i. ethico-moral nursing
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ETHICO-MORALNURSING
Jonathan M. Carretas, RN., LL.B. (ongoing)
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Ethics
o Etymologically, it derives its meaning from the
Greek word Ethos, which literally meanscustoms or particular behavior.o Is a practical science dealing with the morality
of the human acts or conduct. (Alora, 1997:7)
o It guides the intellect in the acquisition and
application of moral principles. The way to a
right moral decision. (Panizo, 1964:4)
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Ethics
o systematic inquiry into the principles of right
or wrong conduct, of virtue or vice, and ofgood and evil as they relate to conduct
morals, although similar in meaning to ethics,
usually refer to personal standards of right
and wrong in conduct, character, or attitude.
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Morality
o Conformity with recognized rules of correct
conduct. A system of duties. (Blacks Law
Dictionary)Moral Law
o A collection of principles defining right and
wrong conducto A standard to which an action must conform
to be right or virtuous. (Blacks Law
Dictionary)
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Ethical Nature of Nursing Practice
o That every nursing plan or health care action
or intervention of nurses to the patientinvolves a human person, his needs, values,
inner worth, and inherent human rights and
dignity.
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II. Ethical conduct essential to the practice of professional nursingdescribed in the nursing code of ethics
formal statement that determines the standards of conduct of a
professional nurse
The Nursing Code of Ethics reflects the following underlying moralprinciples:
i. Autonomy (the right to make ones own decisions)
ii. Nonmaleficence (duty to do no harm)
iii. Beneficence (doing good)
iv. Justice (fairness)
v. Fidelity (faithfulness to agreements and responsibilities one has
undertaken)
vi. Veracity (telling the truth)
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Functions of the nursing code of ethics
i. inform the public about the minimum standards of
the profession and to help them understand professional
nursing conduct
ii. to provide a sign of the professions commitment to
the public it serves
iii. to outline the major ethical considerations of the
profession
iv. to provide general guidelines for professional
behavior
v. to guide the profession in self-regulation
vi to remind nurses of the special responsibility they
assume when caring for the sick
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Ethical Principles
o The ethical principles provide a foundation for
nursing practice. Ethical principles are
defined as basis for nurses decisions on
consideration of consequences and of
universal moral principles when making
clinical judgments
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The most fundamental of these principles is therespect for persons.
The primary and basic ethical principles are the
following:
o Respect for autonomy
o Nonmaleficence
o Beneficience
o Justice
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The secondary ethical principles that can beincorporated with the primary principles when
interpreting ethical issues and making clinical
decisions are the following:
o Veracity
o Confidentiality
o Fidelity
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RESPECT FOR PERSONS
o According to the American NursesAssociation (ANA), the most fundamental
principle of professional behavior is the
respect for persons. This principle not only
applies to the clinical settings but to all lifessituations.
o This principle emphasizes that all people
should treat others as a worthy individual.
o In nursing practice this principle should be
simplified. Thus, respect for persons
generally means respecting a clients
autonomy.
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RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY
o Respecting a clients rights, values and choices is
synonymous to respecting a persons autonomy.
Informed consent is a method that promotes and
respects a persons autonomy.o For a client to make an autonomous decision and
action, he or she must be offered enough
information and options to make up his or her mind
free of coercion or external and internal influences.o In clinical settings, this is promoted by proving
informed consent to the client.
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NONMALEFICENCE
Nonmaleficence means duty to do no harm. This
is promoted by doing the following nursing
interventions:
o Avoiding deliberate harm, risk of harm thatoccurs during the performance of nursing
actions.
o Considering the degree of risk permissible.
o Determining whether the use of technological
advances provides benefits that outweigh risks.
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BENEFICENCE
o Beneficence is doing or active promotion of
good. This is done by:
o Providing health benefits to the clients.
o Balancing the benefits and risks of harm.
o Considering how a client can be best helped.
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JUSTICE
o Justice is the promotion of equity or fairness
in every situation a nurse encounters. The
following nursing implications promote justice:
o Ensuring fair allocation of resources.(example: appropriate staffing or mix of staff
to all clients)
o Determining the order in which clients should
be treated. (example: priority treatments for
the clients in pain)
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SECONDARY PRINCIPLES OF
ETHICAL CONDUCT
o Veracity duty to tell the truth
o Confidentiality duty to respect
privileged information
o Fidelity duty to keep promises
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Nursing as Caring
o based on relationships
o emphasizes courage, generosity, commitment,
and responsibility
o force for protecting and enhancing patient dignity
o uses touch and truth-telling to affirm patients as
persons rather than objects and to assist them to
make choices and find meaning in their illness
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ADVOCACY
It is protecting and supporting of another's
rights by pleading the case of another
Patient Advocatean individual who protects and supports the rights of a
patient by pleading the case of the patient
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Actions of Patient Advocates
i. Informing Patients
about their rights in a situation and providing them
with the information they need to make an
informed decision, e.g.:i. determining if the patient agrees to receiving
the information
ii. either having the necessary information orknowing how to get it
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Actions of Patient Advocates
iii. Wanting the patient to have the informationiv. Presenting the information in a way that is
meaningful to the patient
v. Dealing with the fact that there are those who
do not wish the patient to be informed if it is wrong
ii. Supporting Patients
in their decisions in an objective manner thatconveys neither approval or disapproval, even if the
nurse believes in his own opinion.
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