natural history and exploration in taiwan 臺灣的自然與探索拓殖史 jer-ming hu 胡哲明...

Natural history and exploration in Taiwan

臺灣的自然與探索拓殖史

Natural history and exploration in Taiwan

臺灣的自然與探索拓殖史

Jer-Ming Hu 胡哲明jmhu@ntu.edu.tw

Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, NTU

Jer-Ming Hu 胡哲明jmhu@ntu.edu.tw

Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, NTU

本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC 「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣 3.0 版授權釋出

Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)

Introduction to the biodiversity of TaiwanIntroduction to the biodiversity of Taiwan

NASA World Wind Version 1.3.5

The geographyThe geography

Land area: 13900 mi2. (36000 m2)Highest point: 12966 ft (3952 m)Mean ann rainfall: 2483 mmAverage ann temp.: 73°F (23°C)

NASA World Wind JAVA SDK

Formation of lands of Taiwan

The latest connection between Taiwan and other area

0.2-0.4 mya?

The glacial periods

Günz period: 1.50-1.37 mya

Mindel period: 1.2-1.05 mya

Würm period: 40-32 mya

Migration of animals and plants from adjacent regions

China, Japan, the Philippines, etc.

Highly influenced by migration/dispersal mechanisms

Paleogeography of the East AsiaPaleogeography of the East Asia

Common plant species between Taiwan and adjacent regions

Endemic to Taiwan: 1069 (26.2%)

TAIWANTAIWAN

CHINACHINA

2374 2374 spp. spp.

(58.2%(58.2%))

JAPANJAPAN

PHILIPPIPHILIPPINESNES

1701 1701 spp. spp.

(41.7%(41.7%))

1205 1205 spp. spp.

(29.6%(29.6%))

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from T.C. Huang et al. 2003. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd edn., Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan.

Geology in TaiwanGeology in Taiwan

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.

Climate in TaiwanClimate in TaiwanSubtr

Tan-sui

Ann. Temp. Ann. Rain.

22.2°C 2155 mm

Chujihu 18.6°C 4389 mm

Su-ao 22.6°C 4440 mm

Kaohsiung 25.1°C 1885 mm

Alisan 11.2°C 3932 mm

Yu-san 4.2°C 3071 mm

Chiayi 23.1°C 1774 mm

Henchun 25.1°C 2022 mm

Lanyu 22.7°C 2980 mm

Hsinchu 22.6°C 1718 mm

Data from Central Weather Bureau

Average Temperature and Rainfall from 1981 to 2010

Temperature

Rainfall

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.NASA World Wind JAVA SDK

Rainfall

Temperature

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.

Natural survey in TaiwanNatural survey in Taiwan

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 陳正祥 . 1959. 台灣地誌 .

Before Dutch1621

Dutch colonization

Ming (Chen)

Japanese colonization

Current

Colonization of Taiwan

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 張靜宜，張麗芬 . 2010. 台灣博物大調查 . 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

WesternerWesterner

JapaneseJapanese

CurrentCurrent

Early settlement

Early days (1624 － 1662)Early days (1624 － 1662)

1602 ( 明萬曆 30 年 )Ti-Chen ( 陳第【東番記】 )

Cutivated species ofRice ( 稻 )

sesame ( 胡麻 )

green onion ( 蔥 )

ginger ( 薑 )

sweet potato ( 番薯 )

sugarcane ( 甘蔗 )

coconut ( 椰子 )

1602 ( 明萬曆 30 年 )Ti-Chen ( 陳第【東番記】 )

Cutivated species ofRice ( 稻 )

sesame ( 胡麻 )

green onion ( 蔥 )

ginger ( 薑 )

sweet potato ( 番薯 )

sugarcane ( 甘蔗 )

coconut ( 椰子 )

Westerners: before 1895Westerners: before 1895

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .

1800 1850 1900 1950

Robert Fortune (1812-1880, England; plants in NT)

Charles Wilford (-1893, England; plants)

Collecting period in Taiwan

Life span

Natural survey before 1950Natural survey before 1950

Richard Oldham (England; plants)

Robert Swinhoe (1836-1877, England; various)

A. Adams (1820-1878, England; insects & bivalves)

La Touche, J. D. D.(1861-1935, England; animals)

G. L. Mackay (1844-1901, England; various)

Robert Fortune took the boat ‘Confucius’ from Fuchou ( 福州 ) to Tamshuy ( 淡水 ) at April 20, 1854 for a day. Making note of lily, rice paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草 ).

Robert Fortune (horticulturist from Scotland)

Lilium formosanum 臺灣百合 Lilium formosanum 臺灣百合

Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草 Tetrapanax papyrifera 蓪草

Flickr Bettaman

Flickr plj.johnny

The Tea Thiefhttp://www.imdb.com/title/

tt0458235/http://www.roninfilms.com.au/image-viewer.html?photo=/images/large/466.jpg

Info:Image

Robert Swinhoe ca. 1863Robert Swinhoe ca. 1863

Robert Swinhoe (England, 1836-1877)Robert Swinhoe (England, 1836-1877)

Robert Swinhoe worked as a consul in Taiwan and has great collections in 1856-1866. He cataloged and named at least 227 new birds and 17 mammals, and many plants too.

Map of Taiwan in 1864Map of Taiwan in 1864

Swinhoe took British boat ‘Inflexible’ circling the island of Taiwan and wanted to land Ching-shui, Hualien in 1858.

Takao in 1871. Phoenix hanceana ( 台灣海棗 ) can be seen on the seashoreTakao in 1871. Phoenix hanceana ( 台灣海棗 ) can be seen on the seashore

Exploring lagoons near Kaohsiung by Swinhoe.

Noted contribution by R. SwinhoeNoted contribution by R. Swinhoe

Animals named by R. SwinhoePorcula taivana (Formosan wild boar 台灣野豬 )

Macaca cyclopis (Taiwan rock macaque 台灣獼猴 )

Paguma larvata taivana (Taiwan gem-faced civet 白鼻心 )

Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Formosan cloud leopard 雲豹 )

Helictis subaurantiaca (Tree civet 鼬獾 )

Talpa insularis (Formosan blind mole 台灣鼴鼠 )

Animals named by R. SwinhoePorcula taivana (Formosan wild boar 台灣野豬 )

Macaca cyclopis (Taiwan rock macaque 台灣獼猴 )

Paguma larvata taivana (Taiwan gem-faced civet 白鼻心 )

Neofelis nebulosa brachyurus (Formosan cloud leopard 雲豹 )

Helictis subaurantiaca (Tree civet 鼬獾 )

Talpa insularis (Formosan blind mole 台灣鼴鼠 )

Formosan cloud leopard

Flickr icools

Noted contribution by SwinhoeNoted contribution by Swinhoe

Found or named after SwinhoeLophura swinhoii (Swinhoe pheasant 藍腹鷴 )

Japalura swinhonis (Swinhoe’s tree lizard 斯文豪氏攀蜥 )

Rubus swinhoei Hance (Swinhoe rubus 斯氏懸鉤子 )

Sabia swinhoei Hemsl (Swinhoe’s sabia 台灣清風藤 )

Found or named after SwinhoeLophura swinhoii (Swinhoe pheasant 藍腹鷴 )

Japalura swinhonis (Swinhoe’s tree lizard 斯文豪氏攀蜥 )

Rubus swinhoei Hance (Swinhoe rubus 斯氏懸鉤子 )

Sabia swinhoei Hemsl (Swinhoe’s sabia 台灣清風藤 )Swinhoe Pheasant 藍腹鷴Swinhoe Pheasant 藍腹鷴

Swinhoe’s tree lizard

Wiki J. Patrick Fischer

Sabia swinhoei Hemsl 台灣清風藤

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Richard Oldham (Royal Gardens, Kew)Richard Oldham (Royal Gardens, Kew)

•Richard Oldham visited Tan-sui and Keelung, March-April, 1864, and collected over 600 species of plants. Now the specimens are deposited in Kew Garden, London

•Oldham discovered 61 new plant species, e.g.•Saurauja oldhamii Hemsl. ( 水冬瓜 )•Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent ( 烏心石 )•Liquidambar formosana Hance ( 楓香 )•Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. ( 金毛杜鵑 )•Chloranthus oldhamii Solms ( 臺灣及己 )•Diospyros oldhamii Maxim. ( 俄氏柿 )

•Richard Oldham visited Tan-sui and Keelung, March-April, 1864, and collected over 600 species of plants. Now the specimens are deposited in Kew Garden, London

•Oldham discovered 61 new plant species, e.g.•Saurauja oldhamii Hemsl. ( 水冬瓜 )•Michelia compressa (Maxim.) Sargent ( 烏心石 )•Liquidambar formosana Hance ( 楓香 )•Rhododendron oldhamii Maxim. ( 金毛杜鵑 )•Chloranthus oldhamii Solms ( 臺灣及己 )•Diospyros oldhamii Maxim. ( 俄氏柿 )

Rhododendron oldhamii 金毛杜鵑

Picasa 揚霖陳Picasa 曾坤發

Chloranthus oldhamii Solms 台灣及己

Liquidambar formosana Hance 楓香First collected by Oldham in Tan-sui

Jstor Plant Science

•Augustine Henry stayed in Taiwan from 1892-1895, mostly in Takao (Kaohsiung), Bankinsing (Wanchin 萬金莊 ), and South Cape ( 今鵝鑾鼻 )

Augustine Henry (Irish, doctor)Augustine Henry (Irish, doctor)

Catholic church of Wanchin (now)A. Henry (left) and H. Elwes

Wiki Chan-Pan Liao

Augustine HenryAugustine Henry

•A. Henr collected more than 16000 plant specimens in southern China and Taiwan during 1881-1889, and published more than 1000 new species.

•Henry published “A List of Plants from Formosa” in 1896, including 1288 species. This is the major contribution to the flora of Taiwan.•There are 103 endemic species, all collected

from mountain area.•Most of them are common to southern China

and Japan.•Less connected to the Philippines and Australia.

•A. Henr collected more than 16000 plant specimens in southern China and Taiwan during 1881-1889, and published more than 1000 new species.

•Henry published “A List of Plants from Formosa” in 1896, including 1288 species. This is the major contribution to the flora of Taiwan.•There are 103 endemic species, all collected

from mountain area.•Most of them are common to southern China

and Japan.•Less connected to the Philippines and Australia.

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 .

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Period in Taiwan

Life span

Botanic studies before 1950Botanic studies before 1950

Yasusada Tashiro 田代安定Bunzo Hayata 早田文

Yaichi Shimada 島田彌市Sasaki Syuniti 佐佐木舜一

Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三

Kano Tadao 鹿野忠雄

Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松

Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜 Genkei

Masamune 正宗嚴敬

Kawakami Takiya 川上瀧彌

Tsunasuke Tada 多田綱輔 Yoneraro Kikuchi 菊池米

太郎 Masamitsu Oshima 大島正滿

Yoneraro Kikuchi is the first person who collected the whole specimen of Mikado pheasant ( 帝雉 )

The type specimen of the pheasant comprises two tail feathers on the head-dress of an aboriginal people, collected in 1906 by Walter Goodfellow

Wiki Snowyowls (photographer) / Jako (uploader)

Formosan landlocked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus 櫻花鉤吻鮭 ) was found by Masamitsu Oshima in 1935.

Oncorhynchus masou masou

Wiki Colinwen.tw

1800 1850 1900 1950 2000

Studying period in Taiwan

Life span

Natural survey studies 1895-1950Natural survey studies 1895-1950

Yasusada Tashiro 田代安定Bunzo Hayata 早田文

Yaichi Shimada 島田彌市Sasaki Syuniti 佐佐木舜一

Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三

Kano Tadao 鹿野忠雄

Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松

Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜

Genkei Masamune 正宗嚴敬

Kawakami Takiya 川上瀧彌

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 .

Tsunasuke Tada 多田綱輔 Yoneraro Kikuchi 菊池米

太郎 Masamitsu Oshima 大島正滿

Japanese naturalists (1895-1945)Japanese naturalists (1895-1945)

Bunzo Hayata早田文藏

Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三

Yushun Kudo工藤祐舜

Syuniti Sasaki佐佐木舜一

1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123.

1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1.

Takiya Kawakami 川上瀧彌 (1871-1915)Takiya Kawakami 川上瀧彌 (1871-1915)

•Director of the National Taiwan Museum from 1910-1915

• In charge of collection over the whole island of Taiwan

•Director of the National Taiwan Museum from 1910-1915

• In charge of collection over the whole island of Taiwan

川上瀧彌Takiya Kawakami

1925. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 15: No. 79, 80.

Excoecaria kawakamii Hayata( 蘭嶼土沉香 , Euphorbiaceae)

Plant named after Kawakami

Bunzo Hayata ( 早田文藏 1874-1934)Bunzo Hayata ( 早田文藏 1874-1934)

1906 published ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Formosanarum’ 「台灣植物名錄」 (with 松村任三 )1908 published ‘Flora Montana Formosae’ 「台灣高山植物誌」1911 published Icones Plantarum Formosanarum 「臺灣植物圖譜」

Recorded 170 families, 1197 genera, and 3568 species

1906 published ‘Enumeratio Plantarum Formosanarum’ 「台灣植物名錄」 (with 松村任三 )1908 published ‘Flora Montana Formosae’ 「台灣高山植物誌」1911 published Icones Plantarum Formosanarum 「臺灣植物圖譜」

Recorded 170 families, 1197 genera, and 3568 species

Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata 台灣杉Taiwania cryptomerioides Hayata 台灣杉

Flickr plj.johnny

•Director of the herbarium at Taihoku Imperial University at 1929

National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos

Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜 (1887-1932)Yushun Kudo 工藤祐舜 (1887-1932)

Yushun Kudo 工藤祐

NTU at 1931NTU at 1931

1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123.

NTU herbarium (TAI)NTU herbarium (TAI)

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu

Ryoso Kanehira金平亮三

Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 (1882-1948)Ryoso Kanehira 金平亮三 (1882-1948)

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project. National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos

Mitrastema yamamotoi var. kanehirai ( 菱形奴草 , Mitrastemonaceae)

Plant named after Kanehira

Syuniti Sasaki 佐佐木舜一 (1888-1961)Syuniti Sasaki 佐佐木舜一 (1888-1961)

•Published ‘List of Plants of Formosa’ in 1928, including plants of:•185 families•1121 genera•3265 species

Syuniti Sasaki佐佐木舜一

Plant named by Sasaki

Astragalus nankotaizanensis Sasaki( 南湖大山紫雲英 , Fabaceae)

Yoshimatsu Yamamoto 山本由松 (1893-1947)

•1928 Assistant Professor, Taihoku Imp. Univ.

•1933-34 Studied in the US and UK•1934 Published Supplementa Iconum

Plantarum Formosanarum ‘ 續台灣植物圖譜’

•1928 Assistant Professor, Taihoku Imp. Univ.

•1933-34 Studied in the US and UK•1934 Published Supplementa Iconum

Plantarum Formosanarum ‘ 續台灣植物圖譜’

1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1.

Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamamoto 南湖大山柳葉菜Epilobium nankotaizanense Yamamoto 南湖大山柳葉菜

Flickr ECOgarden

Genkei Masamune ( 正宗嚴敬 1899-1993)Genkei Masamune ( 正宗嚴敬 1899-1993)

1936 published An enumeration of higher cryptogamic and phanerogamic plants hitherto known from the island of Formosa and its adjacent islands 「最新台灣植物總目錄」1954 published Flora Kaianantensis

Morning Star Publishing Inc.

Type specimen localities from records in TAIType specimen localities from records in TAI

Flora of Taiwan ( 台灣植物誌 )Flora of Taiwan ( 台灣植物誌 )Editorial committee of the first edition (1975-1979):De Vol ( 棣慕華 ), Tang-shui Liu, H.L. Li ( 李惠林 ), Tetsuo Koyama ( 小山鐵夫 ), T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 )

Editorial committee of the first edition (1975-1979):De Vol ( 棣慕華 ), Tang-shui Liu, H.L. Li ( 李惠林 ), Tetsuo Koyama ( 小山鐵夫 ), T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 )

Editorial committee of the second edition (1994-2003):T.C. Huang ( 黃增泉 ), W.C. Hsieh ( 謝萬權 ), W.P. Yang ( 楊遠波 ), C.F. Hsieh ( 謝長富 ), C.I Peng ( 彭鏡毅 ), C.S. Kuo ( 郭長生 ), H.C. Su ( 蘇鴻傑 )

National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang

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National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from T.C. Huang et al. 2003. Flora of Taiwan, 2nd edn., Vol. 6. Editorial Committee of the Flora of Taiwan.

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebookimages/Flora%20of%20Taiwan/Flora%20of%20Taiwan(2nd)/Flora%201/pdf/Flora_2_I-0004.pdf2011/12/19 visitedIt is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

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National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from Central Weather Bureau.

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National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 陳正祥 . 1959. 台灣地誌 .

National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 張靜宜，張麗芬 . 2010. 台灣博物大調查 . 吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .

J. van Braamhttp://subtpg.tpg.gov.tw/web-life/taiwan/9702/9702-01.htm 2011/10/21 visited

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National Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu Data from 吳永華 . 1999. 台灣植物探險 .

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1932. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 22: No. 123.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.

Syuniti Sasaki1938. Miscellaneous. The Journal of Japanese Botany, Vol. 14: No. 10, p. 692-704.

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1948. Taiwania, Vol. 1: No. 1.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.

Takiya Kawakami1910. A List of Plants of Formosa.著作者川上瀧彌。川上瀧彌生卒年 18717-1915。出版年 1910與生卒年都大於 50年，判斷為公共財。

1925. Transactions of the natural history society of Formosa, Vol. 15: No. 79, 80.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: •Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.

Note 1: National Taiwan University Library 使用注意事項 : http://photo.lib.ntu.edu.tw/pic/image_new/manual.htm也有電洽對方，對方口頭告知我們可以合理使用。　

Bunzo Hayata1921. Icones Plantarum Formosanarum, Vol 10

Flickr plj.johnnyhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/plj/3504564827/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/10/21 visited

Bunzo Hayata1906. On Taiwania, a new genus of Coniferae from the island of Formosa. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 37: p. 330-331. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1906.tb00842.x/pdf2011/10/27 visited

National Taiwan University Library Database of Taiwanese Old photos （臺灣大學總圖書館）http://photo.lib.ntu.edu.tw/pic/db/detail.jsp?dtd_id=32&id=29329&2&pk=seq&showlevel=22011/10/27 visited Note1.

Note 1: National Taiwan University Library 使用注意事項 : http://photo.lib.ntu.edu.tw/pic/image_new/manual.htm也有電洽對方，對方口頭告知我們可以合理使用。　

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?book=Tr.%20Taiwan&volume=0&page=iIt is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

Syuniti Sasaki (佐佐木舜一 )1928. Lists of Plants of Formosa.

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook.php?ebook=Suppl.%20Icon.%20Pl.%20Formos.It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?volume=2&book=Suppl.%20Icon.%20Pl.%20Formos.&page=29It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook/ebookpage.php?book=Suppl.%20Icon.%20Pl.%20Formos.&volume=2&page=46It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

Flickr ECOgarden http://www.flickr.com/photos/ecogarden/25154186/sizes/l/in/photostream/2011/12/15 visited

Yung-hua Wu. Portraits of the Forgotten Japanese-Taiwanese Botanists. Taichung City ： Morning Star Publishing Inc.吳永華 . 1997. 被遺忘的日籍台灣植物學者 . 晨星出版社 .P435This work is licensed by Morning Star Publishing Inc. （晨星出版社） for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65

National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project.http://tai2.ntu.edu.tw/ebook.php?ebook=KudoaIt is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:•Taiwan Copyright Act Articles 52 & 65•National Taiwan University Herbarium Digital Archives Project copyright statement

National Taiwan Universtiy Tseng-Chieng Huang This work is licensed by Tseng-Chieng Huang for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately

Taiwan Forestry Research InstituteThis work is licensed by Taiwan Forestry Research Institute for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately

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