k!wiezzz ccp
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DATE:
PLACE:
TIME:
CCPPRESENTATION
SUBMITTED BY,Kevin Simon
Reg No:1017227
Section: A
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Presentation on:
Processing
Data
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Introduction
Transformingdata intoinformation
Howcomputersrepresent
data
How
computersprocess data
Factorsaffectingprocessingspeed
Extending the
processors toother devices
CPUs used inpersonalcomputer
CONTENTS
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I
ntroductionIn information processing
, a Data Processing System is a
system whichprocesses data which has been captured
andencodedin aformatrecognizable by the data
processing system or has been created and stored byanother unit of an information processing system
The steps involved in this process are:
Accept the dataProcess the data
Stores the input, instructions ,results
Output in a human desirable manner
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it refers to qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of
variables. Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of
measurements and can be the basis ofgraphs, images, or observations of
a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level ofabstraction
from which information and then knowledge are derived
it is the collection of data from which conclusions may be
drawn. So, information is the subset of data.Information is obtained from
data and is a result of processing
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Difference between data and information
DATA
Its a collection of
figures,facts,numbers, etc..
Dont convey any meaning.
Computers work with data.
Its unstructured.
Its the representation of
information.
INFORMATION
It is the processed form of
data.
It conveys meaning
Computers wont .
It has specific structure.
Processed data is
information.
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Data Representation
On/OffBinary number system is used
to represent the state of the
circuit
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Bits, Bytes, Words
BIT Binary DigIT
On/off circuit
1 or 0 BYTE
8 bits
Store one alphanumeric character
WORD Size of the register
Number of BITS that the CPU processes as a unit
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The Computer Continuum 3-9
Moving Information
Within the Computer How do binary numerals move into, out of,and within the computer?
Information is moved about in bytes, or multiple
bytes called words.
Words are the fundamental units of information.
The number of bits per word may vary per computer.
A word length for most large IBM computers is 32 bits:
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Text Codesthe data that we enter from the keyboard is stored in the memory and
are displayed on the screen. The main 3 text codes are:
ASCII Uses one 8 bit byte
28 = 256 possible combinations or characters Virtually all PCs and many larger computers
EBCDIC Uses one 8 bit byte
28 =256 possible combinations or characters
Used primarily on IBM-compatible mainframes Unicode
Uses two 8 bit bytes (16 bits)
216 = 65,536 possible combinations or characters
Supports characters for all the worlds languages
Downward-compatible with ASCII
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Example for ASCII characters
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How computers process data ?
The processing of data is done by using following haarware
units:
Central processing unit.
Memory.
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The CPU
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The CPU
Converts data into information
Control center
Set of electronic circuitry that executes stored
program instructions
Two parts
C
ontrol Unit (C
U) Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
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Control Unit
CU
Part of the hardware that is in-charge
Directs the computer system to execute
stored program instructions
Communicates with other parts of the
hardware
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Arithmetic / Logic Unit
ALU
Performs arithmetic operations
Performs logical operations
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Arithmetic Operations
Addition
SubtractionMultiplication
Division
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Logical Operations
Evaluates conditions
Makes comparisons
Can compare
Numbers
Letters
Special characters
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Memory
It is the place or locations where the data and
the instructions are stored. It is required both for storage and instructions
to achievea specific task done.
It is also required to store the partial orcomplete results during processing.
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Types of Storage
Secondary Data that will eventually be used
Long-term
Memory Data that will be used in the near future
Temporary
Faster access than storage
Registers Data immediately related to the operation being executed
Faster access than memory
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Measuring Storage Capacity
KB kilobyte
1024 bytes
Some diskettes Cache memory
MB megabyte
Million bytes
RAM
GB gigabyte
Billion bytes
Hard disks CDs and DVDs
TB terabytes
Trillion bytes Large hard disks
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Types of memory
Primary storage
Primary memory
Main storage
Internal storage
Main memory
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Main Types of Memory
RAM
Random Access Memory
ROM
Read Only Memory
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RAM
Requires current to retain values
Volatile Data and instructions can be read and
modified
Users typically refer to this type of memory
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Whats in RAM?
Operating System
Program currently running
Data needed by the program Intermediate results waiting to be output
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ROM
Non-volatile
Instructions for booting the computer
Data and instructions can be read, but notmodified
Instructions are typically recorded at factory
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Executing Programs
CU gets an instruction and places it in memory
CU decodes the instruction
CU notifies the appropriate part of hardware to take
action Control is transferred to the appropriate part of hardware
Task is performed
Control is returned to the CU
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Instruction Cycle
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Machine Cycle
I-time
CU fetches an instruction from memory and puts it
into a register
CU decodes the instruction and determines the
memory location of the data required
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Machine Cycle
E-time
Execution CU moves the data from memory to registers in the
ALU
ALU is given control and executes the instruction
Control returns to the CU
CU stores the result of the operation in memory
or in a register
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System Clock
System clock produces pulses at a fixed rate
Each pulse is one Machine Cycle
One program instruction may actually be several
instructions to the CPU
Each CPU instruction will take one pulse
CPU has an instruction set instructions that it can
understand and process
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Finding Data in Memory
Each location in memory has a unique address
Address never changes
Contents may change
Memory location can hold one instruction or piece of data
Programmers use symbolic names
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The System Unit
The Black Box
Houses electronic components Motherboard
Storage devices
Connections
Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit
inside monitor
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The System Unit
The Black Box
Motherboard
Microprocessor chip Memory chips
Connections to other parts of
the hardware
Additional chips may be added math coprocessor
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The System Unit
The Black Box
Storage Devices
Hard drive
Floppy drive
CD-ROM drive
DVD-ROM drive
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Microprocessor
CPU etched on a chip Chip size is x inch
Composed of silicon
Contains millions of transistors
Electronic switches that can allow current to pass
through
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Microprocessor Components
Control Unit CU
Arithmetic / Logic Unit ALU
Registers
System clock
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Building a Better Microprocessor
Computers imprint circuitry onto
microchips Cheaper
Faster
Perform functions of other hardware
Math coprocessor is now part ofmicroprocessor
Multimedia instructions are now part ofmicroprocessor
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Building a Better Microprocessor
The faster the computer runs
The cheaper it is to make The more reliable it is
The more functions that are combined on a
microprocessor:
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Types of Microprocessors
PowerPC
Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and
Motorola Used in Apple Macintosh family ofPCs
Found in servers and embedded systems
Alpha
Manufactured by Compaq
High-end servers and workstations
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Semiconductor Memory
Reliable
Compact
Low cost
Low power usage Mass-produced economically
Volatile
Monolithic
All circuits together constitute an inseparable unit of storage
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Semiconductor Memory
CMOS
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor
Uses little electricity
Used in PC to store hardware settings that are
needed to boot the computer
Retains information with current from battery
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RAM
Keeps the instructions and data for current program
Data in memory can be accessed randomly
Easy and speedy access
Volatile
Erased
Written over
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Types of RAM
SRAM
Retains contents as long as power ismaintained
Faster than DRAM
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Adding RAM
Purchase memory modules that are packaged on
circuit boards
SIMMS C
hips on one side DIMMS Chips on both sides
Maximum amount of RAM that can be installed is
based upon the motherboard design
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ROM
Programs and data that are permanently recorded atthe factory
Read
Use Cannot be changed by the user
Stores boot routine that is activated when computeris turned on
Nonvolatile
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PROM
Programmable ROM
ROM burner can change instructions on some
ROM chips
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Bus Line
Paths that transport electrical signals
System bus
Transports data between the CPU and memory Bus width
Number of bits of data that can be carried at a time
Normally the same as the CPUs word size
Speed measured in MHz
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Bus Line
CPU can support a greater number and variety of
instructions
CPU can support a greater number and variety of
instructions
Larger bus width =More powerful
computer
CPU can transfer more
data at a time = Faster computer
CPU can reference
larger memory
addresses=
More memory
available
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Expansion Buses
Connect the motherboard to expansion slots
Plug expansion boards into slots
interface cards
adapter cards
Provides for external connectors / ports
Serial Parallel
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Expansion Buses
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PC Buses and Ports
ISA Slow-speed devices like mouse, modem
PCI High-speed devices like hard disks and network cards
AGP Connects memory and graphics card for faster video
performance
USB Supports daisy-chaining eliminating the need for
multiple expansion cards; hot-swappable
IEEE1394(FireWire)
High-speed bus connecting video equipment to thecomputer
PC Card Credit card sized PC card devices normally found on
laptops
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Speed and Power
What makes a computer fast?
Microprocessor speed
Bus line size
Availability of cache Flash memory
RISC computers
Parallel processing
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Computer Processing Speed
Time to execute an instruction
Millisecond
Microsecond
Nanosecond
Modern computers
Picosecond
In the future
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Microprocessor Speed
Clock speed
Megahertz (MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz)
Number of instructions per second Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
Performance of complex mathematical operations
One million floating-point operations per second
(Megaflop )
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Microprocessor Speed
Clock speed
Megahertz (MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz)
Number of instructions per second Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)
Performance of complex mathematical operations
One million floating-point operations per second
(Megaflop )
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Cache
Small block of very fast temporary memory
Speed up data transfer Instructions and data used most frequently
or most recently
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Cache
Step 1
Processor
requests data
or
instructions
Step 2Go to address in main
memory and read
Step 3
Transfer to main CPU and cache
Next processor request Look first at cache Go to memory
P
R
O
CE
S
S
O
R
R
A
M
Cache
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Types ofCache
Internal cache Level 1 (L1)
Built into microprocessor
Up to 128KB
External cache Level 2 (L2)
Separate chips
256KB or 512 KB
SRAM technology Cheaper and slower than L1
Faster and more expensive than memory
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Flash Memory
Nonvolatile RAM
Used in
Cellular phones
Digital cameras
Digital music recorders
PDAs
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Instruction Sets
CISC Technology Complex Instruction Set Computing
Conventional computers
Many of the instructions are not used RISC Technology
Reduced Instruction Set Computing
Small subset of instructions
Increases speed
Programs with few complex instructions Graphics
Engineering
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Types ofProcessing
Serial processing Execute one instruction at a time
Fetch, decode, execute, store
Parallel Processing Multiple processors used at the same time
Can perform trillions of floating-point instructions per
second (teraflops)
Ex: network servers, supercomputers
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Types ofProcessing
Pipelining
Instructions action need not be complete before thenext begins
Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch
instruction 2
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