multiwavelength astronomy

Credit: T.A.Rector, B.A.Wolpa, J. Hester, P. Scowen, NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), STScI.

M16 Eagle Nebula 鷹狀星雲

Credit: Johannes Schedler

H-alpha Emissiondue to ionization

H+H2

H2

Molecular cloud Atmospheric cloud

Size 1014 km 1 km

Mass 1036 gm 1011 gm

Particle Density 103 cm-3 1019 cm-3

Temperature 20 K 260 K

Mol./atomic weight 2.3 29

Dynamical time Million years 5 mins

• the hydrogen data shows more detailed structure than the visual data, including many "holes" or bubbles in the hydrogen emission

• the hydrogen emission is more widespread than the visual data and shows regions of the galaxy that at visual frequencies are obscured by dust, as well as bridges or spurs that connect spiral arms, and

• nevertheless there are some regions that are more prominent at visual frequencies, most notably the galactic nucleus.

M101, the Pinwheel Galaxy

optical 21 cm – atomic hydrogen combined

Hydrogen alpha : 3 -> 2Emitted an 656nm photon

Electron flip its spin -> emit 21cm photon

Credits: J. Dickey (UMn), F. Lockman (NRAO), SkyView

HI (Neutral Hydrogen) distribution observed at 21cm

Credit: Bina Butt, Ideum/UC Berkeley

Electromagnetic Wave 電磁波

H-alpha (ionized hydrogen) map

CO survey of molecular hydrogen

Spiral Galaxy Messier 81 in infrared by Spitzer

3.6 micron (blue)4.5 micron (green)5.8 micron (yellow)8.0 micron (red) Distribution of dust

M16 in infrared by Spitzer

Blue - 4.5 micronGreen – 8 micronRed – 24 micron

SPECTRAL REGION WAVELENGTH RANGE (micrometer)

TEMPERATURE RANGE

(degrees Kelvin) WHAT WE SEE

Near-Infrared (0.7-1) to 5 740 to (3,000-5,200) Cooler red stars Red giants Dust is transparent

Mid-Infrared 5 to (25-40) (92.5-140) to 740 Planets, comets and asteroidsDust warmed by starlightProtoplanetary disks

Far-Infrared (25-40) to (200-350) (10.6-18.5) to (92.5-140)

Emission from cold dustCentral regions of galaxiesVery cold molecular clouds

Near Infrared Mid/Far Infrared

Credit: NASA, the NICMOS Group (STScI, ESA), and the NICMOS Science Team (University of Arizona), H. Ford (JHU), G. Illingworth (UCSC/LO), M.Clampin (STScI), G. Hartig (STScI), the ACS Science Team,

The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) and ESA

Spitzer Space Telescope (SST)史匹哲太空望遠鏡

Launched 發射：Aug 25, 2003

Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)錢德拉 X 射線天文臺

Launched 發射：Jul 23, 1999

Credit: Addison Wesley

Atmospheric Window 大氣視窗

Multiwavelength Milky Way 多波段銀河Credit: Astrophysics Data Facility, Astronomical Data Center, Space Science Data Operations Office, NASA

The Great Observatories四大太空天文臺

Credit: NASA, Sky & Telescope

1. Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO)2. Hubble Space Telescope (HST)3. Spitzer Space Telescope (SST)4. Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO)

312

4

Three cloud configurations showing GMCs (configuration a), a GMC with an H II blister(configuration b), and a giant H II region with molecular fragments (configuration c) with starsforming in all of them.

Antennae galaxies

CO integrated intensity map (white contours) overlaid on a true color HST image of the Antennae galaxies

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

Hydrostatic Equilibrium 流體靜力平衡

壓力重力

Planck image (ESA), Nature vol 466, page 928–929

Spitzer image SSC2006-16bNASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Megeath (University of Toledo, Ohio)

Protoplanetary Disks

Orion Nebula is the home to tens of what could be the forming planetary systems.

Credit: NASA,ESA, M. Robberto (STScI) and the HST Orion Treasury Project Team

Credit: NASA/ESA and L. Ricci (ESO)

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

太陽風

光球層

太陽風

輻射層

對流層

色球層

日冕

Main Sequence Star主序星

Credit: Slim Films

Credit: Addison Wesley

Helium is produced from 4 Hydrogen nuclei

P-P Chain 質子質子鏈 (T<18M K)

P-P Chain 質子質子鏈Credit: Dept. Physics & Astronomy, University of Tennessee

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

CNO Cycle (T>18M K)

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

Energy Transport

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

亞巨星

Triple-alpha processCredit: C. Aa Diget, University of Aarhus

2He42He4

2He4

6C12

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

NGC7293 Helix Nebula 螺旋星雲Credit: NASA, ESA, C.R. O’Dell(Vanderbilt U.), M. Meixner and P. McCullough (STScI)

Credit: NASA, ESA, G. Bacon(STScI)

White Dwarf白矮星

C6 Cat’s Eye Nebula 貓眼星雲

Planetary Nebula行星狀星雲

Credit: NASA, ESA, HEIC, The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), J.P. Harrington, K.J. Borkowski (University of Maryland),Nordic Optical Telescope and Romano Corradi (Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes, Spain)

Credit: H. Bond (STScI), B. Balick (University of Washington), NASA, ESA

Cosmic Butterflies 星空蝴蝶

Credit: ESA

Credit: Addison Wesley58

Oxygen is produced

Neon is produced

Magnesium is produced

Silicon is produced

Sulfur is produced

Iron is produced

Credit: Pearson Education, Addison Wesley

Credit: NASA, ESA, P. Challis and R. Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics)

Credit: T. Rector/University of Alaska Anchorage and WIYN/NOAO/AURA/NSF

NGC6960 Veil Nebula 面紗星雲

Supernova Remnant超新星殘骸

CCST9012

Human's Place in the Universe

O, Be A Fine Girl (Guy) Kiss Me

A Timeline of Telescope

Credit: Melissa Thomas

Credit: Gemini Observatory

8mGemini North Observatory雙子座北天文台

Credit: Wei-Hao Wang

Mauna Kea 基亞山

10mKeck Observatory

凱克天文台

8.2mSubaru Telescope

昴宿望遠鏡

Hyper Suprime-Cam on NAOJ Subaru Telescope

116 CCDs with a total of 870 million pixels

60cm

Credit: ESO

Very Large Telescope (VLT)

Active optics

Until recently, observations of the motions of stars near the Milky Way’s center have been the closest that astronomers have come to observing the event horizon of the black hole Sgr A*. The stars’ orbits (dashed lines) reveal that they are in the thrall of a very compact object with a mass of 4.5 million suns. Colored dots mark the stars’ positions each year from 1995 to 2008. The background is a 2008 infrared image of the stars (and others). The star S0-16 comes closest to Sgr A*—within seven light-hours—but even that distance remains 600 times larger than the event horizon’s radius .

Credit: ESA

Launch Date 發射日期 : 1990-04-24 12:33:51 UT

Dimensions 尺寸 : 15.9m 長 x 4.2m 直徑

Mirror Diameter 口徑 : 2.4m

Weight 重量 : 11110 kg

Orbital altitude 軌道高度 : 568 km

Orbital time 軌道周期 : 96 min

哈勃太空望遠鏡

Credit: ESA

2.4m 主鏡Primary Mirror

0.3m 副鏡Secondary Mirror

鏡蓋Aperture Door

支援系統 Support Systems如電腦、電池、陀螺儀、反作用輪、電子儀器e.g. Computers, batteries, gyroscopes, reaction wheels, electronics

太陽能板Solar Panels

通訊天線Communication

Antennae

精密導星感應器Fine Guidance Sensors

(FGS)

科學儀器Scientific Instruments

(WFC3, ACS, NICMOS, STIS, COS)

Wide Field Camera 3

Cosmic Origins Spectrograph

WFC3 Images(Wide Field Camera 3) 第三代廣角照相機

Credit: NASA, ESA and the Hubble SM4 ERO Team

Stephan's Quintet 史提芬五重星系

NGC 6302 Carina Nebula 船底星雲

Omega Cluster 奧米加星團

Credit: NASA, ESA, M. Livio

and the Hubble 20th Anniversary

Team (STScI)

Carina Nebula 船底星雲

CCD matrix of Kepler

European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)

Operation start aim at 201837m mirror

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)

European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT)

Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA)

James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)

Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)