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HO HC HU C 11

THNH PHN NGUYN T V CNG THC PHN T I. Khi nim v ha hc hu c v hp cht hu c Ha hc hu c l ngnh ha hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr cacbon oxit, cacbon ioxit v cc mui cacbonat Nhng hp cht hu c c nghin cu trong ha hc hu c c gi l hp cht hu c. II. c im chung ca cc hp cht hu c Mc d khng c danh gii tht r rt gia cht hu c v cht v c, cc hp cht hu c c mt s c im chung sau y: 1. Trong thnh phn hp cht hu c c th gp hu ht cc nguyn t trong h thng tun hon, song s lng cc nguyn t thng xuyn to nn cht hu c

thng khng nhiu: nht thit phi c , thng l , hay gp , sau n

halogen, vv. 2. Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong trng hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ha tr. 3. Cc hp cht hu c thng d bay hi, km bn i vi nhit v d chy hn hp cht v c. 4. Cc phn ng ca hp cht hu c thng chm v khng hon ton theo mt hng nht nh.

III. Phn loi hp cht hu c v tnh cht ca mt s cht tiu biu

1. Phn loi hp cht hu c

C hai loi ln: Hirocacbon (ch cu to bi hai nguyn t v ) v dn xut ca

hirocacbon hay l hp cht hu c c nhm chc (trong phn t ca chng ngoi v cn c cc nguyn t khc nh O,N,Svv)

Hirocacbon li c chia thnh 3 loi: hirocacbon no, trong phn t ch c lin kt

n, th d ; hirocacbon khng no, trong phn t c lin kt bi, th d:

; hirocacbon thm trong phn t c vng benzen, n gin nht

l

Cc hp cht c nhm chc cng gm nhiu loi: l dn xut halogen (c

nguyn t halogen lin kt vi gc hirocacbon) , L axit hu c (c nhm

lin kt vi gc hirocacbon, vv c gi l nhng nhm chc. 2.Thnh phn nguyn t v cng thc phn t Thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht hu c c biu din bng cc cng thc khc nhau: Cng thc tng qut cho bit thnh phn nh tnh cc nguyn t.

Th d: (x, y, z l nhng s nguyn dng cha bit) ch cho bit trong phn t

c 3 nguyn t v . Cng thc thc nghim cho bit t l v s lng cc nguyn t trong phn t.

Th d: ( n l s nguyn dng, n >= 1 cha c xc nh c th) Cng thc n gin nht cng c ngha tng t cng thc thc nghim

Th d: (ngi ta tm b n) Cng thc phn t cho bit s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t, tc l cho bit gi tr ca n.

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Th d: hay xc nh thnh phn nguyn t cn phn tch nguyn t (nh tnh v nh lng). T thnh phn nguyn t c th lp cc cng thc nu trn. Ring i vi cng thc phn t cn bit thm khi lng phn t hoc mt d kin c lin quan. IV. S lc v phn tch nguyn t:

1. Phn tch nh tnh:

Ngi ta chuyn cc nguyn t c trong hp cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin v quen thuc, ri nhn ra cc sn phm da vo tnh cht c trng ca chng.

Th d: tm cacbon ngi ta t cht hu c chuyn thnh ri nhn bit

bng nc vi trong; tm nit trong mt s cht hu c, ngi ta un cht hu c

vi to ra , ri nhn bit sn phm bng giy qu. 2. Phn tch nh lng: Sau khi chuyn cc nguyn t trong cht hu c thnh nhng cht v c n gin

( ) ngi ta nh lng cc sn phm bng cc phng php khi lng hoc th tch.

Th d: nh lng v c th nung cht hu c vi CuO, kh v H2O sinh ra

c hp th ln lt bng v c, em cn s bit khi lng cc sn phm ; khi nh lng nit ngi ta o th tch kh nit sinh ra. V. Xc nh khi lng phn t

Khi lng phn t M thng c xc nh theo biu thc v quan h gia M v t khi hi d ca cht hu c so vi mt kh quen thuc no nh khng kh, hiro (nh lut Avogaro)

Th d:

l t khi hi so vi khng kh hiro. VI. Lp cng thc phn t

t cng thc ca hp cht l .ri xc nh x, y, z v v theo mt trong hai phng php ph bin sau y: 1. Da vo thnh phn % cc nguyn t:

V khi lng mi nguyn t trong phn t t l vi thnh phn % nn ta c:

T ta c:

Th d: Khi t chy hon ton hp cht A, sinh ra v .

Trong mt th nghim khc, mt khi lng cht A nh trn cho (o ktc). T khi hi ca A i vi khng kh l 2,05. Lp cng thc phn t cht A. Gii: p dng cc biu thc hc, ta tnh c thnh phn % cc nguyn t v M:

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Sau ta tnh x, y, z v v theo cch nu trn:

Tng t nh vy ta c:

vy cng thc phn t ca A l 2. Tnh trc tip t khi lng sn phm t chy: Theo s :

ta c th vit:

a l khi lng cht hu c b t chy

z c suy ra t x, y, v v M. p dng cch tnh ny vo th d nu trn ta s c cng mt kt qu.

trong do

tnh z ta vit: hay l vy z=1

Cng thc phn t ca A l

HIDROCACBON NO

A. AN KAN

I. ng ng, ng phn,danh php 1. ng ng

Ankan: metan ( ), etan ( ), propan ( ), cc butan ( ),cc pentan

( ),...c cng thc chung l . Chng hp thnh dy ng ng gi l dy ng ng ca metan. 2. ng phn a) ng phn mch cacbon dy ng ng ca metan, t thnh vin th t tr i, mi thnh vin u gm nhiu ng phn.

Th d : ng vi cng thc phn t (thnh vin th t ca dy ng ng) c 2 ng phn cu to :

ng vi cng thc phn t (thnh vin th nm ca dy ng ng) c 3 ng phn cu to :

Nhn xt : Ankan t tr i c ng phn cu to, l ng phn mch cacbon. b) Bc ca cacbon

(ankan khng phn nhnh)

(ankan phn nhnh) Bc ca mt nguyn t C phn t ankan bng s nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi n. Ankan m phn t ch cha C bc I v C bc II (khng cha C bc III v C bc IV) l ankan khng phn nhnh. Ankan m phn t c cha C bc III hoc C bc IV l ankan phn nhnh.

S lng ng phn cu to tng rt nhanh theo s nguyn t C trong phn t

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n 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 30

S ng phn 2 3 5 9 18 35 75 4347 366319 Nu k c ng phn lp th ( ng phn quang hc) th s lng ng phn cn ln hn nhiu. vit ng v cc ng phn cu to ca mt ankan c di 10 nguyn t C trong phn t, ta c th t lm c. Cn tnh ra s lng ng phn cu to ca mt ankan cha nhiu nguyn t C hn, chc chn cn phi c s tr gip ca my tnh. II. Danh php

1. Ankan khng phn nhnh (trc y ankan khng phn nhnh t tr ln thng

thm ch n.) Nhm nguyn t cn li sau kh ly bt 1 nguyn t H t phn t ankan c cng thc

uc gi l nhm ankyl. Tn ca nhm ankyl khng phn nhnh ly t tn ca ankan tung tng i ui an thnh yl. 2. Ankan phn nhnh Theo IUPAC, tn ca ankan phn nhn uc gi theo kiu tn thay th : S ch v tr - Tn nhnh Tn mch chnh - an

Mch chnh l mch di nht,c nhiu nhnh nht. nh s cc nguyn t cacbon thuc mch chnh bt u t pha phn nhnh sm hn.

Gi tn mch nhnh (tn nhm ankyl) theo th t vn ch ci. S ch v tr nhnh no t ngay trc gch ni vi tn nhnh .

Th d 1 :

2- Metylpropan

2,2- imetylpropan

2,3- imetylpentan

III.TINH CHT HO HC:

Ankan ch c cc lin kt C-C v C-H. l lin kt bn vng, v th cc ankan tng i tr v mt ha hc : nhit thng thung chng khng phn ng vi axit,baz v

cht oxi ha mnh (nh ) .V th ankan cn c tn l parafin,ngha l t i lc ha hc.

Di tc dng ca nh sng, xc tc v nhit,ankan tham gia cc phn ng th,phn ng tch v phn ng xi ha.

1. Phn ng th

Khi chiu nh sng hoc t nng hn hp metan v clo s xy ra phn ng th ln lt cc nguyn t hiro bng clo:

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