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8/3/2019 Inside ITER
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 1
ITER Tokamak
Gary JohnsonDeputy Director General - Tokamak
2 April 2009
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 2
What we want todiscuss!
• What is a Tokamak?
• Why is the ITER Tokamak so big?
• Why do we have so many big superconducting magnets?
• Why do we have both a VV and a cryostat?
• What do the blanket and divertor do?
• How can you assemble such a machine?
• Why is Remote Handling important?
• Why is the design of the ITER machine so challenging?
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 4
Tokamak Historyтороидальная камера с магнитными катушками
(toroidal'naya kamera s magnitnymi katushkami )(Toroidal chamber with magnetic coils)1956 - Experimental work starts in tokamaksystems by a group of Soviet scientists led by
Lev Artsimovich based on the work of Tamm ,
Sakharov and Lavryentev1958 - World-wide declassification ofmagnetically confined fusion research atGeneva on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
1960s : Tokamak established as leadingcontender for a thermonuclear system – Firstto achieve 1 keV temperature
1970s : Oil crisis propels major investment infusion research facilities worldwide
1980s : Third generation of large tokamaksexperiments come into operation : EU-JET ;US-TFTR ; URSS-T10 ( all aimed at DT tests )
and Japan- JT-60 ( DD only )
1985 ; ITER proposed at super power summit
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 5
The Tokamak:
Magnetic Confinement in a Tokamak
• toroidal magnetic field isproduced by externalmagnetic field coils
• plasma current produces
poloidal magnetic field
• result is a set of nested
helical surfaces
⇒
plasma confinement
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 6
JET
Tokamak’s
ITER
JET – Internals & Plasma
ITER will allow us to produce plasmas with
temperatures of 100 - 200 million ºC
(10 times the temperature of the sun’s core)
⇒⇒⇒⇒ 500 Megawatts of fusion power
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 7
Why is the ITER Tokamak so big?
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 8
Tokamak – 29 m high x 28 m dia. & ~23000 t
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Cryostat Size ComparisonCryostat Size Comparison
ITER Tokamak29 m Tall x 28 m Wide
Arc de Triomphe49 m Tall x 45 m Wide
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 10
ITER Tokamak – Mass Comparison
ITER Machine mass:~23000 t
28 m diameter x 29 m tall
Charles de Gaulle mass:~38000 t (empty)
856 ft (261 m) long(Commissioned 2001)
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 11
- Ignition margin (& thus fusion power) increases with
plasma current and toroidal radius. So you need alarge plasma (both toroidal radius and cross section)to get a lot of fusion power. In our case 500 MW.
Over Sixty Years of Research
in Tokamaks (1956-2008)
The ITER Tokamak is so big because…
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 12
Why do we have so many bigsuperconducting magnets?
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 13
ITER Magnet‘s
6 PF Coils (EU & RF)
CS Coils – Stack of 6 (US)
31 Feeders (CN)
9 Pairs of Correction Coils (CN)
18 TF Coils(EU & JP)
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 14
Facts
• 48 superconducting coils
- ~9800 tons- ~187 km of conductor
- 11.8 T (peak TF field)
- 68 kA (peak current)
- Stored energy – 51 GJ
Challenges
• QA / QC
• Tolerances
• Schedule
Magnet System Status
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 15
TF CoilTF Coil
– –
Mass ComparisonMass Comparison
Mass of (1) TF Coil:~360 t
16 m Tall x 9 m Wide
Boeing 747-300(Maximum Takeoff Weight)
~377 t
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 16
TF Coil & Roads (TF Coil & Roads (FosFos toto CadaracheCadarache))
Mass of (1) TF Coil:~360 t
16 m Tall x 9 m Wide
Heavy Component on Road
(TF Coils, VV Sectors, & PF1 Coil)
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 17
TF Winding Pack
TF Coil
TF Coil Winding PackTF Coil Winding Pack
Inner Leg Cross Section
Winding Pack Assembly
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 18
Conductor
China
South KoreaJapan
Russia
United States
Europe
TF Coil
JapanTF coil cases
Japan
Europe
TF Coils - A Worldwide Collaboration
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 19
ITER Magnet Field
ITER Field
~10 Tesla or 200,000 x HigherEarths Magnetic Field
~ 0.5 gauss or 0.5x10-4 Tesla
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 21
TF Conductor ProcurementTF Conductor Procurement
40 mm diameter
ITER TF Conductor
Facts
• ~90 km / 400 t of Nb3Sn conductor(The biggest Nb3Sn conductor procurement in history)
- ~150000 km of strand (15 x around Earth)- Operates at ~5 K- 11.8 T (peak TF field)
- 68 kA (peak TF current)
• Manufactured by EU, JA, RF, CN, KO, & US
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 22
TF & PF ConductorTF & PF Conductor Activities in Heifei, China
TF & PF Winding BuildingTF & PF Winding Building
Winding & Compaction MachinesWinding & Compaction MachinesJacketing LineJacketing Line
Jacketing LineJacketing Line
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 23
TF Conductor Winding FacilityTF Conductor Winding Facility -- VideoVideo
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 24
CS Coils Status
Facts
• Central Solenoid Stack – 6 independently powered modules- Nb3Sn conductor- 13 T (peak CS field)- 45 kA (peak CS current)
- ~1000 tons
• One of the big lifts during assembly!
12 m tall x 4 m dia
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 25
Terminals
Support clamps
He inlets
PoloidalPoloidal Field CoilsField Coils
Conductor
Winding
Facts• So big must be manufactured onsite!• Building is 250 m long x 45 m wide
and will be the first on site!
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 26
We need many magnets …- 18 TF coils to contain the plasma (toroidal field)
- 6 PF coils to shape plasma and control it’s position
- 6 CS coils to drive current in the plasma- 18 CC coils to correct small field perturbations
(confinement is sensitive to these perturbations)
We have big magnets to …- go around the plasma and first wall and provide high fieldover the large area of the plasma
We need superconducting magnets to …- maintain the field efficiently
We have so many big superconducting magnets because …
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 27
Why do we have both a VV and acryostat?
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 28
Vacuum Vessel & Cryostat
Cryostat
Vacuum Vessel
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Vacuum Vessel Mass Comparison
VV & In-vessel components mass: ~8000 t
19.4 m outside diameter x 11.3 m tall Eiffel Tower mass: ~7300 t324 m tall
(Completed 1889)
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 30
Vacuum VesselVacuum Vessel
Facts- First safety barrier for ITER- SS 316 LN-IG
- ~5300 tons (VV, ports, shielding only)- 19.4 m (63 ft) torus outer diameter- 11.3 m (37 ft) torus height
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 31
We have both a VV and a cryostat because …
- The VV is required to …
- Provide the vacuum boundary for the plasma- Shield the magnets (4 K)
- First safety barrier
- The cryostat is required to …
- Provide thermal insulation for the magnets at 4K
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 32
What do the blanket and diverter do?
In vessel Components Blanket & Divertor
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 33
VacuumVessel
Blanket
Port Plug
Divertor
In-vessel Components – Blanket & Divertor
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 34
Blanket System
Facts• 440 blanket modules at ~4 ton each• ~40 different blanket modules
Issues
• Thermal and mechanical loads very high• Manufactured by 6 Parties• QA/QC of components (at 6 Parties)• Remote handling
Divertor System
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 35
Divertor SystemFacts
- 54 Divertor assemblies
- 4320 Heat flux elements
Issues
• Thermal and mechanical loads veryhigh• QA/QC of components (at 6 Parties)• Remote handling
In-Vessel Components Material Choice
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 36
In Vessel Components Material Choice
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 37
The blanket and diverter are needed to …
The blanket
- Provide shielding for the superconducting coils
- Provides high heat flux component to face the plasma(protect the VV)
The divertor
- Provide shielding for the superconducting coils
- Extract heat and helium ash form the plasma (allows ahigh performance plasma)
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 39
Machine Assembly
TF Coil / Sector AssemblyTF Coil / Sector Assembly
~1400 ton~1400 ton
TokamakTokamak and Assembly Buildingand Assembly Building
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 40
Machine Assembly-Video
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 41
Why is Remote Handling important?
Many Remote Handling SystemsMany Remote Handling Systems
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Transfer CaskSystems (EU+CN)
Blanket RH System (JA)
Many Remote Handling SystemsMany Remote Handling Systems
1
2
456
7891
0
3θ
1θ
2θ
3θ
4
α
1α
2α
3
θ
5
+/- 90°+/-
100°
+/- 90°+/-
180°
0°
180°
+/-180°
+/- 90°+/- 90°0
6200mm
0
4500mm
limits
Pitch 5
10
Roll
3
9Pitch 4
8Roll
27
Pitc
h 3
6Roll
15
Pitch 2
4Pitch 1
3Translation 2
2Translation 1
1Nam
eDOF
In-Vessel
Viewing System
Multi Purpose Deployer
Cassette Toroidal MoverHot Cell RH Equipment
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 43
Remote Handling - Video
Why is the design of the ITER machine so challenging?
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 44
• Project Management – Tight schedule and budget
– Limited resources – New organization – 7 Party coordination
• Design and Procurement – Complex design, requirement,
& interfaces – Severe QA / QC requirements
– Complex procurement split – >90 procurement packages
• Superconducting magnets – Unprecedented size of the
superconducting magnets and
structures – High field performance ~12T
•Plasma facing components – >10 MW/m2 steady heat flux – >10000 cycles
•Remote maintenance (very complex)
•Vacuum and Tritium technology
– Active recycling of tritium – Test of lithium blankets
•Cryogenic technology
•Heating and current drives – ~ 100 MW continuous – Neutral particles accelerators up to 1 MeV
– Ion cyclotron, electron cyclotron
And others…
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ITER Tokamak – April 2, 2009 Page 45
The Way to the Future…
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