karbipaksaelivis½yÉkcn elx 23sokly.yolasite.com/resources/breach+of+trust+in+cambodia... · 2011....
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23
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn
elx 23erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþerOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
karGnuvtþn_edayminRtwmRtUv nig\T§iBl rbs;vamkelIesdækic©km
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esckþIEføgGMNrKuN 5
xøwmsarsegçb 9
CMBUk 1³ esckþIepþIm 15
1> eKalbMNgénkarsikSa 15
2> GVIeTACakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 15
3> ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm ehtuEdleFVIeGaykarGnuvtþn_maRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
køayeTACabBaðaecaTmYy enAkñúgRbeTskm FatupSMrbs;bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ 21
2> FatupSMsMPar³énkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ 23
3> FatupSMEpñksti - ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ 26
4> RkmRBhµTNÐfµI 28
CMBUk 3³ karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv énmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
enAkñúgRbeTskm karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
KWCabBaðaecaTmYy 31
2> karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ³
mUlehtu nigrebobRbRBwtþeTArbs;va 32CMBUk 4³ erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeGay
esdækic©km
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5
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
esckþIEføgGMNrKuN
r)aykarN_BiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn GMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbBaØtþic,ab;sþIGMBI
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénRkmRBhµTNÐGnþrkalrbs;km
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
6
elakeha sunafmRnþIGnuvtþn_KMeragrbs;IFC MPDFCaGñkTTYlxusRtUvrYmelI
karsikSa nigcgRkgr)aykarN_edaymankarENnaMBI elakRsI Trang Nguyen nig
elak Charles Schneider. elak Stuart Ford CaGñksresrr)aykarN_enH
edaymankarCYyeRCamERCgy:ageRcInBIelak Dugald Richards nigkBaØa Anita
Surewics.
elakRsI Ann Bishop )anCYyBinitü nigEks®mYlBaküeBcn_+kñúgr)aykarN_
enH. elak Kg; vNÑariT§ )anbkERbGtßbTCaPasaExµr edayman elak Tu XI elak
rs; exmra nigelak GuWg suPal½kS CaGñkCYyEksRmÜl. elak RsI Ka Kn§a
CaGñkTTYlxusRtUvelIkarerobcMr)aykarN_kñúgkuMBÚüT½r. elakRsI tan; tUnI )anpþl;karKaMRT
xagEpñkrdæ)al.
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9
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
1karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab;GMBIbTelµIsénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþedayGñkc,ab;km
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
10
ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs KWCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIsénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
CnCab;ecaT RtUvEtmanectnaeFVIGMeBIenH nigRtUvEtdwgfaGVIEdlKat;eFVICaGMeBIxus. vaminGac
CakMhusb¤PaBécdnümYyenaHeT.
erOgkþIIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenARbeTskm
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erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
11
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
\T§iBlesdækic©mkelIRbeTskm
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
12
K>e)aHBum sRmbsRmYlCamYyraCrdæaPi)al shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sgÁmsIuvil nigbNþaj
pSayB½t’manTaMgLay edIm,IBinitütamdankarGnuvtþn_kþIrMelaPelIesckþI
Tukcitþ
4> begáItynþkarsRmab;karraykarN_CaGnamikBIbuKÁliktulakarb¤nKr)alNa
EdlTaréføQñÜleRkApøÚvkar
5> kat;bnßykarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþIedayecjesckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkarmYy
EdlBiBN’nay:agc,as;las;GMBIkrNIEdlRtUveRbIkarXMuxøÚnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI.
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15
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
1>eKalbMNgénkarsikSa
shKmn_GaCIvkmµenAkm
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
16
manFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;TaMgenaHKW³
1> RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv
2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüa fanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvij b¤mYy
eRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;nig
3>CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMykRTBüeKtamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg
b¤min)aneRbIvatameKaledAEdl)anRBmeRBogKña.
edIm,IbBa¢ak;fa CnCab;ecaTmaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ CnCab;ecaTmin
RtwmEt)anRbRBwtþGMeBIelµIs sMPar³TaMgLaydUcxagelIenaHeT CnenaHRtUvEtRbRBwtþGMeBIenaH
edaymanectnaelµIsc,ab;RBhµTNÐcg;éKbnøMykRTBüBIGñkdéTpgEdr.
3>ehtuGVI)anCaRbeTskm
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erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
17
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
GnþrCatisþIBIsiT§mnusSmkkñúgc,ab;Catirbs;km
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
18
sMrab;km
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erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
19
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
EdlKYrEtRtUv)anedaHRsayeRkamc,ab;rdæb,evNI CaCagc,ab;RBhµTNÐ. karGnuvtþn_Edl
ERbkøayerOgkþIrdæb,evNIeTACaerOgkþIRBhµTNÐKWCabBaðacm,gmYykñúgcMeNambBaðaFM²CaeRcIn
énkarGnuvtþn_maRta sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþénRkmRBhµTNÐGnþrkal rbs;tulakar.
karEvkEjk[eXIjPaBxusKña rvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjBIkarxkxanmin)anbMeBj
krNIykic© nigvivaTEdlekItecjBIkarRbRBwtþEdlmanFatupSM énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
enAEtCabBaðaEdlRtUvbBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;las;. karRsaybMPøWGMBIc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ nigkareFVIeGayRbesIreLIgénkarGnuvtþn_c,ab;enHGacnwgrYm
cMENky:agFMeFg kñúgkarbegáInCMenOcitþrbs;GñkvinieyaK nigpþl;GtßRbeyaCn_eRcInsMrab;
esdækic©©TaMgmUl.
{kareRbIR)as;minRtwmRtUvénbBaØtþisþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anCH\T§iBlGviC¢man
eTAelIGaCIvkmµ. va)anbg¥ak; GñkvinieyaKmineGaymkbNþak;TunvinieyaKenAkm
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21
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
1>FatupSMrbs;bTRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
bTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ manEcgenAkñúgmaRta 46 én{c,ab;RBhµTNÐ
Gnþrkal} Edl)anRBageLIgedayGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñshRbCaCatienAkm
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
22
ehIyPasaenAkñúgc,ab;RBhµTNÐ)araMgbc©úb,nñ manPaBgayyl;CagmunCaeRcIn. eKmin)an
dwgc,as;eTfa ehtuGVI)anCam®nþITaMgLay énGaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñshRbCaCatienAkm
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erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
23
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
2>FatupSMsMPar³énkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ
fVIebIPasaénmaRta 46 manPaBsµúKsµajxøaMgkþI eKeXIjmanFatupSMsMPar³sMxan;²
énbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþcMnYnbIKW³
1> RTBü¬rYmTaMgRTBüGrUbI¦RtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eTAeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYl
xusRtUv
2> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;edImvijb¤mYy
eRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Cak;lak;nig
3> CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at;b¤éKbnøMRTBütamry³karbdiesFminRBmsg
b¤min)aneRbIvatameKaledAEdl)anRBmeRBogKña.
eyIgnwgBiPakSaBIFatupSMnImYy² dUcxageRkam. karBiPakSaenH minEmnCakarviPaK
bec©keTsEpñkc,ab;eT. pÞúyeTAvij karBiPakSaenHepþateTAelIFatupSMsMxan;²énbTelµIsEt
bu:eNÑaHehIyeKBnül;bkRsayvatamrebobmYyEdlc,as;las;nigGacyl;)any:aggay.
GñkGaneKaledArbs;eyIgKW shKmn_GaCIvkmµ Gñkpþl;CMnYy nigraCrdæaPi)alkm>}. PasaenHsµúKsµaj b:uEnþ enAkñúgerOgkþICaeRcIn
{RTBü R)ak;kas TMnij b¤Éksar NamYyEdlman b¤EdlEcgGMBIkatBVkic© b¤karedaHbnÞúk}
GacniyayeLIgvijy:agsamBaØfaCa{RTBü}.
EpñkbnþénXøaenHbBa¢ak;fa RTBüenaHRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;eGayCnCab;ecaT
{CakarCYl Cakardak;dMkl;Tuk CaGaNtþi CakareGayx©IeRbI b¤CaR)ak;kéRmsRmab;kargar
manb¤KµanR)ak;ebovtS>>>}.PasaenHTMngCamincaM)ac;eLIy.va)anBiBN’nakic©snüaxusKña
CMBUk 2
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
24
cMnYnR)aMmYyRbePTEdleKGacbegáIteLIgtamry³karRbKl;RTBüeGayCndéTTTYlxusRtUv.
kñúgkarGnuvtþn_Cak;Esþg karRbKl;RTBüeGayCndéT TMngCanwgniyaydl;TRmg;NamYy
énkic©snüaTaMgR)aMmYyEbb tamry³karkat;yl; b¤mYyedayCak;lak;. kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn
bBaðasMxan;KW etIeK)anRbKl;RTBüeGayCnCab;ecaTb¤Gt; minEmnRbePTkic©snüaEdleK
)anbegáIteLIgrvagCnCab;ecaTnigm©as;RTBüeLIy.ehtudUecñHehIykarniyayGMBIFatupSMén
bTelµIsenH kñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn eKGacnwgniyayeLIgvijfa³ RTBüRtUvEt)aneKTukcitþRbKl;
eGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv.11
2>2 CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHeTAeGaym©as;
RTBüvij b¤mYyeRbIR)as;vatameKaledAmYy EdleK)ankMNt;
Cak;lak;
FatupSMenHbgáb;enAkñúgPasafa {>>>eday)ansnüafasgvij b¤RbKl;eGayvij b¤
eRbIR)as;tamkarRBmeRBogKñaNamYy >>>}. c,as;Nas;fa FatupSMenHGaRs½ynwgGtßiPaB
énFatupSMTImYy. CnCab;ecaT RtUvEt)aneKTukcitþ RbKl;RTBüeGayTTYlxusRtUv munnwg
eKGacsnüafa {sgvij b¤RbKl;eGayvij b¤eRbIR)as;tamkarRBmeRBogKñaNamYy.} Pasa
enHBiBN’naGMBITegVIbIy:ag EdlCnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)ansnüafa nwgeFVIcMeBaHRTBüenaH. TImYy
CnCab;ecaTGacsnüafanwgsgRTBüenaHvij.karN_enHBiBN’naBIsßanPaBEdlCnCab;ecaT
)anx©Irbs;GVImYy dUcCa rfynþ ehIy)ansnüafanwgRbKl;rbs;enaHsgeTAm©as;vij. CnCab;
ecaTkan;kab;RTBüedayRsbc,ab; eRBaHm©as;RTBü )anRbKl;vaeTAeGayrUbeKedaysµ½RKcitþ
b:uEnþeK)ansnüacMeBaHm©as;rbs;enaHfa nwgRbKl;sgvij. RbkarenH)ankMhitsiT§irbs;eK
elIRTBüenaH. eKminGaclk;va b¤RbKl;vaCabnþeGayeTAnrNaeTot)aneT. eKRtUvEtRbKl;
RTBüenaHsgm©as;vij.
Baküfa {esñIRbKl;eGayeKvij} niyaysMedAsßanPaB EdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneK
TukcitþRbKl;RTBüeGay Et)ansnüapþl;»kaseGaym©as;RTBü TTYl)anRTBüenaHvij
muneBl EdlCnCab;ecaTcat;EcgkarGVImYyelIRTBüenaH. ]TahrN_ CnCab;ecaTGacCYl
eRKOgcRkksikmµmYyeRKOg sRmab;ry³eBlbIqñaM. m©as;RTBü nigCnCab;ecaT)anRBmeRBog
Kñafa m©as;RTBümansiT§iTijeRKOgcRkenaHvij kñúgtémømYyEdl)anRBmeRBogKña enAeBlcb;
ry³eBlkMNt;bIqñaMenaH.ebIsinCam©as;RTBümincg;TijykeRKOgcRkenaHvijeTeTIbCnCab;
ecaTmansiT§ilk;vaeTAeGayGñkEdlh‘anéføx
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erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
25
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
RbB½n§c,ab;Gg;eKøs (Common law) eKGacBiBN’nakrNIenH faCakarGacyk)an
RTBüEdlCakmµvtßúén {siT§iman»kasTijmuneK}. cMNucsMxan;enaHKW CnCab;ecaT)an
snüacMeBaHm©as;RTBüfaeKkMhitsiT§irbs;eKkñúgkarcat;EcgelIRTBüenaH.eKminGaclk;RTBü
enaH)antamcitþedaymin)anesñIpþl;vaeTAeGaym©as;rbs;vijmuneKenaHeT.
EbbEpnTIbI EdlFatupSMenHRtUvbMeBjKW tamry³karsnüafanwgeRbIR)as;RTBü
enaH tamkarRBmeRBogKña. CafµImþgTot cMNucsMxan;enATIenHKW CnCab;ecaT)ansnüacMeBaH
m©as;rbs;fa Tb;sáat;xøÜnÉgmineGaycat;TukRTBüenaH dUcCarbs;pÞal;xøÜneT. krNICaKMrUKW
krNInieyaCitmñak; EdlRtUv)annieyaCkTukcitþRbKl;R)ak;eGaykan; sRmab;bMeBjeKaledA
kMNt;mYy. ]TahrN_ nieyaCitenaHRtUv)annieyaCk RbKl;R)ak;eGayykeTAdak;epJIenA
FnaKar eBalKW)anTTYlRTBüsRmab;eRbIR)as;tamkarkMNt;mYy. eKkan;kab;vaRsbc,ab;
b:uEnþeKkan;kab;vasRmab;EteKaledAmYyEdl)ankMNt;Etb:ueNÑaH KWykR)ak;enaHeTAFnaKar
ehIydak;epJIvaenATIenaH. eK)aneFVIkarsnüay:agCak;lak; b¤tamkarkat;yl; ehIyRbkar
enaH)ankMhitlT§PaBrbs;eK mineGaycat;TukR)ak;enaH faCarbs;pÞal;xøÜneT. cMNucsMxan;
sRmab;EpñkTaMgbIénFatupSMenHKW CnCab;ecaT)ansnüacMeBaHm©as;RTBü Edldak;kMhit
dl;siT§irbs;eK kñúgkarcat;EcgkarelIRTBüenaH. karrMelaPedayectnaelIkarsnüaenH
KWCakarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
2>3 CnCab;ecaTRtUvEt)anbM)at; b¤éKbnøMRTBüeK
FatupSMenHekIteLIg enAeBlEdlCnCab;ecaTeføaHeFøay min)aneFVItamkarsnüa
Tak;TgnwgRTBü. vaekItecjBIPasafa {CnNaEdléKbnøM b¤bM)at;¬RTBü¦ eFVIeGay
xUcRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤Gñkkan;kab;>>>} RTBü12
. RbkarenHTak;Tg
nwgkareføaHeFøay eKarBmin)antamkarsnüakñúgFatupSMTIBIr. ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaT)ansnüa
sgRTBüvij enaHeKRtUvEtxMRbwgsgvavij. ebIsinCaeK)ansnüafa esñIRbKl;eGayvij
enaHeKRtUvEtxMRbwgesñIRbKl;vaeGayvij. ebIsinCaeK)ansnüafa nwgeRbIR)as;vasRmab;
eKaledAkMNt;NamYyenaH eKRtUvEtxMRbwgeRbIR)as;vaeGayRtUvtameKaledAenaH.karéKbnøM
GacekIteLIgtamviFICaeRcIn b:uEnþrUbPaBTUeTAbMputGacCakarbMpøajRTBü karlk;RTBüeTA
eGayCnTIbI karrkSavaTuk nigbdiesFminRBmRbKl;eGayvij b¤mYyeRbIvatameKaledA
epSg²eTot EdlxusBIeKaledAeRKagTukdUcEdl)anRBmeRBogKña. Ca]TahrN_ karéKbnøM
12Baküfa{m©as;kmµsiT§im©as;TIkEnøgb¤Gñkkan;kab;}RtUveKeRbIenAkñúgc,ab;enHCaCMnYseGayBaküfa{m©as;RTBü}EdlgayRsYleRbICagenHedIm,IbBa¢ak;eGayc,as;fakarrMelaPescelIkþITukcitþGacRbRBwtþ
elICnNamñak;EdlCaGñkkan;kab;RTBüenaHedayRsbc,ab;eTaHbIGñkenaHminEmnCam©as;BitR)akdk¾eday.
kñúgkrNICaeRcInPaBxusKñaenHminmann½yGVIeTBIeRBaHGñkEdlRbKl;RTBüeGayCnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv
KWCam©as;BitR)akd.
CMBUk 2
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
26
RTBüGacekIteLIg enAeBlEdlnrNamñak;)anx©Im:UtUBImitþPkþi rYclk;m:UtUenaHeTAeGaybuKÁl
TIbI. dUcKñaenH vaGacekIteLIg kñúgsßanPaBEdlnieyaCitmñak;)anTTYlR)ak; sRmab;ykeTA
TijeRKOgeRbIR)as;sRmab;kariyal½y EteKEbrCaykR)ak;enaHeTAcak;El,gPñal;)al;Tat;
eTAvij. kñúgkrNITaMgBIrenH skmµPaBrbs;CnCab;ecaT)anTb;sáat;BYkeK mineGayeFVItam
karsnüa)aneLIy.
FatupSMenH k¾tRmUveGaymankarxUcxatdl;m©as;RTBüsm,tiþpgEdr. karEdl
CnCab;ecaT)aneføaHeFøay min)anbMeBjtamkic©snüa vaminRKb;RKan;eT. pÞúyeTAvij
kareføaHeFøayRtUvEtekItecjBIkaréKbnøM b¤karcat;EcgelIRTBü pÞúyBIplRbeyaCn_
rbs;m©as;RTBüenaH. mü:ageTot kareføaHeFøayRtUvEtmanlkçN³fa m©as;rbs;minGacTTYl
RTBü)anmkvijeLIy. Ca]TahrN_ ebIsinCa®sþImñak;)anCYlrfynþmYy sRmab;ry³eBl
mYys)þah_ ehIy)ansgvavijyWtCagkarsnüamYyéf¶ enaHKat;min)anéKbnøMykrfynþ
enaHeT. vaCakarBitfa Kat;minGacbMeBjtamlkçxNÐkMNt;d¾Cak;lak;énkarsnüa)anEmn
b:uEnþskmµPaBrbs;Kat;min)aneFVIeGayxUcplRbeyaCn_;m©as;RTBü edaysarrfynþenaHeT.
®sþIenaH GacRtUvbg;éføCYlrfynþ mYyéf¶EfmeTot b:uEnþeyagtamGtßn½y énmaRta 46
Kat;min)an{éKbnøMb¤bM)at;eGayxUcRbeyaCn_}elIrfynþenaHeT.k¾b:uEnþcMeBaHbursmñak;Edl
CYlRtak;T½rsRmab;ry³eBlmYys)þah_edIm,IdwkdIenAkñúgPUmikrrbs;Kat;ehIy)anlk;Rtak;T½r
enaH eTAeGayPaKITIbI BitCa)anéKbnøMRtak;T½renaHEmn eRBaHm©as;RTBüminGacTTYl)anRtak;
T½renaHBICnCab;ecaTmkvijeLIy.
3>FatupSMEpñksti-ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
Cnmñak;GacCab;eTasedaysarbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþebICnenaHminEmnRtUv
RbRBwtþRtwmEtGMeBICasMPar³ dUc)anBiBN’naxagelIenHeT eKRtUvEteFVIGMeBIenaHedayectna
eTotpg. vaCakarminRKb;RKan;eT ebIsinCaCnCab;ecaTRbRBwtþEtGMeBICasMPar³TaMgLayEdl
BiBN’naxagelI.eKGacbgðajBIsßanPaBenHedayeRbI]TahrN_gay²BIrdUcteTA³
bursmñak;x©IR)ak;500duløarBIGñkCitxagrbs;Kat;edIm,IykeTAdaMeBat.Kat;)ansnüafa
nwgykR)ak;enaHeTATijRKab;BUCeBat nigCI RBmTaMg)ansnüafanwgsgR)ak;enaHvij
kñúgry³eBl R)aMmYyExeRkay enAeBlEdlKat;lk;pleBat)an. Kat;)andaMeBat b:uEnþ
maneRKaHraMgs¶Üty:agGaRkk;bNþaleGayeBatrbs;Kat;gab;Gs;.Kat;minGaceFVIGVIedIm,I
Tb;sáat;sßanPaBenaH)aneLIy.Kat;minGacsgR)ak;dl;GñkCitxagrbs;Kat;vij)aneT.
bursmñak;x©IR)ak; 500 duløar BIGñkCitxagrbs;Kat; edayR)ab;eKfa Kat;manbMNgeRbIva
edIm,IdaMeBat. Kat;)ansnüafanwgykR)ak;enaH eTATijRKab;BUCeBat nigCI RBmTaMg)an
•
•
CMBUk 2
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
27
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
snüafa nwgsgR)ak;enaHvij kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyExeRkay enAeBlEdlKat;lk;pl
eBat)an. b:uEnþ Kat;KµanbMNgdaMeBatBitR)akdeLIy. Kat;EbrCamanbMNgykR)ak;
enaH ehIypøas;TIlMenAeTAPñMeBj. enAeBlEdlKat;eTAx©IR)ak;eK Kat;)andwgxøÜnÉgfa
Kat;minRbugsgR)ak;enaH eTAeGayGñkCitxagKat;vij kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyExeTotenaH
eLIy.mYyry³xøIeRkayBIx©I)anR)ak;Kat;)anpøas;TIlMenAeTAPñMeBjnigeKcxøÜn)at;.
eKeXIjc,as;Nas;fa eKminKYrcat;TukmnusSTaMgBIrnak;enHdUcKñaeT. bursmñak;Ca
CnelµIs Ébursmñak;eTot CaCnrgeRKaHedayCYbnwgsMNagGaRkk;. b:uEnþbursTaMgBIrnak;
)anRbRBwtþFatupSMsMPar³énbTelµIsrMelaPesckþITukcitþdUcKña. bursTaMgBIrnak;RtUv)aneKTuk
citþRbKl;RTBümYycMnYneGay. TaMgBIrnak; )ansnüafa nwgsgRTBüenaHeTAm©as;RTBüvij.
kñúgkrNITaMgBIrmanehtukarN_mYyekIteLIgcMeBaHRTBüenaHEdlraraMgmineGayeKGacsgva
eTAm©as;edImvij)an.
RbkarxusKñaKW ectnarbs;bursTaMgBIrnak;. burskñúg]TahrN_TImYy KµanbMNgeKc
evsBIkarsgbMNuleT.Kat;)andaMeBatnigxMeFVIGVI²RKb;y:agedIm,IbMeBjkrNIykic©rbs;Kat;
eGay)an. k¾b:uEnþ eRKaHraMgs¶Üt)ansmøab;pldMNaMrbs;Kat; ehIyenaHminEmnCakMhusrbs;
Kat;pÞal;eT.burskñúg]TahrN_TIBIrmanectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs.Kat;)ankuhkGñkCitxagKat;
GMBImUlehtuénkarcg;x©IR)ak; ehIyenAeBlEdlKat;ykR)ak;enaH Kat;KµanbMNgsgvavij
eLIy.mYyry³xøIeRkayBIx©IR)ak;)anKat;eKcxøÜnedayykR)ak;enaHeTACamYy.enHCaskçIPaB
d¾RKb;RKan;EdlbgðajfaKat;manbMNgRbRBwtþbTelµIs.
ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs KWCaFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ énkarrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþ. CnCab;ecaT RtUvEtmanectnaeFVIGMeBIenH nigRtUvEtdwgfaGVIEdlKat;eFVICaGMeBI
xus.vaminGacCakMhusb¤PaBécdnümYyenaHeT.RbkarenHmankarbBa¢ak;c,as;tamry³kar
eRbIBakü{éKbnøM}enAkñúgGtßbTénmaRta46.éKbnøMmann½yfaykGVImYyEtk¾mann½ypgEdrfa
karykenaHRbRBwtþeTAtampøÚvxusb¤edayTuc©rit.rdæmRnIþRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl
)aneFVIkarsnñidæandUcKñaenHEdrenAkñúg {esckþIENnaMrYm} fµI²enHrbs;xøÜn cuHéf¶TI 8 ExsIha
qñaM2005 sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. fVIebIkEnøgxøHkñúgGtßbTénesckþIENnaMrYmenH
manPaBRcbUkRcbl;kþI esckIþENnaMenHkt;sMKal;fa CnCab;ecaTRtUvEtman {bMNgGaRkk;}
b¤RtUv{ekgRbv½Ba©b¤éKbnøM}ykRTBüEdleK)anTukcitþRbKl;eGay.enAkñúgkarsmÖasn_mYy
CamYyRBHraCGaCJaGmtulakarraCFanIPñMeBjmñak; elak)anepþateTAelIectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIs
faCaFatupSMd¾sMxan;mYyedIm,IGacseRmcfaetIRtUvdak;b¤minRtUvdak;bNþwgRBhµTNÐ.tulakar
kMBUlk¾)anTTYlsÁal;Edrfa ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsKWCaFatupSMmYyénbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ ehIy
CMBUk 2
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
28
enAkñúgqñaM 2002 eK)anedaHElg®sþImñak;BIkarXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrH edaysarmUlehtufa Kµan
PsþútagbBa¢ak;ectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsenaH.13
4>RkmRBhµTNÐfµI
c,ab;RBhµTNÐGnþrkalnwgRtUvCMnYsedayRkmRBhµTNÐfµIkñúgqñaM2007.maRta46
nwgRtUvQb;eRbI ehIymaRtafµIsþIBIkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ nwgcUlmkCMnYs. maRtafµIsþIBI
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ¬edaysnµtfavaminrgkarpøas;bþÚrNamYymuneBlRbkaseGayeRbI
enHeT¦nwgmanPaBgayyl;CagmaRtaEdlmannaeBlbc©úb,nñenH³
karrMelaPesckþITukcitþekIteLIg enAeBlEdleyagtambuernicä½yénGñkÉeTot Cnmñak;
)anéKbnøMmUlniFi RTBümantémø b¤RTBüNamYy EdleK)anRbKl;eGayTTYlxusRtUv
ehIyCnenaH)anyl;RBmTTYlvtßúenaH eTAtamlkçxNÐénkarsgvij RbKl;eGayvij
b¤eRbIR)as;vatamrebobkMNt;mYy.
maRtafµIEdlEcgBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ nwgminxusKñaxøaMg BImaRtaEdlsßitenA
CaFrmansBVéf¶enHb:unµaneT. vabnþepþateTAelIFatupSMsMPar³TaMgbIdUcKña nigbBa©ÚlFatu
pSMEpñkstidUcKña. RbkarsMxan;CageKKW eK)anlubecalBakümYycMnYn Edl)anbgábBaða
dUcEdl)anbkRsaymaRta 46. ]TahrN_ maRtaénc,ab;RBhµTNÐfµI Elgmanniyaydl;
RbePTCak;lak;énkic©snüa EdleK)anbegáIteLIgedaykarTukcitþRbKl;RTBüeTAeGayGñk
déTb¤kareyageTAelIedImecaTEdlCam©as;CaGñkmanRTBüb¤CaGñkkan;kab;RTBüeTotehIy.
karpøas;bþÚrTaMgenH pþl;RbeyaCn_eRcIn nigeFVIeGayc,ab;enHmanPaBgayyl; niggayGnuvtþ
Cagmun.
13sUmemIlEkv tam/CaedImecaTTl;nwgQun éN sYr CacugecaT¬tulakarkMBUlénkm
-
31
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
1>karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
KWCabBaðaecaTmYy
shKmn_GaCIvkmµ )anRBYy)armÖGMBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUv nUvmaRtasIþBIkarrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþ. CaTUeTA karRsavRCavEdlGnuKN³kmµaFikarBiess )anyl;RsbCamYy
CMhrrbs;shKmn_GaCIvkmµ sþIBIkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
eKeXIjfabBaðaecaTrbs;karGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvnUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanTMhMtUc
b:uEnþCabBaðaFMsRmab;shKmn_GaCIvkmµ. fVIebIsßitiBMumanlkçN³CatMNagkþI sßitiTaMgenaHqøúH
bBa©aMgBIRbePTénbBaða nigéføcMNayBak;B½n§nwgerOgkþIénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. kñúgsßiti
enaH minRtwmEtmancMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþd¾eRcIn enAkñúgraCFanIPñMeBjeT b:uEnþ
Tinñn½ysßitik¾)ancg¥úlbgðajfakarbþwgecaTBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anbegáItsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
32
esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl)anTTYlsÁal;fakarGnuvtþn_
c,ab;RBhµTNÐTak;TgnwgkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAkñúgtulakarminTan;manPaBRtUvKñaeLIy
ehIy)anbBa¢a {tulakarextþ-Rkug nigkariyal½yRBHraCGaCJaTaMgGs; eGayykcitþTukdak;
nigykeKalKMnitTaMgLayEdlmanEcgenAkñúg maRta 46 mkKitBicarNa.} CaBiess
esckþIENnaMrYmenaH )anbBa¢ak;c,as;fa PaBxusKñarvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjmkBIkar
xkxanmin)anbMeBjtamkatBVkic©énkic©snüa nigvivaTEdlekItecjmk skmµPaBEdlCa
FatupSMénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenAEtCabBaðaEdleKRtUvbkRsaybMPøW.
eKeXIjfaTaMgraCrdæaPi)alTaMgshKmn_GaCIvkmµRBYy)armÖdUcKñaGMBIPaBminRtwm
RtUvénbNþakrNI rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. fVIebIbc©úb,nñenH eyIgmankarlM)akkñúgkarkMNt;
eGay)anc,as;GMBITMhMénbBaðakþIeKeXIjc,as;faTaMgraCrdæaPi)alTaMgshKmn_GaCIvkmµ)an
TTYlsÁal;sar³sMxan;énbBaðaecaTenHnigfavaCH\T§iBlGviC¢manmkelIesdækic©kmkarGnuvtþn_minRtwmRtUvénmaRtasþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ³
mUlehtunigrebobRbRBwtþeTArbs;va
k> vivaTkic©snüaGackøayeTACakarbþwgecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelI
esckþITukcitþ
esckþIENnaMrYmrbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’ nigRbFantulakarkMBUl TTYlsÁal;fa
knøgmkenH GaCJaFryutþiFm’)anGnuvtþminRtwmRtUv nUvbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ cMeBaH
vivaTkic©snüa nigvivaTrdæb,evNIepSg²eTotEdleKKYredaHRsayeTAtam nItiviFIénc,ab;
rdæb,evNICaCagtamc,ab;RBhµTNÐ.
PaBxusKñarvagvivaTrdæb,evNI EdlekItecjmkBIkarxkxanmin)anbMeBjtamkatBVkic©
énkic©snüa nigvivaTEdlekItecjmkBIskmµPaBEdlCaFatuén karrMelaPelIesckþI
TukcitþenAEtCabBaðaEdleKRtUvbkRsaybMPøW.15
elIsBIenH esckþIENnaMrYmenaH )anbBa¢ak;y:agc,as;fa eKminKYreRbIRbkarTaMgLay
rbs;bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ enAkñúgkrNIerOgkþIEdlKµanFatupSMcaM)ac;énbTelµIs
rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.
eTaHbIGñkTTYlRTBüTuk xkxanmin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;eK edayRbkarNamYy
k¾eday edayKitrYmTaMgkarsgRTBüenaHeTAm©as;RTBüvij karxkxanenaH minEmnCa
GMeBIéKbnøMykb¤karlYcykEdlCakmµvtßúénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.16
15esckþIENnaMkargarrYmelx2cuHéf¶TI8sIha2005rbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl16esckþIENnaMkargarrYmelx2cuHéf¶TI8sIha2005rbs;rdæm®nþIRksYgyutþiFm’nigRbFantulakarkMBUl
CMBUk 3
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
33
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
k¾b:uEnþ shKmn_GaCIvkmµ nigPaKIBak;B½n§ÉeTot² )ansMEdgkar)armÖfa maRtaén
karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ minEmnsuT§EtRtUveKGnuvtþedayRtwmRtUv nigRsbeTAtam
esckþIENnaMrYmenaHeLIy. kart¥ÚjEt¥rCaRbcaMCageKmYy KWeK)ancat;TukvivaTkic©snüa
samBaز faCakrNIRBhµTNÐénkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eRBaHeKminyklkçxNÐ Edl
RTBüRtUvEt)aneKRbKl;[CnCab;ecaTTTYlxusRtUv nigectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
EdlCaFatupSMmYy énbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmkGnuvtþtameLIy. Gµkpþl;smÖasn_
esÞIrEtRKb;rUb EdlCaGaCIvkr b¤emFavI CaCnkm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
34
Tukcitþ ¬sUmGan]bsm
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
35
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kþItUcbgÁÜr ehIyvaGacx
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
36
EdlnaMeTAdl;karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI. ry³eBlEdlmnusSTaMgLayRtUvCab;XMumunkarCMnMu
CMrHkþIERbRbYlxusKñaCaxøaMg.eyagtammUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’manGñkxøHRtUvCab;XMu
munkarCMnMuCMrHkþIGs;rab;ExÉGñkxøHeTotEdlGacedaHRsaybg;R)ak;FanaxøÜn)anRtUvCab;XMuEt
kñúgrvagBIrbIéf¶b:ueNÑaH.
karXMuxøÜnmunkarCMnMuCMrHkþI CaRbPBFMCageKénkardak;sm
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
37
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
36 enAkñúgmUldæanTinñn½yénbNþajpSayB½t’man EdlRsg;ecjBIbNþasarB½t’mankm
-
39
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
eKminGacTTYl)anCasaFarN³ nUvB½t’mansßitiénerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT
ehIykarN_enHeFVIeGayeKCYbkarlM)ak kñúgkarKNnacMnYnerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
Edl)anekItmankñúgmYyqñaM² enAkm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
40
RbePTénéføcMNay EdlCab;Tak;TgCamYynwgerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
ehIyTIBIr eKGaceRbIvaedIm,I):an;sµanéføcMNaysRmab;buKÁl nigRkumh‘unTaMgLay EdleyIg
)ansmÖasb¤)anGegát.
eKeXIjfa erOgkþIminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ GacCH\T§iBlmkelI
esdækic©km
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
41
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
RbePTcugeRkayénkarcMNay ehIyRbEhlCaRbePTFMCageKbg¥s; KWkarxatbg;
»kasvinieyaK. RbePTenH RKbelITMnak;TMngGaCIvkmµ EdleKGacnwgeFVIeTA)an ebIkMuEt
P½yxøacRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. GñkCMnYjesÞIrEtTaMgGs;EdleyIg)an
smÖas )ancg¥úlbgðajfa BYkeK)anbdiesF»kasvinieyaKEdleK)anCYb edaysarEtP½y
xøackarecaTRbkan;BIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ. emFavIGaCIvkmµ nigTIRbwkSaGaCIvkmµesÞIrEt
TaMgGs; )anraykarN_fa eK)anpþl;eyabl;dl;GtifiCnrbs;BYkeK eGayeRCIserIsédKU
GaCIvkmµedayRbugRby½tñ eRBaHEtkarbþwgminRtwmRtUvBIbTrMelaPesckþITukcitþTaMgenaH. kñúg
cMeNamcemøIyénkarGegátTaMgdb;¬sUmemIl]bsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
42
etIelak-Gñkyl;fa RtUvcMNay Gs;b:unµankñúgkrNIEdlRtUveKbþwgecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ?
etIelak-GñkFøab;)anbdiesF »kasvinieyaK edaysar haniP½yénkarrMelaPesckþI Tukcitþ jwkjab;y:agNa?
etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelak-Gñk Føab;)anbdiesF edaysar haniP½yénkarrMelaPesckþI Tukcitþ mantémøb:unµan?
1 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; 1-5landuløa
2 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 250000-500000duløa
3 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; KµancemøIy
4 5000-50000duløa mþgmáal KµancemøIy
5 5000-50000duløa minEdlesaH KµancemøIy
6 ticCag5000duløa mþgmáal ticCag50000duløa
7 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 250000-500000duløa
8 5000-50000duløa mþgmáal KµancemøIy
9 5000-50000duløa jwkjab;Nas; 1-5landuløa
10 5000-50000duløa CaerOy² 500000-1landuløa
11 KµancemøIy KµancemøIy ticCa500000duløa
srub = 3 000 000 - 12 100 000 duløa
B½t’manenAkñúgtaragenHTTYl)anmkBIkarGegátKµanPaBécdnüénGaCIvkmµkm
-
45
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
Gnusasn_
kat;bnßykarGnuvtþn_edayminRtwmRtUvnUverOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
nig\T§iBlrbs;vamkelIesdækic©km
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
46
EdreT.tamBiteTAtamkarbgðajrbs;krNIsikSa1nig3eKEfmTaMgGaceXIjmanPsþútagfa
KWedImecaTeTEdl)aneføaHeFøaymin)anbMeBjkatBVkic©rbs;xøÜn. edayehtuenHtamry³kar
TamTary:agtwgEtgeGaymanPsþútagc,as;las; BIkar)anTukcitþRbKl;GVImYyeGayGñkdéT
TTYlxusRtUv nigBIectnaRbRBwtþbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ vamanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarkMNt;
nigkareCosvagerOgkþIminRtwmRtUvénkarrMelaPesckþITukcitþ.
ecjesckþIENnaMrYmfµImYy EdltRmUveGayecARkmecjsalRkmTak;Tgnwg
krNIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ BiPakSay:agc,as;las;BIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;
FatupSMnImYy² énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ
esckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkar sþIBIrebobsresreyabl;rbs;tulakar GacCYyeGay
manPaBRtwmRtUv nigtmøaPaBkñúgerOgkþIrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþenH)an RBmTaMgCYyFanafa
m®nþItulakarTaMgLay nwgelIkykFatupSM énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐnImYy² mkedaHRsay
edayELkBIKña nigy:agRtwmRtUv munnwgrkeXIjfamaneTasBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ.
esckþIENnaMkargarCapøÚvkarEbbenH RtUvEtbBa©ak;fa salRkmnImYy²rbs;tulakar RtUvman
karBiPakSaedayELk²BIKña GMBIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²énbTelµIsRBhµTNÐ.
kareFVIrebobenH naMeGayeKeXIjc,as; faetIeKmanPsþútagsRmab;FatupSMNamYy b¤FatupSM
TMagGs;Edr b¤Gt;. karBiPakSay:agc,as;las; GMBIPsþútagEdlKaMRTdl;FatupSMnImYy²
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kat;esckþIfaelakb‘un{)anRbRBwtþedayectna}kñúgeBlEdlelak)anéKbnøMm:asIunePøIgenaH.
tulakar)ankat;eTaselak eGayCab;Bn§naKarry³eBlmYyqñaM nigsalRkmBüÜreTasBIrqñaM
RBmTaMg)anbBa¢aeGaybg;sMNgCMgWcitþeTAeGayelakxugsRmab;karxatbg;PaKh‘unén
m:asIunePøIg.
GgÁehtuénerOgkþIenH Ep¥kelIsalRkmrbs;tulakarextþkMBg;cam kñúgerOgkþIelak
xugePOTl;nwgelakb‘unRs‘un¬sMNMuÉksarRBhµTNÐelx47cuHéf¶TI25ExmkraqñaM
1994/salRkmelx41cuHéf¶TI12Ex]sPaqñaM1994¦.
]bsm
-
63
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
cMnYnerOgkþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn
erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manGMBIkarXat;xøÜn 34
erOgkþIþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn 33
PaKryénerOgkþIþIEdlmanecjdIkaXat;xøÜn 97%
cMnYnerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn
erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manGMBIkarXat;xøÜn 34
erOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn 32
PaKryénerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUveKXat;xøÜn 94%
kaviPaKTinñn½yBIbNþajpSayB½t’man
cMnYnerOgkþIEdlerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜn munmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI
erOgkþIEdlmanB½t’manelIkarXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 31
erOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 29
PaKryénerOgkþIEdlCnCab;ecaTRtUv)aneKXMuxøÜnmunmankarCMnMuCMrHkþI 94%
r)aykarN_)anmkBIbNþajpSayB½t’man
]bsm
-
65
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kaviPaKlT§plénkarGegát
sMNYrTI 1³ etItulakarvinicä½yeTasBIbTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ)anRtwmRtUv nigyutþiFm’b¤eT?
RtwmRtUvCanic© 0
RtwmRtUv 0
eBlxøHRtwmRtUv 5
minEdlRtWmRtUveT 6
cemøIysrub 11
sMNYrTI 2³ etIbNwþgRBhµTNÐminRtwmRtUv énkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ eFVIeLIg jwkjybu:NÑa ?
esIÞrEtCanic©kal 2
jwkjy 4
mþgmáal 3
minEdlesaH 1
cemøIysrub 10
sMNYrTI 3³ etIkarsUk)a:n;Gacb:HBal;dl;lT§plénerOgkIþrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ )anEdr b¤eT?
b:HBal;esIÞrEtCanic©kal 8
b:HBal;Cajwkjy 3
b:HBal;mþgmáal 0
minEdlb:HBal;esaH 0
cemøIysrub 11
lT§plénkarGegát
]bsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
66
sMNYrTI 4³ etIhaniyP½yxageRkamenH CH\TæiBldl;elak-Gñkb:uNÑaEdr?
)at;bg;R)ak; )at;bg;ekri_þeQµaH Cab;Bn§naKar
CH\TæiBlxøaMg 8 7 6
CH\TæiBl 2 1 0
CH\TæiBltictYc 0 0 1
Gt;CH\TæiBlGVIesaH 0 1 1
cemøIysrub 10 9 8
sMNYrTI 5³ etIelak-GñkKitfa RtUvcMNayR)ak;Gs;b:unµanenAeBlRtUveKbwþgecaTBI bTelIµsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþþ?
ticCag5000duløa 1
cenøaHBI5000duløa–50000duløa 9cenøaHBI50000duløa–150000duløa 0cenøaHBI150000duløa–500000duløa 0eRcInCag500000duløa 0
cemøIysrub 10
sMNYrTI 6³ etIelak-Gñk bdiesF»kasvinieyaK edaysarEthaniP½yénkarbþwg ecaTBIbTelIµsrMelaPelI esckþITukcitþ jwkjab;bu:NÑa?
jwkjab;Nas; 3
jwkjab; 3
mþgmáal 3
minFøab; 1
cemøIysrub 10
]bsm
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
67
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
sMNYrTI 7³ etI»kasvinieyaKEdlelak-Gñk)anbdiesF edaysarEthaniP½yén karbþwgecaTBIbTelIµs rMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mantémøKitCaTwkR)ak; bu:nµanEdr?
eRcInCag50000duløa 2
cenøaHBI50000duløa–250000duløa 0cenøaHBI250000duløa–500000duløa 2cenøaHBI500000duløa–1000000duløa 1cenøaHBI1landuløa–5landuløa 2eRcInCag5landuløa 0
cemøIysrub 7
sMNYrTI 8³ cMeBaHTsSn³pÞal;rbs;elak-Gñk etIkarpøas;bþÚrxageRkamenH GacCYyEkERbsßanPaB eGay)anl¥ RbesIreLIg kñúgkMritNaEdr?
hVwkhVWn nig
bMBak;bMb:n
bEnßm
dl;nKr)al
hVwkhVWnnig
bMBak;bMb:n
bEnßm
dl;ecARkm
kat;bnßy
karXMuxøÜn
munkarCMnuM
CMrHkIþ
lubbM)at;ecal
eTasCab;Bn§
FnaKarsRmab;
erOgkþIrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþ
begáIttulakar
BaNiC¢kmµBiess
mYysRmab;edaH
RsayerOgkþIrMelaP
elIesckþITukcitþ
RbesIrxøaMg 5 6 4 1 6
RbesIrmFüm 2 2 2 2 2
RbesIr 1 1 3 2 1
minRbesIrGIVeT 1 0 0 3 0
cemøIysrub 9 9 9 8 9
]bsm
-
69
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
k>esckþIepþIm
bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþKWCabTelµIsmYy kñúgbNþabTelµIsCaeRcIneTotRbqaMgnwg
RTBüsm,tþi. bTelµIsRbqaMgnwgRTBüsm,tþiEdleKdwgCaTUeTAKWkarlYc. lkçN³sMxan;én
karlYcKW Tak;TgnwgkardkhUtykrbs;BIGñkNamñak; EdlsßitenAkñúgkarkan;kab;rbs;CnenaH
edIm,I[CnenaH)at;bg;GMNackan;kab;rbs;enaHCaGciéRnþy_.karxusKñaénbTrMelaPelIesckþI
TukcitþBIkarlYcKWfaenAkñúgkarlYcCnelµIsminmankarkan;kab;edayRsbc,ab;eTcMENkÉenA
kñúgbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþCnelµIsmankarkan;kab;rbs;Rsbc,ab;CaeRsc edaymankar
RBmeRBogBIm©as;eTotpg. CnelµIsrMelaPelIkarRBmeRBogenH edaybnøMdkhUtykRTBü
rbs;m©as;mkeFVICarbs;xøÜn b¤CenøósRTBüenaHeTA[GñkNamñak;eTot. ebIniyayCaPasa
samBaØbTrMelaPTaMgBIrenHKWRsedogKñaedaysareKalbMNgénGMeBIRbRBwtþmandUcKñaKWeFVI[
m©as;)at;bg;sm,tþirbs;xøÜn.
edaysarbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþmanBakü{rMelaP}nig{Tukcitþ}enAkñúgCIvit
Cak;EsþgeKEtgEtyl;fa karEdlkUnbMNuleFVI[m©as;bMNul {xkcitþ} b¤{)at;bg;karTukcitþ}
edaysarkarmin)anbMeBjtambMNgcitþBIsMNak;kUnbMNulcMeBaHm©as;bMNulKWkarsgbMNul
tamkarsnüadUecñHm©as;bMNulEtgEtecaTkUnbMNulfa)an{rMelaPesckþITukcitþ}.niyay[
gayyl; krNIEbbenHCakarrMelaPelIkarsnüa minEmnelIesckþITukcitþeT. bTrMelaP
esckþITukcitþRbhak;RbEhlKñanwgkarlYc.
bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
edayelak kuy nam
karviPaKbec©keTsEpñkc,ab; énmaRtasþIGMBI karrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
]bsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
70
x>viPaKGMBIrcnasm
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
71
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
eyIgsegáteXIjfa karmin)andkXøab¤karmineRbIGaytni)at (preposition) edIm,I
bMEbk[dac;rvag {Gñkkan;kab;} nig{RTBüsm,tþi} Gac[GñkGanyl;RcLMfa karéKbnøM
b¤karéKbM)at; eFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_ m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤Gñkkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi.2
karBitmaRtaenHcg;niyayGMBIkaréKbnøMnUvRTBüsm,tþi R)ak;kasTMnijb¤Éksar¬EdlEcg
GMBIkatBVkic© b¤EdlmanEcgBIkaredaHbnÞúk¦ KWminEmnéKbnøMGñkkan;kab;RTBüsm,tþieT.
cMeBaHGñkEdlRtUvéKbnøMenaHKWm©as;kmµsiT§im©as;TIkEnøgb¤Gñkkan;kab;.Bakü{m©as;kmµsiT§i}
esµInwgBakü)araMgfa propriétaire EdlCaGñkmankmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;edIm,IeRbIR)as; TTYlpl
cat;Ecg ¬dUcCalk; eFVIGMeNayCaedIm¦. eyagtamlMdab;BaküEdleRbIkñúgGtßbTCaPasa
)araMgBakü{m©as;TIkEnøg}RbEhlCaERbmkBIBakü)araMgpossesseursnigBakü{Gñkkan;kab;}
ERbmkBI détenteur eRBaHkñúgGtßbT)araMgeKdak;tamlMdab; propriétaires, possesseurs
nig détenteurs. BaküTaMgBIrenH ebIERbCaBaküsamBaØesÞIrEtmann½yfakan;kab;dUcKña
b:uEnþmansßanPaBKtiyutþxusKñaxøH.3m©as;kmµsiT§imandUcCam©as;rfynþEdlmanlixitkmµsiT§i
RtwmRtUv. Possesseurs mandUcCaGñkEdlmanrfynþ EtminTan;)ancuHbBa¢IkmµsiT§i b¤ePaKIdI
cMENkÉdétenteursmandUcCaGñkCYlpÞHeKenAGñkTTYlvtßúEdleKdMkl;TukCamYyb¤GñkTTYl
rbs;eKTuklk;CaedIm. edIm,IPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarsresrGtßbTenH cab;BIcMNucenHeTA
ebIGñkGaneXIjBakü{m©as;rbs;}b¤{m©as;vtßúBaküenHsMedAdl;mnusSRbePTNamYyénRbePT
TaMgbIKWpropriétaires,possesseursnigdétenteurs.
tmkeTotsYrfa etIeKRbKl;[tamrebobNa?. cemøIy eyIgeXIjfa RTBüsm,tþi
R)ak;kas TMnij b¤Éksar RtUv)anRbKl;mk[GñkEdlRtUvCab;ecaTBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITuk
citþCarebobCYl[Carebobdak;tMkl;TukCaGaNtþiCakar[x©IRbKl;[edIm,IbMeBjkargarGVI
mYy¬EdlCnenaHeFVIykkMérkþIb¤minykkMérkþI¦.
cugbMput CnEdlRtUvCab;ecaTRtUvRbKl;[m©as;eKvij b¤faRtUveRbIR)as;va[RtUvtam
eKaledAEdlm©as;cg;[eRbI.kñúgenHEdreyIgeXIjmanBakü{eFVICatMNag}.eyIgnwgBinitü
enAxageRkayfaetIBaküenHmann½ydUcemþc.
edIm,I[gayyl;eKKYrbMEbkXøaepSg²enAkñúgmaRta46tamrebobdUcteTAenH
2BaküpossesseursKWsMedAdl;CnEdlmanpossessionnigdétenteur)andl;CnEdlmandétention.eKalKMnitKtiyutþénBaküpossessionnigdétentionmanlkçN³Evgq¶ayminKYrykmkbriyayenATIenHeTb:uEnþGñkGanGacrkeXIjenAkñúgeKalKMnitc,ab;Tak;TgnwgkmµsiT§iCaBiesseKalKMnitcorpusniganimus.
3BaküpossesseursKWsMedAdl;CnEdlmanpossessionnigdétenteur)andl;CnEdlmandétention.eKalKMnitKtiyutþénBaküpossessionnigdétentionmanlkçN³Evgq¶ayminKYrykmkbriyayenATIenHeTb:uEnþGñkGanGacrkeXIjenAkñúgeKalKMnitc,ab;Tak;TgnwgkmµsiT§iCaBiesseKalKMnitcorpusniganimus.
]bsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
72
1> CnNaEdléKbnøM b¤bM)at;[xUcRbeyaCn_dl;m©as;kmµsiT§i m©as;TIkEnøg b¤
Gñkkan;kab;nUv³
k> RTBüsm,tþi
x> R)ak;kas
K> TMnijb¤
X> RKb;ÉksarEdlmanb¤Ecg
X1>katBVkic©b¤
X2>karedaHbnÞúk
2> EdleKRbKl;[mkxøÜn
k> kñúglkçN³Ca³
k1> karCYl
k2> kardMkl;Tuk
k3> GaNtþi
k4>kar[x©IeRbI
x> edIm,IkargarmanebovtSb¤KµanebovtS
3>EdlRtUvRbKl;[eKvij b¤eFVICatMNag4b¤sMrab;eRbIR)as;b¤CamuxkarmankMNt;
4> RtUvmaneTasmCÄwmBIbTrMelaPelITMnukcitþ ehIyRtUvpþnÞaeTasdak;KukBI 1qñaM eTA
5qñaM.
tamkarbMEbkGtßbTénmaRta 46 enHeyIgeXIjfa maRtaenHmanrcnasm GMeBIéKbnøM b¤ bM)at; nigbc©½yénGMeBIenH ¬karxUcxatRbeyaCn_Edlm©as;vtßúRtUv
rgedaysarGMeBIéKbnøMb¤bM)at;¦
2> vtßúb¤kmµvtßúénGMeBIéKbnøMb¤bM)at;¬dUcCaRTBüsm,tþiR)ak;kas.l.¦
3> karpÞúkpþak;vtßú b¤kmµvtßúenHenACamYynwgCnEdlRtUvCab;ecaTBIGMeBIéKbnøM b¤bM)at;
RBmTaMglkçx½NÐnigeKalbMNgénkarpÞúkpþak;enH ¬dUcCa pÞúkpþak;CaebobCYl[
CakardMkl;Cakar[x©ICaedIm¦
4> lkçx½NÐmYyEdlbBa¢ak;fam©as;vtßúb¤kmµvtßúminmanbMNge)aHbg;kmµsiT§i b¤ pl
RbeyaCn_elIvtßú b¤kmµvtßúrbs;xøÜn edaykMNt;fa RtUvEtRbKl; b¤bgðajvtßúenaH
mkxøÜnvijtameBlkMNt;Camunb¤tamkarcg;)anb¤cg;eXIjrbs;BIsMNak;m©as;
5> EpñkcugeRkayKWkarkMNt;kMriteTasdl;CnEdléKbnøMb¤bM)at;vtßúenaH.
4BaküenHKYrdak;fa{bgðajeLIgvij}.
]bsm
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
73
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
K>FatupSMénbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
K>1 FatupSMsMPar³
FatupSMxagGMeBIKWsMedAdl;karéKbnøMb¤karbM)at;.karéKbnøMb¤karbM)at;enHnwgekIt
maneLIgenAeBlNaEdlm©as;vtßú ElgGacGnuvtþsiT§irbs;xøÜnelIvtßúenaH bnÞab;BIkarRbRBwtþ
e)akbnøMBIsMNak;GñkEdleK)anpÞúkpþak;vtßúenaHenACamYy.
karéKbnøM b¤karbM)at;enAkñúgbTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ mankarxusKñaBIkarlYc
Rtg;RbkarEdlfa enAkñúgkarlYc m©as;vtßúmin)anpÞúkpþak;vtßúCamYyGñklYceT. cMENkÉenAkñúg
bTelµIselIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ m©as;vtßú)anTukdak;vtßúCamYyCnCab;ecaT tamry³
karRBmeRBogKñamYy. karRBmeRBogenHbegáIt)anCakic©snüamYy dUcCakic©snüaCYlrfynþ
[GtifiCnmñak;eTAdwkTMnijCaedIm. kic©snüaenH)anbegáItTMnak;TMngmYyrvagm©as;rbs; nig
GñkTTYlTukdak;rbs; EdlGñkTTYlrbs;mankrNIykic©cMbgmYyehAfa {krNIykic©bMeBj
TMnukcitþ} EdlPasaGg;eKøsehAfa “fiduciary duty” . GñkTTYlTukdak;rbs;RtUvbMeBj
krNIykic©rkSasuT§citþrbs;xøÜnkarCaTITukcitþrbs;GñkRbKl;nigPaBeTogRtg;minevocevrcMeBaH
GñkRbKl;. karéKbnøM b¤ karbM)at; nwgekItmaneLIgenAeBlNaGñkEdlTTYlTukdak;vtßú)an
elµIselIkrNIykic©enH.
dUecñH kalNaeKniyayGMBIbTelµIselIesckþITukcitþ cMNucmundMbUgbg¥s;EdlRtUv
ecaTsYrenaHKWfa etIGñkTaMgBIr)anbegáItTMnak;TMngkic©snüaEdrb¤eT. enAkñúgmaRtaén
bTelµIselIesckþITukcitþ eK)anerobrab;kic©snüa b¤TMnak;TMngcMnYn 5 KW kic©snüaCYl
kic©snüadak;dMkl;Tuk GaNtþi kic©snüa [x©IeRbI nigkic©snüakargar.5 karEdleyIgmindak;
GaNtþiCakic©snüaenATIenH BIeRBaHGaNtþienHGacekIteLIgBIkic©snüab¤ BIGMNactulakarb¤
GMNacc,ab;.eyIgnwgBiPakSabBaðaenHenAEpñkxageRkayeTot.
K>2 FatupSMxagpøÚvsti
dUcKñanwgbTelµIsRBhµTNÐdéTeTotEdrbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþtRmUv[manectna
edIm,IRbRBwtþkaréKbM)at;.ectnaenHKWCaectnabnøM(fraudulentintent).ectnabnøMGacsnñidæan
ecjBIkarminesµaHRtg;cMeBaHGñkRbKl;. ]TahrN_ CagmasEdlTTYlPar³eFVIExSk ehIy
EbrCakat;ykduMmasxøH rYcehIybBa©Úlelah³epSgedIm,IbRgÁb;Tm¶n;edImvij. ebICagmasKµan
ehtuplGVIBnül; eRkABIcg;ykduMmasxøHeFVICarbs;xøÜneTenaH enAeBlenHGsuT§citþBitCa)an
ekIteLIg.
pÞúyeTAvij bTelµIsrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþminGacekIteLIg)aneT ebIeKminGac
bgðajfaCnCab;ecaTmanectnabnøM.]TahrN_ elakcan; enAPñMeBjTTYlR)ak;BImitþP½Rkþ
5RkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgfµInigesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐfµIrbs;Exµrmin)anrayBIRbePTénkic©snüaEdlCakmµvtßúénc,ab;sþIBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþeT.
]bsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
74
rbs;xøÜnKWelakvasna enAextþ)at;dMbgedIm,ITukbg;éføsala[kUnelakvasna eron
enAPñMeBjedayelakvasnayl;RBm[elakcan;kat;ykR)ak;5PaKryedIm,IeRbIR)as;
pÞal;xøÜn. enAeBlEdlmanmnusSmñak;mksuMcgkar edaysnüa[cugkarx3 Büsnkmµ
eTaHbIFatupSMxagelIRtUv)anrkeXIjkþI EtebIplénkaréKbnøMminnaM[mankarxUcxat
dl;m©as;rbs;eTenaHbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþk¾minGacekIteLIg)anEdr.BüsnkmµekIteLIg
kalNam©as;vtßú)at;bg;b¤minGaceRbIR)as;siT§irbs;xøÜneTAelIvtßúEdlRbKl;eTA[cugecaT.
k¾b:uEnþ kñúgkrNIdl;eBlRbKl;vtßúeTAm©as;edImvij EtcugecaTmankaryWty:av
kñúgkarRbKl;vtßúenaH k¾minEmnmann½ydac;xatcugecaT )anRbRBwtþbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
Edr.karrgeRKaH)at;bg;vtßúrbs;m©as;RtUvelcecjBIlT§plénectnabnøMBit²rbs;cugecaT.
X> vtßúb¤kmµvtßúénbTrMelaP
maRta46énbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGnuvtþ)anelIvtßúEdl)anerobrab;kñúgmaRtaenH
dUcCaRTBüsm,tþiR)ak;kasTMnijnigÉksarEdlmanb¤EcgGMBIkatBVkic©b¤karedaHbnÞúk.6
X>1 RTBüsm,tþi
eKmindwgc,as;fa BaküfaRTBüsm,tþienAkñúgmaRtaenH rab;bBa©ÚlclnRTBünig
GclnRTBü b¤y:agNaenaHeT. edaysarc,ab;enHRtUv)ancmøgecjBIc,ab;RBhµTNÐ)araMg
6RkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgfµInigesckþIRBagRkmRBhµTNÐfµIrbs;Exµrmin)anraykñúglkçN³mankMritGMBIvtßúEdlsßitkñúgrgVg;EdnGnuvtþénc,ab;sþIBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþdUcmuneToteTedayRKan;Etrab;bBa©Úl{mUlniFitémø
b¤RTBüsm,tþiGVImYy}.sUmemIlmaRta314-1énRkmRBhµTNÐ)araMgnigmaRta404énesckþIRBagRkm
RBhµTNÐExµr.
]bsm
-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
75
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
eKKYrBinitüemIlbJsKl;énBaküenH.RTBüsm,tþienAkñúgmaRta46EdlCaPasa)araMgKWBakü
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Ecgfa {bTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþGacTak;TgEtnwg mUlniFi témø b¤RTBüsm,tþiepSg²
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eKGacecjcUlkñúgGclnvtßúenaH)an KWminyl;BIGtßn½ynigEdnGnuvtþénGtßbTc,ab;Edl
bBa¢ak;xagelI}.7
cMeBaHRbeTs)araMgehtuplEdlfabTrMelaPenHminGnuvtþelIGclnvtßúKWedaysar
m©as;GacykRTBürbs;xøÜnvij)anedaysareKmansiT§itamykvij (droit de suite)8 .
ehtuplenHGacfasmehtusmpl edaysarRbeTsenHmanRbB½n§kt;RtakmµsiT§i nigRbvtþi
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cMENkÉclnvtßúvijBuMMmankarkarBardUcGclnvtßúeT elIkElgEtm©as;manlixitkmµsiT§i
CaPsþútag.
enARbeTsGaemrik rdæxøHCaBiessenArdæGUkøahUm:a tulakar]T§rN_RBhµTNÐén rdæ
enH)anbkRsayRTBüsm,tþiEdlEcgenAkñúgc,ab;RBhµTNÐénrdæenHfaCaclnRTBü eTaHbI
enAkñúgc,ab;eKBuM)anEcgfaclnRTBükþI. tulakarrdæxøH nigGñkniBn§c,ab;xøHyl;fa karéKbnøM
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enHRKbdNþb;EtelIclnRTBüb:ueNÑaH. tulakar]T§rN_RBhµTNÐ rdæGUkøahUm:a )ansnñidæanfa
bTelµIséKbnøMmanedImkMeNItBIbTelµIslYc. bTelµIslYc EdlRKbdNþb;Etclnvtßú
ehIymanFatupSMmYyKW {karhUtykeTA)at;} nUv {vtßúEdlCnelµIsminmanePaK³Rsbc,ab;}
enaHbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa c,ab;sþIBIkarlYcminGacGnuvtþ)ancMeBaHkaréKbnøMvtßú EdlenAkñúgenaH
CnelµIsmanePaK³Rsbc,ab;. dUecñHbTelµIssþIBIkaréKbnøM RKan;EtbEnßmcenøaHRbehag
EdlmanenAc,ab;Tak;TgnwgbTelµIslYcb:ueNÑaH edaybEnßmFatupSMén {kardkhUtvtßúGñkdéT
EdlsßitenAkñúgkarkan;kab;Rsbc,ab;rbs;CnelµIs}.9
ebIGnuvtþehtuplxagelImkRbeTsExµrvij KWc,ab;sþIBIbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
pþnÞaeTasEteTAelIkarRbRBwtþelIclnvtßúCaCagGclnvtßúenaHenARbeTsExµrGacmanKuNvibtþi
eRcInedaysarm©as;GclnvtßúPaKeRcInKµanlixitkmµsiT§isMrab;sMKal;kmµsiT§iRsbc,ab;rbs;xøÜn
ehIyBuMTan;manRbB½n§kt;RtamaMTaMEdlCakargaykñúgkaréKbnøMb¤bEgVkmµsiT§iGñkdéT.
7http://lexinter.net/JPTXT/bien_quelconque.htm,9]sPa2003.8Françoise SIBAUD, De L’Abus de Confiance; 9eyabl;rbs;KN³kmµaFikar, www.okcca.net/datafiles/legal/oklahoma/ouji/criminal/OUJI-CR%205-21.html
]bsm
-
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
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dak;bBa©aMyanCMniHEdlepJIenATIpSar.l.
X>2 R)ak;kas nig TMnij
R)ak;kas nigTMnijKWCavtßúEdlgay[niymn½yCageK. ]TahrN_ R)ak;Edl K
Nenyükrkan;kab;R)ak;EdlepJITuknwgGñkNamñak; TMnijEdlTTYldwkCBa¢ÚnedayRkumh‘un
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kic©snüarvagm©as;vtßúnigGñkTTYlEdrb¤eTeRBaHbTrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþekItecjBIkarelµIs
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minEmnekItmkBIkarelµIselIkic©snüa b:uEnþekItmkkarRbRBwtþbTelµIs ¬rMelaPelIesckþITuk
citþ¦EdlmanFatupSMRKb;RKan;sMrab;dak;bnÞúkelIcugecaT.
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-
erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
77
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
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g>3 GaNtþi(Mandat)
GaNtþimanBIy:agKWGaNtþimYyRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedaykic©snüa.GaNtþimü:ageTot
RtUv)anbegáIteLIgedayGMNacc,ab;b¤edayGMNactulakar.
c,ab;sþIBIkic©snüanigkarTTYlxusRtUveRkAkic©snüamin)anrab;bBa©Úlkic©snüaGaNtþi
eT. b:uEnþenAkñúgesckþIRBagRkmrdæb,evNI manbBa©Úlkic©snüaGaNtþi. maRta 634 én
esckþIRBagenH [niymn½yfa {GaNtþi sMedAeTAelIkic©snüaNamYyEdlPaKImçag ehAfa
GaNtþiTayk RbKl;siT§iGMNac[PaKImçageTot ehAfaGaNtþiKahk eFVIkarcat;Ecgkic©kar
edIm,IGaNtþiTayk}.
tammaRtaxagelIenHPñak;garlk;\v:an;[Rkumh‘unmYyKWCaGaNtþiKahk.GñkRtYtkar
enAkñúgkardæansagsg;mYyEdlemIlkarxusRtUvCYsmux[Rkumh‘un KWCaGaNtþiKahkEdr.
GaNtþiKahk GaceFVIkarykkMér b¤minykkMér GaRs½yelIkarRBmeRBogKñaCamYyGaNtþi
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karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
kmµviFIGPivDÆn_vis½yÉkCntMbn;TenøemKgÁ
78
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elIesckþITukcitþ.
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GMNactulakarmandUcCa GñkGnuvtþsalRkm. GñkGnuvtþsalRkm EdléKbnøMRTBüsm,tþi
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g>4 kic©snüa[x©IeRbI(Prêtáusage)
kic©snüaRbePTenHRtUv)an[niymn½ykñúgc,ab;kic©snüaExµrbc©úb,nñkñúgmaRta 94 fa
{kareGayx©IeRbIKWKµanykkarR)ak; b¤ykQñÜlGVIeT. GñkEdleGayvtßúNamYyeTAeGayeK
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vtßúenaHdUcCam©as;énvtßúenaHEdr. eBlevlaRtUvsg elIkElgEt)ankMNt;Kña Gñk[x©IGacTar
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kic©snüaenHxusBIkic©snüa dMkl;TukRtg;Gñkx©IGaceRbIR)as;vtßúenaHRsbtamkarRBmeRBogKña
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kic©snüaenH GacrYmbBa©Úlkic©snüakargarRsbtamc,ab;kargar nigkic©snüa
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mnusSmñak;bMeBj[mnusS mñak;eTot ¬maRta 72¦. b:uEnþkic©snüaTaMgBIry:agEdleBal
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]bsm
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erOgkþIGMBIkarrMelaPelIesckþITukcitþ
79
karBiPakSaelIvis½yÉkCn elx 23
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-
kariyal½yenAhaNUy 63 Ly Thai To St., 3rd floor
Hanoi, Vietnam Tel: (84 4) 824 7892 Fax: (84 4) 824 7898
kariyal½yenATIRkughUCImIj Somerset Chancellor Court
21-23 Nguyen Thi Minh Khai St. 3rd floorDist.1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Tel: (84 8) 823 5266Fax: (84 8) 823 5271
kariyal½yenAPñMeBj70 Norodom Blvd., Sangkat Chey Chumnas
Phnom Penh, P.O Box 1115, CambodiaTel: (855 23) 210 922 Fax: (855 23) 215 157
kariyal½yenAevogc½nÞ 90 Phonexay Rd, P.O Box 9690
Vientiane, Lao P.D.R.Tel: (856 21) 450 017-9
Fax: (856 21) 450 020
www.mpdf.org
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