languages of taiwan

Ch7.Taiwanese Southern Min:

An Introduction

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授課老師：蘇以文I-wen Su

Southern region of Fujian Province A dialect: Hokkien  or Quan2zhou1–

Zhang1zhou1  泉州 - 漳州 Classified under the 

Quan2zhang1 Division in Chinese linguistics

Hokkien

Wiki Luuva

Min Nan ( 閩南話 ; Min3nan2hua4; Bân-lâm-oē)

Fulaohua ( 福佬話 ;  Fu2lao3hua4; Hō-ló-oē) Southern Min

“ 台灣話” Tâi-oân-oē / 台語 :◦ a form of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan◦ Holo/Hoklo, the main ethnicity of Taiwan, is the

ethnic group for which Hokkien is considered the native language

Taiwanese Southern Min

Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States◦ Hokkien speakers form the largest group of

Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region

are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien, referred to as Lán-lâng-oē ("Our

people’s language"), is the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines

Other Hokkien speakers

Mutually intelligible Quan2zhou1 ( 泉州 ) Zhang1zhou1 ( 漳州 ) Amoy / Xia4men2 ( 廈門 )

◦ the most important, or even prestige accent◦ a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects (like TSM)◦ one of the most frequently learnt of all Chinese

languages/dialects by Westerners during the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century

Three main Hokkien dialects

The Fu2jian4 variants spoken in Taiwan Variants used by a majority of the

population and bears much importance from a socio-political perspective, forming the second (and perhaps today most significant) major pole of the language

The variants of Hokkien in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants.

Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM)

Variants of Hokkien dialects can be traced to Quan2chou1 and Zhang1zhou1 

Both Amoy and Taiwanese are based on a mixture of these two dialects

Quan2chou1 (northern Taiwan) vs. Zhang1chou1 (southern Taiwan) The rest of the Hokkien dialects spoken in

South East Asia are either derived from Quan2zhou1 and Zhang1zhou1, or based on a mixture of both dialects

Linguistic sources

More consonants than Mandarin Vowels similar to that of standard Mandarin

Vowel chart

Phonology

NTU 蘇以文

Southern Min has aspirated, unaspirated and as voiced consonant initials. ◦ opening khui ( 開 ) ◦ closing (kuiⁿ  關 )

◦ “man" (cha-po,  查埔 ) ◦ “woman” (cha-bó,  查某 )

labial initial consonants ◦ m̄-sī ( 毋是 ) ("is not").

Initials

MD: (1) -n: 身 shen (2) -ng: 生 sheng TSM: (1) -m: 心 sim(2) -p: 十 chap(3) -t: 八 pat(4) -k: 六 lak(5) -h: 肉 bah

Finals

7 tones in TSM (neutralized for 2 陰上 & 6 陽上 )

Tone 1 (44): 君 (kun 1), 東 (tong 1) Tone 2 (53): 滾 (kun 2), 黨 (tong 2) Tone 3 (21): 棍 (kun 3), 棟 (tong 3) Tone 4 (32): 骨 (kut 4), 督 (tok 4) Tone 5 (24): 群 (kun 5), 同 (tong 5) Tone 7 (22): 郡 (kun 7), 洞 (tong 7) Tone 8 (4): 滑 (kut 8), 毒 (tok 8) Mnemonic: 獅 (sai1), 虎 (ho2), 豹 (pa3),

鴨 (ah4), 牛 (gu5), 象 (chhiuⁿ7), 鹿 (lok8)

Tones

Tone sandhi(1) 1 7: chheng-chheng 清清(2) 7 3: cheng-cheng 靜靜(3) 3 2: chhio-chhio 笑笑(4) 2 1: leng-leng 冷冷(5) 5 7/3: ang-ang 紅紅(6) 4 8 (-p/t/k): sip-sip 濕濕(7) 4 2 (-h): phah-phah 打打(8) 8 4 (-p/t/k): tit-tit 直直(9) 8 3 (-h): joah-joah 熱熱

Tone sandhi

Wiki user A-cai

Song: 西北雨

直直落Reduplication

SVO: violated by being topic-prominent Analytic (as opposed to synthetic):

◦ Time, gender, plural: expressed by adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Not by inflection

Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to a sentence turns a sentence into a question or shows the attitudes of the speaker.

Grammar

Topic ProminentSong: 天 烏烏

烏烏烏

Topic Comment

Reduplication

紅紅紅

烏 烏烏Reduplication

For another example:

紅 紅紅

Inclusive: 咱 lan Exclusive: 阮 gun/goan

◦ Cf. 咱老爸 vs. 阮老爸 Possessives marked by /e/ Reflexive pronouns: kaki Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns

Pronouns

Monosyllabic form preferred (no suffixes) Inverted bisyllabic morphemes when

compared to Mandarin◦ 'guest‘: 人客 lâng-kheh  vs. 客人 ke4ren2◦ 'to like‘: 歡喜 hoaⁿ-hí  vs. 喜歡 xi3huan1

Lexicon

literary readings ( 文讀 ): ◦ based on pronunciations of the vernacular during

the Tang dynasty (Middle Chinese)◦ mainly used in formal phrases and written

language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names)

colloquial (or vernacular) readings ( 白讀 ) ◦ used basically in spoken language and vulgar

phrases.

Literary and colloquial readings文白異讀

Word Literary Colloquial

白 'white‘ pek pèh面 'face‘ biān bīn學 'school‘ haWk oWh書 'book‘ su chu人 'person‘ jîn lâng

Literary and colloquial readings- examples

Japanese Numbers

Many strata in the Min lexicon

1. Colloquial – Han Dynasty 2. Colloquial – Southern and Northern Dynasties 3. Literary – Tang Dynasty

Why two readings?

p- ([p-], [pʰ-]) → h ([h-]) ch-, chh- ([ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]) → s ([s-],

[ɕ-]) k-, kh- ([k-], [kʰ-]) → ch ([tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]) -ⁿ ([-ã], [-uã]) → n ([-an]) -h ([-ʔ]) → t ([-t]) i ([-i]) → e ([-e]) e ([-e]) → a ([-a]) ia ([-ia]) → i ([-i])

Common colloquial to literary readings: Rules for sound shifts

Meaning TSM MD

Eye 目睭 / 目珠 baWk-chiu 眼睛yan3jing1

Chopstick 箸 tī, tū 筷子 kuai4zi5 Black 烏 oo 黑 hei1Book 冊 chheh 書 shu1

TSM words from Classical Chinese- as opposed to written Chinese

Meaning MeaningWord in TSM in MD

走 cáu to flee to walk (zou3)細 sè/suè tiny/small thin/slender (si4)喙 chhuì mouth beak (hui4)

Classical Chinese meaning retained in TSM, but not in MD

‘toilet’   便所 piān-só, ◦ from Japanese 便所 benjo◦ Other variant: 廁所 ce4suo3(chhek-só%)

‘car’ 自動車 chū-tōng-chhia◦ from Japanese 自動車 jidōsha◦ Other variant: 汽車 qi4che1(khì-chhia)

'to admire' 感心 kám-sim◦ from Japanese 感心 kanshin◦ Other variant: 感動 gan3dong4(kám-tōng)

Japanese loanwords

TSM is typically written in Chinese characters ( 漢字 Hàn-jī).

The written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form.

The character inventory for Mandarin does not correspond to that for TSM words

20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character, and unique informal characters are used.

Orthographies

Hokkien dialects ◦ transcribed by using Romanized orthographies◦ actively promoted since the late 19th century

PeWh-ōe-jī (POJ 白話字 Bai2hua4zì4): ◦ the most popular ◦ first by Presbyterian missionaries ◦ then the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan ◦ promoted since 2006 by MOE ◦ romanization system taught in TW schools

for TSM derived from  白話字 Bai2hua4zì4◦ known as  台羅 tai2luo2

Romanization

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Wiki Luuvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banlamgu.svg2011/10/29 visited

NTU 蘇以文 繪製 (2011)

Wiki user A-caihttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amoy_tones.JPG2011/10/29 visited