k|b]z :t/lo h8la'6l ;+sng tyf k|zf]wg s]gb| :yfkgfsf...
Post on 28-Feb-2021
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1
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vf g]kfn
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu
+efJotf cWoog
k|zt dfqfdf kfFrcf+n] jgng kfOg] dgfordfsf] ledtfordf If]q
clGtd k|ltj]bg
k|ltj]bg k]z ug] M jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg
cf )amp^
i
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf
nflu
+efJotf cWoog
clGtd k|ltj]bg
k|ltj]bg k]z ulPsf] lgsfoM
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vf g]kfn
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]M
jg k|fljlws +3 lrtjg cf )amp^
cWoog 6f]nLsf boxM v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv
GhLa sdf gt]i7 dNo gt[+vnf tyf pBd ljz]if1 lbk]z Kofs]n h8La6L la1
fydf oa vfFg laetL yfkf clnzf zdf buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
-lkmN8 e]o_
ii
xfd|f] egfO
u08sL k|b]zleq ljleGg k|sfsf k|fs[lts |f]txiquest x]sf 5g lt dWo] h8La6L klg k|rdfqfdf oqtq kfOg] dxTjk0f k|fs[lts |f]t x]sf] 5 log h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng laqmLaf6 k|fKt sdn] u|fld0f ljs6 yfgdf ag] dflgxiquestsf] hLjsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 tYof+s cgf u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|ltaif cfift ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] b]lvG5
fjhlgs tyf lglh hUufxiquestdf hxfF klg kfOg] h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txsf] plrt bkof]u uL ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfxiquestsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg osf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL db|f cfhg ug lsg] dxTjk0f eldsfdf x]sf] o |f]tnfO pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfaf6 k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog sf] sfo cf=j )ampdivide)amp^ df jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgsf] lj1xiquestsf] xof]udf DkGg ePsf] 5
o dxTjk0f sfosf] lhDd]jfL lbg] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zUgrave o sfdsf] nfuL xof]u tyf rgfxiquest pknJw ufO lbg] l8lehgn jg clws[txiquest clht s0f Sdfut j]bL xlZrGb| fksf]6f f]dfh nfld5fg] czf]s gt]i7 sf]dn sfkmn] fdsfhL gt]i7 s]bf afn k0f]Zj j]bL tf]ofgfy kf8]n df]xg sfkmn] lji0f k|fb clwsfLUgrave +If0f If]qdf sfot czf]s j]bL zn]Gb| ofbjUgrave k|b]z dGqfnosf pk lrj fh]Gb| Gofkfg] s[i0f k|fb 9sfnUgrave l8lehgn jg sfofno nufot ljleGg +3yf tyf JolQmxiquestaf6 cGtjftf tyf rgf +sngdf xof]u ug] lj=P=l km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBflyxiquest buf s8]n ljetL yfkf f]zgL fgfef6 clnf zdf oj vfg fdgf ]UdL k|lt cfef tyf wGojfb JoQm ub5f
cGTodf o cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfn] o ljifodf f]sf fVg]xiquest nufot gLlt lgdf0fdf sfofGjog If]qdf lg0fo lng xof]u kUg] cfzf ljZjf lnOPsf] 5
iii
ff+z
cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]
cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g
sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g
k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]
iv
+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]
cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5
cWoog 6f]nL
v
ljifo lr
l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro
= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp
^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L
amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf
+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
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8
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वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
i
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf
nflu
+efJotf cWoog
clGtd k|ltj]bg
k|ltj]bg k]z ulPsf] lgsfoM
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vf g]kfn
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]M
jg k|fljlws +3 lrtjg cf )amp^
cWoog 6f]nLsf boxM v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv
GhLa sdf gt]i7 dNo gt[+vnf tyf pBd ljz]if1 lbk]z Kofs]n h8La6L la1
fydf oa vfFg laetL yfkf clnzf zdf buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
-lkmN8 e]o_
ii
xfd|f] egfO
u08sL k|b]zleq ljleGg k|sfsf k|fs[lts |f]txiquest x]sf 5g lt dWo] h8La6L klg k|rdfqfdf oqtq kfOg] dxTjk0f k|fs[lts |f]t x]sf] 5 log h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng laqmLaf6 k|fKt sdn] u|fld0f ljs6 yfgdf ag] dflgxiquestsf] hLjsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 tYof+s cgf u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|ltaif cfift ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] b]lvG5
fjhlgs tyf lglh hUufxiquestdf hxfF klg kfOg] h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txsf] plrt bkof]u uL ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfxiquestsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg osf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL db|f cfhg ug lsg] dxTjk0f eldsfdf x]sf] o |f]tnfO pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfaf6 k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog sf] sfo cf=j )ampdivide)amp^ df jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgsf] lj1xiquestsf] xof]udf DkGg ePsf] 5
o dxTjk0f sfosf] lhDd]jfL lbg] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zUgrave o sfdsf] nfuL xof]u tyf rgfxiquest pknJw ufO lbg] l8lehgn jg clws[txiquest clht s0f Sdfut j]bL xlZrGb| fksf]6f f]dfh nfld5fg] czf]s gt]i7 sf]dn sfkmn] fdsfhL gt]i7 s]bf afn k0f]Zj j]bL tf]ofgfy kf8]n df]xg sfkmn] lji0f k|fb clwsfLUgrave +If0f If]qdf sfot czf]s j]bL zn]Gb| ofbjUgrave k|b]z dGqfnosf pk lrj fh]Gb| Gofkfg] s[i0f k|fb 9sfnUgrave l8lehgn jg sfofno nufot ljleGg +3yf tyf JolQmxiquestaf6 cGtjftf tyf rgf +sngdf xof]u ug] lj=P=l km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBflyxiquest buf s8]n ljetL yfkf f]zgL fgfef6 clnf zdf oj vfg fdgf ]UdL k|lt cfef tyf wGojfb JoQm ub5f
cGTodf o cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfn] o ljifodf f]sf fVg]xiquest nufot gLlt lgdf0fdf sfofGjog If]qdf lg0fo lng xof]u kUg] cfzf ljZjf lnOPsf] 5
iii
ff+z
cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]
cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g
sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g
k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]
iv
+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]
cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5
cWoog 6f]nL
v
ljifo lr
l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro
= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp
^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L
amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf
+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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500
600
700
800
२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
ii
xfd|f] egfO
u08sL k|b]zleq ljleGg k|sfsf k|fs[lts |f]txiquest x]sf 5g lt dWo] h8La6L klg k|rdfqfdf oqtq kfOg] dxTjk0f k|fs[lts |f]t x]sf] 5 log h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng laqmLaf6 k|fKt sdn] u|fld0f ljs6 yfgdf ag] dflgxiquestsf] hLjsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 tYof+s cgf u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|ltaif cfift ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] b]lvG5
fjhlgs tyf lglh hUufxiquestdf hxfF klg kfOg] h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txsf] plrt bkof]u uL ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfxiquestsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg osf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL db|f cfhg ug lsg] dxTjk0f eldsfdf x]sf] o |f]tnfO pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfaf6 k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog sf] sfo cf=j )ampdivide)amp^ df jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgsf] lj1xiquestsf] xof]udf DkGg ePsf] 5
o dxTjk0f sfosf] lhDd]jfL lbg] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zUgrave o sfdsf] nfuL xof]u tyf rgfxiquest pknJw ufO lbg] l8lehgn jg clws[txiquest clht s0f Sdfut j]bL xlZrGb| fksf]6f f]dfh nfld5fg] czf]s gt]i7 sf]dn sfkmn] fdsfhL gt]i7 s]bf afn k0f]Zj j]bL tf]ofgfy kf8]n df]xg sfkmn] lji0f k|fb clwsfLUgrave +If0f If]qdf sfot czf]s j]bL zn]Gb| ofbjUgrave k|b]z dGqfnosf pk lrj fh]Gb| Gofkfg] s[i0f k|fb 9sfnUgrave l8lehgn jg sfofno nufot ljleGg +3yf tyf JolQmxiquestaf6 cGtjftf tyf rgf +sngdf xof]u ug] lj=P=l km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBflyxiquest buf s8]n ljetL yfkf f]zgL fgfef6 clnf zdf oj vfg fdgf ]UdL k|lt cfef tyf wGojfb JoQm ub5f
cGTodf o cWoogaf6 k|fKt glthfn] o ljifodf f]sf fVg]xiquest nufot gLlt lgdf0fdf sfofGjog If]qdf lg0fo lng xof]u kUg] cfzf ljZjf lnOPsf] 5
iii
ff+z
cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]
cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g
sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g
k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]
iv
+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]
cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5
cWoog 6f]nL
v
ljifo lr
l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro
= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp
^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L
amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf
+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
iii
ff+z
cflwsfls tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfnaf6 cf=a= )amp$amp df g] ca sf]8 afasf] sRrf h8La6L ulGwt t]n b]z afxL lgoft ePsf] lyof] eg] f]xL cf=a= df g] ca sf]8 afasf] cfoj]lbs cfifwL eftaf6dfq cfoft ulPsf] lyof] of] tYofIacuten] g]kfndf h8La6Lsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn cfifwL pTkfbgdf hf]8lbgkg] b]vfpF5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]z kf]vfn] k|b]zdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] dlrt k|of]uaf6 h8La6LhGo pTkfbg uL hgtfxsf] lhljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf f]hufL [hgf ug dxTjk0f eldsf v]Ngsf nflu of] DefJotf cWoog jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjg dfkmt ufPsf] xf] DefJotf cWoogsf qmddf k|b]zsf lhNnfxsf] ynut cWoog uL f]sfjfnfxiquestFu 5nkmn tYof+s +sng ulPsf] lyof] osf fy cGo Gbe fdu|Lxiquest af6 klg rgfx lnOPsf] lyof]
cflwsfls kdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] Tokl5 sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfvsf] Jofkf ePsf] lyof] dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv -() k|ltzteGbf a9L_ ePsf] b]lvof]
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquestdf dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ x]sf 5g Tot s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft laut ) aifb]lv nuftf Jofkfdf x]sf 5g
sn ^ j6f k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfx -Jofkfdf x]sf] aif Jofkf kldf0f sn Jofkfls dNo g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0f dNo clea[4Lsf] +efjgf yfgLo pknJwtf_ sf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf k|fyldstfk|fKt ) h8La6Lxdf t]hkft lrfOtf] slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] h6fdL ljifhf offuDaf x]sf 5g
k|b]zdf yfkgf ePsf s]xL h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBf]uxiquestsf] cWoog ubf ax+Vos pBf]uxiquest kmn jn iquestkn] cuf8L ux]sf] cjyf b]lvPg k|dv sf0fxiquestdf sRrf kbfy sfdbfsf] cefj ahfsf] 1fgdf sdL x]sf] b]lvof] Tot JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty fdbflos pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbP klg ~rfngsf] k0f lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbg kg] b]lvof]
iv
+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]
cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5
cWoog 6f]nL
v
ljifo lr
l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro
= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp
^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L
amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf
+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
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10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
iv
+sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x lhNnfutkdf x]bf ofordfhfsf] jflnEumlUgrave kjtsf] hnhnf kftLrfUgrave DofUbLsf] a]gL bjfordf un]ZjUgrave dtfordfsf] dfkmf hf]df]dUgrave dgfordfsf] xD8] rfd]Ugrave afUnordfsf] altjfordf xl6of tffvf]nfUgrave sfsLsf] NjfordfUgrave tgxFsf] 8d|]Ugrave uf]vfsf] uf]vf ahf df5fvf]nfUgrave ndhordfsf] afxg8fF8f a]zLxUgrave tyf gjnksf] hx c0fvf]nfdf +sng tyf e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf] +efjgf b]lvof]
cGTodf k|b]zdf l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 a lhNnfxn] cfndashcfkmgf If]qdf x]sf egL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf sn ) k|sfsf h8Lj6Lx pNn]v ePsf 5g lt dWo] +sng Jofkf ug k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ) k|hftLxsf] ePsf] jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg sg klg k|hftLsf] xg uPsf] 5g k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ePsf dWo] klg hDdf ^ k|hfltxsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf] 5
cWoog 6f]nL
v
ljifo lr
l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro
= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp
^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L
amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf
+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
v
ljifo lr
l=g+ ljifo k]h g+ klro ljBdfg dZofx cWoogsf] cf]lrTo p2]Zo $ $ cfzfltt pknEbLx $ cWoog If]q = k|b]z klro
= cjlytL = If]qkmn =$ ldfgf ^ = hgfordflvs ljt0f ^ =^ hfthftL ^ =amp wd amp = hnDkbf amp =( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest amp =) dVo ahfxiquest amp = lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest amp
^ cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng ^= ynut cWoog ( ^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng ) ^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L
amp cWoogsf] glthf amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lx $ amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf
+sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest )
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f $ amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf amp amp=== kjt lhNnf amp amp=== afUnordf lhNnf amp amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf amp=== sfsL lhNnf amp==^= dgfordf lhNnf amp==amp dtfordf lhNnf
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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500
600
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800
२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
vi
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf amp==( ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==)= tgx lhNnf ) amp=== gjnk lhNnf ) amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ) amp=== k~rf] +lIft jg )
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 amp+=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f $
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f amp== uf]vf lhNnf
amp=== gjnk lhNnf amp=== DofUbL lhNnf ( amp==$= ofordfhf lhNnf ( amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf ( amp==^= sfsL lhNnf ( amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf $) amp=== dtfordf lhNnf $) amp==(= tgxF lhNnf $ amp==)= kjt lhNnf $ amp== afUnordf lhNnf $
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f $ amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf $$ emfjx Gbe fdu|Lxiquest
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
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10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
vii
tflnsfx
tflnsf hfthftLsf] ljj0f ^ tflnsf wflds tYofIacute amp tflnsf cWoogsf xfos p2]Zo tYof+ssf] gtf]t ) tflnsf $ u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lx $ tflnsf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8Lj6Lx amp tflnsf ^ k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf
jflifs kdf +sng ug lsg] h8Lj6Lx= )
tflnsf amp k|fyldlss0fdf k]sf h8Lj6Lx
taLx
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest 5 tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest 11 tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo
dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]afsf] cayf
13
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 16 tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest 17 tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f 2$ tlj (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest 26 taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08
k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f 29
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf]xefuLxiquest af6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
30
==============
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
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sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
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sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
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u08sL k|b]z sfsL
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9841342248
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sfofno tgxF 9856065415
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sfofno tgxF 9856065418
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sfofno tgxF 9851164352
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59
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60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
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61
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afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
viii
cgrLx
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
(
cgrL u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnflDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd xefuLx
^)
cgrL $ Mu08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest ^ cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q= ^^ cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut
nfe ljZn]if0f -gdgf_= amp(
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
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lhNNff ufpkflnsf
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+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
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lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
1
= klro
g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts |f]t dWo] h8La6L jf usfi7 jgkbfjf k|rdfqf kfOg] dxTjk0f k|s[lts gtf]t xf]] sn eefusf] $$=amp$ -^^ nfv x]S6_ If]q jgn] 9fs]sf] g]kfnsf] cflys lasf jg tyf jghGo pTkfbgxiquestsf] lbuf] k|of]u cfBf]lusLs0faf6 lglZrt ug lsG5 -jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno )amp_ jghGo pTkfbgxiquestdWo] g]kfnsf] xsdf h8La6L Ps k|dv cjojsf iquestkdf lxcfPsf] 5 g]kfnsf u|fdL0fIf]qsf dbfoxiquest ljfdL xFbf rf]6k6s nfUbf 3fpvl6f cfpFbf cfifwLsf] iquestkdf tLg h8La6Lxiquest k|of]u u]sf] kfOG5 fy h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng lalqmaf6 g]kfnsf u|fld0f If]qsf aflGbfxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhg rNb cfOx]sf] 5
g]kfndf lsldsf] kfllyltsLo k|0ffnL k|sfsf] jg x]sf] 5 oxfF slj $ k|hfltsf kmn kmNg] cGo kmn gkmNg] uL hDdf ))( k|hfltxiquest rLs[t es]sf 5g oL dWo] slj k|sfsf jgkltxiquest h8La6Lsf] iquestkdf k|of]u xFb cfPsf] 5 eg] slj )) k|hfltsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] fli6laquoo cGtfli6laquoo Jofkf xFb cfPsf] 5
kDkfut iquestkdf g]kfnL h8La6L eft ltAatdf dfq lgoft xg] u]sf] lyof] eg] xfn cfP +fesf ) eGbf a9L b]zxiquestdf g]kfnL h8La6Lsf] lgoft xg] u]sf] 5 -Ghimire et al 2016_ h8La6Lsf] lgoftaf6 lelqPsf] sdn] b]zsf] cytGq u|fld0f hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf pNn]Vo xof]u kyenofpFb cfPsf] 5 Jofkf lgoft k|jwg s]Grsaquo (Trade and Export Promotion Center) sf] tYof+scgf g]kfnn] cflys aif )amp$divide)amp (2017-18) df sLa Ps ca krkGg sf]8 f7L nfv kofF afasf] h8La6L ulGwt t]n lgoft u]sf] lyof] t ljleGg cWoogxiquestn] g]kfnsf] jftljs h8La6Lsf] Jofkf cflwsfls tYof+seGbf lgs a9L xg] cgdfg u]sf] 5
k|b]z sf -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ cgf k|b]z sfnfO cfkmgf] k|b]zsf] cflys Ifdtfsf] dWogh ub cflys d[4Lsf nflu gLlt lgod agfO Tosf] sfofGjogdf xefuL xlhs0f ug] clwsf lbOPsf] 5 TouL k|b]z sfn] pTkfbg If]qdf nfu]sf lglh If]q xsfL cGo lgsfoFu xsfo dGjo uL k|b]zsf] cflys lasfdf dxTjk0f eldsf jxg ug kg] lgodfjnLdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 ^^ nfv x]S6sf] sn jg If]qkmndWo] o u08sL
k|b]zdf =$ - nfv ) xhf x]S6_ jgIf]q x]sf] 5 -DFRS 2015_ g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf]n] u08sL k|b]z df ljljw k|sfsf h8La6Lxiquest kfOG5g
pkef]Qmfxiquestsf] xjn pTkfbgtkmsf] a9bf] cfsif0fn] ubf h8La6Lsf] dNo a9g uO osf] cGtfli6laquoo dfu Jofkf klg kl5Nnf aifxiquestdf a9b uOx]sf] 5 -Vasisht et al 2016_ g]kfndf klg osf] Jofkf ahf lbg k|ltlbg a9b uPsf] kfOG5 h8La6Lsf] lgoftn] g]kfnsf] u|fld0f If]qdf ag] slj ) k|ltzt hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf xof]u kUb cfOx]sf] 5 -Olsen and
Larsen 2003_ t sRrf h8La6Lsf] lgoft sd dNodf ulG5 eg] ToxL h8La6Laf6 ag]sf] cfoj]lbs cGo xjn pTkfbg a9L dNodf cfoft eOx]sf] 5 Ps kl5Nnf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf g]kfn eftLo cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] aeGbf 7nf] ahf eGg] b]vfPsf] 5 eftaf6dfq kl5Nnf] cflys aifdf Ps ca c7fL sf]8 kofF afjsf] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfoft ePsf] kfOG5 -wwwayushgovin_ of] tYof+sn] g]kfndf h8La6Ldf cfwflt xjn cfoj]lbs pTkfbgsf] k|r
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
2
Defjgf x]sf]5 of] cjnfO o u08sL k|b]zn] h8La6Ldf cfwflt pBf]u ~rfng uL cfkmgf pTkfbgdfkmt jb]zdf h8La6Lsf] vkt cfoft k|ltyfkg lab]z lgoftaf6 nfe lnO k|b]zsf] cflys d[l4df of]ubfg ug Sg] b]lvG5
ty k|fs[lts iquestkdf oqtq kmlnP x]sf xfd|f ckf h8La6LhGo hljs |f]txiquestsf] dlrt pkof]u u] ljs6 u|fld0f If]qdf af]jf ug] dbfoxiquestsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf wf Nofpg k|b]zdf x]sf] uljL 36fpg dxTjk0f eldsf v]NgS5 eGg] sfnfO dgg uL u08sL k|b]zn] o sfonfO cuf8L a9fpg]] f]r lnPsf] kfOG5
log tYoxiquestnfO cfTdfft ub k|b]z sf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno u08sL k|b]zn] k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug] p2]Zo lnP cgiquestk of] k|ltj]bg jg k|fljlws dfh lrtjgaf6 tof kflPsf] xf] o k|ltj]bgdf u08sL k|b]zdf h8La6LhGo gtf]txiquestsf] pknJwtf ltgsf] klxrfg k|fyldsLs0f +sng s]Gb| ks]6 If]q klxrfgsf fy pBf]u yfkgfsf] +efJo yfg k|tfj ulPsf] 5
= laBdfg dofxiquest cWoogsf] cflrTo
k|s[lts iquestkdf pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] dod plrt k|of]u ug gHfGbf lt h8La6Laf6 hlt kmfObf lng lsGYof] ck]Iffs[t iquestkdf lng lsPsf] 5g otf] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f xfdLn] k|of]u ub cfPsf] k|ljlw kDkfut dfGotfg k|dv iquestkdf lng lsG5 xfdLn] h8La6L +sng ug] eGg]tkm dfq Wofg lbof+ t k|s[ltaf6 ttiquestkdf xfdLn] slt +sng ug lsG5 eGg] tkmsf xfd|f k|ofxiquest sldg x] h8La6L dWo] sltko cem klg klxrfg xg s]sf 5gg eg] sltko a9bf] dfu cflys nfesf sf0f nf]k xg] cjyfdf ku]sf 5g g]kfndf h8La6L ulGwt t]n tyf cGo usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] v]tL +sng e08f0f kmfO Kofs]lhEuml uL a]rljvg pkof]u nufotsf sfoxiquest k+kfut 9+uaf6 g +rflnt ePsf] xFbf oaf6 h] htL kmfObf lng lsg] xf] f] cgkftdf kmfObf lng lsPsf] 5g
h8La6L tyf ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] ljifodf ljleGg +3 yf sfL lgsfoxiquestn] ljleGg egfO wf0fxiquest fv]sf] kfOG5
clwsf+z jgktLxiquest cfifwLdnf] h8La6Lxiquestsf] iquestkdf k|of]u eOx]sf 5g logsf] dfu ljZj ahfdf klg a9b uOx]sf]5 t ljZj ahfsf] dfunfO wfGg lsg] uL oL gtf]tsf] kgpTkfbg IfdtfnfO sfod ug] lsldsf] Jojyfkg k|0fnLsf] ljsf eg] ug lsPsf] b]lvbg lo k|fs[lts gtf]txiquestsf] bf]xg Psf]xf]f] dfq xb uOx]sf]5 -h8La6L v]lt k|f kltsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^divide)^$_
h8La6Ldf cfwfLt ndashfgf pBf]uxiquest b]zsf] ljleGg 7fpFxiquestdf yfkgf uL ltgsf] dNo clej[l4 uL xh kxFr ePsf 7fpFxiquestdf ltgnfO sRrf kbfysf] iquestkdf k|of]u uL 7nf pBf]u yfkgf ug gLlt lgwf0f xg s]df jf cw k|zf]lwt sRrf kbfy aflxL b]zdf lgoft ug s]df cflys antf cfpg] lyof]
g]kfndf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] yfkgf kZrft To v] ux]sf h8La6Lxiquestaf6 lgldt k|fs[lts ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL fxiquest ljZj ahfdf kyenofO g]kfn klg
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
3
ulGwt t]n Pj+ cfifwL pTkfbs b]z xf] eGg] hfgfsfL ljZj ahfnfO ufPsf] 5 tt kZrft uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL k|fOe]6 lnld6]8 uf]vf nufot g]kfndf ( j6f h8La6Ldf cfwflt k|fOe]6 pBf]uxiquest yfkgf ePsf 5g lt pBf]uxiquestn] l8i6Ln]zg KnfG6 fvL wl+u|] dnf t]hkft l6d ltt]kftL wlk gkftL htf k|fs[lts h8La6L d]Gyf okqL n]dgu|f kfdf]hf l6laquof]nf htf v]lt ljtfaf6 k|fKt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL k|zf]lwt t]nxiquest jb]z tyf ljb]zdf lalqm ljt0f ug z ePsf]5 -e66fO )_
h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg ug lsg] cfifwLxiquestsf] lgdf0f b]z leq ug s]df ljb]zaf6 cfoft ugkg] cfifwL jb]zdf g pTkfbg xg hfG5 b]zdf yk f]hufLsf gofF gofF cj a9b hfG5g oaf6 cfyLs lqmofsnfkxiquest a9g yfN5g Jofkf Jojfo a9b hfG5g jgdf cfwfLt pBf]u ljsfsf] lznlznfdf h8La6Ldf cfwfLt pBd ljsf xfd|f] nflu 7nf] +efjgf x]sf] If]q xf] -h8La6L v]tL k|f ktLsf g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|f zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
lglh If]qnfO jg ljsf tyf ljtfdf +nUg ufpb jghGo pBdsf] k|j4g pTkfbgsf] ljljlws0f ahfLs0faf6 dNo clej[l4 xlt f]hufL lhgf ug] jg gLlt )amp sf] gLlt x]sf] 5 eg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] dNo clej[l4 uL lgoft ug k|f]TfxLt ug] 0fgLlt lnPsf]5 To uL h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL Jofjflos pTkfbgdf lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tfxg ulg] 5 eGg] sfogLlt jg gLlt )amp lnPsf] kfOG5
h8La6Lsf] ljZj Jofkf slj ca 8n afjsf] xg] u5 g]kfnaf6 jif]gL ) b]lv xhf d]l6laquos 6g h8La6L eft gtLn+sf kflsyfg rLg hdgL cflb b]zdf lgoft ulG5 hsf] dNo ^ nfv cd]lsL 8n xg cfpF5 g]kfnsf] of] cyfx hljs gtf]tsf] lbuf] Pj+ al4dTtfk0f pkof]u xfd|f] fd x]sf] Pp6f rgftL cj bj xg -aeligh8La6L v]tL k|f kltsfAElig g]kfn sf jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno jg ljefu k|rf k|zf zfvf cf=j )^(divideamp)_
onfO ljZn]if0f ubf g]kfndf h8La6Lxiquest k|zf]wg u] kmfObf lng lsg] Defjgf k|t x]sf] 5 ltlgxiquestnfO sRrf kbfys iquestkdf ljb]z k7fpgeGbf f]sf] k|zf]wg pTkfbg Kofs]lhEuml tyf ahfLs0fsf] sfodf nfUg l9nf] e s]sf] b]lvG5 xfn g]kfndf h] hlt k|ofxiquest ePsf 5g lt k|ofxiquest xfd|f pknAw h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wg ug k|fofKt b]lvbg
= p2]Zo
h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg lbuf] +sng k|zf]wg ahfLs0faf6 u08sL k|b]zdf xlt f]hufL [hgf uL lgDg cfo ePsf hgtfsf] cflys pkfhg hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp kyenofpgUgrave h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf kyenofpg] p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu u08sL k|b]zdf k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoog ug o cWoogsf] dVo p2]Zo x]sf]] 5 o dVo p2]Zo kf ugsf nflu xfos p2]Zoxiquest lgDg cgfsf x]sf 5g
bull +sng laqmLxb cfPsf o k|b]zsf h8La6Lxiquestsf]] cayf s] 5 kTtf nufO lnlkj4 ug]
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
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10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
4
bull k|fs[lts cjyfdf cfkm pTkfbg xg] jf v]tL u] pTkfbg ePsf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6If]q klxrfg ug]
bull +sng tyf laqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] xfnsf] ahfsf] cjyf eljiodf lt h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfli6laquoo ahfxiquest kTtf nfUg]
bull k|b]z tdf h8La6L +sng tyf k|f]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ug]
$= cfzfltt pknlJwxiquest
o k|b]ztLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu DefJotf cWoogsf] sfoaf6 lgDg knlAwxiquest k|fKt xg] b]lvPsf] 5 M
bull o If]qdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]q pknAwtfsf] cfwfdf +sng tyf h8Lj6LhGo p2f]ux yfkgfsf] nflu pkoQm yfgxiquestsf] klxrfg ePsf] xFbf f]sfjfnfxiquestnfO f] DalGw lg0fo lng xh xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] +If0f Djwg +sng k|zf]wgsf sfo +rfng ugdf 3fp kUgsf] fy plrt k|of]u xg gsL To v] uOx]sf h8La6Lxiquestsf] lx bkof]u xg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] vlb laqmL tyf k|zf]wgsf] sfo yfkgf tyf ~rfng xguPdf u08sL k|b]zdf yk xlt f]hufL [hgf xg hfg]5
bull yfgLo h8La6L pTkfbs +sns tyf laqm]tfdf h8La6L v]tL ljtf ug k|]0ff ldNg]5
bull h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkfbg xg] ftTjxiquestnfO jb]z tyf ljb]zsf ahfxiquestdf ljqmLaf6 jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|f cfhg eO fli6laquoo tyf yfgLo txsf] cflys lqmofsnfkdf 6]jf kUg]5
bull k|b]z cGtutsf a lhNnfxdf +sng tyf e08f s]Gb|x yfkgfsf] nfuL yfgx 5gf6 xg uPsf]5
= cWoog If]q
= k|b]z klro
g]kfnsf] ++ljwfgdf ePsf] Jojyf cgf g]kfnnfO amp k|b]zdf ljefhg ulPsf] 5 lo k|b]zxiquest dWo] fljssf u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]vf ndhordf dgfordf ofordfhf sfsL tgxF_ wfnfluL c~rnsf $ lhNnf -DofUbL dtfordf kjt afUnordf_ nlDagL c~rnsf] gjnkfL lhNnfsf] ab3f6 tf kjsf] efunfO gjnkfLaf6 5sectfO gjnksf] eefunfO d]6L sn lhNnf x]sf] u08sL k|b]z sfod ePsf] 5 efuf]lns iquestkdf o k|b]zn] lxdfn kxf8 tfO tLgj6 wftnLo jiquestknfO d]6]sf] 5 xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] o k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] a k|sfsf] pi0f tyf pkf]i0fb]lv lztf]i0f lxdfnL xfjfkfgL laBdfg x]sf] 5
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
5
= cjlytL
u08sL k|b]z ampO)Uacute pQL cIff+ b]lv (O)Uacute pQL cIff+ OUacute kjL b]zfGt b]lv OUacute kjL b]zfGtsf aLr x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] j eGbf cUnf] e efusf] iquestkdf wfnfluL lxdfn xf]rf] e efusf] iquestkdf gjnksf] lqj]0fLtf x]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf P3f lhNnfxiquest
= If]qkmn
g]kfnsf] sn If]qkmn $amp ju ls=ld= dWo] u08sL k|b]zn] amp ju ls=ld= -$=^^ _ If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 k|b]zdf x]sf] sn If]qkmn dWo] tfO eefu ) ju ls=ld= -^_ kxf8L eefu $^)$ -^amp=_ lxdfnL eefu ( ju ls=ld=-^=_ x]sf]5 o k|b]zdf kxf8L eefu a9L x]sf] 5 g]kfns aeGbf 7nf] dxfgukflnsf kf]vf n]vgfy d]t o k|b]zdf x]sf] 5 kf]vf n]vgfy afx]s o k|b]zdf ^ gukfLnsf ufpFkflnsf uL hDdf yfgLo tx x]sf 5g
=$ ldfgf
u08sL k|b]zsf] ldfgf kjdf k|b]z g+= sf] jf wflbordf lrtjg lhNnfUgrave klZrddf k|b]z sf kjL sd f]Nkf Ko7fg kfNkf uNdL gjnkfL s0ffnL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb5 pQdf rLgsf] jzflt If]q ltAat blIf0fdf k|b]z g+= eftsf] ljxf fHo x]sf] 5
= hgfordflvs ljt0f
)^ fnsf] hgu0fgf cgf g]kfnsf] sn hgordfVof ^$($)$ dWo] k|b]zsf] hgordfVof $))^ x]sf] 5 hg sn hgordfVofsf] (=)^ k|ltzt xg cfp5 o dWo]] kifsf] hgordfVof ($)( dlxnfsf] hgordfVof $$$ x]sf] 5 nordflus cgkft slj ( hgf kif k|lt )) dlxnf x]sf]5 u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVofsf] jflifs j[l4b )= k|ltztsf] xffxfLdf x]sf]5 fli6laquoo tYofordfsdf of] b = k|ltzt x]sf] 5 oaf6 s] b]lvG5 eg] o
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
296
789
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500
600
700
800
२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
6
k|b]zsf] hg+Vof j[l4 b 36bf] cgkftdf x]sf] 5 k|b]zsf] hgordfVofsf] cft cfo amp) jif x]sf] 5 fli6laquoo txdf eg] ^ jif x]sf] 5 sn 3kljf +Vof amp^) x]sf] 5 o k|b]zsf] sn hg3gTj ) hgf k|lt ju lsnf]ld6 x]sf]5 o cGtut gukflnsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof $^ -^)= k|ltzt_ ufpFkfnLsfdf af]af ug] hgordfVof ($^ -(=$ k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5 sn hgordfVofsf] )= k|ltzt hg+Vof cflys iquestkdf lqmo x]sf] 5 oaf6 cfwf hg+Vof cflgtt hgordfVofsf] iquestkdf x]sf] k|i6 b]lvG5
efuf]lns k|b]zut cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf hgordfVof lxdfnL k|b]zsf] hgordfVof ((() -)= k|ltzt_ kxf8L k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )amp^ -^= k|ltzt_ tfO k|b]zsf] hgordfVof )^$ -=amp k|ltzt_ x]sf] 5
=^ hfthftL
o k|b]zdf ljleGg hfthftLxiquestsf] af]af 5 hg+Vofsf] cfwfdf pgLxiquestsf] af]afsf] cayf lgDg cgfsf] +Vofdf x]sf]5
tflnsf M hfthftLsf] ljt0f hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt hfthftL hg+Vof k|ltzt afxg ^^$ = g]jf )( $= du )) =( fsL ($ $= If]qL ))$ = wdnf (amp = uordf ) =$ tfdfordf )$^ = sfdL )()^ =amp yf $) =amp cGo ^$ )
=amp wd
o k|b]zdf dflgg] wdxiquestdf dVo wdsf] iquestkdf lxGb x]sf] 5 osf fyfy dflgg] wdxiquest o k|sf x]sf]5 tflnsf M wflds tYof+s wd hg+Vof k|ltzt lxGb ((^) =( a4 amp$ =^ lqmr]g amp$amp =^ OZnfd ) )=ampamp jf]g ) )=) k|s[tL ^$ )=amp cGo amp(( )=
= hn Dkbf
o k|b]z hn Dkbfdf wgL x]sf]5 oxfF x]sf k|dv tfnxiquestdf km]jftfn kftfn a]ugftfn lbSkfntfn dlbtfn vf6]tfn Go]gLtfn lbkfordfutfn ub]tfn a9jftfn ltlnrf]tfn bfdf]bs08 ufhtfn afxtfn cflb x]sf 5g
7
=( gbL tyf vf]nfxiquest
k|b]zsf] ldfgf tyf lhNnf leq eP aUg] k|dv gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestdf sfnLu08sL ]tLu08sL al9u08sL dofordfbL df]bL dfbL bfbL r]k] pTtu+uf lgzL ehL tdfg bdvf]nf 7]pn]vf]nf a9Luf8 cfbL x]sf 5g lo gbL tyf vf]nfxiquestaf6 ljBtsf] pTkfbg lFrfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf gtf]tsf] iquestkdf pkof]u xb cfPsf 5 eg] yenofkml6ordf u] cfGtls tyf afx|o ko6sn] dgf]Ghg lng] u]sf 5g
=) dVo ahfxiquest uf]vf cfjv]gL 8d|] bdfnL jGbLk ledfb j]nrftff a]lzx kf]vf n]vgfy ofEumlhf jflnEuml sZdf jfUnordf ahf uNsf]6 jltjfordf j]gL hf]f]d rfd] sfjfjtL c0fvf]nf cfbL x]sf 5g
= lxdgt[ordfvnfxiquest o k|b]zsf dVo lxdgtLordfvnfxiquestdf wfnfluL df5fkR5] lgnluL dgfn nDhordf lxdfn cflb x]sf 5g wfnfluL klxnf]sf] prfO ^amp ld= cUnf] 5 hg ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfn dWo] ftfdf kb5
^= cWoog ljlw ^= cWoogsf r0fxiquest
o cWoogsf lgDg r0fxiquest x]sf 5g
M cWoogsf ljleGg r0fxiquest
^= k|flDes tYof+s +sng
k|ZgfjnL
k|flDes tYofIacute +sngsf nflu jk|yd h8La6LFu +nUg tyf f]sf fVg] h8La6L pTkfbs lsfg +sns JofkfL fdbfoLs jgsf kbflwsfL lgodgsfL lgsfo pBdLxiquestFu f]lwg] k|Zgxiquestsf] leGbfleGb k|Zgx tof ulof] k|Zgdf dfj]z ePsf dVo dVo k|ZgfjnLxiquest ok|sf x]sf lyP s[ifs tyf h8Lj6L +snsxiquest fdbflos jgsf kbflwsfLxsf nflu
a]If0fsf nflu k|ZgfjnLsf]
lgdf0f
k|flDes tYofIacutesf nflu ynut
cWoog
f]sfjfnf Fu 5nkmn
cGo gtf]taf6 tYofIacute +sng
dofbf k|ltj]bg tofL
f]sfjfnfx lxtsf] cGts[of
sfoqmd
dofbf k|ttL emfj tyf
k[i7kf]if0f dfa]z
clGtd k|ltj]bg xtfGt0f
8
+sng v]tL ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg sg If]qdf a9L kfOG5g lt obL v]tL ugxG5 eg] sL sg dodf ugxG5 lt +sng sg dodf sL ugxG5 lt +sngkl5 dNo clea[4Lsf nflu s] ugxG5 lt sxfF sltdf snfO a]RgxG5 lt
ufpF lhNnfsf JofkfL tyf sRrf h8La6L lgoftstfsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt ut cflys aifdf tkfO+n] dVo iquestkdf sg sg h8La6Lxiquestsf] slt Jofkf ug eof] lt tkfO+n] Jofkf ug] h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt tkfO+n] h8Lj6L sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt sxfF +sng s]Gb| fVg] ug ePsf] 5 lt +sng xg] hl8j6Lxsf] nfuL e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8Lj6L k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgf ug sg7fpmnfO pkoSt b]Vg xG5 lt Jofkf xlhs0fsf nflu gLltut wf ug kg] s]lx emfjxiquest b]Vg ePsf]5
lghL If]qpBdLsf nflu
h8La6LhGo pTkfbgsf] cfGtls vkt s] slt 5 lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgxiquest o lhNnfdf s] s] 5g lt h8La6LhGo pTkfbgdf k|of]u xg] dVo h8La6Lxiquest s] xg lt h8La6LhGo pBf]usf rgflt lgfs0fsf pkfoxiquest lt tkfO+n] pBf]unfO cfjos kg] h8Lj6Lx sxfFaf6 vlb ug xG5 lt ahf sxfF 5 lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt pBf]u ~rfngsf nflu gLltut emfjxiquest
lgodgsfL lgsfoxiquestsf nflu o lhNnf k|b]zdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest sg sg xg lt lt h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q sg xf] lt +sng jf e08f s]Gb| sxfF fVbf pkoQm xG5 lt h8La6L v]tLdf cgbfgsf] Jojyf 5 lt dVo ahf +sng s]Gb|xiquest sxfF sxfF 5g lt h8La6LhGo pBf]u sxfF yfkgf ubf pkoQm xG5 lt jg h8La6L jghGo pBf]uFu DjlGwt gLltxiquest
^= ynut cWoog
k|flDes rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug lj=PL km]i6laquoLdf cWoogt ljBfyLxiquest nfO 5gf6 ulPsf] lyof] k|Zgkq af6 rgf tyf tYofIacute +sng ug] tLsfsf jf]df PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7L +rfng ulgsf] fy ofordfhf lhNnfdf nuL e]Ifs 6f]nLsf j boxnfO k|ToIf xefuL ufO plgxnfO f]sfjfnf +u k|Zgf]Wg] n]Vg] jf]df hfgfsfL ufOPsf] lyof] cWoog 6f]nLn] xhLs0fsf] nfuL l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf clwsfL +u dGjo ulPsf] lyof] e]Ifs 6f]nLsf bo af6 u08sL k|b]zsf P3f dWo] gf lhNnfxiquestdf uO dfly pNn]lvt k|Zgkqsf cfwfdf rgf tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0f If]qxjf6 tYofIacutex +sng u]sf lyP h8La6Lsf JofkfLxiquestn] cfkmgf] Jofkf lhNnf bdsfd dVoaf6f]sf] cfkfaf6 ~rfng ug] ePsf]n] rgf +sng ug uPsf 6f]nLn] dVo uL dVo xfos
9
8s v08sf ahf To cfkfsf ks]6 If]qx h6La6L +sng xg] yfgxjf6 rgfx lnPsf lyP fhdfuxiquestdf -_ k[YjL fhdfu -dordflnordfb]lv kf]vf Dd_ -_ kf]vf afunordf dfu -kf]vfb]lv afunordf a]gLDd_ -_ l4fy fhdfu -kf]vfxFb ofordfhf un] e~Hofordf Dd_ -$_ 8d|]]xFb ndhordfDd - _ cfjv]gL b]vL uf]vfsf] jfkfs Dd cGo xfos dfuxdf cWoog ePsf] lyof]
lhNnf bdsfd dVo fhdfusf cltlQm cGo h8La6L +sng lgsfL xg] xfos af6fxiquestaf6klg tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] h8La6L +sns JofkfL lghL If]q l8lehgn jg sfofnosf sdrfL lzsfcfIf +If0f If]qsf sdrfL lhNnf pBf]u afl0fHo +3sf kbflwsfLxiquestFu dxut tyf 566f566 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIo tyf 6]lnkmf]g Dks uL cfjZos tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] cWoogsf] qmddf cGtjftf nlIft dx 5nkmn cGtlqmof +nUg AoflQmxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
^=$ cGo gtf]taf6 tYofdeg +sng o cWoogsf lnlnfdf k|flDes rgf tYofIacutesf cltlQm ljleGg gtf]txiquestaf6 rgf tYofIacute +sng ulPsf] lyof] rgfsf k|dv gtf]txiquestdf ag laefudf x]sf] ljut ) aifdf u08sL k|b]z cGtut h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLxiquestsf] tYofIacute o k|b]zdf xfn Grfngdf x]sf l8lehgn jg sfofnosf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfxiquest tyf jflifs iquestkdf k|sfzg xg] aflifs k|ltj]bgxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofno tyf +If0fIf]qaf6 ljut jifdf ePsf h6Lj6Lsf 5f]8klhx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxiquest jg dGqfnojg ljefu jgktL ljefuaf6 k|sfzg ePsf n]v rgf cflbsf] xof]u lnOPsf] lyof] tflnsf g+= df pNn]v eP adf]lhd cWoogsf p2]Zo tyf cGo gLltut Jofjyf DaGwL rgf k|fKt ug k|of]u ePsf |f]tx lgDg k|sf lyP
tflnsf M cWoogsf] xfos p2]Zoxiquest tYofIacutesf] gtf]t qm=+ xfos p2]Zoxiquest rgf tYofIacutesf] gtf]t 1 k|b]zdf x]sf Jofkfls dxTjsf
h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]lvs0f xfd|f] jg jg ljefu l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
2 Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
l8=j=sf tyf +If0fIf]q af6 ePsf h8La6Lsf 5f]8khLx l8=j=sf k~rjlifo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgfx sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjx
3 k|b]zdf kfOg] tyf klxrfg ulPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] ks]6 If]qsf] klxrfg
sn6df ePsf] uf]i7Ldf xefuL jf6 cfPsf rgf emfjxk|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+u ePsf]] k|ZgfjnL
4 +sng e08f s]Gb| yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] k|ZgfjnL uf]I7Ldf xefuLsf emfjx
5 h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkf xg Sg] fli6laquoo tyf cGtfi6laquoLo ahfxiquest kTtf nufpg xof]u kUg] 5
k|ltj]bgxiquest dfly pNn]lvt f]sfjfnfxiquest +usf] k|ZgfjnL l8=j=sf +If0f If]q jf6 ePsf 5f]8khLx
6 k|b]z tdf h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
l8lehg jg sfofno lhNnf 3]n sfofno af6 k|fKt rgf uf]i7Lsf xefuLxsf] efmj ynut cEoog
10
tlj cWoog 6f]nL cWoogsf qmddf lvlrPsf s]xL tljxiquest
tgxFsf] 8d|]df ePsf] uf]vf nDhordf tgxF lhNnfsf l8lehgn ag sfofnosf k|dv k|ltlglw f=a=
km]sf]kmgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L s[ifs AofkfLxiquest +nUg cGts[of uf]i7Lsf emnsxiquest
PsbLg] cledvLs0f uf]i7Ldf cWoog cgudg tyf e]Ifs
6f]nLsf boxM oa ldofF laetL yfkf GhLa sdf gt]i7 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn -k|b]z dGqfno_bLk]z Kofs]n clnzf zdf v8fgGb zdf -6f]nL k|dv_ fh]Gb| k|fb Gofkfg] buf s8]+n f]zgL fgfef6 fdgf ]UdL
11
^= k|b]ztLo f]sfjfnfaLr k|df0fLsLs0f tyf cGtlqmof uf]i7L lhNnfx jf6 k|fKt ePsf rgf tyf tYofIacutenfO yk k|df0Ls0f ug k|zf]wg tyf +sng s]Gb|xsf nfuL pkoSt yfgx jf] 5nkmn ug tgx lhNnfsf] 8d|]df ndhordf tgx uf]vf lhNnfsf f]sfjfnf aLr Ps lbg] If]qut (cluster level) cGtlqmof uf]i7Lsf] sfoqmd cfof]hgf ulPsf] lyof] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfsf clws[t k|ltlglw If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno clws[t k|ltlglw tyf l8lehgn jg sfofno k|dvxiquest xfos jg clws[txiquest h8La6L JofjfoxL fdbflos jgsf k|ltlglwxiquest yflgo lgsfPsf hgk|ltlglw h8La6L pTkfbs cfbL sf] pklyltdf oSt tyf dxutiquestkdf 5nkmn ulPsf] lyof] pgLxiquests xefuLtfdf tLg lhNnfxiquestsf] dVo xfos 8s v08df cfkfsf h8La6L kfOg] +sng xg] jgIf]q +sng xg] dVodVo k|hftL 3f6ubbLsf yfgxiquest h8La6L 5f]8klh e nhfg]af6f] nhfg] 7fpF k|zf]wg s]Gb| fVg pkoSt xg] yfg d]tsf] klxrfg ulPsf]] lyof] pQm uf]i7Ldf xefuLxiquestaf6 tof ulPsf] ljj0f tlj g+ df k|tt ulPsf] 5 uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestsf] ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
fy dofbf k|ltj]bg ldlt )amp^ fn cf ut] pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno kf]vfdf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo of]hgf cfof]usf bo nufot dGqfno lgb]zfgfno l8lehgn jg sfofno cGo f]sfjfnfsf] pklyltdf cWoogsf] k|flDes glthf k|tt uL emfj +sng ulPsf] lyof] pQm sfoqmddf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo cGo xefLxiquestaf6 cfPsf emfj k[i7kf]if0fxiquestnfO dfj]z uL o clGtd k|ltj]g tof kflPsf] 5 pQm sfoqmd xefuLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f sfoqmddf cfPsf] k[i7kf]if0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
tlj = u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmdsf] emns
12
amp= cWoogsf] glthf
k|b]z tLo h8La6L +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf nfuL DefJotf cWoog ug] qmddf flvPsf] p2]Zo tyf xfos p2]Zox s] sL kfeP qmda4 kdf oxfF flvPsf]5
amp= u08sL k|b]zaf6 +sng ljqmL xb cfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] Jofkfsf] cjyf
u08sL k|b]zdf x]sf ljut b]lv Jofkf xb cfPsf Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng ljqmL ljt0fsf] Jofkf kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^divide)^$ b]lv )ampdivide)amp Ddsf tYof+snfO klxnf] cfwf dflgPsf] lyof] jg ljefudf ePsf ljut ) aifsf] tYof+ssf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zsf a l8lehgn jg sfofnox +If0f If]qx af6 k|fKt tYofIacutexnfO cfift k|ltaif $(= 6g h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng Jofkf k|b]z jlx xg] u]sf] b]lvof] taL $ df b]vfP em+ )^^divide)^amp df clwstd amp=( 6g )^divide)^^ df Gogtd (=^ 6gsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -tlj $_ cf=a= )^^divide)^amp kl5 lgGt 36b uPsf] b]lvG5 cf=a= )^^divide^amp cf=a= )^ampdivide^ df qmdzM amp=$ amp=$$ 6g dnLsf] Jofkf ePsf]n] cjif eGbf a9L ePsf] blvof] Tokl5sf kfFr cflys aifxiquestdWo] rf cflys aifxiquestdf Jofkf ePsf] b]lvPg
tlj $M cf=j )^divide)^$ b]lv cf=j )ampdivide)amp Dd -) aif_df u08sL k|b]zaf6 ePsf] h8La6Lsf] sff]af -|f]tM jg ljefusf] tYof+s_
jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^^$ b]lv )ampamp Ddsf] tYofIacutedf +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf h8La6L -tlj _ df dfj]z ePsf] 5g t du| k|b]zaf6 Jofkf xg] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f cgdfg ugsf nflu jg ljefusf] tYofIacutesf cltlQm cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgfaf6 dtfordf dgfordf sfsLsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 dgfn +If0f If]qsf] uf]vfaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes+sng ulPsf] lyof]
cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Ddsf]_ dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 uf]vfsf] +If0f If]q leqaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6Lsf] tYofIacutes -)amp)amp b]lv )ampamp$ Dd_ sf] tYofIacutesnfO x]bf cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 lgsfL ePsf] h8La6L k|ltaif $=amp 6g afa h8La6L x]sf] b]lvof] -gtf]tM cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_
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२०६३-६४ २०६४-६५ २०६५-६६ २०६६-६७ २०६७-६८ २०६८-६९ २०६९-७० २०७०-७१ २०७१-७२ २०७२-७३
टन
13
To uL dgfn +If0f If]qaf6 k|ltaif =( 6g afasf] h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] -|f]tM dgfn +If0f If]q cfof]hgf_ oL lhNNffsf l8lehgn jg sfofno bj +If0f If]qsf] h8La6L lgsfL x]bf cflwsfls iquestkdf u08sL k|b]zaf6 cfift k|ltaif ^=amp d]l6laquos 6g h8La6Lsf] Jofkf ePsf] b]lvof] pQm kldf0fsf] cfwfdf o u08sL k|b]zaf6 xfnsf] ahf dNonfO cfwf dfGbf cflwsfls iquestkdf cfift k|ltaif ) sf]8 ^ nfv afasf] h8La6L Jofkf xg] u]sf] kfOof]
amp= k|b]ztsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dxTjk0f hl8a6Lxsf] ks]6 If]q
lkmN8 cWoog cGtjftf pknAw cflwsfls tYof+s laleGg cWoog k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf Jofkfls dxTjsf ) h8La6L k|hfltxiquestsf] lgodgsfL lgsfP af6 klxrfg uL k~r jlifo jg Aoayfkg sfoof]hgfxdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] a ) k|hflt kfOg] lhNnfxiquestsf] lat[t hfgsfL cgrL $ df lbOPsf] 5
h8La6Lsf] k|lt aifsf] cft kldf0fsf nflu ) aifsf] kldf0f hf]8] hlt aif Jofkf ePsf] 5 Tolt aifn] g efu ulof] pbfx0fsf nflu s6sLsf] kl5Nnf] ) aifdf x]s aifg Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton] ) aifsf] sn kldf0fnfO ) n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] Tot tjf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ( aif Jofkf ePsf] lyof] Ton]] sn kldf0fnfO ( n] efu uL aflifs cft kldf0f lgsflnof] -tflnsf $_ +If0f If]qaf6 +slnt h8La6Lxsf DjGwdf rgf kfPsf aifsf] cfift dfly pNn]v u] adf]lhdg ulof] -pbfx0fsf nflu cssf hg $ cflys aifdf $ aifg dtfordfaf6 Jofkf ePsf] lyof]_
k|lt PsfO dNosf nflu h8La6L Jofjflos +3 g]kfn -hjfg_dividePGfan] dfls iquestkdf k|sfzg ug] h8La6Lsf] dNo rL lnOof] fy JofkfLFu klg dNoaf] hfgsfL lnOof] hjfg JofkfLn] pknJw ufPsf] dNosf] cft lnO k|lt PsfO dNo lgwf0f ulof] oL jg laefu +If0f If]q sfofnoaf6 lnOPsf] kldf0f PGfa JofkfLaf6 k|fKt cft dNonfO u0fg uL Jofkfdf uPsf dVo h8La6Lxiquestsf] aflifs cfift dNo lgsflnPsf]5 -tflnsf $_ o k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnf jg tyf +If0f If]qaf6 ljut ) jifdf cGo k|hftL d]t uL hDdf ^ k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx Jofkf ePsf] kfOof] lt dWo] a9L Jofkf e uPsf k|hftLx lgDg b]vLP
tflnsf $M u08sL k|b]zdf kl5Nnf] ) aifdf ePsf] Jofkfsf] cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
1 offuDaf 7 893 1500000 133950000 2 sfsf]nL 5 14782 16166 23896581 3 tjf 9 29186 5580 16286234 4 dnL 5 72426 1000 7242600 5 s6sL 10 17859 2200 3929068 6 h6fdL 9 32166 785 2524996 7 lgdL 10 4508 5400 2434320 8 cssf 4 20000 700 1400000 9 lhDa 4 13685 1000 1368500
10 Rofp 5 3322 4000 1328800 11 lrfOtf] 10 34935 350 1222725 12 ljif hf 9 33271 362 1204414 13 hLjGtL 2 1805 4975 897988
14
qm + gfd Jofkfdf uPsf] aif
k|ltaif cfift kldf0f -lsnf]_
k|lt PsfO dNo -_
hDdf -_
14 l6d 2 14480 600 868800 15 bfnlrgL 3 59421 135 802193 16 uRrL Rofp 5 682 11000 750200 17 slnf] 9 19113 350 668967 18 lkknf 6 9581 600 574900 19 sffh rN7] 7 21947 200 438943 20 uGwjfn 9 10044 343 344524 21 t]hkft 10 42433 75 318248 22 dlh7f] 9 23534 135 317715 23 ]ts lrlg hf 5 4040 700 282800 24 gfuj]nLsf] wnf] 6 4818 505 243326 25 lsfsfO 4 23525 100 235250 26 awgL kmn 2 47000 50 235000 27 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 4 21147 105 222049 28 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 4 16260 105 170730 29 lnflht 3 1523 1000 152333 30 gfuj]nL nxf 2 3000 400 120000 31 wlksf] kft 8 9416 125 117703 32 jg ng 7 4580 250 114518 33 f]dntf 2 5000 200 100000 34 clQ hf 8 1328 700 93013 35 ljifkm]h 6 6533 120 78400 36 ljifdf 8 1735 3875 67231 37 af]emf] 4 5512 100 55125 38 xf] 1 5000 110 55000 39 kbdrfn 7 4467 120 53606 40 uhf] 3 10663 50 53317 41 PSn]jL 2 4000 120 48000 42 cdnf 1 2000 185 37000 43 als kmn 2 8500 40 34000 44 kfvgj]b 5 3502 90 31518 45 l77f 3 3000 65 19500 46 ufdf8f]n sfnfbfgf 2 550 350 19250 47 af] 1 2000 80 16000 48 OGb|]0fL aLp 2 160 460 7360 49 6f]snf kQf 1 3000 20 6000 50 kggjfsf] jf]s|f 2 500 80 4000 51 n3kq 5 74 400 2960 52 rqf] 2 500 50 2500 53 gkftL 4 145 150 2138 54 sG6sfL 5 70 60 420 55 ets] 4 17 175 306 56 cGo ljljw 10 59430 130 -cfift_ 772590
15
s6sL lgdL lrfOtf] t]hkft a ) cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] tjf h6fdL ljifhf slnf] uGwjfn dlh7f] ) dWo] ( cflys aifdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof]
tlj M u08sL k|b]zdf w] aif Jofkf ePsf h8La6Lxiquest
aeGbf a9L kldf0fdf Jofkf ePsf] h8La6Lxiquest dnL -amp= 6g_ bfnlrgL -=( 6g_ awgL kmn -$=amp 6g_ t]hkft -$= 6g_ lrfOtf] -= 6g_ h8La6Lx qmd Aofkf ePsf] 5
tlj ^M cfift aflifs kldf0fsf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
sn Jofkfdf cfwfdf offuDaf aeGbf a9L t]x| sf]8 pgfGrfln nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] eg] sfsf]nL bO sf]8 pgfGrfln nfv tjf Ps sf]8 lq77L nfv dnL axQ nfv s6sL pgfGrfln nfv h6fdL klRr nfv lgdL rflj nfvdf Jofkf ePsf] lyof] -tlj amp_ dVo kfFr k|hfltxiquestsf] sn aflifs Jofkf c7f sf]8 lqkGg nfv ePsf] b]lvof] dVo k|hfltn] sn Jofkf dNosf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L lxf cf]u6]sf] b]lvof]
0
1
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8
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वयापा
रमा र
हको ब
रष
-
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
म सली
दालचि
नीबध
नी फ
लतज
पातचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजट
ामसी
सतिा
मजजठ
ोसस
काका
ईकर
ाज ि
लठपाि
न बोकर
ाअक
रकरा
कररल
ोकट
कीका
उलो ब
ोकरा
काको
लीटटम
रजज
मब
ग जो
स गनध
िालऔरत
बावर
षक परर
माण
कजी
मा
16
h8Lj6Lsf] dNo ahf dNosf cfwfdf sg sd kldf0f ePklg a9L dNodf Aofkf ePsf sf0f jl9 sd kf|Kt ePsf] 5 eg] sf]xL k|hftL a9L kldf0fdf Aofkf eP klg sd dNodf Aofkf xg] xbf sd sd k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 -tjL _
tlj ampM sn Jofkf dNosf cfwfdf dxTjk0f h8La6Lxiquest
s]xL a9L dNodf Aofkf xg] h8La6Lsf k|hftLxdf Jofkfsf] cToflws bjfj ePsf] ki6 xG5 on] lt h8La6Lsf] lbuf]kgfdf c kfg S5 dNosf cfwfdf dXTjk0f dVo k|hftL dWo] $ j6f sfL jgaf6 dfq +sng ulG5
amp= kldf0fsf cfwfdf lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest amp== jg ljefu +If0f If]qaf6 k|fKt tYof+ssf cfwfdf lhNnfsf k|dv ) h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf] bz jifdf ePsf] h8La6Lsf Jofkf cGgk0f +If0f If]q cfof]hgf dgfn +If0f If]qsf] ltg rf aifsf] tYof+snfO cfwf dfg] x]bf +sng tyf laqmL ePsf ) k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] hft kldf0f tn tflnsf df lbOPsf] 5
tflnsf M lhNnfdf ePsf Jofkfls dxTjsf dVo h8La6Lxiquest h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_
= tgxF laifhf $))
= ofordfhf bfnlrgL 2622 t]hkft 126 lrfOtf] 153
= DofUbL ljif hf 2173 kbdrfn 1575 sffhrN7] 1550 s6sL 1246 tjf 941
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
यासाषग म
बाका
कोली
सतिा
म सली
कटकी
जटामसी
ननरम
सीअक
रकरा
जजमब
चय
ाउचि
राईतो
विर ज
राजी
िनती
टटमर
दालचि
नीग च
िी च
याउ
कररल
ोवपप
लाकर
ाज ि
लठस ग
नधिाल
कल वयापार
मलय
17
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ lrfOtf] 625 gfuj]nL nxf 600 uGwjfn 530 af]emf] 530 wlksf] kft 512
$= sfsL slnf] 5600 lsfsfO 2500 kfjgsf] jf]s|f 1100 hLjGtL 300
= gjnk t]hkft 15150
lsfsfO 4700
kfjgsf] jf]s|f 2520
bfnlrgL 7000
slnf] 1475
sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1500
uhf] 1000
xf] 500
^= dgfordf offuDjf 745 jg ng 951 uRrL Rofp 17 lhDa 833 wkL 240 tjf 193
amp= dtfordf offuDjf 41 cssf 2000
= afunordf awgL kmn 4700 wlksf] kft 1529 sffh rN7] 1044 uGwjfn 953 lrfOtf] 869 gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 762 slnf] 700 t]hkft 600 kbdrfn 557 f]dntf 500
(= ndhordf gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 11242
18
h8La6L cfift k|ltjif kldf0f -lsnf]_ t]hkft 2588 kfvgj]b 2498 h6fdL 2262 dlh7f] 1995 dnL 1796 sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 1554 lkKnf 1337 uhf] 1099 offuDjf 38
)= uf]vf dnL 626 ljifhf 597 lrfOtf] 593 h6fdL 575 sfnf] dnL 437 alskmn 380 laifkm]h 340 f]dntf 300 tjf 297 offuDaf 35
= kjt jg ljefusf] cf=a= )^ndash^$ b]lv )ampndashamp$ Ddsf] tYof+sdf kjtaf6 lgsfL Ohfht kfPsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] clen]v gePsf]
19
amp== k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0fsf cfwfdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest k|b]z cGtut s]xL l8lehgn jg sfofnoxsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] kldf0f lxtsf] rL tn tflnsf ^ df lbOPsf] 5 pNn]lvt lhNnfsf k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfoof]hgf cgf hDdf ) k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lx dfj]z ePsf 5g tflnsf ^M k~raifLo jg Jojyfkg sfo of]hgf k|fDeLs jftfjl0fo klIf0f cgf aflifs iquestkdf +sng ug lsg] h8La6Lxiquest
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 1 OGb| hfF 6130 6130 1
2 Stdn 18649 18649 1
3 ]tf] dnL 8174 410 8584 2
4 ]tf] lnfhLt 30391 30391 1
5 ]ts lrgL 2043 5803 7846 2
6 f]dntf 8174 8174 1
7 fsf] af]s|f 1795 1795 1
8 fw0f Rofp 1835 22987 24822 1
9 gfvL lhjGtL 26758 26523 6000 14451 9286 83018 2
10 gkftL 30944 30944 4
11 kuGwf 6130 6130 1
12 lhjg kmn 8174 8174 1
13 tjf 18390 2232 31927 504 14290 67343 1
14 uGwjfn 2043 445 48350 8021 19718 78577 1
15 uGwsf]]lsnf 2763 600 3363 1
16 permilofp 8174 63545 9118 80837 5
17 6f]6nf kmn 408 408 5
18 7nf]] cf]vlt 663 663 2
19 7nf] jg ng 968 968 3
20 8fn] rs 2043 1525 3568 1
21 af] 8174 7500 11604 2050 29328 1
22 af]acutef] 8174 1650 11051 820 21695 1
20
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 23 Affhf 6631 6631 2
24 ah|bGtL 14119 14119 4
25 alskmn 16347 16347 4
26 bfnlrgL 22000 9600 2000 10250 43850 1
27 cdnf kmn 12260 14000 883 4002 2000 2100 35245 1
28 cdnj]b kbdrfn 4086 2460 21616 6159 34321 1
29 cf]v kmn 2861 829 3690 1
30 cfsfz] j]ln 1990 1990 3
31 clhp 1619 1619 2
32 clt 2043 52 5527 2325 10145 20092 5
33 dfdn 44205 44205 4
34 d]n 2210 2210 2
35 dlh7f] 8174 5527 15660 6265 35626 1
36 ets] 6130 9670 9205 25005 1
37 edkfgL 33154 33154 5
38 e6snf 17682 17682 1
40 Eofs jg tn 2043 13220 15263 1
41 g]kfnL bfnlrgL 12260 12260 4
42 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 1226 1226 3
43 gfua]nL kfp8 2860 2806 124327 4004 1539 135536 1
44 h6fdfL 10217 1302 8288 5513 13330 38650 1
45 hdfg] dfGb|f] 4086 4086 1
46 jf] 2002 2002 2
47 jg dnf 6130 10145 16275 1
48 jg Kofh 8174 8174 1
49 jg lhf 2043 4973 7016 3
50 jg ng 6130 70 43104 49304 3
51 jg s]nf 2043 1161 3204 5
21
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 52 kfFrcfn] 1216 653 1869 1
53 kfvgj]b 2043 20271 4004 4577 43240 2050 76185 1
54 klbgf 1768 1768 2
55 l77f 6450 6450 1
56 lgf] 250000 250000 1
57 ln l6d 4086 7737 886 12709 2
58 lnflht 408 235 549 1192 3
59 lsfsfO kmn 4920 4920 2
60 l6d 408 27407 9600 626 2000 410 40451 1
61 le dlsf] dx 2713 26358 29071 2
62 lgdL 8174 2459 2708 2738 16079 6
63 lgufnf] 7737 7737 1
64 lgvgIfL 663 663 1
65 ljif 8174 11051 4828 24053 1
66 ljif hf 2232 2232 1
67 ljifdf 36 13525 13561 3
68 ljifkm]h 10217 10217 3
69 lkknf kLknL 4086 7737 5076 16899 1
70 lrfOtf] 40867 5470 25225 5002 2666 10923 90153 5
71 lrgL nxf 4510 4510 1
72 nf7Nnf 40867 175 113966 11905 47727 214482 2
73 nKL 8000 8000 4
74 OGb|]gL 7887 7887 1
75 offuDaf 205 2595 11 128 36995 1
76 Psn]la 4086 4086 1
77 rL cldnf] 1327 1327 4
78 rqf] bf xNbL 8174 59676 67850 3
79 sf rNy] 26523 26523 1
22
qm=
h8La6L
uf]vf -7172- 07576
tgxF 7374-07778
DofUbL -7071-07475
afUnordf -7172-07576
sfsL -Ps aif_
nDhordf -Ps aif_
dgfordf -Ps aif_
gjnk -Ps aif_
ofEumlhf -Ps aif_
sn hDdf +sng ug lsg]
lhNnfxiquest 80 s6sL 8174 6620 1658 2472 36966 55890 3
81 sfkmn af]s|f 4086 4086 6
82 sfnf] dnL 102166 102166 1
83 sfpnf] af]s|f 817 25000 16578 9800 1000 6150 59345 5
84 sfsnLhf 2763 2763 1
85 skf] nf] 387 387 1
86 slnf] hf 16347 8000 20344 4004 3816 8548 8000 69059 4
87 sr 2043 2043 1
88 ss tn 4340 4340 1
89 t]hkft 16347 18234 12117 2000 8200 56898 2
90 tf]k|]] acutef 221 221 1
91 TfnL kq 3647 3647 5
92 tLtf] sdf 11604 11604 1
93 uFf kmn 4086 15471 19557 1
94 ugf dfu 28734 28734 5
95 uh|f] nxf 10217 5000 13180 28397 1
96 uN5L Rofp 4086 167 829 470 54017 1
97 wkL 8174 732 23875 32781 7
98 wlu]F| 10217 10217 1
99 xf] 8174 7500 9670 2000 2050 29394 1
100 xf] ng 1934 1934 4
101 xnxn] 6130 6130 1
102 Yffsnkft 840 840 1
sn hDdf 554961 89000 32677 1335818 69122 134428 351414 9000 59210 2635630
23
amp=$ h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
k|b]zdf h8La6Lsf] Jofkfdf ljz]iftM tn pNn]lvt tLg txsf JofkfLxkfqxiquestsf] +nUgtf x]sf] kfOG5
s[ifs +snsM s[ifsn] cfkmgf] v]tjfLdf h8La6Lsf] v]tL tyf 3]ns0f u5g +snsxn] jgaf6 h8La6L +sng u5g tn lrqdf b]vfP em ljleGg lhNnfdf pTkfbg tyf +sng ePsf h8La6Lxiquest DaGwLt lhNnfsf ahf s]Gb|df lyt JofkfLxiquestnfO laqmL u5g
ufpF bdsfdsf JofkfLM ufpFsf JofkfLn] s[ifs cyjf +snsFu h8La6L vLb uL bdsfdsf lhNnftxsf JofkfLnfO a]R5g lt JofkfLn] cfjZos sfuhft tof uL If]qLo ahfdf x]sf yf]s JofkfL tyf k|zf]wsxiquestnfO laqmL u5g dgfordfsf] h8La6L uf]vf xFb If]qLo ahfdf hfg] u]sf] kfOG5
dtfordf afUnEuml DofUbL sfsLndhordf uf]vf tgx lhNnfsf h8La6Lx 5f]8klh e ljif]z uL sf7df08f g]kfnuGh exjf hfg] u]sf] b]lvof] eg] dgfordf lhNnf jf6 s]xL offuDjf uf]vf lhNnfdf uPsf] b]lvof] gjnk lhNnf jf6 exjf g]kfnu~h hfG5 eGg] alemof]
o k|b]z jf6 +sng xg] h8Lj6L dWo] g]kfnu+h -) k|ltzt_ sf7df8f -^) k|ltzt_ exjf -) k|ltzt_ uPsf] kfOG5 To uL dgfordf uf]vf lhNnfaf6 sRrf h8La6Lxiquest s]xL dfqfdf lrqdf b]vfP em+ lw rLg ltAat lt lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5 eg] sf7df8faf6 al9 dfqfdf cw k|zf]lwt ulGwt t]n rLg ltAat cGo b]zxiquestdf lgsfL xg] ub5 u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNNffxaf6 h8La6L 5f]8klh e hfg] DefJo yfgx o k|sf b]lvPsf]5 h8La6Lxiquest hfg] k|dv ahf sf8df08f g]kfnuGh exjf ePklg clGtd ahfsf] iquestkdf rLg eft lgsfL xg] u]sf] 5
tlj M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfaf6 xg] sRrf h8La6Lsf] ahfLs0f
24
lgoftstfM lhNnftxdf sfdug] JofkfLxiquestn] al9 dfqfdf sRrf h8La6Lh8La6L lgoftstfsf] uf]bfdDd kyenofOlbG5g lgoftstfn] eGf cflb lt] eft rLg cyjf cGo b]zxiquestdf lgoft ub5g
amp= k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] cjyf +efJo +sng Pj+ k|zf]wg s]Gb| klxrfg
g]kfnsf] h8La6L Jofkfdf s[ifs +snsn] h8La6Lsf] Jofkfaf6 aeGbf sd kmfObf kfpg] u]sf] laleGg cWoogxiquestn] b]vfPsf] 5 osf] sf0f pgLxiquestsf] ahfdf xh kxFr gxg ahf rgfsf] cefj xf] hn] ubf pgLxiquest JofkfLdf cToflws e k5g of] ubf pgLxiquestn] ahfdf rn]sf] eGbf sd dNo kfOx]sf 5g +sng cyjf e08f0f s]Gb|sf] yfkgf ePdf h6Lj6Ldf slxg] 8g] ge u0ft xg] xbf fgf JofkfL s[ifs +snsn] cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] plrt dNo kfpg] cfwf tof xG5 fy pgLxiquestn] cfkmn] rfx]sf] JofkfLnfO cfkmgf] pTkfbg a]r] a9L dgfkmf cfhg ug S5g
+sng cyjf e08f s]Gb| sxfF agfpg] eGg] af]df lhNnfxdf tYofIacute +sngjf6 cfPsf] rgf tyf f]sfjfnfx+u ePsf] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 5nkmn ynut cWoog uf]i7Ldf 5nkmn ul cfPsf] lgrf]8xnfO tyf xfn +sng e08f0f xg] u]sf yfgxg pkoSt 5g eGg] l8lehgn jg sfofno +If0f If]qsf sdrfLxsf] emfjnfO cfwf dfgL yfg 5gf6 ulPsf]5 5nkmnsf xefluxiquestn] +sng s]Gb| rf kfFrj6f ufpFsf nflu kfos kg] h8La6L +sng xg] 7fpF af6f]sf] glhs fVgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP lkmN8 cjnf]sg ynut cWoog 5nkmncgf klg +sng s]Gb| h8La6L kfOg] If]qsf] glhs dVoaf6f] cyjf s[lif 8ssf] cfkf ePdf 9jfgL nufotsf cGo vr sd xg] b]vfPsf] 5 Tot e08f s]Gb| +ej ePDd dVo ahf cyjf bdsfddf xgkg] wf0ff JoQm u]sf lyP +sng tyf e08f s]Gb| x]s yfgsf] cfkfdf h8La6Lsf] k|fzf]wgsf fgf p2f]u yfkgf ug s]df cem fd|f] xg] f]sfjfnfsf] egfO x]sf]5
7nf p2f]usf nfuL w] sRrf h8Lj6Lsf] cfos kg]xbf bO rf +sng s]Gb|nfO kfos kg] yfg klxrfg uL k|Ztfj ulPsf]5 p2f]usf] nfuL eflts +rgf lgdf0f ug kmflsnf] hldg lahnL dfgj gtf]t tyf Iff cfbLsf] cfjZos k5 hg fgf ahf s]Gb|df +ej gxg klg S5 oxL tYonfO dWogh uL cWoog 6f]nLn] u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfsf lgDg yfgxiquestdf +sng e08f s]Gb| lgdf0f ug] emfj lbPsf] 5 gSfsf] 7nf]k cglrdf 5
25
tjL (M u08sL k|b]zdf +sng e08f0f s]Gb| lgdf0fsf nflu +efljt yfgxiquest
26
+sng tyf e08f0f yfgxsf] 5gf6 ubf dfly pNn]v ulP adf]lhd ljleGg cfwfx lnOPsf] lyof] Tosf] cfwfdf +sng tyf e08f0f u[xsf] lhNnfut lgDg adf]lhdsf yfgx flvPsf]5
amp=== ofordfhf lhNnf
dGb| txaf6 ^^ ld= -s]nfbL3f6_ b]lv ld=-k~rf] n]s_ Ddsf] prfOdf kmlnPsf]5 o lhNnfnfO pTt blIf0f xg]uL sleGg] e~Hofordf b]lv fDbLDd l4y fhdfu k|dv 8ssf] iquestkdf x]sf]5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] dVo h8La6Lsf k|hftLxiquestdf bfnlrgL -t]hkft_ kfvgj]b ah|bGtL xf] jf] cdnf cf] cflb x]sf 5g l8lehgn jg sfofnoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6L lhNnfdf dfHbft x] klg h8La6L +sns tyf laqmL ug] JokfLsf] sd pklytL x]sf sf0f kl5Nnf s]lx jif otf h8La6Lsf] w] Jofkfls0f xg s]sf] b]lvPg ljut jif otf gLlh cjfbLaf6 bfnlrgL t]]hkftsf] Jofkfdf a[l4 ePsf] yflyo h8La6L JojfoLxiquestsf] egfO x]sf] b]lvof] lhNnfdf h8La6L +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf ]tLbf]efg ofordfhf ahf jflnd ahfsf] Tg] uNofordf cfbL x]sf 5g +sng tyf k|xf]wg s]Gb| jflnEuml ahfdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp=== kjt lhNnf
pQ blIf0f kmlnP x]sf] o lhNnf euf]nsf] lxfjn] g]kfns rfyf] fgf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ) ld= -]tLj]0fL_ b]lv clwstd prfO )) ld= -hnhnf_ n]s x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b tjf uGwjfn gfuj]nL l6d cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg gs]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yfgLonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kftLrf Sofordf esb]pfnLdf Defljt yfg x]sf 5g
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
g]kfns cfsf lnPsf] o lhNnf kj klZrd kmlnP x]sf] 5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ^)) ld= -vjfordf_ b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=-kmfug]wL_ x]sf] 5 o lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn ]tslrgL ljifdf cdnf jg ng fwf0f Rofp gfuj]nL cflb x]sf 5g cf=j )amp$divide)amp o lhNnfaf6 ljleGg hftsf] uL amp)( s]=hL ljqmL e nfv ( xhf ltgo rfnL fhj +sng ePsf] blvG5 h8La6Lxiquest +sngxg] lhNnfsf k|dv yfgxiquestdf altjfordf unsf]6sf] xl6ofahf tffvf]nf x]sf 5g jltjfordf uf]nsf]6df +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp==$= DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfdf x]sf] wjnfluL klxnf] ^amp ld= cUnf] lxdfn ljZjdf x]sf cUnf lxdfndWo] ftfdf kb5 dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO amp() ld= sfnLu08sL 9f]8]lg vf]nfsf] bf]efg -bf]efgkfgL_ b]lv clwstd prfO ^amp ld= -wjnfuLL k|yd lxdfn_ x]sf] 5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf bfnlrgL kbdrfn h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf
27
kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g o lhNnfdf amp k|hftLsf h8La6Lxiquest klxrfg es]sf]5 h8La6Lxiquest +sng xg] k|dv yfgxiquestdf bjfordf un]j j]gLahf x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] bjfordf un]j tf]LjfLdf +sng s]Gb| agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5
amp== sfsL lhNnf
sfsL lhNnf u08sL k|b]zsf] fhwfgL x]sf] lhNnf xf] dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO $) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO ) ld= -cGgk0f k|yd_ x]sf]5 o lhNnfsf] pQLefu cGgk0f +If0f If]qaf6 jgsf] Jojyfkg xb cfPsf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf af]emf] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL slnf] kfvgj]b l6d xf] jf cdnf cnrL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnf jg sfonoaf6 k|fKt hfgfsfL cgf h8La6Lsf] JofkfLs0f xg s]sf] 5g osf] k|dv sf0f o Jojfodf yflgonfO ahfsf] 1fg gxg jflxL Jofkflsf] cfsif0fdf o lhNnf gk]sf] b]lvG5 euf]nsf] cfwfnfO x]bf h8La6L +sng ug lsg] k|dv yfgsf] iquestkdf kf]vf tyf n]vgfy Defljt yfgsf] iquestkdf lng lsg] sf Jojfloxiquest atfp5g
amp==^ dgfordf lhNnf
lxdfnkfLsf] lhNnf eg] pNn]v ulg] dgfordf lhNnfdf dxTjk0f jg Dkbfxiquest x]sf 5g oxfF kfOg] h8La6L offuDaf lhDa jg ng tjf s6sL kfFrcfFn] lgdL cflbnfO sfggL iquestkdf +sng ug dfGotf lbOPsf] 5 ljZjdf g dxTjk0f dflgg] offuDaf dgfordfsf rfj6 ufpFkflnsf gff]F rfd] gfkfeld lgofordfsf gfDs]n]s kf]Fsn]s 8fFkm]n]s uD5fordf ofsvs nufotsf 7fpFdf kfOG5 a h8La6Lsf nflu +sng s]Gb| rfd] wffkfgLdf agfpg pkoQm b]lvG5 eg] ljfSy|f]gsf] k|zf]wg s]Gb| xD8] -ckdgfordf_ yfgrf]sdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp==amp dtfordf
lxdfnkfsf] o lhNnfdf offuDaf tjf jgng h6fdL s6sL lgdL kfvgj]b l6d ljifdf cssf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| hf]df]d cyjf 3fFfdf agfpg pkoQm xG5 xfn lo yfgdf ljfSy|f]gsf bO p2f]u Grfngdf 5g
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
oxfF tfOb]lv lxdfnDd kfOg] dnL ljif hf lrfOtf] h6fdL sfnf] dnL alskmn laifkm]h f]dntf tjf uGwjfn dlh7f] t]hkft lkknfkLknL s6sL permilofp gfuj]nLsf] kfp8 ]ts lrlg hf gfuj]nL nxf slnf] jg ng kfvgj]b sfpnf]sf] jf]s|f 6f]snf kQf lgdL gfu]Zj wlk u]8f kbdrfn jg ng uRrL Rofp lhjGtL ugf] offuDaf cflb h8La6L kfOG5 oL h8La6L kfOg] k|dv ks]6 If]qxiquestdf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf ofd] uDbf lordfnf nfkfs jfkfs rDga|L ufpF kflnsf lkmlnd xnhs s]fphf sfzL ufpF x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6L kfOg] ks]6 If]q 8s cGo kjfwfsf] kxFrsf] cfwfdf tn lrqdf b]vfP ht rDga|L ufpFkflnsfsf nflu dfl5vf]nf wfr] ufpFkflnsfsf nflu afnjf If]q +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkgfsf] nflu +efljt 7fpFsf] iquestkdf k|tfj ulPsf] 5
lhNnfsf] k|fo If]q +If0f If]qdf x]sf] xgfn] IEE df pNn]v u] adf]lhdsf] kldf0fdf h8La6L +sng ePsf] 5g lhNnfdf ^ hgf btf ePsf ^ hgf btf gePsf JofkfL 5g rDga|L uf= kf= MCAP If]qdf k5 eg] wfr] uf=kf= df h8La6L pTkfbg pTyfg ug lsG5 ljs6 wftn rf]L lgsfLn] ubf h8La6Lsf] lbuf] +sng xg s]sf] 5g lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf] ahf Jojyf plrt 5g h8La6L klxrfg sd 5 fdbflos jgsf] sfoof]hgfdf h8La6L dfj]z
28
5g ty fli6laquoo jgaf6 dfq h8La6L lalqm xg] u]sf] 5 MCAP df CMC n] h8La6Lsf] 3sfh k|of]usf] nfuL +sng ug] u]sf] 5 rf]L lgsfLnfO f]ls ssf] bfofdf Nofpg s]df h8La6Lsf] +If0f xg S5
amp==(= ndhordf
nDhordf lhNnfsf k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf t]hkft dlh7f] jg ng tjf lgdL lkknf ]tslrgL cflb x]sf 5g lhNnfsf] kjL If]q -dofordfbL_ df t]hkft l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 eg] klZrd If]q -3fdfordf_df nf7Nnf sf] ))) lajf v]tL ulPsf] 5 3fdfordfdf ltt]kftLsf] t]n lgsfNg lsG5 a]zLzxdf h8La6L sfpg] Kofs ug] pwf]u 5 bw kf]vL dofordfbL sf]nff]tf bf]bLdf h8La6L v]tLsf] Defjgf 5 dofordfbLdf nflnufF xsfLn] tjf nf7Nnf l6dsf] Jojflos v]tL u]sf] 5 sfnff]tf t]hkftsf] ks]6 If]q xf] lhNnfsf kjL If]qdf kg] dofordfbL ufpF kflnsfsf bw kf]vL jffkf]vL l5g vf]nf ordfofbL klZrd If]qdf kg] sxf]nff]bf ufpF kflnsf 3fd|fordf kufp lordfbL lunEuml h8La6Lsf dVo ks]6 If]q x]sf 5g lhNnfsf h8La6Lsf] pRrtd bkof]usf] nflu dofEumlbL ufkfsf] ordfofbL tf3|Lordf sxf]nff]bf ufksf] 3fd|fordf lunEuml nufot a]zLzx ef]n]6f ahfdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| yfkg ug lsG5 -bfofF lrq_
taL )M uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquestaf6 agfOPsf] uf]vf nDhordf lhNnfsf] 8s v08 k|dv ahf s]Gb| h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] ljj0f
amp==)= tgx lsquo
tgxFdf h8La6L +sng tyf laqmLljt0f ePsf] 5g laut ^ jifdf )) lsnf] slnf] dfq +sng ePsf] 5 xf] af] t]hkft slnf] cdnf cflb dVo h8La6L xg lhNnfdf amp))) d]= 6g a]n pTkfbg xg] eP klg ) k|ltzt dfq bkof]u eOsf] kfOG5 a]nnfO hsf] iquestkdf
29
k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 lzf]dl0f cfoj]lbs kmfd]Ln] ) eGbf a9L h8La6Lsf] k|of]u ul cfiflw agfO aif]gL Ps nfv cfDbfgL ug] u]sf] 5 lxn]vs cfav]gLndash^ df l6d v]tL ulPsf] 5 lhNNffsf] hfdg]df a]nsf] k|zf]wg pBf]u +rfngdf x]sf] 5 k[YjL fhdfudf kg] tgxFsf ahf s]Gb|xiquest cfjaFv]gL bdfnL 8d|] v]gL6fdf +sng tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb| +rfng ug
lsG5
taL M 8d|]df ePsf] uf]i7Lsf] xefuLxiquestaf6 tgxF lhNnfsf] 8s v08 ahf s]Gb| +efJo +sng s]Gb|sf] gSf cfoj]lbs cfifwL pTkfbgstf
amp=== gjnk
oxfF tfOb]lv r] If]qdf kfOg] t]hkft lsfsfO kfjgsf] jf]s|f bfnlrgL slnf] sfpnf]sf]
jf]s|f uhf] xf] af] cdnf kgjfsf] jf]s|f cflb h8La6L kfOG5 u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknAw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf]5 +sng s]Gb| tyf k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfuL bDsLjf rf]dff hxdf pkoSt b]lvG5
amp=== 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf
afUnordf lhNnfsf] klZrdL If]qdf cjlyt 9f]kf6g lzsf cfIf ju ls=dL= df kmlnP x]sf]5 lhNnfdf kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf uGwjfn tjf kbdrfn kfvgj]b h6fdL lznflht nf7 Nnf kfFrcfn] uGwsf]lsnf s6sL tflnkq cflb x]sf 5g oxfFaf6 xfnsf jifxiquestdf sg lsldsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf lalqm ljt0f gePsf] ToxfFsf +If0f clws[taf6 hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp===k~rf] +lIft jg
k~rf] +lIft jg dGb| txaf6 Gogtd prfO ()) ld= b]vL clwstd prfO )) ld=sf] prfOdf kmlnP x]sf]5 oxfF kfOg] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestdf slnf] lrfOtf] nf7 Nnf gfuj]ln bfnlrgL kfvgj]b l6d cfbL x]sf 5g o If]qaf6 h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf Jofkf xg] u]sf] 5g
u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q f] ks]6 If]qsf] +efljt If]qkmn +nUg 3wL nufot 8s nufotsf eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lxtsf] ljt[t ljj0f cgrL df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
30
amp=^ h8La6LhGo pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6
h8La6LhGo pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest lng pkoSt b]lvG5 Mmdash
pBf]u yfkgf ug cfjos kg] hUufsf] 5gf6 ubf +3 k|b]z yfgLo lgsfosf] dGjogaf6 ljjfb lxt ulg kb5 gLlh hUuf vlb ubf pBf]usf] nfut a8g] b]lvG5
7nf pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] 9jfgL ug xh xg] fhdfu tyfaf6f]3f6f]sf] fd|f] ljwf ePsf] ljBt kfgL Iff sfdbf lhn pknAw xg] 3fdnfUg] yfg xg kb5
yfgLo tx dbfodf pBf]u yfkgf ug] rfxfgf 5 5g alem yfgLo aflGbf yfgLo txsf] klg xof]u ePdf xh iquestkdf pBf]u ~rfng xg] b]lvG5
h8La6LhGo pBf]udf xflgsfs fogsf] k|of]u gxg] ePklg wnf] p8g Sg] WjgL k|bif0f xg Sg] ePsfn]] dfgj altaf6 s]xL 6f9f x]sf] yfg f]Hg pkoQm xG5
dfly pNn]lvt cfwfxiquestnfO dWogh uL 7nf tsf k|zf]wg s]Gb| tyf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu lgDg yfgxiquest pkoQm b]lvPsf 5g
bull sfsLdf x]Dhf n]vgfy
bull gjnkdf hx c0fvf]nf
bull tgxFsf] 8d|] eGf
bull uf]vfsf] kfn+ordf6f
bull ndhordfsf] ef]6]cf]8f
bull kjtsf] kftLrf
bull afUnordfsf] unsf]6
bull ofordfhfsf] jflnEuml
bull DofUbLsf] un]j
bull dtfordfsf] hf]f]d
bull dgfordfsf] yfgrf]s
pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] yflgo lgso +3yf tyf yflgo dbfo +u dGjo 5nkmn uL dfly pNn]lvt yfg dflysf] cfwfxiquest kf xg] pkoQm yfgdf pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu hUufsf] 5gf6 ug pkoSt xg] blvG5
amp=amp Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0f
amp=amp= k|fyldsLs0fsf cfwfxiquest
Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|fyldsLs0fsf nflu lgDg cfwfxiquest c+sef lnOPsf] lyof]
Jofkfdf x]sf] aif -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull ) dWo] ( b]lv ) aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] amp b]lv aif Jofkf ePsf Ugrave bull ) dWo] ^ cyjf ^ aif eGbf sd Jofkf ePsf
31
kldf0f -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull $))) lsnf]eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ))) b]lv $))) lsnf] ePdf Ugrave bull ))) eGbf sd ePdf
sn Jofkf dNo -jg ljefu +If0f If]qxiquestsf] tYof+ssf] cfwfdf_mdash
bull sf]8 eGbf a9L ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfvb]lv b]lv sf]8Dd ePdf Ugrave bull ) nfv eGbf sd ePdf
g]kfn sfsf] k|fyldsLs0fmdash
bull g]kfn sfsf] v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest g]kfn sfsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest bOj6df k]df Ugrave
bull v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmd cyjf cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6LxiquestdWo] sg Psdf k]df Ugrave
bull sgdfklg gk]df
dNo clea[4L-JofkfL k|zf]wgstfFusf] 5nkmn cWoog k|ltj]bg cflbsf cfwfdf_mdash
bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt pkef]Uo jtsf] -ht cfoj]lbs cfiflw_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf cw k|zf]lwt -wnf] ulGwt t]n cflb_ Jofkf ePdf bull sRrf dfq Jofkf ePdf
yfgLo pknJwtf -k~rjifLo of]hgf d]tnfO b[li6ut ub_mdash
bull yf] 7fpFdf w] kfOPdf -ht t]hkft cssf_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf dWod kfOPdf -ht dlh7f] wkL_M bull kfOg] 7fpFdf sd cyjf lgs sd kfOPdf -ht tjf h6fdL_M
amp=amp= k|fyldstfqmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
dflysf ^ j6f cfwfxiquest ltgn] kfPsf] c+ssf] cfwfdf u08sL k|b]zdf bfnlrgL lrfOtf] aeGbf dxTjk0f h8La6L x]sf] kfOof] eg] Tokl5 slnf] s6sL tjf uGwjfn x]sf] kfOof] -tflnsf amp_ eg] offuDaf klg dxTjk0f ) h8La6Lleq x]sf] 5
32
tflnsf ampM k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
h8La6L Jofkfdf
x]sf] aif kldf0f
sn
Jofkf
g]kfn sfsf]
k|fyldsLs0f
dNo
clea[l4
yfgLo
pknJwtf k|fKtf+s
bfnlrgL t]hkft 3 3 1 2 3 3 15
lrfOtf] 3 2 2 3 3 2 15
slnf] 3 1 1 3 3 3 14
s6sL 3 1 2 3 3 1 13
tjf 3 2 3 2 1 1 12
uGwjfn 3 1 1 3 2 1 11
dlh7f] 3 2 1 2 1 2 11
h6fdL 1 2 2 3 2 1 11
ljif hf 3 2 2 2 1 1 11
offuDaf 2 1 3 2 1 1 10
cssf 1 2 2 1 1 3 10
awgL kmn 1 3 1 1 1 2 9
dnL 1 3 2 1 1 1 9
lsfsfO 1 2 1 1 1 3 9
lgdL 3 1 2 1 1 1 9
sffh rN7] 2 2 1 2 1 1 9
lkknf 1 1 1 3 1 2 9
lhDa 1 1 2 1 2 1 8
sfsf]nL 1 1 3 1 1 1 8
wlksf] kft 2 1 1 1 1 2 8
clQ hf 2 1 1 2 1 1 8
kfjgsf] af]qmf 1 2 1 1 1 2 8
Rofp 1 1 2 1 1 1 7
ljifdf 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
33
amp=amp= k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest +lIfKt ljj0f
tflnsf amp df b]vfP em klxnf] k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf t]hkft lrfOtf] b]lv bzdf ks]f offuDafsf] fy xfn cToflws dfu ePsf] v]tL ug lsg] lsfg JofkfLsf] f]hfOdf k]sf] ]ts lrgL nfO klg k|fyldsLs0fdf kflPsf] 5
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
t]hkft bfnlrgL tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -dgfordf dtfordf afx]s_ df $) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg]] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L dnfsf] iquestkdf w] k|of]udf cfpg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] t]hkft ) b]lv ld6Dd cUnf] dWod cfsfsf] bfaxf k|hfltsf] iquestv xf] osf] af]qmfsf] +u lajf fgf] xFbf xlof] l5lkPsf] cjyfdf vf] +usf] xG5 osf kftxiquest 6lNsg] lrNnf] ulGwt xG5g kft Pskl5 csf]lt ljklt lbzfdf xG5 kmfNu0fb]lv jzfv dlxgfDddf ]tf] jf kx]+nf] ndashfgf kmnxiquest xf+ufsf] 6Kkfdf kmNg] ub5
lrfOtf] kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df ))ndash))) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOg] g]kfnsf] k|dv lgofthGo h8La6L cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] lrfOtf] ^)ndash) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] hldgdfly Pp6 dVo sf08 xg] bOjif] b]lv axjif] jgklt xf] osf] hf csfi7Lo jf sfi7Lo k|s[ltsf] )=ndash= ]=dL= uf]nfO ndash) ]=dL nDafO ePsf] sNsf vf] ordfsf] xG5 kft c08fsf jf kmflsnf] eP efnfsf k]sf] Psndashcsfsf] ljklt eP knfPsf] k]mb d6 cfsf k]sf] 6Kkf] tLvf] k]sf] xG5 sf08sf] k]mbltsf] kft dfltsf] eGbf nfdf] xG5
34
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
slnf] ))ndash)) dL6 Ddsf] prfOdf tNnf] kxf8L If]q tfO r] -kjt sfsL gjnk tgxF uf]vf ndhordf_ df k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] slnf] b]lv = dL6 Ddsf]] sfF8fbf axaif] jgklt xf] osf] kft lgs dlgf] xlof] +usf] xG5 8fF7klg xlof]g xG5 osf] hfsf] cTolws ahf dfu 5
s6sL lxdfnL lhNnf -dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf_ df ^)) b]lv $)) dL6Ddsf] prfOdf ljz]if u] pQ kms]sf vNnf tyf cf]lnf] kTyLnf] le r66fg a6ofgIf]q tyf agdf ds dfqfdf kfOg] cfoj]lbs pTkfbg cfwlgs xjn pkrfsf] dVo cjoj ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] of] eO+emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf blnf tyf nfdf k|sGbxiquest hldgdlg jf hldgsf] txd dfgfGt eP kmlnPsf xG5g k|sGbsf] cfldquoVnfaf6 hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL uhdHh k]sf] emKkfdf -f]h]6_ knfPsf] xG5 kft bflanf] jf kGo cfsf b]lv c08fsf k]sf] tnlt fFu[lFb uP k]mbdf kftnf] 8fF7dfq ePsf] sf+tLht bfFt] lsgff ePsf] xG5 osf gLnf]ndashKofhL ordfsf kmnxiquest kftsf] emKkfaf6 knfPsf kikqmddf emoflDdP kmn]sf xG5g
tjf ()) b]lv )) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgaf6 +sng xg] jgdf lgs sd dfq kfOg] v]tL k|ljlw klg ljsf es]sf] lgs fd|f] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg] tjf slj ) ]dL Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|hfltsf] k|sGboQm axjif] jgklt xf] osf] s8f hf hldgdlg nfDrf] e a9g] xG5g $ b]lv ( j6f kftxiquest lnf] 8fF7sf] dflyNnf] efudf Ps yfgaf6 knfPsf xG5g kft $ndash^ ]dL nfdf] tyf $ndash^ ]dL rf8f fF3f] nfDrf] 6Kkf]df rRrf] k]sf] xG5
35
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
uGwjfn sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL lhNnfdf )) b]lv ^)) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf k|foM pQkl6 kms]sf cf]lnf] jg If]q a6ofg If]q tyf vNnf 7fpFxiquestdf k|fs[lts v]tL ePsf] cjyfdf kfOG5 ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] uGwjfn ) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] emf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm axjlifo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf yk| af]6xiquest -yenofd]6xiquest_ PscsfFu uhlN6P emKkfdf knfPsf xG5g k|sGb dtniquestkdf hldgdlg kmlnPsf] xG5 oaf6 nfdf w]sf] +Vofdf ]zfbf hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft d6 cfsf k]sf] hldgd 6fFlg]ul emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5 kmn kmNg] 8fF9 -kikqmd_ df klg yf] +Vofdf kftxiquest xG5 t ltgLxiquest fgf] 5f]6f] e]6gf] ePsf] xG5
dlh7f] )) b]lv amp)) ld6Ddsf] prfOdf kxf8L lhNnf -sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL_ df jgdf dWod kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] eft lgoft xg] dlh7f] sfF9f ePsf] v|f] nxf ePsf] axaifLo lajf xf] osf] nxf cGo emf8L k|hfltsf] ljjfdf kmnG5 kft Ps cfFVnfaf6 fdfGotof $ j6f lglsPsf] km]b uf]nf] 6Kkf] rRrf] k]sf] b]lv ]dL nfdf] v|f] xG5 kmn fgf] emKkfdf kmNg] xG5 kmn uf]nf] cln sfnf] lgrbf ftf] cfpg] xG5 osf] kmn h]7b]lv sfltsDddf kmN5 klt kmn nfU5
h6fdL dgfordf uf]vf ndhordfdf ^)) b]lv ))) dL6Ddsf] prfOsf vNnf cf]lnf] tyf zis 9+Uofg If]q kTyLnf] ledf jgdf sd kfOg] ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf] k|zf]wg kl5dfq lgoft ug kfOg] of] )ndash^) ]=dL= Dd cUnf] xg] eOFemf k|s[ltsf] k|sGboQm -hldgdlg xg] sf08 ePsf]_ axjifLo ulGwt jgklt xf] osf blnf t 5f]6f gxfFluPsf afgfbf hldgdlgsf sf08 -k|sGb_ nfO cln ftf]ndashvf] h6fhtf ]zfxiquestsf] cfj0fn] 9fs]sf] xG5 osf] k]mbdf dVo hf xG5 eg] osf cfFVnfaf6 klg ndashfgf kfZj hfxiquest knfPsf xG5g kft hldgd 6fFlg] uL emKkfdf knfPsf] xG5
36
h8La6L k|fyldsLs0fdf k]sf h8La6Lsf] 5f]6f] klro
ljif
ljif )) b]lv $)) dL6Dd o k|b]zsf dgfordf uf]vf ndhordf lhNnfsf jgdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
ahf dNo dfu bOj6 ePsf]
eft lgoft xg]
ljif slj b]lv dL6 cUnf] bOjifLo emf k|s[ltsf] ljjf xf] osf] ufgf] 7nf] xG5 kft w]g kmf6]sf] gd f+ ePsf] xG5 kmn KofhL lgnf] +usf] xG5 kmnsf] emKkf b]lv $) ]dLDd nfdf] xG5 osf] kmn ebfb]lv cf]hDddf kmN5
offuDaf
offuDaf pRr lxdfno rLgsf] yflgs h8La6L xf] $))ndash))) dL= prfOsf dgfordf dtfordf lhNnfsf pRr lxdfnL 3fF]dbfg leqL pkTosfsf lzfg pkNnf] lxdfnL If]qxiquestdf sd dfqfdf kfOG5
Hofb dNojfg h8La6L
lxdfnL e]usf dflgsf] Ps dVo gtf]t
of] x]lkofn hfltsf] lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] hellipdf]yUacute -ftdf p8g Ps lsldsf] ktnL_ sf] nfefnfO cfqmd0f uL khLjLsf iquestkdf xsG5 nfefsf] zLleq osf hellipdfO]lnodUacute xiquestsf] j[l4 xG5 hn] nfefsf] zLaf6 vfgf f]] lnG5 cGTodf nfef d]kl5 nfefsf] 6fpsf]af6 sfnf]ndashvf] ordfsf] ndash ]=dL= nfdf] ubf cfsfsf] k|hgg efu aflx lgsG5
]tslrgL
]tslrgL o k|b]zsf] sfsL kjt afUnordf uf]vf ndhordf DofUbL tgxF dgfordf ofordfhf lhNnfdf )) b]lv )) dL6Ddsf] 5fofF ePsf] jg a6ofg If]qdf k|fs[lts iquestkdf kfOG5
xfn cToflws dfu ahf dNo ePsf] rLgdf lgoft xg]
b]lv = dL6 cUnf] kftxiquest a[tdf kmlnPsf] kmn ]tf] ufgf] PDa +usf] w] s8f gePsf] xNsf k|sfz l5g]
37
amp= lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyf ljZn]if0f
u08sL k|b]z cGtut yfkgf e ~rfngdf x]sf h8La6L pBf]uxiquestdWo] k|To]s lhNnfaf6 slDtdf Ps pBf]u 5gf6 uL ltgLxiquestsf] ljt[t ljj0f +sng ul tn k|tt ulPsf] 5 gLlt lg0fo txdf ag] kbflwsfLxiquestnfO o ljifodf lg0fo lng xh xg] b]lv k|Tos lhNnfaf6 gdgfsf] nfuL 5gf6 uL cWoog ulPsf pBf]uxiquestsf] jtdfg cayfsf] 5f]6sL ljj0f oxfF pNn]v ulPsf] 5
amp=== uf]vf lhNnf
wfs] h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg kmd wfs] $ nfk|fs uf]vf )^amp fndf yfkgf e xfn ~rfngdf x]sf] 5 o pBf]usf ~rfns 6]sdfof uordf 5g pxfsf gtLdfg lht axfb uordfn]] nfk|fs xsfL cNnf] ]zf pTkfbg k|zf]wg kmd )amp b]lv ~rfngdf NofPsf5g pxfFxiquest bjhgfsf] fem]bfLdf n]sfnL s[lif jg gL d]t yfkgf uL h8La6L k|hftLsf ljjfxiquest pTkfbg u] nueu ) f]kgL cfkmg lglh hUufdf )^ fn b]lv nf7Nnf t]hkft uGwjfn jf]emf] tjf n]dgu|f kfvgj]b l6d cflb hftsf ljjf nufO +If0f Dawg k|of]u ub cfPsf] b]lvG5 eg] o jif b]lv wl+u]| klg nuffpg] f]rdf x]sf] atfpg xG5 cNnf] ]zfaf6 wfuf] lgsfnL emf]nf 6f]kL sf]6df k|of]u xg] sk8f pTkfbg ePsf] 5 eg] lrfOtf] bfnlrgL t]hkft n]dgu|f lgf] htf jgktLxiquestsf] k|zf]wg uL xjn lrof pTkfbg ulPsf] 5 lrfOtf] l6d gkftL n]dgu|f ufF tflnkq ltt]kflt t]hkft wl+u] wkL uGwjfn h6fdL nf]7Nnf lN6Ld cflb k|hftLxiquest o If]qdf kfOg] k|zf]wg ug lsg] pBf]usf ~rfns lht axfb uordf atfpg xG5
lglh nufgLdf sfpg] d]zLg f]nf h]g]]6 l8l6n]zg KnfG6 d]t fvL k|zf]wg sfonfO cufl8 a9fO fVg ePsf] cfpbf lbgxiquestdf cem wl+u] gkftL wkLsf] kftaf6 t]n lgsfNg] of]hfgdf x]sf] kfOG5
amp=== gjnk lhNnf
u8fsf]6 $ df x]sf] GbL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx )$ fndf yfgLo dbfonfO xtfgfGt0f ePsf] x]5 o fdbflos jgn] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] xf] jf] cdnfsf] ldgt0faf6 )^ fn b]lv lqkmnf pTkfbg ub cfPsf] 5 jflifs ) SjLG6n xf] jf] cdnf k|of]u xg] jflifs nueu amp) xhfsf] Jofkf xb cfPsf]] kbflwsfL jtfp5g lqkmnfsf]
38
dVo pkef]Qmfxiquestdf dVouL e|d0fdf cfpg]xiquest yfgLo aflGbf ljb]z hfg]xiquest xg] u]sf] b]lvG5 pBf]u btf ug hltg k|of ubfklg gs]sf sf0f w] pTkfbg uL ahfdf nfg] dxsf] rfxfgf xfnDd kf xg g]s]sf] kfOof] of] xgsf k|dv sf0f otf] pBf]usf] btf jBvfgfaf6 ugkg] fy yfdf Pp6f jB xg kg] psf] ]vb]v klehgdf dfq pTkfbg ugkg] sfggL Jojyf ePsf]n] pBf]u btf ug glsPsf] pgLxiquest atfp5g
amp=== DofUbL lhNnf
DofUbL lhNnfnfO l6dsf] lhNnf eg] klg o If]qdf gfd lnOG5 lhNnfsf clwsf+z yfgxiquestdf l6d kfOG5 dVouL a]gL g=kf jf8 g+ ( sf] tf]LkfgL cfkfsf If]qxiquestdf k|t kfOG5 lgnkxf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx 3f]nf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx sf] Ps Ps nfv l8=j=sf DofUbLsf] tLg nfv uL kfFr nfvdf l6dsf] t]n lgsfNg] egL lgdf0f yflnPsf] k|zf]wg ejg sdsf] cefjn] cw x]sf] 5 sdsf] hf]xf] ePdf l6d nufPt t]hkft cGo jgkltsf] k|zf]wg uL t]n lgsfNg] sfsf] k|ltIffdf yfgLo fdbflos jgxiquest x]sf] ynut lkf]l6ordfsf qmddf hfgfsfL k|fKt eof]
amp==$=ofordfhf lhNnf
)^ fndf btf ePsf] hljs gtf]t ljsf axp2]Zo xsfL yf cfFlwvf]nf uf=lj= jf8 g+= ]tL bf]efgdf x]sf] 5 o yfn] ljut bO jif cufl8 poundosdfLsf] h pTkfbg ug] p2]Zo fvL cfkmgf] yfaf6 nfv s[lif Jofjflos0f tyf Jofkf cfof]hgf g]kfn (PACT)af6 nfv uL sn $ nfvsf] +oQm nufgLdf pBf]u yfkgf eof] lsfgxiquestn] poundosdfL nufp5g f]lx lsg] pBf]u rnfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf]df lsfg poundosdfL nufpg OR5s klg b]lvPgg nufPsf klg kmnxg s]g Dk0f +rgf lgdf0f eP klg sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf pBf]u ~rfngdf cfpg gs]sf] ljsNk s] xg S5 klxrfg e gs]sf] cWoIf v]d gffo0f 9sfn atfpg xG5 cj s] ug] eGg] lg0fdf kUg gsL cndndf x]sf] +yfnfO k|fljlws tyf cflys bjsfn] v8lsPsf] cjyf ku]sf] b]lvof]
amp==+ ndhordf lhNnf
sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf +sng pBf]u j]Lzx g=kf df )amp fndf btf e sfo rf u]sf] pBf]usf k|f]k|fO6 wg jxfb uordf x]sf 5g pxfsf] pBf]un] slnf] wtf] cZjuGwf x8r sd] g ltt]kftL ufOv poundosdfL t]hkft tnL cflb hftsf ljjfxiquest cfkmg hUufdf nufO yfgLo tdf vb|f laqmL ug yfn]sf] yflgon] cfjZos kg] h8La6L lsg] nfg] u]sf] otf h8La6LnfO lkg] wnf] agfO a]Rg kfP cem] pkof]uL xg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==^= sfsL lhNnf
kf]vf Pu|f] xj P08 nfOkms]o k|f=nL kf]vf dxfgukflnsf jf8 g+ amp n]s fO8 kf]vfdf yfkgf ePsf] 5 )amp fndf yfkgf xFbf ( hgf ]o bo x]sf] o Fyf xfn lbh+u uordfn] dfq ~rfng ub cfpg ePsf] 5 o pBf]un] poundosdfL k|zf]wg uL h agfp5 sfsLsf] ofordf] DofUbL lhNnfaf6 poundosdfL NofO k|zf]wg ulPsf] 5 pBf]usf] Ifdtf a9L eP klg aflifs )) ln6 eGbf a9L pTkfbg ug glsPsf] sRrf kbfysf] cefjdf clwsf+z
39
do pBf]u aGb xg] u]sf] kfOof] fy 6f9faf6 9jfgL ugkbf w] slxg] efFlrg] xFbf sLa ) k|ltzt hlt gf]Szfg eO v] hfg] u]sf] kfOof] k|lt s]=hL ) df lsfgaf6 vlb uL 9jfgL vr cfkmn] lbFbf klg lsfgdf vf cfsif0f gb]lvPsf]n] pBf]uaf6 cfDbfdL gb]vL a ]o bon] 5f8]sf] uordf atfpg xG5 poundosdfLnfO aifdf $ k6s uf]8d]n ugkg] sfdbfklg gkfOg] ^ jif Dd fd| pTkfbg lbP klg To kl5sf jifdf pTkfbg 36b hfg] xFbf lldt dodf cTolws nfe lngkg] b]lvG5 WosdfLnfO ]8 xfp lgdf0f uL nufPdf lhnf] w] cfDbfdL lng lsg] uordf atfpg xG5
amp==amp= dgfordf lhNnf
o lhNnfdf jg kbfjfdf cfwlt pBf]u btf ePtf klg ~rfngdf gx]sf] hfgfsfL l8lehgn jg sfofnosf clws[t lji0f k|fb clwsfL tyf lgjtdfg lhNnf jg clws[t v]d rfkfufOsf] egfO x]sf] 5 t lhNnfsf yfgdf gLlh If]qaf6 ljjf pTkfbg u]sf] b]lvG5 dgfordf lhNnfsf] gff uflj df gfr] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] hUuf ef8fdf lnO tnL uordf lxt hgfn] nueu ) f]kgL hUufdf )amp fnb]lv lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL u]sf 5g = jifdf +sng ug lsg] o k|hftLaf6 uPsf] jif nfv ) xhf cfDbfgL ePsf] tnL uordf jtfpg xG5
lgdL (Delphinium denudatum) sf] v]tL tnL uordf lhNNff dgfordf
Tot lhNnsf] bfgfSo eGg] yfgdf k]df nfdfn] ^= f]klg lglh kfvf] hUufdf amp xhf hlt tjf (Paris polyphylla) sf] ljjfxiquest f]k0f u]sf] osf] cfDbfgL lng b]lv $ jif nfUg] nfdf jtfp5g dgfordf lhNnfsf ko6sLo dfudf lrlr -tf]rs (Hippophae salicifolia_ sf] k|zf]wg ul agfOPdf jt ko6sdfem nf]slk|o xg] b]lvG5
amp=== dtfordf
jfx|ufpF dlQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ df yfgLo gfd tf]f -Hippophae tibetana_ af6 amp 3wL x]sf] emfsf]6 dlxnf dxn] ljut Ps bzseGbf cufl8 b]lv g h pTkfbg lalqm ub cfPsf 5g ) ld=nL= jf]tndf Kofs]lhEuml uL k|lt jf]tn ) df lalqm xg] ulx]sf] pgLxiquest atfp5g To uL wfnfluL cfdf dxn] vffordf uflj jf8 g+ 6sr]df yflgo lrlr gfdsf] ljfSy|f]g af6 h pTkfbg ulPsf]df s]xL do aGb e o jif b]lv kgM pTkfbg z u]sf] 5 osf pTkfbgxiquest lhn laqmL xg] xFbf j[Iff]k0f e lbPdf fd|f]xg] pgLxiquest atfp5g
40
Tot dtfordf dfkmfdf lgnuluL ~hLjgL 6laquo]8sf gaxfb lxfrgn] slj Ps bzsb]lv cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL uL 8fj g]kfnnfO a]Rb cfPsf 5g pgn] cGo lsfgaf6 klg cssf vlb uL a]Rg] u]sf 5g plg ht cGo yfgLPsf] klg o k|hftLsf] v]tL k|lt cfifif0f a9b uPsf]5
cssf -Anacyclus pyrethrum_ sf] v]tL tyf +sng dtfordf lhNnf
amp==(= tgxF lhNnf
tgx lhNnfsf] Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf )^( fndf yfgLo ^ j6f fdbflos jg xlof] jg sfoqmd l8lehgn jg 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u sfofno tgxsf] kxndf dfpG6]g tgx fdbflos j]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] pBf]un] Gtnf sfutL nKL j]n k|zf]wg ug] u]sf] 5 fdbflos jgxiquestaf6 jflifs nueu )) s]=lh j]n +sng xg] k|lt s]=hL )ndash df vlb ug] ulPsf] 5 pBf]udf ( hgfn] k|ToIf cGbfhL )) hgfn] ck|ToIf iquestkdff]hufL kfPsf 5g jflifs )) eGbf a9L af]tn h pTkfbg uL kf]vf sf7df08f 8 ahfxiquestdf laqmL xb cfPsf]5 hsf] pTkfbgsf] k|rf k|f sdL cflys cefj cflbn] ubf xfn h+undf x]sf sRrf kbfyxiquestsf] ) dfq k|of]udf Nofpg lsPsf] 5 j]n e08f0f u[x kNk lrofpg] d]lg k|rf k|f ug lsPdf pBf]u ~rfngdf xof]u kUg] pQm pBf]usf +of]hs lji0f gt]i7 atfpg xG5
Hffdg] e~Hofordfdf ePsf] j]nsf] h pTkfbg lhNnf tgxF
amp==)= kjt lhNnf
hnhnf uflj jf8 g+ df )^ fndf n]sfnL fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx nfnL uFf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dx ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] +oQm k|ofdf wlordfu|] sf] ulGwt t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ePsf] lyof] yfkgf ubf ltgj6 dxn] xhfsf bn] sd fv]sf lyP onfO nfv LFP gfds yfn] xof]u lbPsf] lyof] kl5
41
lh=la=af6 klg nfv cgbfg pknAw ePsf] lyof] )) s]=hL kftaf6 b]lv = ln6 Dd t]n pTkfbg xg] jifdf a9Ldf dlxgf ~rfngdf xg] o pBf]u yfkgf sfnb]vL slj ) jifdf k6s dfq ~rfngdf cfPsf] sf ldN6]rf fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf cWoIf hu axfb kg atfpg xG5 of] xgfsf] k|dv sf0f k6sDd jgdf cfufnfuL eO wl+u] gi6 xg xf] -Ps k6s cfufnfuL xFbf tLg jif Dd wl+u|] +sng ug gs]sf]_ k|lt s]=lh df vlbg] u]sf] blgs )) s]=lh k|zf]wg ug lsg] o pBf]u xfn d]lgdf lvof nfu]sf] ddt guL ~rfng ug glsg] cjyfdf x]sf] 5 osf] ddt sg lgsfoaf6 ePdf kg ~rfng ug lsg] cWoIf kg atfpgxG5
amp=== afUnordf lhNnf
sf7]vf]nf uf=lj= wDhfdf )amp$ fndf vfdsf]rnL t]n k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf uL ~rfng ePsf] 5 vfdsf]rnL fdbflos jg pkef]Qmf dx ltgrn] fdbflos jg pkef]Stf dxsf] $ nfv lhNnf jg sfofnosf] nfv amp xhf uL sn ( nfv amp xhfsf] nfutdf yfkg e ~rfng ePsf] o pBf]un] wl+u]|sf] klIf0f pTkfbg u]sf] yfgLo iquestkdf pknJw xg] ltt]kftL lnfdaf6 klg t]n lgsfNg lsG5 eGg] nfu]sf] t Jofkfls iquestk lng lsx]sf] 5g pBf]un] gfkmf eGbf klg yfgLo tdf To v] uOx]sf jgktLsf k|of]uaf6 f]hufL [hgf xg] xbf yk xof]u ePdf pBf]u ~rfng ug lsg] pQm dxsf cWoIf bn jxfb yfkf atfpg xG5
ljleGg lhNnfdf x]sf pBf]uxiquestsf] xfnsf] cjyfnfO laZn]if0f ubf f] +u AoStLx P+j cGo f]sfjfnfxiquest+usf] cWoogsf] qmddf f]lwPsf] k|Zg 5nkmn tyf cGtlqmofsf] cfwfdf cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u yfkgf ubf tkzLnsf] sfxiquestdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5
JolQmut nufgL gePsf] aflxaf6 cflys xof]u k|fKt ePsf] pBf]uxiquest cflys xof]u kfpFbfdfq ~rfng xg] xof]u gkfPsf] v08df aGb ePsf] b]lvof] ty dbfodf cfwfLt pBf]unfO cflys xof]u lbPklg ~rfngsf] lhDd]jfL lglh If]qnfO lbbf fd|f] xg]
pBf]u yfkgf ubf sRrf kbfysf] k|ofKttf pTkflbt atsf] ahf lglZrttfdf Wofg lbgkg]
jgaf6 dfq sRrf kbfy gkUg] ePsf]n] pBf]unfO rflxg] sRrf kbfysf] v]tL ljtf ug kg] fy Pp6f dfq h8La6L -at_ df geO w] atsf] k|zf]wg ug kxn ug] al9 eGbf al9 lbg +rfngdf Nofpgkg]
lsfg +snssf] ndashfgf] dx agfpg] pgLxiquestnfO solar electric dryer cflb ljt0f ug] yfgLo JofkfLdfkmt solar electric dryer cflb ~rfng uL lsfgn] +sng u]sf] h8La6L sfpg xof]u ug]
yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf kxFFrsf nflu k|b]z sf cyjf k|b]z dGqfnon] lglh If]q xeflutfsf] cfxjfg ug]
plgxn] pTkfbg u]sf h8Lj6L hGo lrh jtx vlb xG5 eGg] ljjf ug] cfwfx lgrLt ufpg]
42
amp=( h8La6L pBdsf] SWOT ljZn]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf nflu h8La6L] Ps dxTjk0f k|fs[lts gtf]t xf] t jg If]qdf xg] cfunfuL lxdfnL If]qdf xg] cTolws rlr0f h8La6Lsf] cklkSj cJojlyt cTolws +sng +slnt h8La6Lxiquestsf] cgpkoSt tlsfn] xg] e08f0f cflbn] pBf]u yfkgfsf] sfddf Jofjwfg b]lvPsf] 5 f]sfjfnf af6 cfPsf emfj ynut cWoogsf] qmddf cfPsf jfnx du| h8La6L h8La6LhGo pBf]uxiquestsf] ljljw kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ubf jnkIf bjnkIf cj rgftLxiquest lgDg cgf kfOG5
jn kIf
h8La6Lxiquest gLlh tyf sfL hUufxiquestdf lxdfnb]lv tfODd kfOG5g To afemf] xL v] ux]sf] vf]nfvf]NL tyf lekxf d]tsf hUufxiquestdf nufpg lsg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ahfdf lalqm ug lsg] u|fld0f lk5l8Psf jtLxiquestsf] ekbf] lgGt cfogtf]t tsfL kmnkmn cfifwLdf d]t k|of]u xb cfPsf]
bjn kIf
h8La6Lsf] ldgt0faf6 sg f]usf] pkrf ug lsG5 eGg] hfgfsfLdf sdL ahfsf af]df cfd f]sfjfnf cgle1 xg cgbfgdf pBf]u yfkgf ulg] aLrdf cnkq xg] ljb]zsf] dfusf] cfwfdf oxfF h8La6Lxiquestsf] vf]lh +sng xg nfdf] dokl5dfq k|ltkmn kfOg] sg k|hftLsf] sga]nf +sng u]df Toleqsf] ftTj k|rdfqfdf xG5 Tosf]
cgGwfgdf sdL h8La6Lsf] +sng e08f0f k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] 1fgdf sdL hn] ubf u0ftdf sdL
cfpg k|zf]wgsf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy pTklbt jtsf] ahf sxfF xf] slt xf] lglrt
guL pBf]u yfkgf ulg
cjxiquest
To sx] jf cfuf]n] hn] v]hfg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] +sng tyf k|zf]wgaf6 f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] jb]zL tyf ljb]zL db|fsf] cfhg ug lsg]
jb]zd pTkfbLt h8La6Lxiquestsf] k|of]uaf6 cfifwLxiquest lgdf0f uL ljb]zaf6 cfpg] otf cfifwL hGo atxiquestsf] cfoft 36fpg xof]u kUg]
afFemf] hUufsf] bkof]u xg] yfgLo tdf k|ljlw xtfgfGt0f tyf f]hufLsf] [hgf xg] h8La6Lxiquestsf] ahfLs0faf6 u|fld0fIf]qdf af]jf ug] hgtfsf] hLljsf]kfhgdf 3fp
kUg]
43
rgfgLxiquest
sfdbfsf] cefj osf] k|dv ahf lab]zdf xg w yf]s JofkfL lgoftstfsf] e kg kg] cjyf jg If]qdf xg] cfufnfuL lxdfnL If]qdf h8La6L pd|g] a9g] do kf6gdf atxiquest rLrg ufpg] do Pp6
xg]xbfF atefpsf] vn] sNrg] vfg] xFbf dxTjk0f h8Lj6Lxsf] gf]SfgL xg] sfL hUufdf h8La6L k|zf]wg pBf]u yfkgf ubf jftfj0fLo k|efj klIf0f ug kg] lhNnfdf k|lt h8La6L k|hftL 6g b]lv ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f )
6g dfyL jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofordfsg ug kg] hn] ubf nfut w] kg hfg] ldf If]qdf rf]l lgsLsf] f]syfddf sl7gfO h8La6Lsf] e08f0f u[x gxFbf +slnt h8La6Lxiquest sxLg] ftTjdf kljtg xg] sf0fn]
cln 6f9fsf] pBf]uDd u0ftLo dxTjk0f h8La6L kyenofpg sl7gfO xg] fdbfoLs jgsf w] sfoof]hgfdf h8Lj6L DaGwL pNn]v gulbf +sngdf sl7gfO
amp=) h8La6L DalGw gLltut Aoayf
jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^
on] aeligjg Dkbfsf] Jojyf jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] ljtf tyf clejl4 f]hufsf cjxiquest [hgf u] yflgo fli6laquoo cytGqdf b[9 ug 3fp kfpg] bL3sfnLg p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] eg] pn] lnPsf sfoqmd dWo] aeligh8La6L Pj+ uGwLt jgkltsf] cfkltdf sfoug] jb]z ljb]z ahfdf osf pTkfbg kfpg]AElig -jg ljsf uof]hgf )$^_+
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^
o gLltn] pRr dNosf h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f f+Djwgaf6 cyJojyfdf 7f] of]ubfg kyenofO cfufdL g )) Dd cGtfli6laquoo hutdf g]kfnnfO h8La6L Pj+ ux|sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] a[xb e08fsf] iquestkdf kllrt tNofpg bL3sfnLg f]r lnPsf] 5
aelig+slnt h8La6Lxiquest Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjfxiquestsf] k|flDes k|zf]wgsf] sfd yfgLo td uL bud tyf clt bud u|fdL0f If]qdf f]hufL cfo cfhgsf cjxiquest a9fpg] +sng s]Gb| tyf Jofkfls s]Gb|xiquestdf k|zf]wg nufotsf dNo clej[l4sf sfoxiquest uL yfgLo cflys ultljlwxiquestsf] clej[l4 xg] uL lghL If]q yfgLo lgsfo nufot cGo If]qsf] xeflutfnfO a9fjf lbg] h8La6L tyf usfi7 jg kbfjfsf] k|zf]wg uL clGtd pTkfbg ug lghL If]qnfO k|f]Tflxt uL jg kbfjfdf cfwflt pBf]unfO sfi7 usfi7 pBf]udf juLs0f uL sRrf kbfy n xh iquestkdf pknAw ufOg] 5AElig -h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^=_
lajf +If0f P]g )^$ lajf +If0f lgod )^amp h8La6L lgoft ug cfjZos kmfO6f] oflg6L k|df0fkq KnfG6 Sjf]G6fOg r]s kf]i6af6 cfjZos sfuhft aemfPkl5 k|fKt ug lsg]
44
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg )amp
g]kfnsf] +ljwfg efumdash$ n] fHosf lgb]zs l4fGt gLlt tyf bfloTjsf] df fHosf gLltxiquestdf k|fs[lts fwg gtf]tsf] +If0f Djwg pkof]u DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] 5 odf elgPsf]5mdash fli6laquoo lxt cgsn tyf cGtktf dGofosf] dfGotfnfO cfTdft ub] b]zdf pknAw k|fs[lts gtf]t fwgsf] +If0f Dawg jftfj0f cgsn lbuf] iquestkdf pkof]u ug] yflgo dbfonfO k|fyldstf cu|flwsf lbb k|fKt k|ltkmnxiquestsf] Goof]lrt ljt0f ug] pNn]v ePsf]5 -g]kfn clwfHosf] +ljwfg )amp_
bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgf
h8La6L Pj+ u sfi7 jg kbfjfsf] pTkfbg k|zf]wg Pj+ pkoQm ahfsf] Jojyf uL dfhsf ljkGg dlxnf tyf lk5l8Psf juxiquestdf kxFr kyenofO di7Lutiquestkdf uljL Golgs0fdf of]ubfg kyenopg kg] gLlt bzf+ k~rjlifo of]hgfn] lnPsf] lyof]
jg P]g )$(
lhNnfdf eP x]sf jg kbfjfxiquestsf] +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f ug jg P]g )$( sf] bkmf ) adf]lhd sfaringff JojyLtjgsf] Jojyfkgsf] nfuL lhNnf jg sfofnon] tf]lsP adf]lhd sfo of]hgf tof uL jLs[ltsf] nfuL If]qLo jg lgb]zgfno dfkmt ljefudf k]z ugkg] Jojyf u]sf] 5
f]lx P]gsf] bkmf amp) s=adf]lhd g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL hljs ljljwtf jftfj0f +If0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nfuL tf]lsPsf] jg kbfjfsf] +sng s6fgpkef]u cf]fkf laqmL ljt0f jf ljb]z lgsLdf k|ltjG3 nufpg Sg] pNn]v uLPsf]5
jg lgodfjnL )
jg kbfj +sng ug Ohfht lngkg]M
s= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f DaGwL Jojyf ulPsf]5 h8La6Lsf] +Iacuteng tyf laqmL ljt0f ug rflxg] JolStn] jg kbfjf DalGw sff]jf ug kfpg] uL btf ePsf kmd jf sDkgLsf] gfdaf6 h8La6Lsf] lsld +Iacuteng If]q kldf0f +Iacuteng ug] p2]Zo d]t vf]nL l8lehgn jg clws[t dIf lgj]bg lbgkg] Dffu adf]lhdsf] h8La6L +Iacuteng ug k|ltaGw nfu]sf] gb]lvPdf tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] dNo clu|d lnO h8La6L +sng ug cgdtL lbg] Jojyf x]sf]5 Ohfhtkq adf]lhd +sng eO cfPsf] h8La6Lsf] kldf0f hfFrL clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] tf]lsP adf]lhd uL 5f]8klh lbg Sg]5
v= jg lgodfjnL ) sf] lgod df jg kbfjf lgsfL DalGw Jojyf u]sf]5 o lgodfjnL adf]lhd cgdtL lnO +sng ePsf jg kbfjf dWo] ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjGw nufPsf] jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf ljb]z lgsl ug lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] ljb]z lgsfL ug cgdtLsf nfuL DaGwLt eGf sfofnonfO lkmfl ug Sg]5
u= sg JolSt +3 yf jf pBf]un] +sng pkof]u ljqmL ljt0f cf]f kf tyf lgsfLdf k|ltjGw nufPb]lv jfx]s cGo jg kbfjf eGfsf] k|1fkgkq DalGwt dnssf]
45
cflwsfLs k|df0f lxt ljb]zaf6 cfoft uL laqmL ug jf kgM ljb]z lgsfL ugsf] lgldTt lgj]bg lbPdf clwsf k|fKt clwsfLn] Totf] jg kbfjf cfot uL ljqmL ljt0f ug jf kg ljb]z lgsfl ugsf] nfuL cgdlt lbg Sg]5
3= f]lx lgodfjnLsf] lgod df g]kfn sfn] g]kfn fhkqdf rgf k|sfzg uL sg vf lsldsf] jg kbfjfsf] +Iacuteng pkof]u laqmL ljt0f tyf cf]fndashkf ug k|ltaGw nufpg Sg] Jojyf u]sf]5
ordf= fdfGotof h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf ug lgj]bg lbg] do cjlw sflts b]lv h]i7 dlxgf Dd x]sf] xG5
h8La6L +sng lgsfL DaGwL cGo kfngf ugkg] sfxiquest M
s= cfkmn] +sng ug rfx]sf] h8La6Lsf] clu|d dNo hDdf ug kg]
v= tf]lsPsf] do leq tf]lsPsf] yfgdf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFaf6 +sng ug kg]
u= l8=j=sf df Ohfhtkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg kb5
3= h8La6L 3f6u4Laf6 gflk drNsf k|fKt eP kZrft l8lehgn jgn] lglZrt dofjwL tf]ls tf]lsPsf] yfgDd nhfg 5f]8klh xg]
8= h8La6L 3f6u4L yfgdf nf]8 e s]k5L sdrfLaf6 bkL7 ufOaf6f]sf r]skf]i6 xiquestdf r]shfr ufO nhfg kg]
jftfj0f +If0f P]g )
jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) sf] bkmf adf]lhd k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ugkg] Jojyf u]sf]5
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$
jftfj0f +If0f lgodfjnL )$ n] h8La6L +sng tyf cf]f kf tyf k|zf]wgsf DaGwdf lgDg adf]lhd Joayf u]sf] 5M
k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f jf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sgsf] nfuL cgrL adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf sforL agfO DaGwLt lgsfoaf6 ljs[tL ufpg kg]
k|flDes jftfj0fLo kLIf0f ugkg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs b]lv ) d]= 6gDd hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt b]lv ) 6gDd jg kbfjf +sng ug
46
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )ndash)) d]= 6gDd af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
$= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs ndash)) d]= 6gDd +sng ug
fjhlgs j6yenofg If]qdf h8La6L uGwLt jgkltsf] Jofjflos pTkfbgsf] nfuL h8La6L s]Gb| yfkgf ug
jftfj0fLo k|efj dNof+sg ug kg]
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]qaf6 Psk6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hflt jflifs ) d]= 6g eGbfa9L hf lemSg] k|hfltsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= jg tyf +lIft If]q Jojyfkg of]hgfdf jg kbfjfsf] kldf0f pNn]v gePsf] cjyfdf Ps lhNnfaf6 Pp6 jg Ifq jf w] jgIf]qaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jflifs )) d]= 6g eGbf a9L af]qmf lemSg] k|hftLsf jg kbfjf +sng ug
= k|rlnt sfgg cgf +sng ug k|ltjGw gnufPsf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jg If]q jf Ps jf w lhgdf fnl8 l77f cdnf t]Gbkft ef]nfkft t]hkft nufPt sf7 jfx]ssf ag kbfjf Ps lhNnfaf6 Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL k|lt k|hftL jfifLs )) d]= 6g eGbf +sng ug
$=k|rlnt sfgg cgf k|zf]wg uL ftTj lgsfnL lgsfL ug kfOg] k|hfltxiquestsf] xsdf Pp6 jg If]q jf w] jgIf]q jf Ps jf w] lhgdf Ps k6s jf k6s k6s uL Ps lhNnfaf6 k|lt k|hflt ) 6g eGbf a9L jg kbfjf +sng ug
fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp
h8La6L nufot jgdf cfwflt pBf]uxiquestsf] k|jwg pTkfbg Ifdtf a[4L ug]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] +If0f v]tL ljtf +sng k|zf]wg k|dfl0fs0f Jofjflos0f lgoftdf fHon] laz]if Wofg lbg]
h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jgkbfjfsf] hf]g ks]6 If]q lgwf0f ug]
fdbflos jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
fdbflos jgsf] sfo of]hgfdf Jojyf ulP adf]lhd pkef]Stf dxn] f=j kfOg] h8La6Lsf] +sng uL j]rlavg ug Sb5g sfoof]hgfsf] do lsPsf] xgxbg fhZj b eGbf sddf laqmLug kfObg j]rljvg ug] h8La6Lsf] cu|Ld hfgfsfL l8=j=sfnfO lbg kb5
47
sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L +sngsf] Jojyf
jg P]g cgf sjlnotL jgaf6 h8La6L nufpg]jf] ki6 pNn]v gePsf] xFbf sjlnotL jgdf nufPsf] h8La6L jg dx tyf yfn] lhNnfjg sfofnonfO clu|d hfgfsfL lbO ug kfpg] b]lvG5
lghL jgaf6 h8La6L +sng Jojyf
lghL jg tyf lglh hUufdf x]sf h8La6Lxiquest l8lehgn jg sfofnon] 5fgljg tyf hfFrjem uL cjflb leq7x ePdf +sng tyf cf]fkf ug Sg]5g jflifsiquestkdf 6g b]vL ) 6g Dd k|flDes jftfj0fLo klIf0f ) 6g eGbf al9sf] +sngsf] nfuL jftfj0fLo k|efa dNof+sg ug kg] Jojyf jftfj0f +If0f P]g ) jftfj0f +If0f gLodfjnL )$ df x]sf] 5
g]kfn sfaringff +lIft h8La6Lxiquest
k|ltalGwt h8La6Lxiquest -+sng pkof]u ljlqmljt0f cf]fkf tyf ljb]z lgsfldf k|ltjlGwt_
s=kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
v=cf]vsf] af]qmf -Juglans regia_
ldlt )^)dividedivide ut] k|sflzt g]kfn fhkq efu cgf jgklt ljefuaf6 Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora xf] elg olsg uL lkmfl u]sf] cfwfdf jg ljefun] pQm h8La6Lsf] pknAwtf d]tnfO b[li6ut uL lgsfL jLs[lt lbPsf] cjyfdfafx]s s6sL ljb]z lgsfL ug k|ltaGw u]sf] 5
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbg jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoe k|zf]wg uL f tTj lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufPsf h8La6Lxiquest
s= h6fdL -Nardostachys jatamansi_
v= uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
u= emofp -Lichens_
3= nf7Nnf -Taxus wallichiana T contorta T marieri_
8= kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
r= uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
5= tflnkq -Abies spectabilis_
jgklt ljefu jf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg sDkgL lnld6]8sf] lkmfldf -cfkmgf] pTkfbgsf] xsdf jfx]s_ jg ljefusf] jLs[tL lnP g]kfn clwfHoleq pdfn] ftTj lgsfnL pkoSt 9+un] ldgt0fuL lgsfL ug cgdlt kfPdf jfx]s lznflhtnfO ljb]z lgsfl ug k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5
48
g]kfnsf] cflys ljsfsf nflu k|fyldstfk|fKt h8La6Lxiquest
qm=+ j1flgs gfd g]kfnL gfd k|of]u xg] efu dVo k|of]u
1 Aconitum heterophyllum clt hf ufgf] cfifwL
2 Aconitum spicatum ljif hf kmn kft cfifwL
3 Acorus calamus af]emf] hf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
4 Asparagus racemosus slnf] tfjL hf 6f vfg cfifwL
5 Azadirachta indica gLd Dk0f efu cfifwL
6 Bergenia ciliate kfvgj]b k|sGb cfifwL
7 Cinnamomum glaucescens uGw sf]sLnf kmn cfifwL ulGwt t]n
8 Cinnamomum tamala t]hkft af]s|f cfifwL dnf
9 Cordyceps sinensis ofrfuGa k 9L nfef cfifwL tfst
10 Dactylorhiza hatagirea kfldquorcf+n] ufgf] cfifwL
11 Dioscorea deltoidei Eofs hf kmn vfgf l86h]G6
12 Gaultheria fragrantissima wl+u|] k6k6] kft ulGwt t]n cfifwL
13 Juglans regia cf]v kmn af]qmf vfgf ordf cfifwL 14 Morchella conica uRrL Rofp k lajf vfg 6lgs
15 Nardostachys grandiflora h6fdL k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n
16 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora s6sL hf k|sGb cfifwL
17 Lichen permilofp k lajf vfg cfifwL
18 Phyllanthus emblica cdnf kmn cfifwL vfg
19 Piper longum lkKnf kmn 8fldquo7 cfifwL dnf
20 Podophyllum hexandrum n3kq hf k|sGb cfifwL
21 Rauvolfia serpentine kuGwf hf cfifwL
22 Rheum austral kbdrfn k|sGb 8fldquo7 vfg cfifwL
23 Rubia manjith dlh7f] 8fldquo7 hf ordf cfifwL
24 Sapindus mukorossi lreg F kmn af]qmf aLp cfifwL
25 Swertia chirayita lrfOtf] ltt] k lajf cfifwL
26 Tagetes minuta hEumlnL okqL k lajf cfifwL ulGwt t]n
27 Taxus wallichiana nf7 Nnf kft cfifwL
28 Tinospora sinensis uhf] nxf cfifwL h8La6L lrof
29 Valeriana jatamansii uGwjfn hf k|sGb cfifwL ulGwt t]n wk
30 Zanthoxylum armatum l6d kmn dnf ulGwt t]n cfifwL
v]tL tyf cgGwfgsf] nflu k|fyldstf qmddf k]sf h8La6Lxiquest
kfFrcfn] -Dactylorhiza hatagirea_
s6sL -Neopicrorhiza scrophulariifolia_
lrfOtf] -Swerita chirayita_
$ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
uGwjfn -Valeriana jatamansi_
^ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_
amp l6d -Zanthoxylum armatum_
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_
( slnf] -Asparagus racemosus_
) lkknf -Piper longum_
uGwsf]lsnf -Cinnamomum glaucescens_
uhf] -Tinospora sinensis_
50
fOl6df k]sf g]kfnsf jgkltxiquest
cgrL cgrL cgrL
Creopegia spp ef]6] nxf -Gnetum montanum_ v pGo - Cyathea spp_ Soff -Meconopsis regia_ jg tn -Dioscorea deltoidea_ uGL -Podocarpus neriifolius_ gufef kljf - Orchidaceae_ jg rfFk -Talauma hodgsonii_
n3kq -Podophyllum hexandrum_ Tetracentron sinense
kuGwf -Rauvolfia serpentina_ nf7 Nnf -Taxus wallichiana_ snjn -Cycas sp_ h6fdL -Nardostachys grandiflora_
51
= emfjxM
o k|ltj]bgsf cfwfdf pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnon] h8La6LhGo pBf]unfO cfjZos kg] h8La6Lsf] lgGt cfktLsf nflu pkoQm gLlt jgfO s[lif dGqfno tyf gLlh If]qFu dGjo xsfo v]tL ljtfdf hf]8 lbgkg] b]lvG5
k|tfljt pBf]usf] l8lkcf uiquestof]hgf tof u] dfq cl3 a9bf fd|f] xg] fy pTkflbt atsf] ahf cWoog laZn]if0f k|ltkwfTdstfdf Wofg lbgkg] b]lvG5 pBf]usf nflu yfgsf] 5gf6 ubf ylgo dbfo yfgLo tx +3 yfxiquest d]tsf] xefuLtf dfly pNn]lvt cfwfdf Wofgdf fvL 5gf6 u]df pBf]unfO +rfngdf yk 6]jf kUg] b]lvG5
pBf]u yfkgfsf nflu fjhlgs lghL fem]bfL df]8]ndf sfofGjog ubf fd|f] xg] k|b]z dGqfnon] h8La6L DaGwL pBf]u yfkgfsf] nflu l8lehgn jg clws[t fdbflos
jgsf k|ltlglw h8La6L JofkfL h8La6L v]ltdf nfu]sf pTkfbs tyf pBf]uL d]tsf] +nUgtfdf gLltut sfggL JojxfLs gtf]tsf] pknAwtf ahfLs0fsf a kIfxiquestsf] laZn]if0f uL cflys k|fljlws laQLo bLuf] Jofjyfkg cflb kIfsf] laZn]if0fsf] cfwfdf cufl8 a9bf fd|f] xg] b]lvG5 pbfx0fsf] nflu h8La6L +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] nfut laQLo laZn]if0f (Finanial analysis) cgrL ^ df dfj]z ulPsf] 5
h8La6L k|zf]wg e08f0f u[x lgdf0f ubf h8La6L pTkfbs JojfoL yfgLo tx d]tsf] fem]bfL cyft Public Private Producers Partnership (4 P) cjwf0fdf +rfng u]df k|ltkwL xg] bLuf] Jojyfkgdf xh xg] b]lvG5
v]tL ljtf ulx]sf] cjyfdf lgsfLdf k|ltjlGwt h8La6Lsf] xh lalqmsf] gLltut Jojyf nLs0f
l8lehgn jg sfofnoxiquestdf h8La6Lsf] 5sect lgsfo v8f ul f] DaGwL bIf hgzlQmsf] Jofjyf uL j1flgs +sng k4lt ckgfO h8La6L +sng ubf fd|f] xg]
h8La6L v]tL ljtf bLuf] +sng e08f0f k|zf]wgsf] Jojyfkgdf yfgLo txsf] +nUgtf hf]8 lbgkg] tyf yfgLo lgsfousf] dGjodf ah]6 Jojyf hf]8 lbgkg]
l5d]sL lhNnflar dGjodf 5f]8khL lbg] Jojyf ugkg] ahf Jojyfkg rgf k|jfx lhNnfut txdf +3 JofkfLxiquest lar fd|f] fem]bfL
xgkg] gLlh If]qjf6 h8Lj6L pTkfbg ug k|oft lsfgxnfO a[xt kdf If]q latf ug
s[lifdf em cgbfgsf] Jojyf ePdf k|f]Tfxg xg] b]lvG5 yfkgf ePsf hl8j6L k|zf]wg pBf]ux xfn ljljw sf0fn] ubf ~rfngdf gx]sf jf
Grfngdf x]tf klg Tolt k|efjsfL gx]sf] kfOG5 ty Totf pBf]uxsf] cjyf alem k|b]z dGqfnon] cfyLs k|fljlws ahfLs0fdf anLs0f ugkg] b]lvG5
p2f]u yfkgf ubf sgsg k|hftLsf h8Lj6Lxsf] k|of]u ulg]xf] lt lt k|hftLxsf] k|Tos lhNnfdf jftfj0fLo k|efj dNofIacuteg ug kg] b]lvG5
52
Gbe fdu|Lxiquest ofordfhf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
fdbfoLs jgxiquestsf] jflifs cgudg k|ltj]bg )amp l8=j=sf kjt
afUnordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
dgfordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
DofUbL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp$
g]kfn sf -)_ g]kfn sf jg lgodfjnL -)_ sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq ))
g]kfn sf -)_ jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfnosf] rgf ldlt )divide(divide^ v08 +Vof ^M efu sf7df08fM g]kfn fhkq
g]kfn sf clwfHosf] +lawfg -)amp_ g]kfn clwfHosf] +lawfg )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf
gjnkfL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp)
jflifs cgudg tyf dNofordfsg k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf ofordfhf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf afUnordf
jflifs k|utL k|ltj]bg cf=j )ampdivide)amp l8=j=sf DofUbL
jflifs k|utL kltsf cf=j )amp$divide)amp l8=j=sf sfsL
jg ljefu -)^_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^$ b]lv )amp$_ xfd|f] jg sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg ljefu -)^(_ h8La6L v]tL k|f0f kltsf sf7df08fM jg ljefu
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)$^_ jg If]qsf] uof]hgf -)$^_ sf7df08fM jg tyf e +If0f dGqfno
jg tyf endash+If0f dGqfno -)^_ h8La6L Pj+ usfi7 jg kbfjf ljsf gLlt )^ sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno -)amp_ fli6laquoo jg gLlt )amp sf7df08fM g]kfn sf jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
jgktL laefu -)^)_ h8La6L klrodfnf sf7df08fM jgktL laefu
k|b]z sf -)amp$_ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $ -sfoljefhg_ lgodfjnL )amp$ k|b]z sf k|b]z g+= $
kjt lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
lhNnf jg sfofnogjnkfLsf] jg If]qsf] ljj0fcf=j )ampdivide)amp$ l8=j=sf gjnkfL
ndhordf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
sfsL lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
tgxF lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
53
uordf lvn]Gb| Kofs]n lbk]z -)^(_ g]kfnsf] k|dv h8La6Lxiquestsf] lrgfL sf7df08fM hdg
cGtfli6laquoo xof]u lgof]u (GIZ) g]kfnsf] ljZj Aofkf +u7g k|flKtsf] k|lta4tf tyf b[9 Plss[t
+rgfnfO xof]u (WTOEIF-SP) tyf g]kfn xA tyf xjn pTkfbs +3 (NEHHPA)
uf]vf lhNnfsf] k~rjifLo jg Aojyfkg sfoof]hgf )amp
w|jfh esectfO -)_ h8La6L d~hL nlntkM dg k|sfzg
DFRS (2015) State of Nepalrsquos Forests Kathmandu Ministry of Forests and Soil
Conservation Department of Forest Research and Survey
Ghimire S K Awasthi B Rana S Rana H K Bhattarai R amp Pyakurel D (2016)
Export of medicinal and aromatic plant materials from Nepal Botanica Orientalis ndash
Journal of Plant Science 10 24ndash32
Olsen C S amp Larsen H O (2003) Alpine medicinal plant trade and Himalayan mountain
livelihood strategies The Geographical Journal 169(3) 243ndash254
Trade amp Export Promotion Centre (2017 December 23) A Glimpse of Nepalrsquos Foreign Trade Statistical Presentation httpwwwtepcgovnptepc_pub
Vasisht K Sharma N amp Karan M (2016) Current Perspective in the International Trade
of Medicinal Plants Material An Update Current Pharmaceutical Design 22 4288ndash4336
wwwayushgovin
54
cgrL
cgrL M cWoog qmddf cGtjftf 5nkmn rgfsf] nflu Dks ulPsf JoflQmxiquestsf] gfdfjnL
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
ofordfhf
1 sf]dn sfkmn] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno ofordfhf (^)
2 v]d gffo0f 9sfn
cflwvf]nf uflj ofordfhf (^))
3 cd kfhnL xfos ag clws[t l8lehgn ag sfofno
ofordfhf 9856083762
4 ]Gb| rfkfufOF h8La6L JofkfL Tg] $ jflnEuml 9846094044
5 gtLu0f]z k|fb clwsfL
OZj nIdL s[lif kmfd ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856013930
6 g h+u zfx Cff]Uo tyf Pu|f]6]s ]G6 fEumlvf]nf ofordfhf 9846095081
7 9f] axfb sfsL km]]sf]kmg ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856032114
8 z] axfb uEuml aB kefOh ofordfgf cktfn
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9 Xl k|fb zdf lrj Hof]tLv]Ng] fdbflos jg
ktnL ahf ofordfhf
10 kiff]Qd nfld5fg]
JofkfL uugkfgL cfFwLvf]nf ofordfhf
9846426720
11 cgGt gt]i7 cWoIf of]bo Snj ktnL ahf ofordfhf
9856029713
afUnordf
12 f]dfh nfdL5fg] 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno afUnordf (amp^
13 fh yfkf cWoIf km]sf]kmg uNsf]6 afUnEuml 9857622921
14 chg rf]vfn hjfg afUnEuml 9857620840
15 jtL afn 9f]kf6g Dks sfofno 9f]kf6g afUnEuml 9857635035
16 k|]d nfld5fg] kj cWoIf km]sf]kmg Sf7]vf]nf uf=k= afUnEuml
9857620844
17 tn axfb kf8]n JofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9857625928
18 fh sdf wtL AofkfL altafEuml afUnEuml 9867610413 19 Gfffo0f fksf]6f l8=jg=sfofno afUnEuml 9857623193
20 d]x l+x kfOhf cWoIf al8 uf=k= afUnEuml 9857666099
21 lbks f]sf cWoIf fdbflos jg Tfffvf]nf afUnEuml 9857633366
22 bn axfb yfkf vfdsf]rnL f=j=p= sf7]vf]nf uf=lj=
afUnordf ($amp^amp
DofUbL
55
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
23 xlZrGb| fksf]6f
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno
DofUbL (amp^
24 fu jfgLof tf]lkfgL DofUbL ($amp^$$$^ 25 s0ff sfsL xfos jg clws[t l8=j=sf DofUbL 9846245109
26 of]u]Gb|dfg z]rg cWoIf hjfg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9857642045
27 ems axfb 5G6ofn
AofkfL uhf DofUbL 9847772458
28 andfg khf JofkfL 3 uf=k= DofUbL 9860367536
29 6]s sdfL kg lrj km]sf]kmg d+unf uf=k= DofUbL
9866098999
30 rGb| dl0f fksf]6f
fdflhs ljsf dGqfno a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9857622469
31 ltf uEuml e=k=cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]gL g=kf= DofUbL 9847634670
32 lxf kg f=j=p== d+flnsf uf=k= DofUbL
9867695995
33 df]Ogf 6laquo]8 JofkfL WffnfluL uf=k= DofUbL
9846032895
kjt 34 sljtf la=s= cWoIf km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857630512
35 hut axfb kg ldN6]rf f=j=p= hnhnf uflj
kjt ($ampampamp)
36 czf]s gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno kjt (amp^)()
37 dQm axfb If]qL AofkfL UofbL kjt 9843244403 38 v]d uEuml f=j=p== bnEuml kjt 9844689121
39 kzfd j]bL km]sf]kmg sZdf kjt 9857645526
40 Xf]d axfb yfkf lrj f=a=p== sZdf kjt
41 anfd l+x l8=jg=sf hnhn] kjt 9845164497 nDhordf
42 wg axfb uordf sDnLordf h8La6L pTkfbg tyf
+sng pBf]u j]lz zx g=kf ndhordf
($^$amp(
43 dlgfd g]kfn k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u
sfofno ndhordf ($$^^
44 hfd tfdfEuml JofkfL dofordfbL ) ndhordf
9846369444
45 l4Ldfof tfdfEuml JofkfL a]Lzx ) ndhordf
9846191204
46 sdf axfb uEuml
cWoIf lxdfnL f=a=p== 3]d nDhEuml 9846273533
47 nIdL clwsfL cWoIf s6xafL f=a=p== x]af]6 nDhEuml 9846169284
48 cho tfdfEuml cWoIf cn+rL JofjfoL dxf+w
a]Lzx nDhEuml 9846099412
49 f]d tfdfEuml cn+rL s[ifs dofordfbL nDhEuml 9856049909
56
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
50 ud k|fb uEuml h8La6L gL 3fdfEuml nDhEuml 9856045985
51 o1 k|fb clwsfL
cfoa]b Gb ahf 9846648524
52 Df]fxg fh sfkmn] l8lehgn jg sfofno a]lzx 9846046330 53 fd rGb| ]UdL cWoIf km]sf]kmg a]lzx 9856030034
Uff]vf
54 afn sdf g]kfn f=a=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846260213
55 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L gL gftfEuml f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843061065
56 gjfh fpt k|dv 3]n tyf fgf pBf]u uf]vf (^)$( 57
sdfaxfb uEuml h8La6L gL
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9846752346
58 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf edL d08nL f=a=p==
Nffkfs 9fr] $ uf]vf
9843447119
59 1fg]Gb| axfb clwsfL
lkmN8 kefOh uf]vf cfoj]b sDkgL
KffnEuml6f uf]vf 9846098053
60 sf]dn k|fb nfld5fg]
cWoIf km]sf]kmg uf]vf ahf 9846271394
61 gjfh fjt k|dv 3]n sfofno uf]vf ahf 62 lbk]Gb| gt]i7 sfofno lrj p=af=+3 uf]vf ahf 9856040378
63 g]Gb| nfdf sfofno k|dv dgfn +If0f If]q
uf]vf ahf 9846040284
64 k|df]b sdf yfkf OGrfh uf]vf cuflgs xjn kmfd
Uf]aEuml uf]vf 9869860559
65 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
Uff]vf 9856044136
66 dx]z kf8]n f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
uf]vf 9846146805
tgxlsquo
67 s]bf afn l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856063135
68 afafd pk|]tL f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno
bdfnL tgxF 9856065415
69 ladnf fjt k|dv lhNnf 3]n sfofno bdfnL tgxF 9856063715
70 ltf uEuml pBf]u afl0fHo +3 bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
71 s[i0f Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg bdfnL tgxF 9856060032
72 lai0f sdf gt]i7 +of]hs a]n tyf kmnkmn k|zf]wg pBf]u
Hffdg] DofUb] 9846061136
73 sljfh cfhfb ldgt
lzf]d0fL cfoj]b kmfd]L cfFav]gL 9846508597
74 hg axfb uEuml cWoIf hf]lugL f=a=p= lxn]vs cfFav]gL
9827198981
75 gffb u] h8La6L s[ifs a9sf]6 ledfb 9846346409
76 et nDuf9] +of]hs hk f=a=p== hk 9856065324
57
qm= gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+
zSnfu08sL
sfsL
77 fdsfhL gt]i7 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg
sfofno sfsL (^)amp)amp
78 lbh+u uordf kf]vf df=g=kf jf8 g+ ( sfsL (^)(^
79 buf k|fb kf8]n cWoIf af3hEuml f=a=p== cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846924400
80 ud axfb cWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846047852
81 ogfy clwsfL pkfWoIf nfLkfvf fgL ag ldlt
cGgk0f uf=k= sfsL
9846719409
82 lht axfb ag]t
cWoIf sfnL n]s f=a=p== sfsL 9846393015
83 sdf uEuml cWoIf sfn]f d9f vLsgff=a=p==
sfsL 9806132315
84 dlQmgfy uf8]n JofkfL kmn]af g=kf= $ 9848040149 85 chg vltj8f JofkfL wflbEuml 9841590556
86 If]q axfb cfn] du
JofkfL dxfeft uf=k sfe|]knf~rf]s
9804160349
87 czf]s zj]bL sdrfL ACAP (^)))^ 88 zn]Gb| ofbj sdrfL ACAP ())$amp
dgfordf
89 ljig k|fb clwsfL
8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dgfordf ($($(amp((
90 k]df nfdf tjf v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf ($^^( 91 tnL uordf lgdL v]tL nufPsf s[ifs dgfordf (^)(
92 afanfn ltjf dgfordf ACAP
lkmN86fkm ()))amp
dtfordf 93 sdfut j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno dtfordf (^$ 94 wg sdfL uordf dtfordf ACAP ]Gh (amp^)amp
gjnk 95 k0f]Zj j]bL 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnk (amp)amp^^ 96 clht s0f 8L=j=c l8lehgn jg sfofno gjnkfL (^))amp
97 fdhL l3ld] zGbL f=j u8fsf]6 g=kf
$ gjnk ($amp)()
58
cgrL M tgxF nDhordf uf]vf lhNnfsf h8La6L f]sfjfnfaLr ulPsf] k|df0fLs0f tyf kfdz uf]i7Lsf xefuLxiquest
qm== Gfd y kb +yf 7]ufgf Dks g+ 1 df]xg fh sfkmn] l8=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9856046630
2 boflglw cofn f=j=c= l8lehgn jg sfofno nDhordf 9845923172
3 sdf axfb uEuml h8La6L gL 9fr] uf]vf 9846752346
4 sdfg l+x uEuml sfvf] a8f +If0f ldlt 9fr] $ uf]vf 9864543697
5 wg axfb uEuml k|wfg cWofks 9fr] $ uf]vf 9856074333
6 lbn axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf 9843447119
7 lht axfb uEuml cWoIf f=a=p== 9fr] $ uf]vf
8 Gtf]if uEuml cWoIf 9fr] ufpFkflnsf 9fr] $ uf]vf 9851019353
9 Gt axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf 9860410637
10 ]jg uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
11 lht axfb uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] $ uf]vf
12 d]z uEuml h8La6L JofkfL 9fr] uf]vf 9846727722
13 s[i0f k|fb Gofkfg] cWoIf km]sf]kmg Jof tgxF
14 s[i0f k|fb 9sfn Dxfzfvf k|dv k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
15 Tff]ofgfy kf8]n l8hlehg jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9856040136
16 dx]z kf8]n xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno uf]vf 9846146805
17 s[i0f k|fb cofn clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno nDhEuml 9856052079
18 dsGb clwsfL pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
19 xlj+z Gofkfg] xfos jg clws[t k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
20 fh]Gb| Gofkfg] pklrj k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfno
u08sL k|b]z sfsL
9841342248
21 afafd pk|]tL xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065415
22 r8fdl0f afn xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9856065418
23 ljho rGb| b]jsf]6f xfos jg clws[t l8hlehg jg
sfofno tgxF 9851164352
24 ladn zdf Jofjyfks cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg
25 aljg yfkf e]P cWoog 6f]nL sf7df8f 9863092588
26 oa ldofF e]P cWoog 6f]nL tgxF 9864461612
27 f]zgL fgfef6 ljBfyL nDhEuml 9864838447
28 GhLa sdf gt]i7 pBd ljz]if1 cWoog 6f]nL afUnEuml 9851163530
29 v8fgGb zdf 6f]nL k|dv cWoog 6f]nL lrtjg 9845547126
59
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z pBf]u ko6g jg tyf jftfj0f dGqfnosf dfggLo dGqLHo gtLdfg lrjHo nufotsf cGo f]sfjfnf lDdlnt dofbf k|ltj]bg k|ttLs0f sfoqmd
xefuLx
60
cgrL $M u08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] Jofkfls dxTjsf h8La6Lxiquest
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
1 fhj[If 2 Stdn 3 ofnwf]tL 4 ]tf] dnL 5 lnfhLt 6 ]ts lrgL 7 f]dntf 8 fwf0f Rofp 9 gfvL lhjGtL 10 gkftL 11 gsfpnL 12 kuGwf 13 lhjg 14 Nnf] 15 tjf 16 hLjg 17 uGwjfn 18 uGwsf]lsnf 19 lbnf] 20 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg 21 permilofp 22 3] 23 306Lkmn
61
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
24 3f]n6fk] 25 5ltjg 26 6f]6nf kmn 27 6fFsL 28 7nf]] cf]vlt 29 7f]6g] 30 7nf] jg ng 31 8d 32 8fn] rs 33 af] 34 a]n 35 a]y] 36 af]acutef] 37 afF 38 Affhf 39 afFsf] 40 ah|bGtL 41 alskmn 42 bf 43 bfn lrgL 44 bjf] 45 bltjg 46 blxsfDn] 47 bw]emf 48 bw]nxf 49 cu]nL
62
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
50 cf] 51 c+u]]l 52 cdnf 53 cdnj]b 54 cf]v kmn 55 cfFs 56 cfFvft] 57 cfsfz]j]nL nxf 58 cfVn]emf 59 cld|f] 60 clhp 61 clt 62 cNnf] 63 cZjuGwf 64 d]n 65 dg 66 d8nf] 67 df]y]emf 68 dfntL 69 dlh7f] 70 dw]zL lvf] 71 ets] 72 e[lsaquofh 73 e66L 74 ef]hkq 75 ef]nf
63
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
76 elsdnf] 77 emLrofp 78 Eofs 79 gfu]Zj gf]Zj 80 gfua]nL 81 h6fdfL 82 hdfg] dfGb|f] 83 hfdg 84 hLjGtL gufef 85 hnsf 86 j6nkft] 87 jfljof] 88 jg df6L 89 jg dlr 90 jg dnf 91 jg ds 92 jg Kofh 93 jg lhf 94 jg ng 95 jg s]nf 96 jg tn 97 jgs]f 98 jo 99 ko 100 kbdrfn 101 kfdff]hf
64
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
102 kfFrcfn] 103 kfgLcdnf 104 kfvgj]b 105 klbgf 106 lparaf 107 l 108 lgf] 109 ldnL 110 lGb] 111 llknsfg 112 ln l6d 113 lnflht 114 lp8L 115 lsfsfO 116 l3psdfL 117 l6d 118 l7+u]Nnf 119 lanfpg] 120 lbofn] 121 ledx 122 lgdL 123 gLd 124 lgpf] 125 lgvgIfL 126 ljif 127 ljifdf
65
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
128 ljifkm]h 129 ljlx 130 lkknf 131 lkknfkLknL 132 lkTtsF8f 133 lrfOtf] 134 lrgfemf 135 lrpL 136 ltt]kftL 137 lvf] 138 lzjlnlsaquoL 139 lzsfLnxf 140 n]dgu|f 141 nf7Nnf 142 nHhfjtL emf 143 nKL 144 offuDaf 145 OGrsaquohf 146 P]]n 147 PSn]la 148 rL cldnf] 149 Rfftff] 150 rlDnf] 151 rqf] bfxNbL 152 ss] 153 s]d]lngf
66
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
154 s]tsL 155 s6sL 156 sd] nxf 157 sdsd 158 sf]Ofnf] 159 sfkmn 160 sfn6fps] 161 sfnf] dnL 162 sfnf] lnfhLt 163 sfnf] xn]bf] 164 sfpf] 165 sfpnf] af]s|f 166 sfsf]nLhf 167 sG6sfL 168 sGrg] 169 skf] acutenf] 170 slnf] 171 sr 172 ss tn 173 ss8fOgf] 174 t]hkft 175 tf]k|]] acutef 176 TfnL kq 177 tLtf] sdf 178 tnL 179 ufsf] af]s|f
67
qm== h8La6Lsf] gfd
uf]vf
tgx
F
sfsL
kjt
afUn
ordf
DofUb
L
nDh
Euml
ofEumlhf
gjnk
dgf
ordf
dt
fordf
180 uFf kmn 181 uf]nfOrL 182 ufdf8f]n 183 ufOltxf] 184 ufOv] 185 ufphf] 186 ugf dfu 187 uh ufgf] 188 uh|f] 189 uN5L Rofp 190 v 191 vo 192 wof] 193 wkL 194 wlu]F| 195 wtf] 196 xf] 197 x8r 198 xf8] ng 199 xnxn] 200 yfsn 201 lrlr 202 lhdaf 203 tf]f 204 ufldquohf 205 f]hf
68
cgrL M u08sL k|b]z cGtutsf lhNnfxiquestdf kfOg] dxTjk0f h8La6Lsf] ks]6 If]q +efljt If]qkmn nufot eflts kjfwfxiquest cjyf lhNnfM tgxFF
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
1 l6d lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 2 cf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g 3 gg l9sL Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g 4 lrpL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g
5 ltt]kftL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 6 kfv0fj]b lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
7 a]n lekfgL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 9000 a]n k|zf]wg pBf]u kfOg] If]qxiquest
pdfrf]s f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 6000
kf]]nL f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 5000
aRofordf f= a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 7000
Hofordf6ofordf f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 8000 kfOg] If]qxiquest
l4 atfg f=a= tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 30000 8 sfpnf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
9 t]hkft bfnlrgL csnf -ks]6 If]q_ tgx DofUb] uf kf 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 10 xf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g 11 cdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
12 l lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 13 dgu66f DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g 14 lrfOtf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
69
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
15 Ogrsaquohf dfgordf tgx 200 5+g
lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 16 af]acutef] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 17 slnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 500 5+g 18 af] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
19 hLjgtL gufef lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 20 3f]n6fk] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g 21 lhjg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g 22 lanfpg] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g
23 nhhfjtLpermilf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 24 dlh7f] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g 25 sfnf] dnL lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g 26 lnflht DofUb] uf kf tgx 100 5+g DofUb] uf kf
28 lkknf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 200 5+g
29 kugwf lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 100 5+g
a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 5+g
30 ugwsf]lsnf a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 31 Psn]la Gb f a tgx Jof ^ 100 5+g Jof ^ 32 gtLv08 ]tf] rgbg DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g 33 ugwjfn a9fsf]6 tgx ledfb 100 5+g
34 jgtn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
35 vo lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
36 uFf kmn lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 37 gfua]nL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g
70
qm= lh8La6Lsf] gfd kfOg] Iff]qxiquest lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt 5+g
28 sg6sfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 39 uhf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g 40 fhj[If lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL ^ 1000 5+g
DofUb] uf kf tgx 5+g
41 lvf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 42 cfFs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 200 5+g 43 kfgLcdnf lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 20000 5+g
44 elsdnf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 45 rqf] lxn]vs tgx cfFav]gL 500 5+g
hk tgx Snfu08sL 5+g
46 l3psdfL lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest 47 llknsfg hk tgx Snfu08sL 1000 5+g
lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 5+g
48 3] hk tgx Snfu08sL 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
49 lg lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
50 ss8fOgf] lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
51 eofs lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
52 sfkmn lhNnfsf a 7fpF tgx 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNnfM Uff]vf
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg]
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
71
cgdflgt
kldf0f
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
1 ]ts lrgL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000
5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 12000 5+g
2 tjf अजजरकोट गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा -ks]6 If]q_ uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
3 h6fdfL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 9000 5+g
4 jg ng अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
5 gfua]nL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 2000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 6000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 11000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 8000 5+g
6 cNnf] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
72
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 3000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 7000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
7 dlh7f] अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 5000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 9000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 12000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 7000 5+g
8 kfvgj]b अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 35000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 1500 5+g
9 sfnf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 40000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 25000 5+g
10 ]tf] dnL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 18000 5+g
73
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
11 wlu]F| अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 25000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 20000 5+g
12 lrfOtf] अजजरकोट गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 50000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 45000 5+g घयािोक
धाि गा पा ks]6 If]q uf]vf १२ 60000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 40000 5+g
13 lgdL अजजरकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
ससलकोट गा पा uf]vf १२ 15000 5+g
धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ 30000 5+g
िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 15000 5+g
14 xnxn] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2200 5+g लापराक
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 2500 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
15 offuDaf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 200 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 100 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 80 5+g
16 jg s]nf लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
74
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
गमदा uf]vf धाि गा पा ५ 8000 5+g
लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ७ 700 5+g
17 wkL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
18 l6d लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
19 ugwjfn लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
20 rqf] लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 10000 5+g लापराक
21 s6sL लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 100 5+g लापराक
22 भतकश लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
23 बाास औल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1500 5+g लापराक
24 पदमिाल लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 1000 5+g लापराक
25 cdnj]द लापराक uf]vf धाि गा पा ४ 2000 5+g लापराक
26 सनपानत लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
27 बबसमा लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
28 सनाखरी लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
29 खखरौला लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 1500 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
30 nf7Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 20000 5+g kfOg] If]qxiquest
31 6f]6nf kmn लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 50 5+g लापराक
32 alskmn िमनबरी गा पा uf]vf १५ 2500 5+g लापराक
33 lg धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf 2500 पाउडर उधोग
75
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
34 l7u]Nnf लापराक गमदा लाप uf]vf धाि गा पा ४५७ 400 5+g
35 ljifkm]h धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
36 lkknfkLknL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
37 sfpnf] af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 100 5+g
38 slnf] hf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
32 t]hkft
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
33 uN5L Rofp धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
34 jg tn
धाि गा पा (जजललाका सब ठााउ)
uf]vf
१२ ४५७ 100 5+g
35 ss tn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
36 Eofs धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
37 af]acutef] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
38 lnflht धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 50 5+g
39 lvf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
40 af] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
41 xf] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
42 cdnf kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
43 hdfg] dfGb|f] धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
76
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
44 uh|f] nxf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
45 cu]nL धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
46 Psn]la धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 800 5+g
47 ufdf8f]n धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
48 lhjGtL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
49 kuGwf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 4000 5+g
50 sfkmn af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
51 bf af]s|f धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
52 bfnlrgL धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2500 5+g
53 uFf kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
54 OGb| hfF धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
55 lhjg kmn धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
56 f]dntf धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
57 Nnfsf] vf]6f] धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 2000 5+g
58 clt धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
59 sr धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
60 cf]v kmn धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
61 gfu]Zj धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 200 5+g
62 ko af]s|f धाि गा पा ldquo ldquo uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
77
qm=
lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest lhNNff
ufpkflnsf dividegukflnsf
j8f g+
+sng ug
lsg] cgdflgt
kldf0f
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg
s]Gb|pBf]u cflb 5 5g h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5g
63 8fn] rs धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1000 5+g
64 jg dnf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 300 5+g
65 jg lhf धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 500 5+g
66 jg Kofh धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 1500 5+g
67 ln l6d धाि गा पा uf]vf १२ ४५७ 900 5+g
78
lhNnfM sfsL
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
= cnrL $ ks]6 If]Igrave Kff]=d=g=kf ^ 100 5g cnrL s[ifs dxaringff v]tL ulPsf]
s= s ljiquestjf 80
v= ofn3fL 105
u= l8uLufp 100
3= 6f8ljf 80
ordf= emofn] 50
= cnrL ks]6 If]Igrave cGgk0f uf kf
j8f g 50 5g
fdbflos lghL hUufdf
lrfOtf] s=pkNnf] dfpermilfuf8f 2000
slnf] v= r] 5000
Kffiff0fe]b u= krof 2000
3f]n6fk|] 50
Ufhf]nxf 2500
Aff]permilff] 1200
lrfOtf] Nff]]kfvf fgLjg fdbflos jg
cGgk0f uf kf j8f g
30000 f=jgsf] hUufdf
79
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdivide gukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5
5g
dlh7f] 1500 AElig
tjf 500 AElig Nff]7Nnf 2000 AElig jf]permilff] 10 AElig Kfiff0fe]b 10000 AElig
lhNnfM nDhordf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest -==================_
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb|
k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpkflnsf slkmot
5 eg] s] sf] 5 lt
5+g
१ अलचि मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका लमजङग १ दखी ९ ३०० quintal मसयाषङदी गाउापासलका
दोदी गाउापासलका ४५६७ र ८ २०० quintal
बसशशहर नगरपासलका ४५ र १० १०० quintal
बन लसन बारा पोखरर मसयाषङदी -८ १०० quintal घमषभसमनिनखोला
घमषभसम
३ याशषगमबा बारापोखरी घमष मसयाषङदी -८ ४० दखी ५० कजी पाइन गाबबस
80
बती गाउापसलका
४ जटामसी भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ १०० quintal
५ सतिा भलभलघमष मसयाषङदी ४७ र ८ ४० quintal
६ लोठ सलला घमष(सनजाप र टहमासल सामदानयक बन ) मसयाषङदी -५ १ quintal घमष
७ अमसो दोटदष मसयाषङदी -१ १ quintal
हर राबोट राइनास-८ १ quintal पाइन गाबबस
८ पाािऔल किोलसोथार गाउापासलक ४५६ र ८ १०० KG
दधपोखरी गाउापासलका
81
lhNnfM DofUbL
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf WffnfluL uf=kf 500 WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf df ^)))) lajf nufOPsf]
Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))) Dfflnsf uf=kf df )))) lajf nufOPsf
dunf uf=kf ^)) 3u+uf uf=kf amp)))
lvfnf d+unf uf=kf ())
WffnfluL uf=kf
WffnfluL uf=kf amp))
off uDjf WffnffluL uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf
cGgk0f uf=kf $ lrfOtf] a]lg g=kf )) dunf uf=kf ))) a 7fFpdf
l6d Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_ )))) s]nfpg]sfpg] u]|l8ordf ug
Tf]f]kfgL ndash-3tfg_
bfgf ())) eEumltftf]kfgL ))) bjfEuml ))))
82
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g amp Gffuj]nL a]gL g=kf ()) a 7fFpdf WffnfluL uf=kf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf ))) uRr] Rofp 3u+uf uf=kf )) 3u+uf uf=kf WffnfluL uf=kf amp)) Dfflnsf uf=kf ^))
( ledx bfgf $)) ln=
cGgk0f uf=kf
uhf ))) ln ) Kffvga]b uhf )))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Df]flb )))
dNsfjfg )))
lnflht uhf $) WffnfluL uf=kf
df]bL ) lgdL wfnfluL uf[=kf $)) WffnfluL uf=kf
cnlr dflnsf uf=kf )) Dfflnsf uf= kf
a]gL g=kf ))
$ s6sL bfgf ))
WffnfluL uf=kf
uhf )))
83
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb 5
5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf slkmot
-======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
jg ng wfnfluL uf[=kf ))) WffnfluL uf=kf
Dfflnsf uf= kf )) ^ ljifdf uhf ))) cGgk0f uf=kf
df]bL )))
lhNnfM kjt
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
tjf df]lb uf=kf Sofordf estfordfn] )) hnhnf s lkmot M l8lehgn jg sfofnodf ljut jifsf] ljj0f x]bf 5f]8khL gePsf] k|fs[lts iquestkdf h8La6L pAhgL ePtf klg +sng tyf ljqmL ljt0f gePsf]
hnhnf uf=kf n]skmf6 ))
flnhf $)) df]bL ndashSofEuml
b]pk l6d sZdf g=kf )) df]lb uf=kf -b]pk_ amp))
kmn]jf g=kf ))
ljxfbL amp)) gfua]nL hnhnf uf=kf )) hnhnf
84
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukflnsf
j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg]
cgdflgt kldf0f s]=hL
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo
yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
df]lb uf=kf amp))
$ kfifgj]b ljxfbL )) ljxfbL
ko ^))
hNhnf uf=kf )))
h6fdfl hnhnf uf=kf )) ljxfbL
^ cnrL sZdf g=kf )) kmn]jf kmn]jf g=kf ) amp slnf] a ))) a
nf7Nnf hnhnf uf=kf flnhf ))) hnhnf df]bLsf] dflyNnf] efu
df]lb uf=kf ))))
( t]]hkft a ))) a
) lrfOtf] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf
kfFrcfn] hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf lNl6d hnhnf df]bL ^))) df]bL hnhnf h]7L dw hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf $ kbdrfn hnhnf df]bL ))) hnhnf df]bL Qmdn hnhnf df]bL ()) hnhnf
85
lhNnfM afUnordf
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
clt Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g
9f]kf6g )))
lgzL $)))
lrfOtf] Tfffvf]nf ))) 9f]kf6g tdfgvf]nf )))
9f]kf6g )))
nf7Nnf Tfffvf]nf ()))) Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g ^)))
$ ]tslrlg Tfffvf]nf $))) bull Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g )))
3Gwjfn af g kf )) bull
uNsf]6
Tfffvf]nfhdlg ))) 9f]kf6ghNhnf ))) uNsf]6lgl )))
^ ljif wD6] ))) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
86
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g )))
amp ljifdf wD6] )) bull
wD6]
Tfffvf]nf )))
uNsf]6lgl ))) 9f]kf6g )))
tjf af g kf
Tfffvf]nf Tfffvf]nf
9f]kf6g
uNsf]6
( s6sL tdfgvf]nflgl ^))ndashamp)) s]=lh bull lgl
9f]kf6g
) kfvgj]b 9f]kf6g ()))ndash))))s]=lh bull
lgl
al8uff8 lgl
tffvf]nf
lvnfnf tffvf]nf ))))ndash()))) bull 9f]kf6g
87
qm= lhNnfdf
h8La6Lsf] gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest ufpFkflnsfdividegukfl
nsf j8f g+=
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]=lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb| pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg]
+efJo yfg ufpFkflnsf
slkmot
+= -======_ 5 eg] s] sf] 5 5g
9f]kf6g amp)))
kbdrfn uNsf]6 ))) bull
uNsf]6
9f]kf6g amp)))
sf7]vf]nf ))) al8uff8 lgl ))
wlordfu|] tffvf]nf sf7]vf]nf )))) sf7]vf]nf
lhNnfM ofordfhf
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
lrfOtf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
rGbLsflnsftfbf ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
$ cfvs ofordfhf -chgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
88
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kGrdn ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
^ lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
amp t]hkft Tg] ofordfhf ndashjflnordf g THORNkf )))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
fdsf]if ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
xlkfnf ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ^))) radic
( lrgLljaf ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
) lpoundfpsdfL ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
IcircLkmf6]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic lpoundfpsdfL k|zf]wg s]Gb|
kmfkyd ofordfhf ^mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ft kn ofordfhf $ndashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ljjfcrn] ofordfhf ndashljjf g THORNkf )) radic
cbjf sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf ))) radic
]tLbf]efg ofordfhf mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )))) radic
slnf] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $))) radic
kftn]vs ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
89
qm= lhNnfdf h8La6Lsf]
gfd
h8La6L kfOg] If]qxiquest
lhNNff ufpkflnsf
dividegukflnsf j8f g+
+sng ug lsg] cgdflgt kldf0f
s]= lh
o If]qleq +sng s]Gb| k|zf]wg s]Gb|pBf]u cflb
5 5g
h8La6L v]tL ug lsg] +efJo yfg
ufpkflnsf
slkmot 5 eg] s] sf] 5
lt 5+g
kfrFcfn] jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ) radic
v|sf] n]s ofordfhf cfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf $)) radic
l6d k]Nsfrf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf ))) radic
sfbL ofordfhf $ndashuNofordf g THORNkf )) radic
fgLf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
ktnLv]t ofordfhf $mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
kuGwf jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf )) radic
ofordfhf ahf ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf )) radic
gfvL jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
kfvgj]b jfordflordf b]pfnL ofordfhf $mdashcfFlwvf]nf uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf ))) radic
lafL ofordfhf ^mdashchgrfkfL uf THORNTHORNTHORNTHORNTHORNkf amp))) radic
ftf]k ofordfhf mdashktnLahf g THORNkf $))) radic
90
cgrL ^M h8La6L -wl+u|] ltt]kf6L_ k|zf]wg s]Gb| +sng s]Gb|sf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f
-gdgf_ Essential Oil (Wintergren and Artemesia) Processing Centre Scheme
Capacity 600 kgday wintergreen (one batch) and Artemesia 1200 kgday (2 batch) processing
SN Basic features
1 No wintergeen and Artemeisa collectors HHs 30
2 No of days each collectors involved in collection 160
3 Collection of Wintergreen by each Collectors(100 days50 kgs) 5000
4 Collection of Artemesia by each colletors( 60 days 60 kgs) 3600
5 Annual Revenues from Wintergreen by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 60000
6 Annual Revenues from Artemesia by Each Collectors(NRs 12 per kgs) 43200
7 Annual Revenue by Each Collectors in a year (Wintergreen amp Artemesia)
103200
8 Annual Collection of Wintergreen Leaves (30 Person 5000 kgyear) 150000
9 Annual Wintergreen Oil production in litres per year 05oil 750
10 Annual Collection of Artemesia Leaves (30 Person 3600 kgyear) 108000
11 Annual Artemesia Oil Production 03 oil 324
Annual Oil Production (Wintergreen amp Artemesia) 1074
12 Annual Income from Wintergreen Oil( NRs 6500 per kgs) 4875000
13 Annual Income from Artemesia Oil( NRs 7000 2268000
14 Annual Income from a distillation Unit(600 kgs capacity vessels 2500 CC)
7143000
15 Raw Material Cost for Wintergreen Leaves(18 kg including operating cost and Royalty)
2700000
16 Raw Material Cost for Artemesia Leaves(18 kg including operating cost) 1944000
17 Total Investment in Raw Materials 4644000
18 Fixed Investment for DU Establishment 800000
19 Gross Margin (Row 14-Row 17) 2499000
20 Depreciation Cost of DU (6-7 years of DU cost NRs 800000) 120000
21 Interest on NRs 3500000 15 525000
21 Net Income NRs (Row 14- Row 17 -Row 20-Row 21) 1854000
21 Return in Investment 026
22 Total Investment (Raw materils cost + DU cost) 5444000
23 Pay Back Period(Year) 1
+sng s]Gb|sf] nfut +rfng ljlw cfDbfgL ljj0f SN Parameters
1 Collection center Construction(1500 square feet NRs 3500sq ft) 5250000
2 Capacity of Collection centres Monthly 50 MT
3 Monthly Transaction in Collection Center (60) 30 MT
4 Monthly Transaction( 15000 kg 50) =NRS 1500000
5 Service Charge 20
6 Monthly Income of Collection Center(20) NRs 300000
7 Monthly Staff Cost (One Forest Technician and one manager) 70000
8 Other operating Cost 40000
9 Monthly Operation Cost (Staff amp others) 110000
10 Monthly Gross Profit 190000
11 Yearly Gross Profit(Assumption 10 months Collection center Operation assumption)
1900000
12 Total Investment in Collection center in a year( 12 months 110000 and Infrastructure)
6570000
13 Pay Back Period 345 years
14 Return in Investment 2891
Services of Collection Center Authorization of collection post harvesting management and Trade
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