luiz carlos bresser-pereira2n the state and on the market

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    LUIZ CARLOS BRESSER-PEREIRA

    2

    ( , )

    . . (Karl Polanyi, 1944)

    3

    (agenda) , 80 90 . , , .

    1 (Assault on the State and on the Market: Neoliberalism and Economic Theory, 2009) 2 ., .A. (Econ.). (bold), (Italic) . O Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira ( emeritus professor) Getulio Vargas Foundation, So Paulo, Brazil. bresserpereira@gmail.com, www.bresserpereira.org.br. , , . 3 The idea of a self-adjusting market implied a stark utopia. Such an institution could not exist for any length of time without annihilating the human and natural substance of society; it would have physically destroyed man and transformed his surroundings into a wilderness. Karl Polanyi: The great transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1944

    ()

    . . . .

    .

    18 , ( ) 1980 , .

    (public choice) - .

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    . , , , , . ( ) .

    , , , : , , . , , . , , , , , , ( ) (), , .

    . , , , . , - , - (nation-State) ( ), . , . , , - . , . .

    , , , . , , New Deal , , , ( , .) 30 - - , . . , , . , , .

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    , , , - . , , , , . - 30 (1945-1975) . (regulatory State) . . , , : , , , , , , , , , , (financial markets), -.

    (deregulation) (marketplace). ? , , , , (rents), , , .

    1980 2000. Ronald Reagan. , , , , 2% , ( 1990) .

    , , , 2008 (crash of 2008) - ? .. , - -. ? , , Francis Fukuyama, , , : State-building: governance and world order in the 21st century, , . (failed states)

    4. (failed nation-States) ,

    4 (State) - ( - (nation-State)). , , (States), , . : , ,

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    .

    , . , . , 5. (Liberalism), 18 . , , , , , 18 19 . .

    20 , . , (rational expectations), new institutionalism, (public choice) (rational choice school) 30 .

    , , , 2% . (Washington consensus6), .

    T

    . , , . , , ( ), ,

    , ( , , . ). : Etats voyous, pays manqus, pays dfaillants. , , , . 5 Diccionario Enciclopdico Salvat, (Barcelona, 1954) , , . 6 ..: ( 1989 John Williamson (IMF), World Bank, and the US Treasury Department) . , , . Williamson , , (strongly market-based approach), (market fundamentalism or neoliberalism)# The Washington Consensus, # Consensus de Washington , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Consensus

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    ( , ). , . , , , .

    , . . , . , ( ) , , (). , , . , , .

    . - - .

    , , . Karl Polanyi (1944, . 33): () 7, . , , , , , , , . , , - , , , , .

    , (welfare state) ( ) , . . , , . , , 7 Economic liberalism misread the history of the Industrial Revolution because it insisted on judging social events from the economic viewpoint

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    , . , . , , , () , . , .

    . . , , , , . . , , . , , , , . , , , . , , , , , , . , . .

    . . , , , , , , .

    (regulates) , , . , . - . , , . , , . , ,

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    , (..: ) . (Bresser-Pereira, 2007).

    , , , , . . . , 30 (1945-1975), .

    . , . (standards) . , () . . , . . - - , . . , , , , . Alfred Marshall .

    . . 19 , 1910 . , ( ). , , , . , , , , .

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    , , . , , - . , , (inefficient). , . , - , , ( ) ( ) .

    (marketplace), . , ( ) . . Adam Smith Thomas Malthus , . , , . , , ( ), , .

    . - : (management) . ( ), , , ( ), ( ). (hovers) , , , . , , . ( , ) , , , .

    30 , . ( ), 2% ( ) . financing ( )

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    financialization8, (fictitious) . , , ( , (institutionalism), (public choice) - , , .

    50, Mont Pelerin9, , Friederich Hayek, Karl Popper, Ludwig von Mises Milton Friedman. , , , ( ), , , , , .

    8 ...:

    e 2007-2010, (leverage) . (, , , .), . - , , . , , , / . (risk-sharing) , (), . (rents) . , , , , . WIKIPEDIA ( ). " , , , (K.Phillips). Nassim Taleb . The Black Swan Taleb . 2007-2009, . (Credit Default Swaps) , , , . Nassim Taleb 2001 ""Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets" . 2007-2009. Taleb (mis-financializations) . 7. ..: , 1947, , 36, , , Friedrich von Hayek Mont Pelerin, , ( ), . Mont Pelerin Society, . , , . , , . , , , , , , . Mont Pelerin Society . , , , , , . , , , , , . Wikipedia

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    . , , , , ( , , , , (Welfare States).

    , 60, 4 : , (transaction costs), , . , . , (second best) , .

    . ( , , ), .

    - . ( , ). , Alfred Marshall, ( ), .

    20 - , () . , . , , ( ) .

    ( Adam Smith Karl Marx) - (Bresser-Pereira, 2009). -

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    , , , . 20 , , . 1945 1975, 30 .

    1970, , , . , - . Milton Friedman George Lucas , Modigliani Miller (1958), , .

    Gary Becker , . Pierre Bourdieu (2000, . 17-8) . .. .... Gary Becker .

    (institutionalism) Ronald Coase, . . , John Commons Thorstein Veblen, 20 . , -, Thomas Hobbes , .

    () , () ( ) 10 (transaction costs). 10 (transaction costs). ( ),

    ( ). .

    , , , . ., . .

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    . , . , , , , .

    ? ? Coase ( ) , , . , Max Weber. , , . ( , , ), ( ) . ( Coase) , , . , , (second best). , - . , , - , , .

    , , (public choice). , . James Buchanan Gordon Tullock, , . , . . . . - (rent seeking).

    , 11. ,

    11 : (rational choice theory). , , , , .

    ( ). , ,

    , . ,

    . ,

    . .

    , . . , 2006 (

    , , )

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    . (free riders)12 . , , . . -, . , , .

    Anthony Downs (1957), 13 . (homo economicus) . -, , .

    , (homo economicus) , . , (public interest, common good). , , . (public servants) , . , . .

    , : , , , . . , , . , , .

    ? 12 (free-rider problem) .

    . ,

    (externalities) ( ).

    :

    . , , , ,

    . :

    . free-rider (

    , ). . ., . .

    13 .

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    , . , . , . , . . , , . ( , , ( !).

    , , Robert Frank (1993, 1996), Journal of Economic Perspectives, . , - , - . John Kenneth Galbraith (2004) : The economics of innocent fraud ( ). 80 . . , , -, , .

    . (deregulation). , . (Council of Economic Advisers) Gregory Mankiw (2006) . Keynes. , , , financialization (

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    ), 2008.

    , , , .

    , , , (invisible hand) . , , (civic education) .

    , , , , .

    () , 80, , , (Bresser-Pereira, 1989). . , . 30 , , . , , , (statism).

    , , . , : . , . , .

    , . , , , , .

    , .

  • 16

    BOURDIEU, P. Les structures sociales de lconomie. Paris: Seuil, 2000.

    BRESSER-PEREIRA, L. C. O carter cclico da interveno estatal. Revista de Economia Poltica, v. 9, n. 3, p. 115-30, July 1989.

    _______. Why did democracy become widespread and consolidated only in the twentieth

    century? Conferncia da sociedade brasileira de economia poltica, 3, July 29-31, 2002, Niteri. Revised in September 2007. Available at .

    _______. The two methods and the hard core of economics. Journal of Post Keynesian

    Economics, v. 31, n. 3, p. 493-522, 2009.

    DOWNS, A. An economic theory of democracy. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957.

    FRANK, R. et al. Does studying economics inhibit cooperation? Journal of Economic

    Perspectives, v. 7, n. 2, p. 159-71, 1993.

    _______. Do economists make bad citizens? Journal of Economic Perspectives, v. 10, n. 1, p.

    187-92, Winter 1996.

    FOUCAULT, M. La naisssance du biopolitique Sminaires 1978. Paris: Gallimard, Seuil, 2004.

    FUKUYAMA, F. Construo de Estados: governo e organizao no sculo XXI. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco, 2004.

    GALBRAITH, J. K. The economics of innocent fraud. Boston: Houghton Miffl in Company,

    2004.

    MANKIW, N. G. The macroeconomist as scientist and engineer. Journal of Economic

    Perspectives, v. 20, n. 4, p. 29-46, 2006.

    MODIGLIANI, F.; MILLER, M. The cost of capital, corporation fi nance and the theory of

    investment. American Economic Review, v. 48, n. 3, p. 261-97, 1958.

    POLANYI, K. The great transformation. Boston: Beacon Press, 1944.

    ESTUDOS AVANADOS 23 (66), 2009 23

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