materials science and engineering 01
Post on 05-Mar-2016
12 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 1/57
Engineering ScienceEngineering Science(ENG 232)(ENG 232)
Materials Science andMaterials Science and
Engineering Engineering
LECTURE NOTE 1LECTURE NOTE 1
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 2/57
For Your Information For Your Information
Lecturer:
Prof. San-Qiang Shi (石三强)
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Office: FG603Tel: 2766-6663Email: mmsqshi@polyu.edu.hk
Tutors:Ms. Maggie Leung
Ms. Iris Chan
Mr. Truman Xiao
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 3/57
References References
Textbook: Materials Science and Engineering - An
Introduction (7th edition), by William D. Callister, Jr., JohnWiley & Sons, 2007. TA403.C23 2007
References:(1) W.D. Callister, Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engtineering:
an integrated approach, John Wiley & Sons, 2008. TA403.C227 2008(2) D. R. Askeland, The Science and Engineering of Materials,
3nd Ed., PWS-Kent Pub. Co., 1994.
(3) W. F. Smith, Principles of Materials and Engineering,
3nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1996.(4) W. F. Smith, Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 3th
Ed, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2003
(5) J.F. Shackelford, Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, 4th
Ed., Prentice Hall International, Inc., 1996
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 4/57
Course Arrangement Course Arrangement Contents of the Subject:
Energy Utilization (15 hours)
(taught by Dr. KL Chan in weeks 1-5)
Materials Science & Engineering (will be taught by
Prof. SQ Shi in weeks 6 - 14)
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 5/57
Course Arrangement Course Arrangement
Contents of the lecturesContents of the lectures::
Introduction (Week 6)
Interatomic Bonding & Structure of Crystalline (Week 6 - 7)Mechanical Properties of Materials (Weeks 7 - 8)Failure of Materials (Week 9)Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms (Week 10)Phase Diagrams (Week 11)Optical and Electrical Properties of Materials (Week 12)Manufacturing Technology of Materials (Week 12)Applications and Selection of Engineering Materials
(Week 13)
Ecological Design (Week 14)Review (Week 14)
Tutorial
Lab: Tensile Strength of Metallic and Plastic Materials
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 6/57
Tutorial Arrangement Tutorial Arrangement
Time: To be scheduled
Room: As assigned
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 7/57
Lab. Arrangement Lab. Arrangement
Lab experiments will start from week 10 and be performed in group. The lab work includes:
reading before the lab session
lab work
group lab report (due two weeks after the
lab session)
Time: To be scheduled
Room: DE006
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 8/57
Grading Policy Grading Policy
Coursework: 40%
Final examination: 60%
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 9/57
Objectives:
This part aims:
1. to enable students to establish a broad knowledge
base on the atomic structure and properties of
materials with an emphasis on using this knowledge
to solve engineering problems.
2. to provide a basic understanding on relationship
between material properties and manufacturingprocesses so that students are able to select those
that are appropriate taking into consideration green
design and environmental issues.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 10/57
Student Learning Outcomes:
Upon satisfactory completion of the subject, students
are expected to achieve the following learning
outcomes:
1. To be able to apply the knowledge of materials
science to analyse and solve basic engineeringproblems related to stress, strain and fracture of
materials.
2. To be able to select appropriate materials and
manufacturing processes for different products
taking into consideration of issues in cost, quality
and environmental concerns.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 11/57
Introduction Introduction
Questions:
Why should I study materials science &engineering?
What materials are available to me?
Which material is better? - competition among materials
Which material do I now select for a
particular application?
What is the future trends in materials usage?
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 12/57
What are Materials?
• Materials may be defined as substance of
which something is composed or made.
• We obtain materials from earth crust andatmosphere.
• Examples :-• Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and
5.00 percentage of weight of earths
crust respectively.
• Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08
and 20.95 percentage of dry air by
volume respectively.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 13/57
Question 1Question 1
Why should I study materials science &Why should I study materials science &engineering?engineering?
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 14/57
Engineering MaterialsEngineering Materials - -
the Base of Modern Technologythe Base of Modern Technology
End ApplicationsManufacture
Existing Materials New Materials
Design Material Selection New Ideas
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 15/57
• Production and processing of materials constitute
a large part of our economy.• Engineers choose materials to suite design.
• New materials might be needed for some new
applications.
– Example :
– High temperature resistant materials. – Space station and Mars Rovers should sustain
conditions in space.
* High speed, low temperature, strong but light.
• Modification of properties might be needed forsome applications.
– Example :- Heat treatment to modify Properties.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 16/57
Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials science involves investigation of relationship betweenstructures and properties of materials.
• Materials engineering involves designing and engineering the
structure of materials to produce desired properties.
What is structure?
- Structure is the arrangement of atoms.
- Subatomic structure is arrangement of electrons within eachindividual atom, and their interactions with nuclei.
What is property?
- Property is a trait in terms of the kind and magnitude ofresponse to a specific imposed stimulus.
- Six groups of properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, and deteriorative.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 17/57
Why Study Materials Science and Engineering
An engineer has to select materials at various stages of his/her
engineering.
How does one select “proper” materials
- select materials that fit the service conditions
- select materials that resist deterioration
- select materials that are economical
How can one know the selection criteria
- knowledgeable in materials science and engineering(that is processing-structure-property-performance
relationship)
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 18/57
Question 2Question 2What materials are available to me?What materials are available to me?
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 19/57
MATERIALS MATERIALS
FOR ENGINEERING FOR ENGINEERING
TYPES OF MATERIALS
METALS
CERAMICS AND GLASSES
POLYMERS
COMPOSITES
SEMICONDUCTORS
SMART MATERIALS
NANOMATERIALS
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 20/57
METALS METALS
Characteristics:
Strong & deformable.
Good ductility.
High electrical andthermal conductivity
Not transparent to
visible light.
Metallic lustrous
appearance.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 21/57
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
I A O
1 2
H II A IIIA IVA V A VIA VIIA He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 VIII 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg IIIB IVB V B VIB VIIB I B IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
METALS METALS
Metallic materials are normally
combinations of metallic
elements
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 22/57
CERAMICS CERAMICS
Characteristics:
High strength and
low ductility.
High chemical &temperature stability.
Good insulators of
electrical current &heat.
High stiffness, low
coefficient ofexpansion.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 23/57
CERA CERA MICS MICS
Ceramics are compounds between metallic
and nonmetallic elements.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
I A O
1 2
H II A IIIA IVA V A VIA VIIA He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 VIII 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg IIIB IVB V B VIB VIIB I B IIB Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 24/57
POLYMERS POLYMERS
Characteristics:
Wide spectrum of strength &ductility .
Lightweight.
Poor conductors of electricalcurrent & heat.
Relatively low softening or
decomposition temperatures.
High coefficient of expansion.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 25/57
POLYMERS POLYMERS
Polymers are organic compounds consisting
of long molecular chains or networks.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
I A O
1 2
H II A IIIA IVA V A VIA VIIA He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 VIII 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg IIIB IVB V B VIB VIIB I B II B Al Si P S Cl Ar
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 26/57
Room-temperature Mechanical Properties of Some of the More Common Polymers
POLYMERS POLYMERS
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 27/57
COMPOSITES COMPOSITES
Composites are mixtures of two or more materials.
The components can be physically identified by an
interface between them.
Property Combinations of each components
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 28/57
COMPOSITES COMPOSITES
Applications
Of Composites
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 29/57
COMPOSITES COMPOSITES
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 30/57
SEMICONDUCTORS SEMICONDUCTORS
Intermediate electrical
conductivity.
Electrical characteristics are
extremely sensitive to chemical
purity.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 31/57
SEMI SEMI CONDUC CONDUC TORSTORS• Elemental semiconductors are Si, Ge, Sn.
• Semiconducting compounds are composed of
pairs of elements from columns III & V (e.g.
GaAs) or from columns IIB & VI (e.g. CdS)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lw
I A O
1 2H II A IIIA IVA V A VIA VIIA He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 VIII 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg IIIB IVB V B VIB VIIB I B II B Al Si P S Cl Ar19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 32/57
SmartSmart MaterialsMaterials andand StructuresStructures
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 33/57
Typical Smart Materials:
•Ferro/Piezo-electric Materials
•Shape Memory Alloys
•Optical Fiber Sensors
•Shape Memory polymers
•Electrical Flow
SmartSmart MaterialsMaterials andand StructuresStructures
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 34/57
ProductsProductswith Smartwith Smart
MaterialsMaterialsApplications of shape memory alloys
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 35/57
Shape Recovery
Force Recovery
Motor-free
Mechanism
Applications of shape memory alloys
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 36/57
NanoNano MaterialsMaterials andand TechnologyTechnology
Nano-conductive
channel
Nano-guiter
Nano-gear Nano-actuator(Carbon nanotube)
Fuel-cell(Hydrogen storage)
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 37/57
• What have been done…
Micro-chips
Micro-motors
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 38/57
Dreams…
Nano-pump Nano-bearings
Nano-arm
Nano-chips ?
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 39/57
Question 3Question 3
Which material is better?Which material is better?
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 40/57
Competition among MaterialsCompetition among Materials
Properties Vs. Costs Properties Vs. Costs
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 41/57
For some applications onlyFor some applications only
certain materials can meet thecertain materials can meet theengineering requirements.engineering requirements.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 42/57
Question 4Question 4
Which material should I select for aWhich material should I select for a
particular application? particular application?
S l i fS l ti f
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 43/57
Selection ofSelection of
Materials Materials
Selection of material
can be simple and
obvious, for example:
S E M
I C O N D U
C T O R S
S E M
I C O N D U
C T O R S
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 44/57
Selection of Materials Selection of Materials
But, most choices are less obvious,
e.g. selecting material for a commercialgas cylinder.
Critical property requirement:
Pressure = 14 MPa
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 45/57
Selection of Materials Selection of Materials
ASTM A414 - Grade G
which is Iron
+ 0.31wt% C max.
+ 1.35wt% Mn max.
+ 0.035wt% P max.
+ 0.04wt% S max.
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Semiconductors
Composites
Strength
Ductility
Cost
Metals
Ferrous Nonferrous
Irons steels
Carbon & High-alloy steelslow-alloy steels
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 46/57
Selection of Materials Selection of Materials
Another example:
selecting material for anaerospace pressure vessel.
Critical property requirement:
Light weight
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 47/57
Selection of Materials Selection of Materials
Composites
Strength
Ductility
Low
Density
Ceramics
Metals
Polymers
Semiconductors
Composites
Fiber-reinforced Aggregate-reinforced
Synthetic fibers Natural fibers
Polymer Metal Ceramics Glass
fibers fibers fibers fibers
Kevlar 49 aramid fibers
wound in an epoxy matrix
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 48/57
Question 5Question 5
What is the future trends in materialsWhat is the future trends in materials research and application? research and application?
F T d
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 49/57
Future Trends
• Metallic Materials
Production follows economy closely.
Alloys may be improved by better chemistry andprocess control.
New aerospace alloys being constantly researched.
o Aim: To improve temperature and corrosionresistance.
o Example: Nickel based high temperature superalloys.
New processing techniques are investigated.o Aim: To improve product life and fatigue properties.
o Example: Isothermal forging, Powder metallurgy.
Metals for biomedical applications
F T d
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 50/57
Future Trends
• Polymeric (Plastic Materials)
Fastest growing basic material (9%
per year). After 1995 growth rate decreased
due to saturation.
Different polymeric materials canbe blend together to produce new
plastics.
Search for new plastic continues.
F t T d
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 51/57
Future Trends
• Ceramic Materials
New family of engineering ceramics are produced
last decade New materials and applications are constantly
found.
Now used in auto and biomedical applications. Processing of ceramics is expensive.
Easily damaged as they are highly brittle.
Better processing techniques and high-impactceramics are to be found.
F t T d
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 52/57
Future Trends
• Composite Materials
Fiber reinforced plastics are primary
products. On an average 3% annual growth from
1981 to 1987.
Annual growth rate of 5% is predictedfor new composites such as Fiberglass-
Epoxy and Graphite-Epoxy
combinations.
Commercial aircrafts are expected to
use more and more composite materials.
F t T d
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 53/57
Future Trends
• Electronic Materials
Use of electronic materials such as silicon
increased rapidly from 1970. Electronic materials are expected to play
vital role in “Factories of Future”.
Use of computers and robots will increaseresulting in extensive growth in use of
electronic materials.
Aluminum for interconnections inintegrated circuits might be replaced by
copper resulting in better conductivity.
F t T d
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 54/57
Future Trends
• Smart Materials : Change their properties by
sensing external stimulus.
Shape memory alloys: Strained material revertsback to its original shape above a critical
temperature.
Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.
Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric field when
exposed to force and vice versa.
Used in actuators and vibration reducers.
MEMS d N t i l
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 55/57
MEMS and Nanomaterials
• MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems.
Miniature devices
Micro-pumps, sensors
• Nanomaterials: Characteristic length < 100 nm
Examples: ceramics powder and grain size < 100nm
Nanomaterials are harder and stronger than bulk
materials. Have biocompatible characteristics ( as in
Zirconia)
Transistors and diodes are developed on ananowire.
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 56/57
Modern Materials’ Needs
• Nuclear materials: fuels, containment structures, etc.
• Light materials: parts of automobiles, aircraft, trains, etc.
• High T materials: engine components
• Energy conversion materials: solar cells, hydrogen storage cells
• Jobs for you:
- Be aware of the fundamental materials- Understand basic functions and properties of materials
- Know 3 key components in materials selection
7/21/2019 Materials Science and Engineering 01
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/materials-science-and-engineering-01 57/57
Welcome toWelcome to
the Fascinating & Interestingthe Fascinating & Interesting
World ofWorld ofMaterials Science & Technology Materials Science & Technology
top related