margareta hanouz
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Competitiveness of Central
Asia
Findings from the Central AsianCompetitiveness Outlook
Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz
Director, Senior Economist
Centre for Global Competitiveness and PerformanceWorld Economic Forum
Astana Economic Forum, Astana, 4 May 2011
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Center For Global Competitiveness and
Performance
Launched in 1979 covering 16 countries
Most recently covering 139 countries
Flagship product: The Global Competitiveness Report
Other special topic and regional reports:
The Global Enabling Trade Report 2010-2011
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2011
The Global Information Technology Report 2010-2011 (to be released in April 2011)
The Africa Competitiveness Report 2011 (to be released in May 2011)
The Russia Competitiveness Report (to be released in June 2011)
The Indonesia Competitiveness Review 2011 (to be released June 2011)
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Global Competitiveness Report
Key Features
Enables for cross country comparison of 139 economiesProduced in collaboration with leading academics and research institutes worldwide
Includes comprehensive dataset on competitiveness.
A) The Executive Opinion Survey:
B) Other data available from international sources and data partners:
Data sources are:
Qualitative data capturing the perspectives of business leaders around the world
Respondents ccompare their national operating environment with international standards
on a wide range of dimensions.
Quantitative measures comparable across countries. Some of the international sources
used are the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, UNESCO, ITU.
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What we try to measure:
Different growth paths
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
GDPpercapita(PP
P)
GDP per capita (PPP) - evolution over the past 30 years
China Korea Nigeria
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Definition of competitiveness
How we define competitiveness:
The set of institutions, policies,
and factors that determine the level
of productivity of a countryThe level of productivity, in turn,sets the sustainable level of
prosperity that can be earned by aneconomy.
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The Global Competitiveness IndexThe 12 pillars of competitiveness
Key for
efficiency-driveneconomies
Key for
factor-driveneconomies
1. Institutions
2. Infrastructure
3. Macroeconomic stability
4. Health and primary education
5. Higher education and training
6. Goods market efficiency
7. Labor market efficiency
8. Financial market sophistication
9. Technological Readiness10. Market size
11. Business sophistication
12. Innovation
Key for
innovation-driven
economies
BASIC REQUIREMENTS
EFFICIENCY ENHANCERS
INNOVATION & SOPHISTICATION FACTORS
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SEE countries are spread across almost
the entire ranking
EconomyRank outof 139
Score(1 to7) Economy
Rank outof 139
Score(1 to7)
Switzerland 1 5.6 Korea, Rep. 22 4.9
Sweden 2 5.6 China 27 4.8
Singapore 3 5.5 Ireland 29 4.7
United States 4 5.4 Estonia 33 4.6
Germany 5 5.4 Czech Republic 36 4.6
Japan 6 5.4 Poland 39 4.5Finland 7 5.4 India 51 4.3
Netherlands 8 5.3 Brazil 58 4.3
Denmark 9 5.3 Turkey 61 4.2
Canada 10 5.3 Russian Federation 63 4.2
Hong Kong SAR 11 5.3 Bulgaria 71 4.1
United Kingdom 12 5.3 Kazakhstan 72 4.1
Taiwan, China 13 5.2 Ukraine 89 3.9
Norway 14 5.1 Armenia 98 3.8
France 15 5.1 Mongolia 99 3.7
Australia 16 5.1 Tajikistan 116 3.5
Qatar 17 5.1 Kyrgyz Republic 121 3.5
Austria 18 5.1 Venezuela 122 3.5
Belgium 19 5.1Luxembourg 20 5.0
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Mixed record over the past five years
Kazakh
stan
Mong
olia
Tajikist
an
Kyrgyz
Repu
blic
72 99 116 121
High 1
23
4
5
6
7
8
9
Low 10
Decile rank
GCI 2010-2011
GCI 2005-2006 or edition of earliest inclusion
No change in decile ranking
GCI 2010-2011 rank >
Decilerank
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2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
1st pillar: Institutions
2nd pillar: Infrastructure
3rd pillar: Macroeconomic
environment
4th pillar: Health and
primary education
5th pillar: Higher education
and training
6th pillar: Goods market
efficiency
7th pillar: Labor market
efficiency
8th pillar: Financial market
development
9th pillar: Technological
readiness
10th pillar: Market size
11th pillar: Business
sophistication
12th pillar: Innovation
EU 27 OECD Transition Economies Central Asia
On average, CA competitiveness lags behind the EU with
institutions, infrastructure and education as particular
challenges
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The performance of most countries in the region is
remarkably similar across all the dimensions
4.6
4.94.9
5.6
6.3
5.3
4.7
4.9
4.7
4.9
5.7
4.4
3.7
3.5
3.0
2.5
3.2
5.2
3.4
3.5 3.6
3.12.7
2.1
3.0
2.1
1
4
7
OverallGCI
2010-2011
Institutions
Infrastructure
Macroeconomic
environment
H
ealthand
prim
aryeducation
Hig
hereducation
andtraining
Goodsmarket
efficiency
Labormarket
efficiency
Fin
ancialmarket
d
evelopment
Technological
readiness
Marketsize
Business
sophistication
Innovation
Score (1-7)Best/Worst
Perfo rmer TE
Azerbaijan
Ukraine
Georgia
Moldova
Armenia
TransitionEconomies Average
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Biggest challenge: reform of public and private
institutions
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
A. Public institutions
1. Property rights
2. Ethics and
corruption
3. Undue influence
4. Government
inefficiency
5. Security
EU 27 OECD Transition economies Central Asia
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Infrastructure for transport and electricity is
underdeveloped compared to other transition economies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Quality of overall infrastructure
Quality of roads
Quality of railroad infrastructure
Quality of port infrastructure
Quality of air transport infrastructure
Quality of electricity supply
Central Asia Transition economies OECD EU 27
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Participation in education is high, but quality is low and ill
adapted to the needs of business
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
5th pillar: Higher
education andtraining
A. Quantity of
education
B. Quality of
education
C. On-the-job training
EU 27 OECD Transition economies Central Asia
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Goods markets are not efficient mainly due to a high extent
of market dominance
4.15
2.953.24 3.42
3.91 3.98 3.90
3.35
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Central Asia Transition economies OECD EU 27
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Financial markets have suffered during the financial
crisis, and access to finance remains a major bottleneck
1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
Availability of financial services
Affordability of financial services
Financing through local equity market
Ease of access to loans
Venture capital availability
Soundness of banks
Central Asia Transition economies OECD EU 27
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Key messages
Countries show very similar competitiveness performance
Efficient labour markets are key advantages, in some countries
macroeconomic stability is high
Disadvantages are related to infrastructure, institutions, quality ofeducation, market efficiency, and financial markets
Addressing challenges related to institutions is key and will require
above all strong political will, but could impact on investment and
growth quickly.
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