fee of Rp. 200,- must be paid by users

MCK is operated and service by full-time staff on-site

RESULTS

1. 7 MCK plus ++ built for 7 low income communities in Tangerang, consisting of 44 toilets and 34 bathrooms.

2. Sanitation facilities cover needs of 2000 persons

3. About 235 m3 domestic waste water treated every day

4. Households use biogas for cooking.

5. Permanent employment created in 7 MCK plus ++

– BIOMA / BRTC –

Section 4-13, Renmin Nan Road, 610041 Chengdu, China | + 86 28 85226493 | Ecosan-China@gtz.de

- Project Team

Comparing on 5 Models

五种模式的工艺比较

Chinese-German Cooperation Project

中德合作项目Enhancing reuse options in DEWATS-projects through ecosan-approaches

通过生态卫生方法提升生活污水分散厌氧处理系统的资源回用

- Project Team

Area 1: Table 1. Characteristic of domestic wastewater 表1. 生活污水水质

Type of wastewater污水种类

Brown water

粪+冲洗水

Black water粪+尿+冲洗

Kitchen wastewater(厨房污水) :

Washing wastewater(洗衣污水、沐浴

污水) 1 ：1

Grey +Brown

Domestic wastewater 混合污水

Quantity水量(L/p.d) 12 30 50 62 80

COD (mg/l) 5315 3321 1614 2330 2254

BOD5(mg/l) 2704 1407 552 969 873

NH3-N (mg/l)

80.6 266 11.1 24.6 107

– BIOMA / BRTC – – Project Team

Area 2: Tab. 1 Characteristic of domestic wastewater生活污水水质测试结果

Sample样品 Feces 粪 Urine尿Black water 厕所出水

Grey water厨房出水

DEWATS(Influent)

净化池进水

pH 7.01 6.00 7.55 6.51 7.07SS(mg/l) 512 733 903 363

COD (mg/l) 212585mg/kg 27603 1101 3027 1456BOD5(mg/l) 108190mg/kg 7530 319 1004 516

NH3 -N-(mg/l) 3225mg/kg 1355 266 8.86 222

TN(mg/l) 9000 mg/kg

938mg/kg

8560 291 21.0 244

TP(mg/l) 595 15.7 5.69 6.98

K(mg/kg) 3560 1850 54.0 23.3 45.4

E. coli.（No. /ml）

1.72×107

No /g 1.3×104 5.4×103 1.6 1.3×105

Model 1: Existing Layout: DEWATSModel 1: Existing Layout: DEWATS--WenjiangWenjiang

Brown 褐Yellow黄Grey灰

Mixing 混合

Discharge

Wastewater 废水

Filter滤池Digestor沼气池

Posttreatment

后处理

模式1：已有的生活污水分散厌氧处理系统

Model 2: Grey, brown and yellow water separation with biogas (flModel 2: Grey, brown and yellow water separation with biogas (flush toilet)ush toilet)

Separate 分类Collection 收集

Discharge

Wastewater 废水

Filter滤池

Digestor沼气池

Posttreatment后处理

Brown 褐 Grey灰排放

Yellow黄 Fertilizer 肥料

Fertilizer/soil impro肥料/土壤改良剂

模式2：灰水、褐水、黄水全分离产沼气 (水冲厕所)

Model 3: Model 3: Grey, faeces and urine separationGrey, faeces and urine separation (dry toilet)(dry toilet)

Discharge

Wastewater 废水

Filter滤池

Composting堆肥

Brown 褐 Grey灰排放

Fertilizer/soil impro肥料/土壤改良剂

模式3：灰水、褐水、黄水全分离产 (旱厕)

Model 4: Grey and brown & separating urine with biogasModel 4: Grey and brown & separating urine with biogas

Discharge

Wastewater 废水

Filter滤池Posttreatment

后处理

Brown 褐Grey灰

排放

Digestor沼气池

模式4：褐水和灰水与黄水分离产沼气

Model 5: Grey and Model 5: Grey and blackwaterblackwater separateseparate

Discharge

Wastewater 废水 Filter滤池

Brown 褐

Grey灰排放

Yellow黄Fertilizer 肥料Digestor

沼气池

模式5：灰水与黑水分离

- Project Team

2.1 Base of process design (工艺设计依据)2.2.1 Quantity and characteristic of feces and urine

Feces (粪): 0.3kg/p.d ( 0.15L/p.d)Urine (尿)： 1.4L/p.dDaily domestic wastewater of each person (单位生活污水量): 80 L/p.d

Population (人口)：106 households(户)，400 person (人)

Total quantity of domestic wastewater (生活污水总量): 32m3/d

- Project Team

2.2.2 Loading of process design

Organic Loading of digestor and filter 厌氧消化池，滤池有机负荷： 0.25kgCOD/m3.d；

- Project Team

Organic Loading of constructed wetland 人工湿地有机负荷：100kgBOD5/104m2.d；

Ammonia nitrogen Loading of constructed wetland人工湿地氨氮负荷：20kgNH3-N/104m2.d；

Composting HRT of feces 粪堆肥周期：20天；

Store time of urine 尿贮存时间：10天。

- Project Team

2.2.3 Requirement of treatment

The treated wastewater must meet <Integrated wastewater discharge standard> (GB8978-1996) No.1, viz. :

处理出水均达到中华人民共和国《污水综合排放

标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准，即：

COD ≤100mg/LBOD5 ≤20mg/LSS ≤70mg/LpH 6~9Oil 动植物油≤10mg/LNH3

--N≤15mg/LColor 色度 ≤50 times 倍PO4

3+-P≤0.5mg/L

- Project Team

Table 2. Volumes of DEWATS for different separationsResults

Type类型

Digester消化池

Filter滤池(m3)

Constructed wetland 人工湿地(m2)

Store tank for Urine

尿液贮存桶(m3)

Composting tank

堆肥仓(m3)

Mode 1(WW)

250 40 1712

Mode 2(Br/U/G/OF)

100 130 110 5.6

Mode 3(dUDS/G/OF)

130 110 5.6 1.2

Mode 4(Br+G/U)

210 20 305 5.6

Mode 5 (Bl/G/OF)

160 110

- Project Team

Tab.2 Nutrients and load of main components of domestic wastewater表2 生活污水中主要成分的污染负荷

Sample样品

Feces粪 Urine尿粪+尿Feces+ Urine

Kitchen discharge厨

房出水

Washing wastewater洗涤用水

N 8.8% 83.6% 92.3% 3.7% 3.9%

P 10.5% 66.5% 77.0% 11.6% 11.3%

K 12.8% 66.5% 79.3% 15.3% 5.4%

总养分（N+P+K）

9.7% 79% 88.7% 6.6% 4.7%

COD 19.7% 25.6% 45.3% 51.2% 3.5%

- Project Team

N 氮8.80%

83.60%

Feces粪

Urine尿

Grey water 灰水

Fig 3. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to nitrogen生活污水不同部分对氮的贡献

- Project Team

P 磷10.50%

66.50%

22.90%

Feces粪

Urine尿

Grey water 灰水

Fig 3. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to phosphorus

生活污水不同部分对磷的贡献

- Project Team

K 钾12.80%

66.50%

20.70%

Feces粪

Urine尿

Grey water 灰水

Fig 3. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to kalium生活污水不同部分对钾的贡献

- Project Team

N+P+K 氮、磷、钾9.70%

79.00%

11.30%

Feces粪

Urine尿

Grey water 灰水

Fig 4. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to N,P,K生活污水不同部分对总养分(N、P、K)的贡献

- Project Team

COD 化学需氧量

19.70%

25.60%54.70%

Feces粪

Urine尿

Grey water 灰水

Fig 5. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to COD生活污水不同部分对COD的贡献

- Project Team

Brown waterYellow

waterBlack water

Grey waterDewats

influent

BOD5 0

Fig 6. The removal of COD and BOD5 during the anaerobic fermentation厌氧发酵过程中生活污水不同部分COD和BOD5的去除

ml Biogas/ mgCOD-removal

Brown Yellow Black Grey Dewats_influent

Fig. 10 Potential biogas production of different part of domestic wastewater生活污水不同部分的产沼气潜力

Biogas 沼气

18.90%

16.30%64.80%

Feces粪

Urine尿

Grey water 灰水

Fig 11. The contribution of different part of domestic wastewater to Biogas production 生活污水不同部分对沼气产生的贡献

Integrated farm biogas

ecosan-example in Dhapasi, Nepal

Wastewater from Toilets

Dung from cattle

Small biogas reactor

for 1 household

Use of biogas for cooking

Use of slurry for garden fertilizing

Recycling on household-level:

Biogas production from cattle dung and toilet waste

Use of energy and nutrient content

With the help of the Community Development Carbon Fund -CDCF, The Netherlands Development Agency, the KfW of Germany, and the Nepali governmental Alternative EnergyPromotion Center, the project aims to disseminate and install high-quality biogas plants using farm manure and toilet black water at a reasonable price and will bring fuel for cooking and lighting right into the rural household.

Under the coordination of the Biogas Support Program, about60,000 of these plants will be installed over 21 years, and will reach more remote and poor areas of the hills. The project will generate a total of 1.8 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent during the first crediting period of 7 years, starting delivery in 2004. The sources of emission reductions are from manure and blackwater treatment and the displacement of use of chemical fertilizer and fossil fuel. The CDCF expects to purchase a minimum of 1,429,000 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent for a 10-year crediting period.

Potential employment will add more than 150,000 person-years for skilledpeople in the construction, maintenance, and marketing of biogas. The use of biogas means negligible smoke,hence better family health. Moreover, theresidual biological slurry from the biogas plants can be used as superior

toilette connection to a Biodigester

(a) toilet floor;

(b) highest and

(c) lowest slurry level;

(1) inlet pipe;

(2) bottom rim of inlet pipe ;

(3) inlet piece always above highest slurry level;

(4) feeding chamber;

(5) Slope

(6) down pipe;

(7) vent pipe.

Chinese “Four in one model”

eco-greenhouse(Dong Renjie. The Study on Eco-Greenhouse

Environment. China Agricultural University [Ph D Thesis], 1998)

Pig – Toilet – Biogas – Vegetable

• combined with Greenhouse Production• more than 160,000 times in peri-urban

areas of Megacities in Northern China • Use of nutrients, organics, energy and

carbondioxyde

11 Mio units

Household biogas systems

Ministry of AgricultureMinistry of Agriculture

System also in Nepal, India, Vietnam...

Pictures: WCEF, chinabiogas, I. Jurga

Biogas toilets in China and Ghana

Biogas toilet plants

Biogasutilisation

Electrical energy

Thermal energy

Feeding in gas grid

Biogas cleaning

Biogas upgrading

Cogeneration

Cooking Lighting CoolingHeating

Direct burning

Vehicle fuel

Intermediate Storage

Loading

Methanisation

fermentation

Composting

Spreading

GardeningGardeningAgriculture Agriculture

Transport

Chopping mixing

Transport

Household waste

Biowaste

Brownwater(faeces )

Greywater(shower, washing)

Rainwater

Yellowwater (urine )

Energy crops, grass fromLandscape maintenance

(grass, maize, beets)

Agricultural residues(manure, slurry)

ECOSAN System

FloodingPercolation

Urine Storage

Mesophile with pre- or post-treatment of the effluent (70°C; 1 h)

It should by a two step system !

Co-fermentation in farm biogas (Germany)

Co-fermentation in farm biogas

Conditions:one temperatur measurment every day, automatically registered

Thermophilicconditions withat least 55°C; 24 h and retention time of 20 days

co-fermentation impacts (Germany)

100 l per person per day.

faeces, urine, organic household waste,

bio-degradable residues from washing/cleaning (no medicine!).

150 Euro per year additional income by electricity selling

economy of 1,500 Euro/person for sewage network investment.

no need for a separate on-site wastewater treatment plant.

wastewater from machinery/car washing should be connected to a fuel & grease flotation/decantation system and a collection tank!

Mengenbilanz

Rindergülle häusliches Abwasser Summe

Einwohergleichwert Anzahl 5

Abwasseraufkommen l/Tag/Einw. 150

Abwasseraufkommen m3/Tag 0,75

Kühe Stück 100

Gülleaufkommen l/Tag/Kuh 50

Gülleaufkommen m3/Tag 5,0

Frischsubstanz m3/a 1.825 274 2.099

relativer Anteil 87 % 13 %

Trockensubstanzgehalt 10 % 1,35 %

Trockensubstanz TS t/a 183 4 187

relativer Anteil 97 % 3 %

N-Gehalt 4,1 % 5,5 %

N kg/a 7.483 220 7.503

Maximum nach DüngeVO kg/ha 170 170

Flächenbedarf ha 44 1,3 45,3

Waldmichelbacher Hofwww.waldmichelbacher-hof.de

Overview of farm size

• Location: Bavaria, Germany• Farm of 200 ha, 170 ha grazing land and

fruit trees, 30 ha fodder crops• 280 hornless cattle and 20 horses (LSU)• Restaurant with 250 seats• Slaughterhouse processing one cattle per

week• Four families (14 persons) live and work

on/from the farm & restaurant

Wastewater management options in 1991

• Starting point: New slaughterhouse; no public sewer

• Option 1: On-site wastewater treatment plant

• Option 2: Pipe to closest sewer (2.5 km)• Option 3: Ecosan-biogas plant

Option 3 was selected based on practical considerations and cost

Overview of ecosan-biogas process

• Aim of the closed-loop “ecological sanitation biogas concept“ was to improve the financial return of farm and restaurant, based on a sustainable reuse of nutrients and water

• Sewage of the farmhouses and restaurant together with animal manure, organic waste from kitchen, slaughterhouse and destillery are sanitised (anaerobic digestion)

• Fertiliser, heat and electricity is produced

Concept design components• Low flush toilets for all buildings• Wastewater storage tank of 100 m3 (gravity flow

– 2,500 m3/year)• Manure collection and mixing channel under the

cattle shed• Heated, insulated and fully mixed anaerobic

digester with 280 m3 volume (40-44°C)• Anaerobic storage digester with 1500 m3

• Two combined heat and power generator sets with 37 kW (electricity) and 74 kW (thermal energy / heat) each

Concept schematic of closed-loop

“Ecosan- Biogas Plant”

Fertiliser (“digested manure”)

Anaerobic digester (heated)

Biogas

Restaurant, shop,

distillery

Collection channel: Manure and ww storage tank effluent

Households

Barn and stable(in winter)

Cattle

Farmland Fodder

Horses

Slaughter- house

Cogeneration plant

Electricity exported to

the grid

ww storage

Cattle shed, showing gaps in floor for manure transfer to collection channel (under the shed)

Anaerobic digester no. 1 (insulated, heated, mixed & covered)

Gas bladder of anaerobic digester no. 2 (not heated, not mixed)

Milestones

• 1991: Consulting, planning and design

• 1993: Construction• 1994: Start-up• 1995: First optimisation• 1995 – 2004: Ongoing

improvements of the system

Key results• Total investment costs of 200,000 €• Annual savings in operating costs:

– 20,000 €/year for not needing to purchase fertiliser– 23,400 €/year due to electricity produced on-site (more than

50% of the electricity demand covered)– Heat for all residential houses and restaurant, and hot water

(100% of total demand in summer, 20% in winter)– 5,300 €/year is the income from selling excess electricity to

the grid• Valuable liquid fertiliser (digested manure) produced

from digestion process; non-odorous• Sanitation of sewage by mesophilic digestion and

long retention times

Lessons learnt

• Based on the experience gathered, a new design could be realised for 50% of the investment costs

• Recommended future work:– Detailed nutrient balance over the agricultural land– Detailed study on pathogen removal in anaerobic

digesters– Work towards streamlining legislation in Germany to

encourage this type of reuse

example of an “centralised” ecosan – system:

BiogasanläggningArvidstorp

B I O G A S T R O L L H Ä T T A N

Slam från livsmedelsindustrin

Slam från Trollhättan

RÖTKAMMAREnedbrytning utan syre

GASKLOCKA Biogas =

metan-koldioxidCH4 CO2

Reningentar bort koldioxiden från gasen

TANKNINGSSTATION på TingvallaGasledning Gasdrivna

bussar

Gasledning

example of an community ecosan – biogas system:

large scale biogas plants

solid waste fermentation biogas plants

B I O G A S T R O L L H Ä T T A N

Biogas-Network-Grid

on-site sewage treatment with blackwater diversion.

(Illustration: VERNA Ekologi &Miljökonsult)

GermanyExpo 2000 Project: Lübeck-Flintenbreite

Grey Water Treatment in a Reed Bed Filter

Rainwater soaked awayin a trenches

Addition ofKitchen Waste

Central TechnicalStation & Biogas Plant

VacuumToilet

VacuumSewerageSystem

• An integrated ecological sanitation concept within an eco-settlement for 350 people in Lübeck – a comprehensive urban ecosan system

GERMANY

Vacuum station, sanitization tank and biogas treatment plant for the collection and anaerobic treatment of black water and bio waste

Fuzzy Sanitation ProblemMainstream

Culture

Private/local

Informal Institutions

Private/personal

Community-specific culture

Public/local

Formal Institutions

Public/national

FuzzyFuzzyproblemproblem

ValuesBeliefs & Attitudes

Priorities &interests

Traditions

Globalisation SecurityPoverty

Development policies

Ethnic group

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