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REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA
MINISITERI Y’UBUREZIMINISITERI Y’UBUREZIMINISITERI Y’UBUREZIMINISITERI Y’UBUREZI
IKIGO CY’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHOIKIGO CY’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHOIKIGO CY’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHOIKIGO CY’IGIHUGU GISHINZWE INTEGANYANYIGISHO
INTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA MU CYICIRO RUSANGEINTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA MU CYICIRO RUSANGEINTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA MU CYICIRO RUSANGEINTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA MU CYICIRO RUSANGE
Kigali, Mata 2007
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INTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA MU CYICIRO RUSANGE
1. Iriburiro1. Iriburiro1. Iriburiro1. Iriburiro
Ikinyarwanda gifite umwanya ukomeye mu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda. Ni rwo rurimi ruha Abanyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kuranga
isi, kugaragaza imbamutima, gushyikirana baganira, bungurana ibitekerezo, bagezanyaho ubutumwa…
Ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda rufite uruhare rukomeye mu guhamya Umunyarwanda udafite isoni n’ubwoba by’umuco we kandi
utisuzugura. Umuco w’u Rwanda ukeneye abawurinda n’abawubungabunga ngo hato imico y’amahanga itawumira. Iyo nshingano
rero ni iy’Abanyarwanda ubwabo. Inzira ya mbere iriho ni ukwigisha ikinyarwanda. Kwigisha ikinyarwanda bihamye rero ni ugushimangira ubunyarwanda. Ni ugushyikiriza umwana w’u Rwanda ibyo abakurambere
bahanze bakabisigira Umunyarwanda wese ho umurage. Bityo kwiga ikinyarwanda bikaba guhura n’ibyo kibumbatiye: uko giteye,
ubugeni gihetse, umuco n’imyumvire y’Abanyarwanda. Ibi bisobanura ko kwigisha ikinyarwanda ari ugufasha umwana w’u Rwanda kugicengera ari mu miterere yacyo no bwiza bwacyo: uko cyemerera ukivuga gutaka imvugo ye.
Kwigisha ikinyarwanda rero bikwiye kuba umwanya wo guha Umunyarwanda ubushobozi bwo kwirinda kumirwa n’amahanga, ibyiza agisangamo akabyamamaza, ibyo anenga akabikosora, akagikungahaza ngo gihangane n’iterambere isi ihorana.
2. Ibigamijwe mu kwigisha ikinyarwanda2. Ibigamijwe mu kwigisha ikinyarwanda2. Ibigamijwe mu kwigisha ikinyarwanda2. Ibigamijwe mu kwigisha ikinyarwanda Mu kwigisha ururimi kavukire hari ibintu bine by’ingenzi biba bigamijwe ari byo:
1. Ubuhanga :
• Ururimi kavukire ni rwo fatizo ryo kumva no gusobanura isi. • Ururimi kavukire ni intangiriro yo kumenya izindi ndimi. • Ururimi kavukire ruduha uburyo n’ububasha bwo gutekereza. Umwana yiga gutekereza cya gihe aba yiga kuvuga. Uko amenya amagambo mashya ni ko ubwenge bwe buba buhirika inkuta z’ubujiji.
• Ururimi kavukire ni rwo dutekerezamo iyo tuvuga : kumenya ururimi rwawe ni ko kumenya imitekerereze y’abo murusangiye. Imyitozo irukorwamo y’inozamvugo ituma abanyeshuri bagira imitekerereze itunganye.
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• Kwiga ururimi rwawe bigaragaza ukwiyubaha, ugushyira mu gaciro n’ubuhame bw’ibitekerezo. Umuntu wize ururimi rwe agira ubushobozi bwo kururinda mu ruhando rw’izindi ndimi. Atahura ko imiterere yihariye yarwo ari yo ituma ruba ururimi
rutandukanye n’izindi kandi rufite ingingo zose n’ububasha bwose nk’iby’izindi ndimi.
2. Ubusabane :
Ururimi kavukire rugomba kubera umwana inzira yo gushyikirana n’abandi. Agomba rero kugira ubushobozi bwo kugeza ku bandi vuba kandi neza ibyifuzo bye, imbamutima ze n’ibyo yungutse. Mu rurimi rwe kavukire, umwana agomba kwiga kuganira, kumva
abandi ndetse rimwe na rimwe akagerageza kwemera igitekerezo runaka kuko ari cyo yumva gitunganye. Uwo mwanya wo
kwiyumva mu bandi ushimangira intego yo guhamya ubunyarwanda.
3. Ubukesha
Mu kumwigisha ururimi rwe kavukire, icyifuzwa ni uguha umwana uburyo bunyuranye bwo kwitegereza, kugereranya,
gusesengura, gucishiriza no guhitamo mu byitegererezo binyuranye dusanga mu myandiko inyuranye. Imyandiko ahura na yo,
yaba ifite imizi mu buvanganzo nyarwanda yaba imyandiko isanzwe, igira uko imufasha guhindura inyifato ye. Imyandiko rero igomba kwerekeza umunyeshuri aheza.
4. Ubuhanzi
Kwigisha ururimi kavukire biba bigamije gukangurira abanyeshuri ubugeni n’ubuvanganzo igihe cyose biga imyandiko ngo na bo
babe bahera ku ngeri bize maze bahange.
Mu kwigisha ururimi kavukire, umwarimu agena uburyo butunganye bwo kubahugurira kwisobanura badategwa igihe bavuga
cyangwa bandika bikurikije ubuhanga buriho bwo kwandika imyandiko inyuranye ; kumva no kwiyumvikanisha, gusesekaza
imbamutima zabo ; mbese kuvuga, gusoma no kwandika.
Bityo kwigisha ururimi kavukire bigomba kongerera uwiga ubushobozi bwo kurukoresha birambuye mu gushyikirana n’abandi. Ni
ngombwa rero kumwongerera amagambo n’ubumenyi byo kumufasha gushyikirana n’abandi tutirengagije kumufasha gusobanukirwa imiterere n’imikorere y’ururimi rwe.
Iyi nteganyanyigisho y’ikinyarwanda yateguwe dushingiye kuri ibi byose bimaze kuvugwa. Twanashingiye kandi ku ivugurura
ryakozwe ku nteganyanyigisho y’ikinyarwanda igenewe amashuri abanza ngo habeho ukunguruza kw’inyigisho.
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3. Imiterere y’iyi nteganyanyigisho3. Imiterere y’iyi nteganyanyigisho3. Imiterere y’iyi nteganyanyigisho3. Imiterere y’iyi nteganyanyigisho
Iyi nteganyanyigisho yihatiye gukemura ibibazo iyari isanzwe yateraga birimo nko kuba:
• itagaragazaga ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri igihe yiga icyigwa runaka mu gihe twemera ihame rivuga ko imyigishirize inoze igomba gushingira ku wiga bityo ikamuha urubuga rukwiye mu kongera ubumenyi bwe;
• itoroherezaga umwarimu kuko ititaga ku masaha inyigisho y’ikinyarwanda yagenewe (amasaha abiri mu cyumweru) mbere yo kugena ibyo azigisha. Abarimu bakaba barakomeje kutugaragariza impungenge ko kugena ibyigwa utitaye ku gihe bizigishirizwamo ari ukubakorera umuzigo ugoye itwara;
Ku bijyanye n’ibiyikubiyemo hari ibyahindutse. Nyuma yo gusuzuma integanyanyigisho nshya y’ikinyarwanda cy’amashuri abanza, twasanze hari ibyakuwe mu mashuri abanza kuko abarimu b’amashuri abanza batugaragarije ko byagoraga abanyeshuri bo muri icyo cyiciro cy’amashuri bityo byimurirwa mu mashuri yisumbuye (amategeko y’igenamajwi). Hari ibyigwa byatangiraga kwigwa mu mashuri yisumbuye ubu byinjijwe mu mashuri abanza: amasaku n’ihangamyandiko (amabaruwa, amatangazo, raporo...). Hari insanganyamatsiko zijyanye n’ubumenyi ngengabuzima zitabaga mu nyigisho y’ikinyarwanda cy’amashuri yisumbuye kandi ubu zarinjijwe mu mashuri abanza zigomba kugarukwaho kugirango habeho ukunguruzanya kw’inyigisho: uburenganzira bwa muntu, uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, ikoranabuhanga, ubumwe n’ubwiyunge, kubungabunga ibidukikije, gukunda igihugu, umuco w’amahoro, kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge, kwirinda sida n’izindi ndwara...Izi nsanganyamatsiko zigomba kugaragara mu nyigisho zinyuranye harebwe ibihe u Rwanda rwanyuzemo n’ibyo rugezemo Mu rwego rwo gukuraho impungenge twagaragarijwe n’abarimu ko integanyanyigisho iba irimo ibintu byinshi bityo umwaka ukarangira ibyagenwe byose bitarangiye, iyi nteganyanyigisho igena ibyigwa mu gihe. Umwaka w’amashuri ugizwe n’ibihembwe bitatu. Igihembwe kimwe kigira hagati y’ibyumweru cumi na kimwe n’ibyumweru cumi na bitatu. Hakuwemo ibyumweru by’amasuzuma, twasanze muri rusange igihembwe kibamo ibyumweru umunani byo kwigisha. Ibyigwa byateganyijwe muri iyi nteganyanyigisho byafatiye kuri ibyo byumweru umunani. Ibisigaye bizaba umwanya wo kunononsora ibyigwa bitumvikanye neza no gukoresha amasuzuma arimo n’ibizami.
4. Ishusho y’umunyeshuri urangije icyiciro rusange4. Ishusho y’umunyeshuri urangije icyiciro rusange4. Ishusho y’umunyeshuri urangije icyiciro rusange4. Ishusho y’umunyeshuri urangije icyiciro rusange
Mu bijyanye n’inyigisho y’ikinyarwanda, umunyeshuri urangije icyiciro rusange agomba kiba afite ubumenyi, ubumenyingiro n’ubukesha by’ifatizo bituma:
• atekereza mu buryo bw’ubuhanga no mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge; • atekereza nta kubogama kandi ntabe “nyamujyiyobijya”; • asobanukirwa imiterere y’ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda • akoresha mu buryo buboneye ururimi rw’ikinyarwanda;
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• agira inyota yo gushaka ubumenyi mu byanditswe; • ahanga mu kinyarwanda; • agira ubushobozi bwo kubungabunga ibidukikije; • agaragaza imyifatire ituma ubuzima bwe busugira yirinda ibiyobyabwenge, sida n’izindi ndwara z’ibyorezo; • arangwa n’ubushake bwo kwifashisha ikoranabuhanga mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi; • yimakaza umuco w’amahoro, ubworoherane n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu; • agira imyifatire irangwa no gukunda igihugu; • asobanukirwa n’ibyiza by’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye; • arangwa no gukunda umuco nyarwanda no kuwuha agaciro.
5. Imbonezanyigisho rusange5. Imbonezanyigisho rusange5. Imbonezanyigisho rusange5. Imbonezanyigisho rusange
Inyigisho y’ikinyarwanda iba ikubiyemo ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi bikurikira: Ubuvanganzo, iyigandimi n’ubumenyi ngengamibereho. Mu buvanganzo uwiga ahura n’ingeri zinyuranye zigize ubuvanganzo nyarwanda. Mu iyigandimi umunyeshuri asobanukirwa imitere y’ururimi rwe. Ku bijyanye n’ubumenyi ngengamibereho, uwiga yunguka ubwo bumenyi asoma imyandiko inyuranye yaba iy’ubuvanganzo, yaba n’imyandiko isanzwe nk’inkuru, amabwiriza, amatangazo n’indi. Ibiri muri iyi nteganyigisho rero bikubiye muri izo ngingo eshatu:
1. Ingeri z’ubuvanganzo Mu cyiciro rusange, hazigwamo imyandiko ifite imizi mu buvangazo nyarwanda n’imyandiko isanzwe. Mwarimu azafasha abanyeshuri gutahura ibiranga buri ngeri ku buryo abanyeshuri banaheraho bagahanga imyandiko migufi yo mu ngeri bize. Bahereye ku bivugwa mu myandiko, Mwarimu afasha abanyeshuri kuwusesengura ari na ko bunguka ubumenyi bunyuranye: imvugo iboneye, ibiranga umuco nyarwanda, imibereho y’abanyarwanda ubu no mu gihe cyahise....
2. Ikibonezamvugo Mu isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo, mwarimu akwiye gushishikariza abanyeshuri kumva akamaro ko kwiga ikibonezamvugo kuko ari wo mwanya wo gusobanukirwa imiterere y’ururimi rwabo kandi ko kuruha agaciro bihera ku kuba rwarizwe bityo imiterere yarwo ikaba izwi. Ikinyarwanda rero ni rumwe mu ndimi nke zo muri Afurika zakozweho ubushakashatsi mu rwego rwo kurusesengura hagamijwe kugaragaza imiterere yarwo. Ibyigishwa rero mu kibonezamvugo ni ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku kinyarwanda bityo kutabigira ibyabo bikaba byafatwa nko kutiha agaciro.
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3. Ubundi buhanga
Muri iki gice, umunyeshuri azigishwa ubumenyi bunyuranye burimo ubujyanye no guhanga yandika akurikiza amategeko y’imiterere y’umwandiko runaka. Ubu bumenyi ni gikwira kuko bwigwa hose hagamijwe guhanga imyandiko iberanye n’ubumenyi rusange. Abanyeshuri bazigishwa ubuhanga bwo guhina imyandiko, kurambura ingingo bubahiriza imbata, gutahura ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zikubiye mu mwandiko, kwandika ikinyarwanda uko amabwiriza y’imyandikire abiteganya, kwandika amabaruwa, gukora umwirondoro n’ibindi.
6. 6. 6. 6. Uburyo bw’iUburyo bw’iUburyo bw’iUburyo bw’isuzumasuzumasuzumasuzuma
Kuri buri gace k’isomo umwarimu asuzuma ubushobozi bw’umunyeshuri kugira ngo abone gukomeza isomo. Igihe umwarimu asuzuma ahera ku ntego zihariye zagenewe buri gace k’isomo. Amasuzuma agamije gutanga amanota azajya akorerwa ku gace k’isomo runaka bitewe n’uko umwarimu ashaka kugashimangira. Ikizamini cyo kigomba kuba kireba buri gace kugira ngo intego zose zisuzumwe.
7. Abateguye iyi nteganyanyigisho7. Abateguye iyi nteganyanyigisho7. Abateguye iyi nteganyanyigisho7. Abateguye iyi nteganyanyigisho
Iyinteganyanyigisho yateguwe n’abarimu bakurikira: 1. BAZIRUSHAKA, Isaie, Groupe Scolaire Saint André 2. GATOYI RUTIKANGA Vital, Lycée Notre Dame de Cîteaux, Kigali 3. MURENZI Jean de Dieu, Collège APPEC, Remera-Rukoma 4. MUSABYIMANA Gaudence, Ecole secondaire de Kacyiru 5. MUTUNGIREHE Damien, Lycée de Kicukiro 6. NIYONSABA Monique, ESEGI, Gikonko Bayobowe na NIYIBAHO Sylvestre, umuteganyanyigisho w’ikinyarwanda, CNDP, Kigali
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IBIKUBIYE MU NTEGANYANYIGISHO
1. 1. 1. 1. Umwaka wa mbereUmwaka wa mbereUmwaka wa mbereUmwaka wa mbere
Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya mbere • Gusoma aranguruye ijwi
yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa • Kuvuga ibikubiye mu
mwandiko
Umugani muremure
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusoma umugani wose • Gusomesha umugani igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
• Kubaza abanyeshuri ku mugani wasomwe
• Gusoma umugani bucece • Kuvuga muri make ibiri mu
mugani yasomwe akurikiza inyurabwenge
• Gusoma igika cy’umugani atagemura, adategwa, yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Gusubiza ibibazo abajijwe ku mugani
• Guca umugani Icya kabiri • Gutandukanya izina bwite
n’izina rusange • Kuvuga inteko z’amazina
yahawe
Izina : Izina bwite n’izina rusange
• Gusomesha umwandiko wigishijwe ubushize
• Guca akarongo ku mazina bwite no ku mazina rusange mu gika yatoranyije
• Gusobanura izina bwite n’izina rusange
• Kuvuga inteko ayo mazina arimo
• Gukoresha imyitozo ku nteko z’amazina
• Gusoma umwandiko • Gutanga amazina bwite
n’amazina rusange ari mu mwandiko
• Gutandukanya izina bwite n’izina rusange
• Kuvuga inteko z’amazina ahawe
• Kwandika amazina bwite yubahiriza imyandikire yemewe y’ikinyarwanda
Imyandikire y’amazina bwite (y’abantu, uturere n’ibihugu)
• Gusobanura imyandikire yemewe ku mazina bwite y’abantu,y’uturere n’ay’ibihugu
• Gukoresha icyandikwa
• Kwandika neza interuro zirimo amazina bwite
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Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatatu • Gusesengura uturemajambo
tw’izina • Kugaragaza (mu buryo
bw’impine) amategeko y’igenamajwi ari mu izina ryasesenguwe
Uturemajambo tw’izina mbonera Amategeko y’igenamajwi akora mu izina (ajyanye n’inyajwi gusa)
• Kwandika ku kibaho interuro zikuwe mu mwandiko wizwe zirimo amazina mbonera
• Guca akarongo ku mazina mbonera
• Gusesengura amazina agaragaza uturemajambo twayo
• Kwerekana amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe
• Gutanga imyitozo
• Gusoma interuro • Guca akarongo ku mazina
mbonera • Gusesengura no kugaragaza
amategeko y’igenamajwi arimo • Gukora imyitozo
Icya kane -Kwirinda sida n’izindi ndwara zifatira mu myanya ndangagitsina
Umwandiko kuri Sida n’izindi ndwara zifatira mu myanya ndangagitsina
• Kugirana n’abanyeshuri ikiganiro kigufi kiganisha ku mwandiko cyangwa kwitegereza no kuganira ku mashusho yerekeye kuri sida
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusoma umwadiko wose • Gusomesha igika ku kindi • Kugaragaza ingaruka za sida ku
muryango • Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga
uko bakiriye inyigisho iri mu mwandiko
• Kwitegereza amashusho akayavugaho
• Gusoma bucece • Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko • -Gusoma igika • Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
wose • Kuvuga inyigisho akuye mu
mwandiko • Kuvuga ingamba bafashe ngo
birinde Sida
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Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatanu • Kuvuga ubwoko bw’interuro
n’uturango twazo • Guhanga interuro asabwe
Interuro : Amoko y’interuro y’inyabumwe:ihamya, ibaza, itangara
• Kwandika ku kibaho interuro avanye mu mwandiko wizwe
• Gusomesha interuro • Gusobanura interuro icyo ari
cyo • Gusobanura aho zitandukaniye
uhereye ku twatuzo zifite
• Gusoma interuro • Kuvuga ibiranga buri nteruro • Gukoresha utwatuzo
twigishijwe mu nteruro yihimbiye
• Gukora icyandikwa
Gukoresha inyuguti nkuru n’utwatuzo
Imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru n’utwatuzo: akitso, akabago n’akitso, akabago, agatangaro, akabazo.
• Gusobanura imikoreshereze y’inyuguti nkuru n’utwatuzo
• Gukoresha icyandikwa
Icya gatandatu
• Kuvuga adategwa, atarya amagambo
• Gusoma aranguruye adategwa, atarya amagambo
• Kubwira abandi ibyo yafashe mu mutwe
• Guhanga amagorane n’uturingushyo
Amagorane n’uturingushyo
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
magorane n’uturingushyo • Kubasomera • Gusobanura amagambo mashya • Gusomesha baranguruye • Gufatisha mu mutwe
amagorane n’uturingushyo • Gutanga umukoro wo guhanga
uturingushyo n’amagorane
• Gusoma bucece • Gusoma aranguruye • Gutanga ingero z’amagorane
n’uturingushyo • Gufata mu mutwe uturingushyo
n’amagorane • Kuvuga amagorane
n’uturingushyo adategwa • Guhanga amagorane
n’uturingushyo
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Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya karindwi
• Gusoma aranguruye yumvikanisha injyana
• Kuvuga umuvugo yafashe mu mutwe ashize amanga
• Gutandukanya umuvugo n’indi myandiko
Umuvugo
• Gusomesha umuvugo bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
muvugo • Gusoma umuvugo wose
by’intangarugero • Gusomesha umuvugo igika ku
kindi hasobanurwa amagambo mashya
• Kwerekana ibiranga umuvugo ashingiye ku miterere y’interuro
• Gufatisha mu mutwe umuvugo • Gusaba abanyeshuri guhanga
umuvugo mugufi
• Gusoma bucece • Kuvuga muri make ibiri mu
muvugo yubahiriza inyurabwenge
• Gusoma yubahiriza injyana • Gusubiza ibibazo abajijwe ku
muvugo • Gufata mu mutwe umuvugo
no kuwuvuga • Guhanga umuvugo mugufi
(hagati y’imikarago icumi na cumi n’itanu)
Icya munani
• Kwandika agaragaza ahari ubutinde n’amasaku
• Gusoma amagambo yanditse yubahiriza amasaku n’ubutinde
Ubutinde bw’imigemo n’amasaku
• Gutegura umwandiko urimo aya magambo:
gusiba/gusiiba; urutoki/urutooki; inda/indâ; guhera /guhêra; Mugaânza/Mugaanza; Ubweênge/ubwêenge • Kwandika interuro zirimo ayo
amagambo • Gusomesha interuro • Kwandika ayo magambo
ashyiraho amasaku
• Gusoma interuro zirimo amagambo atandukaniye ku butinde n’amasaku
• Gusoma amagambo yanditse hagaragazwa ubutinde n’amasaku
• Kwandika amagambo agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
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Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya mbere • Kuvuga ibikubiye mu
• Gutahura indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka
Igitekerezo cya rubanda
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusoma umwandiko wose • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi hasobanurwa amagambo mashya
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutahura mu mwandiko indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga inyigisho bakuye mu mwandiko
• Gusoma umwandiko bucece • Kuvuga muri make ibiri mu
mwandiko yasomwe akurikiza inyurabwenge
• Gusoma igika cy’umwandiko adategwa, yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Gusubiza ibibazo abajijwe ku mwandiko
• Gutahura indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko
• Kuvuga inyigisho akuye mu mwandiko
Icya kabiri • Kugaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka mu mwandiko
Ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka z’umwandiko
• Gusomesha umwandiko • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi batahura ingingo ziri mu mwandiko
• Kugaragaza iz’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka-
• Gusoma umwandiko • Gusoma igika ku kindi
berekana ingingo irimo • Kwandika ingingo z’ingenzi
n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko
• Guhina umwandiko atarengeje igihe n’umwanya yahawe
Ihinamwandiko • Guhina umwandiko afatanyije n’abanyeshuri kandi bafatiye ku ngingo zagaragajwe
• Gutanga umwitozo wo guhina umwandiko
• Kwandika incamake y’ibikubiye mu mwandiko yahawe
12
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatatu • Gusesengura izina
• Kugaragaza (mu buryo bw’impine) amategeko y’igenamajwi ari mu izina ryasesenguwe
Uturemajambo tw’izina mbonera Amategeko y’igenamajwi akora mu izina (ajyanye n’ingombajwi)
• Kwandika ku kibaho interuro zikuwe mu mwandiko wizwe zirimo amazina mbonera
• Guca akarongo ku mazina mbonera • Gusesengura amazina agaragaza
uturemajambo twayo • Kwerekana amategeko
y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe • Gutanga imyitozo
• Gusoma interuro • Guca akarongo ku mazina
mbonera • Gusesengura no kugaragaza
amategeko y’igenamajwi arimo
• Gukora imyitozo
Icya kane • Gusubiza ibisakuzo yahawe akoresheje inyurabwenge
• Gushakisha ibisakuzo
Ibisakuzo
• Gutanga ingero z’ibisakuzo • Kubasaba gusakuza • Kubasaba guhanga ibisakuzo
• Gusakuza • Gushakisha ibisakuzo • Guhanga ibisakuzo
• Gutanga ibisobanuro by’imigani yahawe
• Gushakisha imigani migufi • Gukoresha imigani mu mvugo
Imigani migufi
• Guca imigani migufi • Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga
ibisobanuro by’imigani yatoranyijwe
• Kubasaba gushakisha imigani migufi
• Gusobanura imikoreshereze y’imigani migufi
• Gusobanura imigani migufi • Gushakisha imigani migufi • Gukora imyitozo yo kuzuza
imigani migufi ituzuye yahawe
Icya gatanu
• Gutahura ntera ziri mu mwandiko
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo twa ntera n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
Ntera: � Uturango twa ntera � Ibicumbi bya ntera
Amategeko y’igenamajwi muri ntera
• Kwandika interuro zirimo ntera • Gusaba abanyeshuri gutahura ntera
zirimo(guca akarongo kuri ntera) • Gusaba abanyeshuri kugaragaza
uturemajambo twa ntera n’amategeko y’igenamajwi akoramo
• Gusoma umwandiko • Guca akarongo kuri ntera ziri
mu nteruro • Gusesengura ntera yahawe • Kugaragaza amategeko
y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe asesengura.
13
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatandatu
• Kugaragaza ingorane n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose
• Gusobanura ibyiza by’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
Umwandiko ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusomesha umwandiko wose
baranguruye • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya • Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga
inyigisho bakuye mu mwandiko • Kubaza abanyeshuri ingaruka
z’ivangura ku muryango nyarwanda • Gusaba abanyeshuri kugaragaza
icyo bakorwa ngo uburinganire butezwe imbere
• Gusoma bucece adahwihwisa • Gusomera abandi aranguruye,
yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa • Kuvuga inyigisho yakuye mu
mwandiko • Gusubiza ibibazo ku
mwandiko • Kuvuga ingaruka z’ivangura
ku muryango nyarwanda. • Kugaragaza ingamba bafata
ngo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bigerweho
Icya karindwi
• Kuvugira mu ruhame, ashize amanga kandi atanga ingingo zifatika
• Gutanga ibitekerezo bye bwite ku nsanganyamatsiko yahawe
Impaka ku muco w’amahoro n’ubworoherane
• Gutanga insanganyamatsiko igibwaho impaka
• Kuyisobanura • Kurema amatsinda y’abanyeshuri • Gusaba buri tsinda kwitoramo
umuvugizi • Gutanga amabwiriza agenga
impaka: gusaba ijambo, kwirinda amahane, agasuzuguro, imvugo isesereza
• Kubasaba kujya impaka ku nsanganyamatsiko mu matsinda no gutangaza ibyagezweho
• Gusaba ijambo mbere yo kuvuga
• Kuvuga nta mahane, nta gasuzuguro
• Gukoresha imvugo idasesereza
• Gutanga ibitekerezo bye ku nsanganyamatsiko
• Gusubiza ibibazo bya bagenzi be ashimangira igitekerezo cye
14
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya karindwi
• Gusobanura inkuru ahuza amashusho n’amagambo mu buryo bw’ inyurabwenge.
• Kugaragaza inyigisho iri mu nkuru
Inkuru ishushanyije • Kwerekana amashusho no kubasaba kuvuga mu magambo make ibyo babona
• Gusomesha bucece • Gusomesha barangurura • Kubaza ibibazo bigaragaza isano
iri hagati y’amashusho n’amagambo.
• Kubaza inyigisho bakuye mu nkuru n’ingamba bafashe.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukina iyo nkuru
• Kuvuga mu magambo make ibyo babona ku mashusho.
• Gusoma bucece bahuza amashusho n’amagambo.
• Gusoma baranguruye. • Kuvuga isano iri hagati
y’amashusho n’amagambo • Kuvuga inyigisho bakuye mu
nkuru • Gukina bigana iyo nkuru
Icya munani
Guhanga umwandiko yubahiriza inyurabwenge, injyabihe n’imyandikire yemewe y’ikinyarwanda
Ihangamwandiko ku nsanganyamatsiko zikurikira: � indwara z’ibyorezo
na Sida � uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye � umuco w’amahoro
• Gutanga insanganyamatsiko • Kuyisobanura • Gusaba uhanga gukusanya
ibitekerezo abyandika. • Gutanga umukoro wo guhanga
inkuru ishushanyije
• Gusesengura insanganyamatsiko yahawe
• Gukusanya ibitekerezo • Guhitamo iby’ingenzi
akabyandika • Guhanga inkuru ishushanyije
15
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya mbere • Kuvuga bimwe mu
bidukikije n’akamaro kabyo • Kuvuga ingaruka ziterwa
no kwangiza ibidukikije
Umwandiko ku bidukikije
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusomesha umwandiko wose
baranguruye • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
• Kubaza abanyeshuri ingaruka ziterwa no kwangiza ibidukikije
• Gusoma bucece • Gusomera abandi aranguruye
kandi yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Gusubiza ibibazo byabajijwe ku mwandiko
• Kuganira ku ngaruka ziterwa no kwangiza ibidukikije
Icya kabiri • Gusoma amagambo yanditswe yubahiriza amasaku n’ubutinde
• Kwandika agaragaza ahari
ubutinde n’amasaku
Ubutinde n’amasaku • Guha abanyeshuri amagambo fatizo aranga amasaku y’ikinyarwanda: umugabo, umusôre, umugorê, umugeenzi, umwâana, umwaâmi, reerô, imbêehê
• Kwandikisha amagambo bashyiraho ubutinde n’amasaku bagereranya n’amagambo fatizo
• Gusoma amagambo yanditse hagaragazwa ubutinde n’amasaku
• Kwandika amagambo agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
Icya gatatu • Kuganira atera urwenya • Kwandika ingero
z’urwenya azi cyangwa yihimbiye
Urwenya na byendagusetsa
• Gutanga ingero z’urwenya • Gusaba abanyeshuri gushakisha
ingero z’urwenya bazi • Gusaba abanyeshuri kwihimbira
urwenya
• Gusoma urwenya na byendagusetsa
• Gutanga urwenya na byendagusetsa
• Gukora umwitozo wo guhanga urwenya na byendagusetsa
16
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kane Kuvuga inyigisho mbonezamuco ziri mu mwandiko
Umwandikoku Gukunda umurimo
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusomesha umwandiko wose
baranguruye • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
• Gushima ibyiza no kugaya ibibi • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
myifatire ivugwa
• Gusoma bucece adahwihwisa • Gusomera abandi aranguruye
kandi yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Kugaragaza ibyiza n’ibibi ku myifatire ivugwa mu mwandiko
• Gushima ibyiza no gufata ingamba zo kubikomeraho
Icya gatanu • Gusesengura izina • Kugaragaza (mu buryo
bw’impine) amategeko y’igenamajwi ari mu izina ryasesenguwe
Uturemajambo tw’izina mbonera Amategeko y’igenamajwi akora mu izina (ajyanye n’ingombajwi)
• Kwandika ku kibaho interuro zikuwe mu mwandiko wizwe zirimo amazina mbonera
• Guca akarongo ku mazina mbonera
• Gusesengura amazina agaragaza uturemajambo twayo
• Kwerekana amategeko y’igenamajwi yubahirijwe
• Gutanga imyitozo
• Gusoma interuro • Guca akarongo ku mazina
mbonera • Gusesengura no kugaragaza
amategeko y’igenamajwi arimo • Gukora imyitozo
17
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatandatu
Gutanga igitekerezo cye ashize amanga kandi atanga ingingo ku nsanganyamatsiko y’impaka yatanzwe
Impaka ku muco nyarwanda (kwambara, kwirimbisha, kwidagadura,...)
• Gutanga insanganyamatsiko igibwaho impaka
• Kuyisobanura • Kurema amatsinda y’abanyeshuri • Gusaba buri tsinda kwitoramo
umuvugizi • Gutanga amabwiriza agenga
impaka (gusaba ijambo, kwirinda amahane, agasuzuguro, imvugo isesereza,...
• Kubasaba kuganira ku nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe mu buryo bw’impaka
• Gusaba buri muvugizi gutangariza abandi imyanzuro yagezweho
• Gusaba ijambo mbere yo kuvuga • Kuvuga nta mahane, nta
gasuzuguro • Gukoresha imvugo idasesereza • Gutanga ibitekerezo bye ku
nsanganyamatsiko • Gusubiza ibibazo bya bagenzi be
ashimangira igitekerezo cye
Icya karindwi
Kwandika ibaruwa yubahiriza imiterere y’ibaruwa isanzwe
Ibaruwa isanzwe • Kuganira n’abanyeshuri ku buryo bukoreshwa mu gutanga ubutumwa
• Gusomesha bucece ibaruwa • Kubaza ibibazo rusange • Gusomesha baranguruye • Kwerekana ibice by’ingenzi
bigize ibaruwa • Gusaba abanyeshuri kwandika
ibaruwa • Gukosora umwitozo watanzwe
• Gusoma ibaruwa adategwa yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Kuvuga muri make ubutumwa bukubiye mu ibaruwa
• Kugaragaza ibice bigize ibaruwa • Kwandika ibaruwa
18
Umwaka wa mbere Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya munani
• Kuvuga atajijinganya kandi ashize amanga
• Kuvuga ahuza imvugo n’ingiro kandi ashyiramo isesekaza
• Gukina bigana abanyarubuga bari mu gakinamico
Agakinamico • Gusomera abanyeshuri agakinamico
• Gusomesha abanyeshuri no gusobanura amagambo mashya
• Guha buri munyeshuri urubuga rwe (ibyo akina)
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kugafata mu mutwe
• Kubatoza gukina
• Gusoma agakinamico kateguwe • Gufata mu mutwe agakinamico • Gukina ako gakinamico
19
INTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA : ICYICIRO CYA MBE RE CY’AMASHURI YISUMBUYE
2. 2. 2. 2. Umwaka wa kabiriUmwaka wa kabiriUmwaka wa kabiriUmwaka wa kabiri
Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya mbere Kugaragaza ibiri mu mwandiko biranga umugani
Umugani muremure
- Gusomesha bucece - Gusomesha umugani igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya.
- Gusomesha umugani wose
- Gusoma bucece. - Gusoma aranguruye,
adategwa yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa.
Icya kabiri - Gusobanuza ijambo imvugakimwe(impuzanyito) n’imbusane.
- Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo yungutse
- Kwerekana uko inyito y’ijambo ihinduka uko ryiyunga n’andi
Inyunguramagambo
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gusobanura amagambo bakoresheje amagambo maremare, impuzanyito n’imbusane.
- Kubasaba gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo mashya
- Kwandika ibisobanuro by’amagambo akoresheje. amagambo maremare, impuzanyito n’imbusane
- Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo yungutse
- Kuvuga indangamuco ziri mu mugani
Indangamuco. Kubaza indangamuco ziri mu mugani.
Kuganiraku ndangamuco ziri mu mugani
Icya gatatu - Gutandukanya umugani mugufi n’umugani muremure
- Gutanga ingero z’imigani migufi - Gusobanura imigani yahawe.
Imigani migufi
- Gutanga ingero z’imigani migufi ayandika ku kibaho.
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga ingero zindi.
- Gusaba gutanga ibisobaburo by’imigani yatoranyije.
- Gusoma imigani yahawe. - Gutanga ingero z’imigani
azi. - Gutanga ibisobanuro
by’imigani yahawe.
- Kwandika yubahiriza imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo.
Utwatuzo: uturegeka, utubago tubiri, udukubo, akanyerezo, utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo,udusodeko
- Gusobanura imikoreshereze y’utwatuzo twigwa
- Gukoresha icyandikwa
- Kwandika akoresha utwatuzo twasobanuwe
20
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kane
- Gusoma aranguruye yumvikanisha injyana
- Kubwira abandi umuvugo yafashe mu mutwe ashize amanga
- Guhanga umuvugo mugufi.
Umuvugo - Gusomera abanyeshuri umuvugo yateguye
- Gusomesha bucece. - Gusomesha baranguruye - Kubaza ibibazo ku muvugo - Gufatisha umuvugo mu mutwe. - Gusaba abanyeshuri guhanga
umuvugo mugufi.
- Gutega amatwi yumva injyana y’umuvugo
- Gusoma bucece - Gusoma baranguruye - Gusubiza ibibazo ku
muvugo. - Gufata umuvugo mu
mutwe - Guhanga umuvugo mugufi.
Icya gatanu - Kugaragaza amazina akomoka ku yandi
- Gusesengura amazina akomoka ku yandi
Ikomorazina mvazina
- Gutanga interuro zirimo amazina akomoka ku yandi
- Gusesengura ayo mazina herekanwa uruhare rw’inteko mu ikomorazina.
- Gutanga imyitozo
- Kuvuga ingero z’amazina akomoka ku yandi.
- Gutahura mu nteruro ahawe amazina yakomotse ku yandi.
- Gukora imyitozo. - Kwandika yubahiriza amabwiriza
y’imyandikire yemewe y’ikinyarwanda
Imyandikire : ikata ry’amagambo:
- Ibinyazina ngenera - Ibyungo na na nka Akabimbura nyiri
- Gutanga interuro zirimo amagambo yandikwa akatwa
- Kwerekana amagambo yandikwa akatwa mu kinyarwanda
- Gutanga icyandikwa.
- Guca umurongo ku magambo akatwa ari mu nteruro yahawe.
- Kwandika interuro ahawe akata amagambo yandikwa atyo
- Gukora icyandikwa.
21
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya gatandatu
- Gusoma adategwa kandi ashize amanga.
- Kubwira abandi igihozo yafashe mu mutwe akoresheje imbamutima.
Igihozo
- Gusomesha bucece igihozo - Gusaba umunyeshuri - Gusoma aranguruye,
adategwa kandi ashize amanga.
- Kubaza ibibazo ku gihozo - Gusaba abanyeshuri gushaka
cyangwa guhanga uduhozo
- Gusoma bucece. - Gusoma aranguruye, adategwa
kandi ashize amanga. - Gusubiza ibibazo ku gihozo - Gushaka cyangwa guhanga
agahozo - Gutanga ingero z’ibihozo.
- Gusoma amagambo hubahirizwa ubutinde n’ amasaku
- Kwandika amagambo
hagaragazwa ubutinde n’amasaku.
Ubutinde n’amasaku mu magambo maremare
- Gusomesha amagambo yanditse hagaragazwa ubutinde n’amasaku (agahararo, Kanamugirê, amasâbunê, guhaangamura ibivuumbikiisho,umukorôroombya gutôondagura, imyaândikire, umwîiroondooro, ubutâbeerâ urwûunyuunyû,...)
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gushaka amagambo maremare no kuyandika bagaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku bahereye ku magambo fatizo baboneye mu mwaka wa mbere.
- Gutanga imyitozo yo kwandika hagaragazwa ubutinde n’amasaku
- Gusoma amagambo yahawe yubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku
- Kwandika amagambo maremare agaragaza amasaku ahereye ku magambo fatizo yaboneye mu mwaka wa mbere.
- Kwandika amagambo ahawe agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
22
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya karindwi - Gusobanura inkuru ahuza amashusho n’amagambo mu buryo bw’ inyurabwenge.
- Kugaragaza inyigisho iri mu nkuru yerekeza ku biyobyabwenge n’ingaruka zabyo ku rubyiruko
Inkuru ishushanyije ku biyobyabwenge
- Kwerekana amashusho no kubasaba kuvuga mu magambo make ibyo babona
- Gusomesha bucece. - Gusomesha barangurura - Kubaza ibibazo bigaragaza
isano iri hagati y’amashusho n’amagambo.
- Kubaza inyigisho bakuye mu nkuru n’ingamba bafashe.
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gukina iyo nkuru
- Kuvuga mu magambo make ibyo babona ku mashusho.
- Gusoma bucece bahuza
amashusho n’amagambo. - Gusoma baranguruye. - Kuvuga isano iri hagati
y’amashusho n’amagambo - Kuvuga inyigisho bakuye mu
nkuru - Kugaragaza ingamba zo
kwirinda ibiyobyabwenge - Gukina bigana iyo nkuru.
- Gutandukanya imvugo iboneye, iya giseseka na nyandagazi.
- Gukoresha buri mvugo mu
mwanya wayo
Inshoza y’imvugo iboneye, iya giseseka na nyandagazi.
- Gufatira ku nkuru ishushanyije (cyangwa indi yizwe) agatahura uturango tw’imvugo iboneye, iya giseseka na nyandagazi.
- Kugereranya izo mvugo zose. - -Gusaba abanyeshuri
gukoresha izo mvugo mu mwanya wazo bakina
- Gusubiza ibibazo rusange ku mvugo zikoreshwa.
- Gutahura uturango tw’imvugo iboneye, ya giseseka na nyandagazi
- Kuvuga itandukaniro ry’izo mvugo
- Gukina bakoresha izo mvugo.
23
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya munani - Gusoma amagambo y’urusobe n’interuro ngufi yubahiriza amasaku n’ubutinde
- Kwandika amagambo y’urusobe n’interuro ngufi mu nyandiko igaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
Ubutinde n’amasaku mu magambo y’urusobe no mu nteruro ngufi. (umuzirankoni , uturemajaambo, umunyarwaandakazi, ubushaakashaatsi, intêganyanyîgiisho, ikibônezamvûgo, ibiyôbyabwêenge, impûuzanyîto, ikôranabûhaânga, incâamareênga, umugîranêezâ, nka yâa myaambaro, uba hêehê, ni bwâa bwâato,...)
- Gusomesha amagambo n’interuro ngufi yatanze, yubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku.
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga amagambo y’urusobe ahereye ku magambo
- Kwandikisha amagambo y’urusobe n’interuro ngufi bahereye ku magambo fatizo
- Gutanga imyitozo yo kwandika bagaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
- Gusoma amagambo yahawe yubahiriza ubutinde n’amasaku
- Gushaka amagambo y’urusobe ahereye ku magambo fatizo yaboneye mu mwaka wa mbere.
- Kwandika amagambo ahawe agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku.
- Kwandika bagaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku mu mwitozo bahawe
- Guhanga umukino ushekeje bandika
- Guhuza ibikorwa n’umuco w’umunyarubuga
Ihangamwandiko: Agakino gashekeje
- Gutanga inzira fatizo zo guhanga agakino gashekeje
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gushaka insanganyamatsiko
- Gusaba abanyeshuri guhanga agakino mu matsinda
- Kubasaba gukina tumwe mu dukino twahimbwe
- Guhitamo insanganyamatsiko - Guhanga udukino mu matsinda - Kwitoramo abanyarubuga no
kubagenera ibyo bakina - Gukina tumwe mu dukino
twahimbwe
24
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya mbere
- Kugaragaza indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko.
- Gutandukanya insigamigani,
umugani muremure n’igitekerezo
Insigamigani Indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka
- Gusomesha bucece - Gusomesha insigamugani igika
ku kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
- Gusomesha insigamugani yose - Kubaza ibibazo ku mwandiko - Gutandukanya insigamugani,
umugani muremure n’igitekerezo.
- Kubaza indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko
- Gusoma bucece. - Gusoma aranguruye,
yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa.
- Gusubiza ibibazo ku
mwandiko - Kuvuga indangamuco
n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko.
- Guhina umwandiko akurikiza amabwiriza yatanzwe.
Ihinamwandiko - Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga mu magambo make insigamugani basomye
- Kuvuga umwandiko mu ncamake
25
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kabiri - Kugaragaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’ubwoko bw’amagambo n’imimaro yayo
- Kugaragaza imimaro y’ingenzi mu nteruro y’inyabumwe
Interuro : Imimaro y’amagambo mu nteruro y’inyabumwe
- Kwandika interuro - Kugaragaza ubwoko bw’amagambo
ari mu nteruro yatanze - Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga
imimaro y’amagambo agize izo nteruro: � ruhamwa � ipfundo ry’ubutumwa (inshinga) � icyuzuzo
- Gutanga umwitozo ku mimaro y’ingenzi mu nteruro
- Kwerekana ubwoko bw’amagambo ari mu nteruro zatanzwe.
- Kuvuga imimaro y’ingenzi
iri mu nteruro yahawe - Gukora umwitozo yahawe
Icya gatatu
- Gutahura inshoberamahanga mu mwandiko asomye
- Kuzisobanura no kuzikoresha mu mvugo no mu nyandiko
Inshoberamahanga
- Gusomesha umwandiko - Gufasha abanyeshuri gutahura
inshoberamahanga mu mwandiko wizwe
- Kuzisobanura - Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga izindi
nshoberamahanga bazi. - Gusaba kuzikoresha mu mvugo no
mu nyandiko
- Gusoma umwandiko - Gutahura
inshoberamahanga mu mwandiko
- Kuvuga izindi nshoberamahanga azi
- Kuzikoresha mu mvugo no mu nyandiko
26
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya gatatu (ibikurikira)
- Gusobanuza ijambo imvugakimwe, imbusane.
- Gukoresha mu nteruro amagambo yungutse.
- Gutahura mu mwandiko cyangwa mu nteruro inyito mbonera n’inyito shusho y’amagambo no kubitandukanya.
Inyunguramagambo: Imvugakimwe(Impuzanyito) Imbusane Imvugwakimwe(impuzashusho) Ingwizanyito Inyito mbonera Inyito shusho
- Gusomesha umwandiko - Kubaza inyito y’amagambo
yatoranyijwe - Gutanga inshoza y’impuzanyito,
imbusane, impuzashusho, ingwizanyito, inyito mbonera, inyito shusho
- Imyitozo ku mpuzanyito, imbusane, ku mpuzashusho no ku ngwizanyito
- Imyitozo yo kugaragaza inyito mbonera n’inyito shusho (igiti cy’umuvumu/ Naka afite igiti)
- Gusoma umwandiko - Gutanga inyito y’amagambo
yatoranyijwe - Gusobanura amagambo yandika - Kugaragaza inyito mbonera
n’inyito shusho mu mwitozo yahawe
Icya kane
- Kuvuga bimwe mu bidukikije n’akamaro kabyo
- Kuvuga ingamba zo kubungabunga ibidukikije n’akamaro kabyo
Umwandiko ku bidukikije .
- Gusomesha bucece - Gusomesha umwandiko igika
ku kindi asobanura amagambo mashya.
- Gusomesha umwandiko wose - Kubaza ibibazo ku mwandiko - Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga
ingamba bafata kugira ngo babungabunge ibidukikije
- Gusoma bucece - Gusoma aranguruye, yubahiriza
utwatuzo n’iyitsa. - Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko - Kuvuga ingingo z’ibidukikije ziri
mu mwandiko. - Kuvuga ingamba zo kubungabunga
ibidukikije
Guhina umwandiko yubahiriza amabwiriza yahawe
Ihinamwandiko - Gushaka ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka.
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kwandika incamake y’umwandiko.
- Kuvuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko.
- Kwandika umwandiko mu ncamake
27
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatanu - Gutandukanya amazina
y’umwimerere (gakondo) n’amazina y’amatirano .
- Gutanga ingero z’amazina y’amatirano n’indimi akomokamo.
Inshoza y’amazina y’amatirano.
- Gutanga interuro zibonekamo amazina y’umwimwere (gakondo) n’amazina y’amatirano.
- Gufasha abanyeshuri kugereranya amazina y’umwimerere (gakondo) n’amazina y’amatirano.
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga ingero z’amazina y’amatirano bazi.
- Gusoma interuro zibonekamo amazina y’umwimwere (gakondo) n’amazina y’amatirano.
- Gutahura amazina y’amatirano mu myitozo ahawe
- Gutanga ingero z’amazina y’amatirano n’indimi yakomotsemo
Icya gatandatu
Gutandukanya ibisantera n’ubundi bwoko bw’amagambo y’ikinyarwanda
Ibisantera
- Gutanga interuro zirimo ibisantera na ntera
- Gufasha abanyeshuri gutahura ibisantera biri mu nteruro
- Kwerekana itandukaniro riri hagati ya ntera n’ibisantera
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga izindi ngero z’ibisantera
- Gusoma interuro yahawe - Gutahura ibisantera biri mu nteruro - Gutanga izindi ngero z’ibisantera.
Icya karindwi
- Kuvuga atajijinganya kandi ashize amanga
- Kuvuga ahuza imvugo n’ingiro kandi ashyiramo isesekaza
- Gukina bigana abanyarubuga bari mu gakinamico kateguwe
Agakinamico - Gusomera abanyeshuri agakinamico
- Gusomesha abanyeshuri no gusobanura amagambo mashya
- Guha buri munyeshuri urubuga rwe(ibyo akina)
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kugafata mu mutwe
- Kubatoza gukina
- Gusoma agakinamico kateguwe - Gufata mu mutwe agakinamico - Gukina ako gakinamico
28
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya munani - Gutahura ikinyazina nyereka
- Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ikinyazina nyereka
Ibinyazina: Ikinyazina nyereka
- Gutanga interuro zibonekamo ikinyazina nyereka
- Kwerekana ibinyazina nyereka binyuranye biri mu nteruro
- Gusesengura hagaragazwa ibicumbi bitandukanye by’ikinyazina nyereka
- Gusoma interuro yahawe - Gutahura ikinyazina
nyereka - Kugaragaza uturemajambo
tw’ikinyazina nyereka
29
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya mbere Kugaragaza indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko.
Igitekerezo - Gusomesha bucece - Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko - Gusoma umwandiko wose - Gusomesha umwandiko igika
ku kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga inyigisho bakuye mu mwandiko
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gutahura mu mwandiko indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka
- Gusoma umwandiko bucece - Kuvuga muri make ibiri mu
mwandiko yasomwe akurikiza inyurabwenge
- Gusoma igika cy’umwandiko adategwa, yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
- Gusubiza ibibazo abajijwe ku mwandiko
- Kuvuga inyigisho akuye mu mwandiko
- Gutahura indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko
Icya kabiri
- Gutahura ikinyazina ngenga n’utw’ikinyazina ngenera
- Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ikinyazina ngenga n’utw’ikinyazina ngenera
Ibinyazina: � ngenga � ngenera
- Gutanga interuro zibonekamo ikinyazina ngenga/ngenera
- Kwerekana ibinyazina ngenga/ngenera binyuranye biri mu nteruro
- Gusesengura hagaragazwa ibicumbi bitandukanye by’ikinyazina ngenga/ngenera biri mu nteruro.
- Gusoma interuro yahawe - Gutahura ikinyazina
ngenga/ngenera - Kugaragaza uturemajambo
tw’ikinyazina ngenga/ngenera
30
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya gatatu - Kuganira asetsa abo baganira - Kuvuga cyangwa kwandika
ingero z’urwenya azi - Kwandika urwenya yihimbiye
Urwenya
- Gusomesha aranguruye bagaragaza isesekaza.
- Gushishikariza abanyeshuri gutanga ingero urwenya basanzwe bazi bahimbaza abandi, batabakomeretsa.
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kwihimbira urwenya
- Gusoma aranguruye agaragaza isesekaza.
- Gushakisha urwenya no guhimbaza abandi abasetsa
- Gukora umwitozo wo guhanga urwenya
- Gutanga igitekerezo cye bwite ashize amanga
- Gutanga ingingo zifatika agaragaza ibiboneye n’ibirimo gukabya nta kubogama igihe cy’impaka.
- Gukurikiza gahunda z’impaka yorohera bagenzi be.
Impaka ku muco nyarwanda
- Gutanga insanganyamatsiko igibwaho impaka
- Kuyisobanura - Kurema amatsinda
y’abanyeshuri - Gusaba buri tsinda kwitoramo
umuvugizi - Gutanga amabwiriza agenga
impaka (gusaba ijambo, kwirinda amahane, agasuzuguro, imvugo isesereza,...
- Kubasaba kujya impaka ku nsanganyamatsiko yatanzwe
- Gusaba buri muvugizi gutangariza abandi imyanzuro yagezweho
- Kujya impaka akurikije amabwiriza.
- Gusaba ijambo mbere yo kuvuga
- Kuvuga nta mahane, nta gasuzuguro
- Gukoresha imvugo idasesereza - Gutanga ibitekerezo bye ku
nsanganyamatsiko - Gusubiza ibibazo bya bagenzi
be ashimangira igitekerezo cye
31
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kane - Kugaragaza ibyiza byo gushimangira umuco w’amahoro
- Kugaragaza ibice by’ingenzi by’umwandiko
- Kugaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi zikubiye muri ibyo bice
Umwandiko ku muco w’amahoro Imbata y’umwandiko
- Gusomesha bucece - Gusomesha umwandiko igika
ku kindi asobanura amagambo mashya.
- Gusomesha umwandiko wose - Kubaza ibibazo ku mwandiko - Gusaba abanyeshuri
kugaragaza ibice by’ingenzi by’umwandiko
- Kwerkana imiterere y’umwandiko: imabata
- Gufasha abanyeshuri gutahura ingingo z’ingenzi hakurikijwe imbata y’umwandiko
- Gusoma bucece. - Gusoma aranguruye,
yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa. - Gusubiza ibibazo ku
mwandiko - Gutahira ibice by’ingenzi
by’umwandiko - Kuvuga ingingo z’ingenzi
zibikubiyemo
Icya gatanu - -Kugaragaza imbata y’umwandiko ntekerezo:
- Guhanga bandika
Ihangamwandiko: Imbata y’umwandiko ntekerezo
- Gusobanura imbata y’umwandiko: intangiriro, igihimba, umusozo (iriburiro, indamburangingo, umwanzuro)
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kwandika ingingo z’ingenzi zijyanye n’insanganyamatsiko yahawe.
- Gutanga inzira fatizo zo guhanga umwandiko ntekerezo
- Kugaragaza imbata y’umwandiko
- Kwandika ingingo z’ingenzi zijyanye n’insanganyamatsiko yahawe.
- Guhanga mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge yubahiriza imbata y’umwandiko
32
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya gatanu (ibikurikira)
- Kugaragaza uturango tw’ikinyazina.ngenera ngenga
- Gusesengura ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
- Kwerekana ikinyazina ngenera ngenga mu nteruro
- Gutahura uturango tw’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
- Gusesengura hagaragazwa ibicumbi by’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
- Gusoma interuro yahawe - Gutahura ikinyazina ngenera
ngenga - Gusesengura uturemajambo
tw’ikinyazina ngenera ngenga
Icya gatandatu
- Kwerekana intego (intêgo) y’inshinga mu buryo bw’imbundo, integeko n’ikirango
- Gusesengura uturemajambo tw’inshinga ziri mu buryo bw’imbundo, integeko n’ikirango
Itondaguranshinga: Uburyo (imbundo, integeko, ikirango)
- Gutanga interuro zigaragaramo uburyo bw’imbundo, integeko, n’ikirango
- Gutandukanya imbundo, integeko n’ikirango ashingiye ku ntêgo
- Gusaba abanyeshuri gutondagura inshinga abahaye
- Gusoma interuro yahawe - Gutahura imbundo, integeko
n’ikirango mu nteruro yahawe. - Gutondagura inshinga isanzwe
mu buryo bw’imbundo, integeko n’ikirango.
Icya karindwi - Kugaragaza umuzi mu nshinga itondaguye mu kirango
- Kwerekana indangagihe (indagihe, inzagihe n’impitagihe) mu buryo bw’ikirango
Itondaguranshinga: Uturemajambo tw’inshinga isanzwe mu buryo bw’ikirango
- Gutanga interuro zirimo inshinga zitondaguye mu buryo bw’ikirango
- Gusobanura uko babona umuzi w’inshinga.
- Gusesengura hagaragazwa indangagihe n’umuzi
- Gusoma interuro yahawe. - Gutahura inshinga
zitondaguye mu buryo bw’ikirango.
Kugaragaza indangagihe n’umuzi mu nshinga itondaguye mu buryo bw’ikirango
33
Umwaka wa kabiri Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya munani - Gukoresha imvugo mu mwanya wayo
Imvugo iboneye n’iy’urufefeko.
- Gufatira ku nkuru zisanzwe bakagereranya imvugo iboneye n’iy’urufefeko (iya kinyeshuri, iy’abashoferi, iy’abacuruzi,...)
- Kubaza abanyeshuri amagambo y’urufefeko bakoresha n’inkomoko yayo
- Gukora urutonde rw’amagambo abanyeshuri bakoresha kandi bahaye inyito yihariye.
- Gutanga igitekerezo cye ashize amanga
- Gutanga ingingo zifatika agaragaza ibiboneye n’ibirimo gukabya nta kubogama.
- Gukurikiza gahunda z’impaka yorohera bagenzi be
Impaka kuri Sida n’izindi ndwara z’ibyorezo
- Gutanga insanganyamatsiko igibwaho impaka
- Kuyisobanura - Gutanga amabwiriza agenga
impaka (gusaba ijambo, kwirinda amahane, agasuzuguro, imvugo isesereza,...
- Gusaba abanyeshuri kuyijyaho impaka mu ruhame
- Kujya impaka akurikije amabwiriza.
- Gusaba ijambo mbere yo kuvuga
- Kuvuga nta mahane, nta gasuzuguro
- Gukoresha imvugo idasesereza - Gutanga ibitekerezo bye ku
nsanganyamatsiko - Gusubiza ibibazo bya bagenzi
be ashimangira igitekerezo cye
34
3. 3. 3. 3. Umwaka wa Umwaka wa Umwaka wa Umwaka wa gatatugatatugatatugatatu Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya mbere • Kuvuga ingorane n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose
• Kuvuga ibyiza by’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye
Umwandiko ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusomesha umwandiko wose
baranguruye • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya • Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga
inyigisho bakuye mu mwandiko • Kubaza abanyeshuri ingaruka
z’ivangura ku muryango nyarwanda
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kugaragaza ingamba bafata kugira ngo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bigerweho
• Gusoma bucece adahwihwisa • Gusomera abandi aranguruye,
yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa • Kuvuga inyigisho yakuye mu
mwandiko • Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko • Kuvuga ingaruka z’ivangura ku
muryango nyarwanda. • kugaragaza ingamba bafata
kugira ngo uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bigerweho
Icya kabiri • Kwerekana amazina akomoka ku nshinga
• Gusesengura amazina akomoka ku nshinga
• Kugaragaza amategeko y’igenamajwi
Ikomorazina mvanshinga: Ingereka n’imisozo mu ikomorazina
• Gutanga interuro zirimo amazina akomoka ku nshinga
• Gusesengura ayo mazina yerekana uruhare rw’ingereka n’imisozo mu ikomorazina.
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga andi mazina akomoka ku nshinga
• Gukoresha imyitozo ku ikomorazina
• Gusoma interuro yahawe • Gutahura mu nteruro ahawe
amazina yakomotse ku nshinga • Kuvuga ingero z’amazina
akomoka ku nshinga • Kwerekana isesengura
n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.
• Gukora imyitozo
35
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya gatatu • Kugaragaza ibiranga umugani
• Kugaragaza inyigisho iri mu mugani
• Kugaragaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zigize umwandiko
Umugani muremure
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku mugani • Gusoma umugani wose • Gusomesha umugani igika ku kindi
asobanura amagambo mashya. • Gusomesha umugani wose • Kuvuga ibiranga umugani (bishingiye
ku miterere n’ikivugwamo)
• Gusoma bucece. • Gusoma aranguruye,
adategwa yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Kuvuga muri make icyo yumvise mu mugani akurikije inyurabwenge
• Gusubiza ibibazo • Kuvuga inyigisho akuye mu
mugani Icya kane • Gutandukanya izina
ry’urusobe n’andi mazina • Kwandika amazina
y’urusobe yubahiriza amabwiriza y’imyandikire y’ikinyarwanda
Izina ry’urusobe • Kwandika ku kibaho interuro zirimo amazina y’urusobe
• Gusobanura izina ry’urusobe • Kwerekana imiterere inyuranye
y’izina ry’urusobe • Gukoresha imyitozo
• Gusoma interuro yahawe • Gutahura amazina y’urusobe
ari mu nteruro • Gutanga izindi ngero
z’amazina y’urusobe.
Icya gatanu • Gusoma aranguruye yumvikanisha injyana
• Kubwira abandi umuvugo yafashe mu mutwe ashize amanga ashyiramo isesekaza
• Guhanga umuvugo mugufi.
Umuvugo ku gukunda igihugu
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange • Gusomesha umuvugo igika ku kindi
hasobanurwa amagambo mashya • Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga inyigisho
iri mu mwandiko • Gusomesha umuvugo wose • Gutoza umuvugo • Gukoresha umwitozo wo guhanga
• Gusoma bucece • Gusoma yubahiriza injyana • Gusubiza ibibazo yabajijwe • Kuvuga umuvugo yatoye • Kugaragaza inyigisho yakuye
mu mwandiko • Kuvuga icyo atekereza ku
gukunda igihugu. • Gutora umuvugo • Guhanga
36
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa
n’umunyeshuri Icya gatandatu Kwandika amagambo agaragaza
ubutinde n’amasaku
Ubutinde n’amasaku mu nteruro
Kwibutsa abanyeshuri kwifashisha amagambo fatizo mu kwandika amagambo agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
Gukora imyitozo yo kwandika agaragaza ubutinde n’amasaku
Icya karindwi • Kugaragaza indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko
• Gutandukanya insigamigani,
umugani muremure n’igitekerezo
• Gusobanura insigamigani
Insigamigani
• Gusomesha bucece • Gusomesha insigamugani
igika ku kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
• Gusomesha insigamugani yose
• Kubaza ibibazo ku mwandiko
• Gutandukanya insigamugani, umugani muremure n’igitekerezo.
• Kubaza indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko.
• Gusoma bucece. • Gusoma aranguruye,
yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa.
• Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
• Kuvuga indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko.
37
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya mbere Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa
n’umunyeshuri Icya munani Kwandika ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
yubahiriza intêgo yayo
Ihangamwandiko Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
• Kuganira n’abanyeshuri ku buryo bunyuranye bwo kohereza ubutumwa
• Gusobanura ibitandukanya ibaruwa isanzwe n’iy’ubutegetsi
• Gusobanura imvugo ikoreshwa mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
• Kwerekana ibice by’ingenzi bigize ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kwandika ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
• Kugaragaza ibice by’ingenzi bigize ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
• Kwandika ibaruwa
y’ubutegetsi yubahiriza imyandikire yemewe y’ikinyarwanda.
Kwandika umwirondoro
Umwirondoro
• Gusobanura umwirondoro icyo ari cyo
• Kwerekana ibice biwugize
• Kwerekana uko wandikwa
• Gusaba buri munyeshuri kwandika umwirondoro we
Kwandika umwirondoro hubahirizwa imiterere yawo
38
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya mbere Kugaragaza indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko.
Igitekerezo Indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusoma umwandiko wose • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya • Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga
inyigisho bakuye mu mwandiko • Gusaba abanyeshuri gutahura mu
mwandiko indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka
• Gusoma umwandiko bucece • Kuvuga muri make ibiri mu
mwandiko yasomwe akurikiza inyurabwenge
• Gusoma igika cy’umwandiko adategwa, yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Gusubiza ibibazo abajijwe ku mwandiko
• Kuvuga inyigisho akuye mu mwandiko
• Gutahura indangamuco n’ingingo z’amateka ziri mu mwandiko
• Gutahura inshoberamahanga mu mwandiko asomye
• Kuzisobanura no kuzikoresha mu mvugo no mu nyandiko
Inshobera mahanga • Gusomesha umwandiko • Gufasha abanyeshuri gutahura
inshoberamahanga mu mwandiko wizwe
• Kuzisobanura • Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga izindi
nshoberamahanga bazi. • Gusaba kuzikoresha mu mvugo no
mu nyandiko
• Gusoma umwandiko • Gutahura inshoberamahanga mu
mwandiko • Kuvuga izindi
nshoberamahanga azi. • Kuzikoresha mu mvugo no mu
nyandiko
39
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kabiri • Gutahura ikinyazina mbanziriza; ikinyazina mpamagazi
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ ikinyazina mbanziriza; ikinyazina mpamagazi
Ikinyazina mbanziriza Ikinyazina mpamagazi
• Gutanga interuro zibonekamo ikinyazina mbanziriza; ikinyazina mpamagazi
• Kwerekana ibinyazina mbanziriza; ibinyazina mpamagazi binyuranye biri mu nteruro
• Gusesengura ibyo binyazina hagaragazwa ibicumbi bitandukanye n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
• Gusoma interuro yahawe • Gutahura ikinyazina
mbanziriza; ikinyazina mpamagazi
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ikinyazina mbanziriza; ikinyazina mpamagazi
Icya gatatu Kwirinda sida n’izindi ndwara zifatira mu myanya ndangagitsina
Umwandiko kuri Sida n’izindi ndwara zifatira mu myanya ndangagitsina
• Kugirana n’abanyeshuri ikiganiro kigufi kiganisha ku mwandiko cyangwa kwitegereza no kujya impaka ku mashusho yerekeye umwandiko
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusoma umwandiko wose • Gusomesha igika ku kindi • Kugaragaza ingaruka za sida ku
muryango no ku gihugu • Gusaba abanyeshuri gutanga
inyigisho iri mu mwandiko • Gusaba abanyeshuri kugaragaza
ingamba bafata
• Kwitegereza amashusho akayavugaho
• Gusoma bucece • Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko • Gusoma igika • Gusubiza ibibazo ku mwandiko
wose • Kuvuga inyigisho akuye mu
mwandiko • Kuganira ku ngamba zafatwa
ngo birinde Sida no kuzijyaho impaka
40
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kane • Gutahura ikinyazina nyamubaro; ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ikinyazina nyamubaro; ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare
Ikinyazina nyamubaro Ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare
• Gutanga interuro zibonekamo ikinyazina nyamubaro; ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare
• Kwerekana ibinyazina nyamubaro n’ibinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare binyuranye biri mu nteruro
• Gusesengura ibyo binyazina hagaragazwa ibicumbi bitandukanye n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
• Gusoma interuro yahawe • Gutahura ikinyazina nyamubaro;
ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamub • Kugaragaza uturemajambo
tw’ikinyazina nyamubaro; ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare
Icya gatanu • Gutahura ibiranga ikoranabuhanga ry’abanyarwanda bo hambere
• Kugaragaza uruhare rw’ikoranabuhanga mu iterambere
Umwandiko ku ikoranabuhanga
• Gusomesha bucece • Kubaza ibibazo rusange ku
mwandiko • Gusoma umwandiko wose • Gusomesha umwandiko igika ku
kindi asobanura amagambo mashya
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gutahura mu mwandiko ibiranga ikoranabuhanga biri mu mwandiko
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kugereranya ikoranabuhanga ry’Abanyarwanda n’iry’andi mahanga
• Gusoma umwandiko bucece • Kuvuga muri make ibiri mu
mwandiko yasomwe akurikiza inyurabwenge
• Gusoma igika cy’umwandiko adategwa, yubahiriza utwatuzo n’iyitsa
• Gusubiza ibibazo abajijwe ku mwandiko
• Kuvuga ibiranga ikoranabuhanga biri mu mwandiko
• Kujya impaka ku ruhare rw’ikoranabuhanga mu mibereho y’Abanyarwanda bo hambere
41
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya kabiri Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya gatandatu Guhanga wandika Ihangamwandiko • Kwibutsa imiterere y’umwandiko
unoze (imbata yawo) • Gutanga insanganyamatsiko • Gufasha abanyeshuri kubona ingingo
zijyanye n’iyo nsanganyamatsiko • Kugaraza iz’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka • Gusaba abanyeshuri guhanga
umwandiko
• Kwandika ingingo z’ingenzi zijyanye n’insanganyamatsiko yahawe.
• Guhanga mu buryo bw’inyurabwenge yubahiriza imbata y’umwandiko n’imyandikire yemewe y’ikinyarwanda
Icya karindwi • Gutahura ikinyazina ndafutura; ikinyazina ndanganteko
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ikinyazina nyamubaro; ikinyazina mbaza/ mbazamubare
Ikinyazina ndafutura Ikinyazina ndanganteko
• Gutanga interuro zibonekamo ikinyazina ndafutura; ikinyazina ndanganteko
• Kwerekana ikinyazina ndafutura; n’ikinyazina ndanganteko binyuranye biri mu nteruro
• Gusesengura ibyo binyazina hagaragazwa ibicumbi bitandukanye n’amategeko y’igenamajwi
• Gusoma interuro yahawe • Gutahura ikinyazina
ndafutura; ikinyazina ndanganteko
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ikinyazina ndafutura; ikinyazina ndanganteko
Icya munani
• Kuvuga atajijinganya kandi ashize amanga
• Kuvuga ahuza imvugo n’ingiro kandi ashyiramo isesekaza
• Gukina bigana abanyarubuga bari mu gakinamico kateguwe
Ikinamico
• Gusomesha ikinamico • Gusobanura amagambo mashya • Gusaba abanyeshuri gufata mu mutwe • Guha buri munyeshuri urubuga
rwe(ibyo agomba gukina) • Kubatoza gukina
• Gusoma ikinamico • Gufata mu twe ikinamico • Kuvuga inyigisho
akuyemo • Gukina.
42
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri Icya mbere • Gusoma inkuru ahuza
amashusho n’amagambo • Kugaragaza inyigisho iri mu
nkuru
Inkuru ishushanyije ku burenganzira bwa muntu .
• Kwerekana amashusho no kubasaba kuvuga mu magambo make ibyo babona
• Gusomesha bucece • Gusomesha barangurura • Kubaza ibibazo bigaragaza
isano iri hagati y’amashusho n’amagambo.
• Kubaza inyigisho bakuye mu nkuru n’ingamba bafashe
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukina iyo nkuru
• Kuvuga mu magambo make ibyo babona ku mashusho.
• Gusoma bucece bahuza
amashusho n’amagambo. • Gusoma baranguruye. • Kuvuga isano iri hagati
y’amashusho n’amagambo • Kuvuga inyigisho bakuye
mu nkuru • Kuganira ku byakorwa ngo
hubahirizwe uburenganzira bwa muntu
• Gukina bigana iyo nkuru
Icya kabiri • Gusesengura inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru
• Kubwira abandi ibikubiyemo muri make.
• Kwandika inkuru yo gutangaza mu kinyamakuru
Inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru
• Guha abanyeshuri ibinyamakuru byo gusoma binyuranye
• Gusaba buri wese gutegura inyandiko
• Gutangaza mu kinyamakuru • Guhitamo inyandiko zinoze
• Gusoma ikinyamakuru • Kubwira bagenzi be muri
make ibyo yasomye • Gukora inyandiko ngufi yo
gutangaza mu kinyamakuru
Icya gatatu Gutandukanya inshinga ahereye ku ntêgo yayo
Inshinga: inshinga isanzwe, inshinga nkene, ingirwanshinga
• Kwandika interuro zirimo amoko anyuranye y’inshinga
• Gutahura inshinga zirimo • Kuvuga ubwoko bwa buri
nshinga yatahuwe
• Gusoma interuro yahawe • Gutahura inshinga ziri mu
nteruro • Kuvuga ubwoko
bw’inshinga yabonye
43
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya kane • Gusesengura inshinga werekana uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga n’impakanyi
• Kugaragaza amategeko y’igenamajwi
Isesengura nshinga uturemajambo tw’ibanze (indanganshinga, indangagihe, umuzi, umusozo) n’impakanyi: si-, nti-, -ta-,-i-.
• Kwerekana uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga itondaguye.
• Kwerekana impakanyi n’umwanya wazo mu nshinga
• Kugaragaza uturemajambo tw’imbundo
• Gusesengura inshinga mu bihe
• Gusesengura inshinga zifite impakanyi zavuzwe
Icya gatanu Kuririmba indirimbo
Indirimbo
• Gusomesha umwandiko • Gusobanura amagambo
mashya • Kubaza ibibazo rusange • Kumvisha abanyeshuri
indirimbo • Kuririmbisha
• Gusoma umwandiko • Gusubiza ibibazo yabajijwe • Gutega amatwi yumva
injyana n’amagambo • Kuvuga inyigisho akuye
mu ndirimbo • Kuririmba
Icya gatandatu Kwandika amatangazo anyuranye (abika, amenyesha, aranga, arangisha)
Itangazo
• Gusomesha amatangazo • Kuvuga ubwoko bwa buri
tangazo • Kwerekana ibiba bikubiye mu
itangazo • Kwandikisha itangazo
• Gusoma amatangazo • Kuvuga ubwoko bwa buri
tangazo • Kwerekana ibikubiye mu
itangazo • Kwandika itangazo
44
Umwaka wa gatatu Igihembwe cya gatatu Icyumweru Intego zihariye Ibyigwa Imbonezamasomo Ibikorwa n’umunyeshuri
Icya karindwi • Gusesengura ibivugwa mu migani migufi
• Gukoresha imigani migufi
Imigani migufi • Gusomesha umwandiko • Gusaba abanyeshuri
kwerekana imigani migufi iri mu mwandiko
• Gusobanura imigani migufi yavanywe mu mwandiko
• Gusaba abanyeshuri kuvuga imigani ivuga ku nsanganyamatsiko runaka
• Kwandika imigani yatanzwe no kuyisobanura
• Gusoma umwandiko • Kwerekana imigani migufi
iri mu mwandiko • Gusobanura imigani • Kuvuga imigani mugufi
ijyanye n’insanganyamatsiko yahawe
Icya munani Gukora inyandikomvugo yubahiriza imiterere y’inyandikomvugo
Inyandikomvugo • Gusomesha inyandikomvugo • Gusobanura inshoza
y’inyandiko mvugo • Kwerekana ibice bigize
inyandikomvugo n’ibivugwamo
• Gusaba abanyeshuri gukora inyandiko mvugo y’inama cyangwa y’ikiganiro no kubakosora.
• Gutanga ibibazo byagibwaho inama
• Gutanga ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko yemewe
• Kwandika ingingo z’ingenzi z’ibivugirwa mu nama
• Gukora inyandikomvugo.
45
IBITABO TWIFASHISHIJE
MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 1996, Integanyanyigisho z’ikinyarwanda z’icyiciro rusange, Cndp, Kigali MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 2004, Integanyanyigisho z’ikinyarwanda mu mashuri abanza: Icyiciro cya kabiri , Cndp, Kigali GAGNÉ, G., PAGÉ,M. na TARRAB, E, 2002, Didactique des langues maternelles. Questions actuelles dans différentes régions du monde,
De Boeck Universitégions du monde, De Boeck Université, Bruxelles MURAYI, A.,1986, Ubumenyi bwo kwigisha: bigisha bate mu mashuri abanza?, Editions Printer Set, Kigali HAMELINE, D., 1983, Les objectifs pédagogiques (4ème édition), Editions ESF, Paris MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1982, Ikinyarwanda: gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko. Umwaka wa mbere
w’amashuri yisumbuye. Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Icapwa rya kabiri, Imprisco, Kigali
1984, Ikinyarwanda: gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko. Umwaka wa gatatu
w’amashuri yisumbuye. Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Imprisco, Kigali 1988, Ikinyarwanda: gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko. Umwaka wa kabiri
w’amashuri yisumbuye. Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Imprisco, Kigali 1990, Ikinyarwanda. Ikibonezamvugo: Iyigantego.Inshoza y’inshinga
nyarwanda. Isomo ryatguwe na Igiraneza Tewodomiri, Kigali NDEKEZI, S., 1981, Imyuga y’Abanyarwanda, INADES-formation-RWANDA, Imprimeri de Kabgayi
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INTEGANYANYIGISHO Y’IKINYARWANDA MU CYICIRO RUSANGE ...........................................................................................2 1. Iriburiro ........................................................................................................................................................................................2 2. Ibigamijwe mu kwigisha ikinyarwanda ..........................................................................2 3. Imiterere y’iyi nteganyanyigisho................................................................................................4 4. Ishusho y’umunyeshuri urangije icyiciro rusange..................................4 5. Imbonezanyigisho rusange ..................................................................................................................5 6. Uburyo bw’isuzuma .............................................................................................................................................6 7. Abateguye iyi nteganyanyigisho ................................................................................................6 IBIKUBIYE MU NTEGANYANYIGISHO.....................................................................................................................................................7 1. Umwaka wa mbere................................................................................................................................................7 2. Umwaka wa kabiri ................................................................................................................................................19 3. Umwaka wa gatatu..............................................................................................................................................34 IBITABO TWIFASHISHIJE .........................................................................................................................................................................45
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