inf5210 informasjon infrastructures
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Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 1
INF5210 Informasjon Infrastructures
About the course » Lectures » 2 Mandatory deliveries
– 26.9 and 24.10– Articles to be presented – Themes for group work
» The formation of groups» Final exam (Essay) 14.11 – 5.12
Introduction to Information Infrastructure theories
Brief overview of II in Norwegian public sector
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 2
Informasjon Infrastructures An introduction
Issues : Why infrastructures - some different perspectives A brief overview of the course What is an infrastructure - 1 The economics of infrastructures Infrastructures in Norwegian public sector # public
infrastructures
Background literature:» Hanseth, Ole:
http://www.ifi.uio.no/~oleha/Publications/ib_ISR_3rd_resubm2.html Ciborra et al: From Control to drift, kap. 2,4 and 5
Issues : Why infrastructures - some different perspectives A brief overview of the course What is an infrastructure - 1 The economics of infrastructures Infrastructures in Norwegian public sector # public
infrastructures
Background literature:» Hanseth, Ole:
http://www.ifi.uio.no/~oleha/Publications/ib_ISR_3rd_resubm2.html Ciborra et al: From Control to drift, kap. 2,
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 3
Some questions
What do you understand by infrastructure » Give examples of (information ) infrastructure» Similarities between physical and electronic infrastructure
What is the difference between an infrastructure and an information system
Why do you think infrastructures are important ? What specific challenges is tied to developing
and maintaining an infrastructure? What specific challenges is inherent in
maintaining an infrastructure
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 4
What is an infrastructure
A general definition (Webster dictionarry)
A substructure or underlying foundation; esp., the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community, state, etc. depends as roads, schools, power plants, transportation and communication systems, etc."
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 5
Why talk about II
Define /describe a set of ‘entities’ having common characteristics» Why are II different from IS
Explain the history/trajectories of existing II » Internet, OSI, SAP,
Understand how to develop and maintain new II» Help us understand the of these specific
characteristics Can (possible) predict about future II building:
» Electronic Patient Record, UMTS, Public Key Infrastructure,..
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 6
Different types of infrastructures
National and global II » Internet, the phon enetwork, GSM, UMTS (?)
Business (sector) networks » EDI, electronic pation records, flight ticket booking
systems (Amanda,..) .. Corporate infrastructure
» Enterprise Resource Planning like, SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft,.. and other ERP packages http://www.cio.com/research/erp/edit/erpbasics.html
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 7
Infrastructure – a misleading concept?
Legacy from the industrial society:» Emphasizes the physical and material underlying
basis » Stable, heavy, difficult to modify/slow changes» Closed, limited in space (and time?)
The new information society» Global » Flexible, dynamic» Everything is changing, increasing speed» Open, unclear boundaries,
– Ecologies of infrastructures
» Changes implies learning – learning implies changes
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 8
Information systems or infrastructures?
Information systems – the traditional approach:» One main purpose (solve one specific task)» Limited (homogeneous) user group » Assumes (often) centralised control by one
organisation or group» Standards are either neglected or taken as granted» Specific birth day and day of death
– Installed base are neglected
» Need not be always available (down time is acceptable or even desirable)
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 9
Infrastructures Serves large (umlimited ) communities of users and
usages patterns Has to conform to certain standards Infrastructures are never build from scratch No clear date of birth – cannot die (!)
» Must be gradually
Implementations Surprises, side effects, unexpected outcomes of technology and organisation
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 10
What characterises an infrastructure
The US Government when building an National II:(based on McGarty among others)
» Open and common » Shared (sharable) » Enabling » Standardized» Evolving» Socio-technical» Heterogeneous» Installed Base
Hanseth ( 2002) emphasizes the ’italic’ characteristics!
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 11
What characterises an infrastructure-2
Star and Ruhleder (1996): Steps to an ecology of knowledge)
Embeddedness Transparency Reach of scope Learned as part of membership Links with conventions of practice Embodiments of standards Built on an installed base Becomes visible upon breakdown
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 12
Installed base
Infrastructures are never designed from scratch(?)» Something always exist » We cannot bypass the history Can only be modified and extended
The installed base includes:» Nodes in the network; equipment and software,
vendors,..» Protocols, standard and standard bodies,
documentations, routines, » Operations and support, documentations,» Knowledge and experience, textbooks
The installed base as a heterogeneous actor-network
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 13
Installed base as an actor
Re-enforcing mechanisms » In order to work, it must be aligned with the existing
Larger installed base
More complements producedFurther adoption
Greater credibility of standards
Reinforces values to users
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 14
Decomposing heterogeneous infrastructures
The structure of infrastructures
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 15
Decomposing heterogeneous infrastructures
Ecologies of infrastructures
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 16
Universialism and installed Base
Is universal design possible and desirable Examples: OSI-protocols (X.25, X.400), EDIFACT,
SAP, electronic patient-journal » Top-down development, » Uniform and standardized network on all levels» The goal is the perfect solution including most
facilities» ’Closed world» Centralized control » Monolithic organization
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 17
An alternative strategy: The Internet model The TCP/IP approach:
» Need to connect different networks– Connectivity at meta-level– Best efforts approach
» Balancing standards and flexibility– Openness,– Duplication, gateways
» Minimal standards – Incompleteness, gradually improvement
» What aspects are relevant– Technical – Humans
» Internet has gained momentum and become an actor that influences society at all levels
– Serves many different user communities,...
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 18
The case of Internet- some basic characteristics
The idea of packet switching and datagrams (Kleinrock) » Distributed, digital and redundancy (Baran)» IMPs : how to avoid n*(n-1)/2 (Kahn) » Symmetric protocols (NCP, SMTP. FTP….)
Open Architecture Networking » TCP/IP and black boxes: routers/gateways (Cerf, Kahn)» Open network of independent network and No global
control » Best offer service – transmit and retransmit » End-to-End responsibilities for error check, flow control » Domain Name System
Incorporation of TCP/IP in Unix BSD WWW: URL, HTTP and HTML
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 19
Basic ideas -2
Its roots in academic tradition and basic research philosophy
The openness: free flow of ideas and innovations » Open access to all documents » RFC (Request for proposals)
The public funding of the development (and diffusion) » Academic and research network infrastructures like NSFnet,
HEPnet, JANET, NordUNet,.. The formation of open communities Peer institutions as IAB, IETF, W3C Open source movement The gift economy
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 20
Strategies
Flexibility» Flexible standards and technical solutions
Modularisation and encapsulation» E.g. The Internet IMPS and layered structure
Minimal solutions » E. g Internet versus OSI-protocols
Gateways » From N*(n-1) to M (= different protocols or subnets)
Transitions strategies
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 21
Information Infrastructures in Norwegian public sector
II that are developend and maintained by the control of public agencies » State government agencies or local administrations
Their goal is to serve (all or part of) the citiziens Examples
» ODIN, ’Forvaltningsnett’, etc» - Helsenettet, Skolenett, Biblioteks/kulturnett,..» - Kostra (Kommune-stat rapportering) ….» - More specialist infrastructures aas e.g. PKI
(Publik Key Infrastruktur), Studentweb, SO,...
Arild JansenAFIN & IfI , UiO /: Arildj@ifi.uio.no 22.08.03/ 22
Some Important links ODIN: http://odin.dep.no/odin/norsk/index-b-n-a.html Norge.no/Norway.no Standardisering/NOSIP:
http://www.statskonsult.no/prosjekt/standsekr/index.htm Helsenett:
» Det nasjonale helsenettet bygges opp gjennom regionale helsenett i de 5 helseregionene. ... http://www2.telemed.no/telemed_i_bruk/tjenester/helsenett.html
Utdanning.no http://www.utdanning.no/dep/portal/.cmd/ResetPage/_pagr/104/_pa.104/111?reset=true
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