lecture 2_the age of exploration and exploitation

1/12/2012

1

THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND THE AGE OF EXPLORATION AND

EXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATIONEXPLOITATION

HIST 1483HIST 1483HIST 1483HIST 1483

US History 1492US History 1492US History 1492US History 1492----1876187618761876

Dr. J. Suzanne FarmerDr. J. Suzanne FarmerDr. J. Suzanne FarmerDr. J. Suzanne Farmer

1/12/2012

2

MUNDUS NOVUSMUNDUS NOVUSMUNDUS NOVUSMUNDUS NOVUS

� Shift in Perception and Shift in Perception and Shift in Perception and Shift in Perception and

RealityRealityRealityReality

� One “civilized” region One “civilized” region One “civilized” region One “civilized” region

among severalamong severalamong severalamong several

� MetropoleMetropoleMetropoleMetropole

� A center of imperial A center of imperial A center of imperial A center of imperial

exploitationexploitationexploitationexploitation

� Process of DominationProcess of DominationProcess of DominationProcess of Domination

STAGES OF NATIVE INTERACTIONSTAGES OF NATIVE INTERACTIONSTAGES OF NATIVE INTERACTIONSTAGES OF NATIVE INTERACTION

� BefriendBefriendBefriendBefriend

� ExploitExploitExploitExploit

� Armed ConflictArmed ConflictArmed ConflictArmed Conflict

� March 1495 March 1495 March 1495 March 1495

� HispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniola

1/12/2012

3

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER:

• Why did Europeans to take to the Ocean Sea?Why did Europeans to take to the Ocean Sea?Why did Europeans to take to the Ocean Sea?Why did Europeans to take to the Ocean Sea?

• What made the civilization of the Renaissance What made the civilization of the Renaissance What made the civilization of the Renaissance What made the civilization of the Renaissance

turn to exploration?turn to exploration?turn to exploration?turn to exploration?

• What was the driving force?What was the driving force?What was the driving force?What was the driving force?

MOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATIONMOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATIONMOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATIONMOTIVATIONS FOR EXPLORATION

1/12/2012

4

RENAISSANCE CURIOSITYRENAISSANCE CURIOSITYRENAISSANCE CURIOSITYRENAISSANCE CURIOSITY

� Willingness to Willingness to Willingness to Willingness to learn/understand learn/understand learn/understand learn/understand other culturesother culturesother culturesother cultures

� Notions of human Notions of human Notions of human Notions of human improvementimprovementimprovementimprovement

� Experience & ObserveExperience & ObserveExperience & ObserveExperience & Observe

� Influence of AntiquityInfluence of AntiquityInfluence of AntiquityInfluence of Antiquity� PtolemyPtolemyPtolemyPtolemy

RELIGIONRELIGIONRELIGIONRELIGION

� 12121212thththth & 13& 13& 13& 13thththth c. Crusadesc. Crusadesc. Crusadesc. Crusades

� Prester JohnPrester JohnPrester JohnPrester John

� AfricaAfricaAfricaAfrica

� The Turkish ProblemThe Turkish ProblemThe Turkish ProblemThe Turkish Problem

1/12/2012

5

The Turkish ProblemThe Turkish ProblemThe Turkish ProblemThe Turkish Problem

1/12/2012

6

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC ECONOMIC ECONOMIC

� Riches of the Far EastRiches of the Far EastRiches of the Far EastRiches of the Far East

� Desire for luxury Desire for luxury Desire for luxury Desire for luxury commoditiescommoditiescommoditiescommodities

� Venetian Spice Venetian Spice Venetian Spice Venetian Spice Monopoly Monopoly Monopoly Monopoly

� John Cabot & codJohn Cabot & codJohn Cabot & codJohn Cabot & cod

European Spice RoutesEuropean Spice RoutesEuropean Spice RoutesEuropean Spice Routes

1/12/2012

7

POLITICS & THE NEW MONARCHSPOLITICS & THE NEW MONARCHSPOLITICS & THE NEW MONARCHSPOLITICS & THE NEW MONARCHS

� Development of strong, central monarchiesDevelopment of strong, central monarchiesDevelopment of strong, central monarchiesDevelopment of strong, central monarchies

� New states = new expensesNew states = new expensesNew states = new expensesNew states = new expenses

� PrestigePrestigePrestigePrestige

1/12/2012

8

ADVENTURES & MISADVENTURESADVENTURES & MISADVENTURESADVENTURES & MISADVENTURESADVENTURES & MISADVENTURES

OF THE EARLY EXPLORERSOF THE EARLY EXPLORERSOF THE EARLY EXPLORERSOF THE EARLY EXPLORERS

PRIMARY GOAL OF THE EXPLORERSPRIMARY GOAL OF THE EXPLORERSPRIMARY GOAL OF THE EXPLORERSPRIMARY GOAL OF THE EXPLORERS

Direct Route to India/Far East to obtain spicesDirect Route to India/Far East to obtain spicesDirect Route to India/Far East to obtain spicesDirect Route to India/Far East to obtain spices

1/12/2012

9

OBSTACLESOBSTACLESOBSTACLESOBSTACLES

� Lack of Geographical Lack of Geographical Lack of Geographical Lack of Geographical

knowledgeknowledgeknowledgeknowledge

� Dangers of the OceanDangers of the OceanDangers of the OceanDangers of the Ocean

� Conditions onboardConditions onboardConditions onboardConditions onboard

� Magellan, 1521Magellan, 1521Magellan, 1521Magellan, 1521

1/12/2012

10

Were they really crazy to fear “sea Were they really crazy to fear “sea Were they really crazy to fear “sea Were they really crazy to fear “sea

monsters?”monsters?”monsters?”monsters?”

1/12/2012

11

The CaravelThe CaravelThe CaravelThe Caravel

GunsGunsGunsGuns

NECESSITIES FOR SURVIVALNECESSITIES FOR SURVIVALNECESSITIES FOR SURVIVALNECESSITIES FOR SURVIVAL

� CourageCourageCourageCourage

� Innovations in ShippingInnovations in ShippingInnovations in ShippingInnovations in Shipping

� New weaponryNew weaponryNew weaponryNew weaponry

� TechnologyTechnologyTechnologyTechnology

THE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES:THE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES:THE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES:THE NECESSARY TECHNOLOGIES:

astrolabeastrolabeastrolabeastrolabe ChronometerChronometerChronometerChronometer

CompassCompassCompassCompassBetter mapsBetter mapsBetter mapsBetter maps

1/12/2012

12

THE INNOVATORS:THE INNOVATORS:THE INNOVATORS:THE INNOVATORS:

� The PortugueseThe PortugueseThe PortugueseThe Portuguese

� 1419: Prince Henry the 1419: Prince Henry the 1419: Prince Henry the 1419: Prince Henry the

Navigator Navigator Navigator Navigator

� Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer ►►►► W. AfricaW. AfricaW. AfricaW. Africa

� Subsidize knowledge and Subsidize knowledge and Subsidize knowledge and Subsidize knowledge and

talenttalenttalenttalent

� Ultimate GoalUltimate GoalUltimate GoalUltimate Goal

� failedfailedfailedfailed

OTHER PORTUGUESE EXPLORERSOTHER PORTUGUESE EXPLORERSOTHER PORTUGUESE EXPLORERSOTHER PORTUGUESE EXPLORERS

� BartholomeuBartholomeuBartholomeuBartholomeu Dias Dias Dias Dias

→ sailed to E. → sailed to E. → sailed to E. → sailed to E.

Coast of AfricaCoast of AfricaCoast of AfricaCoast of Africa

� Vasco Vasco Vasco Vasco de Gama → de Gama → de Gama → de Gama →

sailed around the sailed around the sailed around the sailed around the

African continent African continent African continent African continent

to India and to India and to India and to India and

returnedreturnedreturnedreturned

1/12/2012

13

THE 16THE 16THE 16THE 16THTHTHTH CENTURY & THE PORTUGUESECENTURY & THE PORTUGUESECENTURY & THE PORTUGUESECENTURY & THE PORTUGUESE

� Ambitions peakedAmbitions peakedAmbitions peakedAmbitions peaked

� Sea powerSea powerSea powerSea power

� Military Outposts vs. Military Outposts vs. Military Outposts vs. Military Outposts vs.

ColoniesColoniesColoniesColonies

� Increased wealthIncreased wealthIncreased wealthIncreased wealth

� BUT who benefited?BUT who benefited?BUT who benefited?BUT who benefited?

THE SPANISHTHE SPANISHTHE SPANISHTHE SPANISH

� King Ferdinand V and King Ferdinand V and King Ferdinand V and King Ferdinand V and

Isabella IIsabella IIsabella IIsabella I

� The MOST Catholic The MOST Catholic The MOST Catholic The MOST Catholic

MonarchsMonarchsMonarchsMonarchs

� Jews & Muslims in Jews & Muslims in Jews & Muslims in Jews & Muslims in

SpainSpainSpainSpain

� ColumbusColumbusColumbusColumbus

1/12/2012

14

Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus

(1451(1451(1451(1451----1506)1506)1506)1506)

� GenoaGenoaGenoaGenoa

� Early explorationsEarly explorationsEarly explorationsEarly explorations

� April 1492April 1492April 1492April 1492

� Admiral of the Ocean Admiral of the Ocean Admiral of the Ocean Admiral of the Ocean SeaSeaSeaSea

� August 3, 1492August 3, 1492August 3, 1492August 3, 1492

33 DAYS LATER33 DAYS LATER33 DAYS LATER33 DAYS LATER

Watlings Watlings Watlings Watlings IslandIslandIslandIsland

CubaCubaCubaCuba HispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniola

NavidadNavidadNavidadNavidad

1/12/2012

15

COLUMBUS’S VOYAGESCOLUMBUS’S VOYAGESCOLUMBUS’S VOYAGESCOLUMBUS’S VOYAGES

� Return to Spain ~ March 15, 1493Return to Spain ~ March 15, 1493Return to Spain ~ March 15, 1493Return to Spain ~ March 15, 1493

� 2222ndndndnd Voyage ~Sept. 25, 1493Voyage ~Sept. 25, 1493Voyage ~Sept. 25, 1493Voyage ~Sept. 25, 1493� DomincaDomincaDomincaDominca (West Indies)(West Indies)(West Indies)(West Indies)

� Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Virgin Islands

� Puerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto RicoPuerto Rico

� NavidadNavidadNavidadNavidad

� Heading for China Heading for China Heading for China Heading for China � CubaCubaCubaCuba

� JamaicaJamaicaJamaicaJamaica

� 3333rdrdrdrd Voyage ~May 30, 1498 Voyage ~May 30, 1498 Voyage ~May 30, 1498 Voyage ~May 30, 1498 � Trinidad and MargaritaTrinidad and MargaritaTrinidad and MargaritaTrinidad and Margarita

� HispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniolaHispaniola

� 4444thththth Voyage ~ May 11, 1502Voyage ~ May 11, 1502Voyage ~ May 11, 1502Voyage ~ May 11, 1502� PanamaPanamaPanamaPanama

MagellanMagellanMagellanMagellan

John CabotJohn CabotJohn CabotJohn Cabot

DiasDiasDiasDias