imk02 prinsip usability
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8/14/2019 IMK02 Prinsip Usability
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Interaksi Manusia dan Komputer
Prinsip Usability 1/17
Usabi l i t y Pr inc ip les
Human Ab i l i t y
Hum an Capabi l i t ies
Memory
Process
Observat ions
Problem Solv ing
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Usability Principles
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Hum an Ab i l i t ies
Good Infinite capacity LTM
LTM duration &
complexity High-learning
capability
Powerful attention
mechanism Powerful pattern
recognition
Bad
Limited capacity STM
Limited duration STM
Unreliable access toLTM
Error-prone processing
Slow processing
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Hum an Capabi l i t ies
Why do we care? (better design!)
Want to improve user performance
Knowing the user informs the design
Senses (Vision, Hearing, Touch) Information processing
Motor System
Time and effort expendedto complete tasks
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VISION
Visual SystemEye
Retina
Neural pathway
~ 80% of brains operation
SENSESVision, Hearing, Touch
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Sensitivity luminance: 10-6~107 mL (see notes)
Acuity
detection, alignment,recognition (visual angle)
retinal position: fovea has best acuity
Movement tracking, reading, vibrations
Note: Vision decreases with age Implications (??)
Font size & location depends on task
Much done by context & grouping
Visual Abil ities
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COLOR
Sensory response to electromagneticradiation in the spectrum betweenwavelengths 0.4 - 0.7 micrometers
0.5
visible
10-110-6 105 108
gamma ultraviolet microwave tv
Color & the retina
380 (blue) ~ 770nm (red)Problems with cones or ganglion cells causes problems with color
perception(Not really color blindness)
8% males, 0.5% femalesImplications: (??) - Avoid saturated colors
- Color coding should be redundant when possible
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Color Vis ion
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HEARING
Capabilities (best-case scenario) pitch - frequency (20 - 20,000 Hz)
loudness - amplitude (30 - 100dB)
location (5 source & stream separation)
timbre - type of sound (lots of instruments)
Often take for granted how good it is(disk whirring)
Implications (??)
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Three main sensations handledby different types of receptors:
Pressure (normal)Intense pressure(heat/pain)Temperature (hot/cold)
Sensitivity, Dexterity,Flexibility, Speed
Where important?Mouse, Other I/O, VR,surgery
TOUCH
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Information Processing
Three major systems of human informationprocessing :1. Perceptual (read-scan)
Memory structures Sensory buffer - Holds fixed image of outsideworld
long enough for some analysis .
Processes - info goes to brain for moreprocessing
e.q. Pattern recognition Uses context & Knowledge
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Cognitive (Think)
Cognitive model
How does it work?
Capabilities Range of movement, reach, speed,
strength, dexterity, accuracy
Often cause of errors
Wrong button Double-click vs. single click
Principles Feedback is important
Minimize eye movement
Mot or Syst em
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MEMORY
Four types
Perceptual buffers
Brief Impressions
Shor t-term memory
Conscious thought, calculations
Intermediate
Storing intermediate results, future plans
Long-term
Permanent, remember everything ever happened to us
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Memory Charac t e r i s t i c s
Things move from STM to LTM byrehearsal & practice and by use in context
We forget things due to decay and
interference
Unclear if we everreally forget something Lack of use
Similar gets inway of old
Exercise
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Observations
Users focus on getting job done, not learning to effectively use system
Users apply analogy even when it doesnt apply
People are more heuristic than algorithmicTry a few quick shots rather than plan Resources simply not available
People often choose suboptimal strategies for low priority problems
People learn better strategies with practice
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Problem Solv ing
Storage in LTM, then application
Reasoning
Deductive-
Inductive-
Abductive-
If A, then B
Generalizing from previouscases to learn about new ones
Reasons from a fact to the
action or state that caused it
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