higher population an introduction to higher population

Higher Population

An Introduction to Higher Population

Introduction In October 2011 the worlds population was calculated

at 7 billion. This population is set to increase and will reach 8 billion around the year 2050.

This population is not evenly spread throughout the world; some areas are sparsely populated while others are densely populated.

Estimates suggest that around 75 % of the world’s population live in developing countries which marks a northern/southern hemisphere divide.

Demographic Statistics

Birth Rate

Death Rate

Natural Increase

Life Expectancy

(Infant Mortality)

Lessons

1. Distribution and Density

2. Collecting Population Data

3. World Population Change

4. Demographic Transition Model

5. Population Structure

6. Population Problems

7. Policy

8. Migration

Distribution and Density

LO – To be able to describe and explain world population patterns.

New Wider World (pg 4 and 5)

Densely Populated Examples Sparsely Populated Examples

Relief Flat plains and low lying areas High, rugged mountains Andes

Broad river valleys Worn down shield lands

Foothills of volcanoes - -

Climate Evenly distributed rainfall with no temp extremes

Limited annual rainfall

Areas with (i) high sunshine totals (ii) heavy snowfall totals

Spanish Costas/ Swiss Alpine Valleys

Areas with (i)low annual temperatures (ii) high humidity

Seasonal monsoon rainfall Unreliable seasonal rainfall Sahel

Vegetation Grasslands – easy to farm Forest

Soil Deep fertile silt left by rivers Nile valley and delta Thin soils in mountainous areas

Volcanic soils Etna Soils (i) lacking humus or (ii) affected by leaching

Resources Minerals eg; coal , iron ore Lacking minerals

Energy supplies eg; HEP Lacking energy supplies

Water Supply Reliable supplies Unrealisable supplies Afghanistan

Natural Routes

Gaps through mountains Mountain barrier Himalayas

Densely Populated Examples Sparsely Populated Examples

Economic Ports Limited facilities for ports

Good roads, railways, airports Germany, California Poor transport links

Industrial areas Lack of industrial development Iraq

Development of tourism Lack of tourist development

Political Money available Tokyo, North Italy Lack of money for investment

Government investment Lack of government investment

New towns Depopulation of rural/industrial areas

Reclamation of land Loss of land eg; deforestation

Social Better housing Arizona Poor housing

Education, health, entertainment facilities

Limited education, health, entertainment facilities

Rwanda

Retirement areas Spanish Costas, Canary islands

Poor retirement facilities

2010

8 marksAnd human!

AnswerAreas like Central Europe are densely populated because

here the climate is moderate without extremes meaning that people can live and work here comfortably.

The land is flatter here which means it is often more fertile and that building is easier and less expensive here. There is also a high concentration of jobs within Europe which encourages people to live there. At the same time there is also government investment within Europe meaning that there is more money for development.

Areas like the Amazon are not densely populated as they are too remote to get there. This means that transportation is difficult and also that industry will not want to set up there. There is also a lack of jobs.

The climate is uncomfortable and too humid to work in. Agriculture is difficult as they rain leaches nutrients from the soil.

Collecting Population Data

LO – To be able to describe and explain how demographic information is collected and the problems associated with this.

What is a census?

A Census is a survey, which provides detailed, reliable, statistical information of an entire population.

It is a count of all people and households by the Government so that they (and all other organisations) can target resources, decide policies and plan services

In the UK a census has been taken every ten years since 1801 (except for 1941)

What does the census cover?

Household Accommodation

Type Number of rooms Bathroom facilities Number of cars ownership

Personal D.O.B Marital status Education Employment Religion Ethnic origin General health Number of children

How effective are they?

Many countries are very efficient at collecting regular, reliable counts of their population and therefore valuable data for governments and planners.However, it requires massive amounts of planning and is very expensive (UK census costs approx. £255 million!)Some countries find it very difficult to conduct a census. Data is often inadequate, unreliable or non-existent.

Problems

Problems taking a Census in an

ELDC

Nomadic people

Are difficult to keep track off

e.g. Fulani of the Sahel

High Pop Mobility

e.g. 300 rural families migrate to Mumbai everyday

Expensive

Costs are huge and pose an enormous financial burdenEnumerators

e.g. India’s 1991 needed 1.7 million

enumerators

Suspicion

Homelessness

Language

e.g. India has over 1 billion people that speak 15

languages in 1650 dialects

Social and religious

e.g In Jordan’s 1994 census many

females omitted

Literacy

You are expected be familiar with some case studies that reflect the problems associated with taking a census in an ELDC

Remote/ mountainous

War

World Population Change

LO – To be able to describe world population change.

Fertility, Mortality, Migration

Fertility rates, mortality rates and migration rates are continually changing in our world.

This fact makes it even more difficult to project population growth.

Describing Population Growth

Page 196

Copy Fig 7.1

Population Projections for 2150

3 possible projections have been calculated based on UN forecasts

If women around the world have 2.5 children world population will reach 27 billion by 2150

If fertility rates are reduced to 1.6 low projection levels would drop the population to 3.6 billion by 2150.

Most likely is a medium projection where women have 2 children, this will stabilise the population at around 11 billion by 2150.

UN Population Projection

Copy Figure 7.4

Considerations….

Impact of AIDS and other (future) diseases?

Future epidemics? Impact of new medical advances?

Medical care provision? New policy? War?

Can education impact fertility rates?

Copy Figure 7.13 on page 205

Demographic Transition Model

LO – To be able to describe and explain the DTM.

2008

Population Structure

LO – To be able to read, describe and explain population pyramids.

Core Textbook Page 211

Read page 211 to 213 and make notes

Describing Population Pyramids

Describing Population Pyramids

Describing Population Pyramids

Describing Population Pyramids

Pyramids

2009

Population Problems

LO – To be able to describe and explain population problems and their impact.

Rapidly Growing Population

Declining population

2008

Population Policy

LO – To be able to discuss old population policies.

See one child policy PowerPoint

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndWuq6AznmQ&list=PLB53086F66EA42041&index=2&feature=plpp_video

Migration

LO – To be able to describe migration patterns and explain the positive and negative impacts of migration.

Key Terms

Migration is ‘a movement’ of people from one home to another. It can be applied to temporary changes, including seasonal and daily movements.

Emigrant is people who leave a country Immigrant are newcomers to a country The migration balance is the difference

between the number of emigrants and immigrants

Types of Migration

Permanent

External (international)

Internal

Voluntary Forced Rural Urban Regional

West Indies to UK

African slaves to

USA

LEDCs UK conurbations

NW to SE UK

Types of Migration (continued)

Semi-Permanent Seasonal Daily

Several years Several months/years

Commuters

Migrants workers in France/Germany

Harvest/holidays/uni students

SE England

International Migration (Voluntary)People looking for an improved quality of life

and personal freedom Employment (e.g. higher salaries, better job) Trade and economic expansion Better climate Better social amenities (e.g. hospitals,

schools) To be with friends and relatives

International Migration (Forced)

There is no personal choice but to move due to natural disaster or to economic or social imposition

Religious and/or political persecution Wars (refugees) Forced labour (e.g. slaves or POW) Racial discrimination Lack of food due to famine Natural disasters Overpopulation

Barriers

To Voluntary Migration:

Lack of money Lack of awareness

of opportunities Lack of skills Government

restrictions

To returning to Area of Origin:

Insufficient funds Lower standard of

living Racial or political

problems

Consequences: for the Migrant

May find better employment May have a better standard of living Stressful May not speak the language May find gaining employment difficult Away from family and friends and may

feel lonely and isolated

Consequences: for the Area of Origin

Less pressure on services and resources May send money back from host area Lack of workers (age 20-35) may lead to

economic slump Very few children born Increasing elderly population Creates ghost towns Nobody to do manual work

Consequences: for Host country

Plentiful supply of key workers Increase number of children born (stop

underpopulation) May bring new skills May depress local wages Strain on local services Competition for employment Racial tension

Case Study Ideas

Poland to UK (nww 3 pg 28) (you tube) Mexico to USA (nww pg 30) Sudan (core pg 233)

Polish are coming (see you tube link)

2010

Case Study Ideas

Poland to UK (nww 3 pg 28) (you tube) Sudan (core pg 233)