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DACH-Jahrestagung, 28.-30.04.2008
Presented by
Novel NDT Approaches
Dr. Clemens BockenheimerTesting Technology
Rudolf HenrichHead of Testing Technology Germany
ppfor Adhesive Composite Bonds
Background & Objectives
• Performance of adhesive bonds after manufacturing and in-service is ensured by design, control of materials & processes and NDT
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• Adhesive bonding of composites offers new fields of beneficial application
• A potential enabler in this connection are novel methods of NDT
* Performance of Adhesive Bond
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= Required Functionality + Durability
Co-bonding of A380 VTP Structure
DACH-Jahrestagung 2008 in St.Gallen - Mi.1.A.3
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Performance Adhesive Bond – Influencing Factors
PropertiesPropertiesLoadingLoading
Source: Dr. Bockenheimer,Dr. Valeske, ZFP of Adhesive Joints, EAE Qualification Course, IFAM Bremen, 2007
In-Service
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Adhesion, Cohesion
Network Structure
Molecular Mobility
Adherents
D fD f
Physical
Mechanical
LoadingLoading
ChemicalPerformance
Adhesive Bond
Interphases
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Delamination
DefectsDefects
Processing& Manufacturing
In-ServiceDebonding
Pores...
...
Performance Adhesive Bond – Quality Insurance
Control of Materials& Processes
Design Adhesive BondCuring Process Surface Teatment Process
Adhesive / ResinAdherents
Source: Dr. Bockenheimer,Dr. Valeske, ZFP of Adhesive Joints, EAE Qualification Course, IFAM Bremen, 2007
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Properties
Defects
LoadingPerformance Adhesive
Bond
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• Performance of adhesive bond ensured by design, control of materials & processes, NDT
• Today: NDT is applied for the detection of defects only
NDT
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NDT of Adhesive Bonds – New Approach
Control of Materials& Processes
Design Adhesive BondCuring Process Surface Teatment Process
Adhesive / ResinAdherents
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Properties
Defects
LoadingPerformance Adhesive
Bond
Source: Dr. Bockenheimer,Dr. Valeske, ZFP f Adh i J i t
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New Approach: ‘Novel NDT Methods‘ ‘Novel NDT Methods‘ for the determination of selected physical-chemical properties of the adhesive bond
NDTNDT ZFP of Adhesive Joints, EAE Qualification Course, IFAM Bremen, 2007Novel NDT
Novel Methods of NDT - Adherent
Adherent:Adherent: Determination of selected physical-chemical properties(+ molecular mobility) Statements regarding…
• Surface treatment quality (prerequisite for formation of adequate adhesion)
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• Inner and outer contamination (release agents, kerosene, hydraulic fluids, …)
• Ageing Processes (chemical and physical ageing)
• Damages (lightning strike, overheating, …)
CFRP Adherente.g. Contaminatione.g. Contamination
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InterphaseInterphase
BulkBulk
CFRP Adherent
InterphaseInterphase
Molecular Molecular NetworkNetwork
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Novel Methods of NDT – Adhesive Joint
Adhesive Joint:Adhesive Joint: Determination of selected physical-chemical properties(+ molecular mobility) Statements regarding…
• Compound Strength (governed by adhesion, cohesion, network structure,
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interphases)
• Network Structure (especially cross-linking density)
• Thermo-Mechanical Properties (mechanical moduli, glass transition, …)
• Ageing Processes ( h i l d h i l i )
AdhesionAdhesion
CohesionCohesion
Adhesive JointAdhesive Joint
CFRPCFRP
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(chemical and physical ageing)
Molecular Molecular MobilityMobility
CFRPCFRP
InterphaseInterphase
BulkBulk
InterphaseInterphase
Novel Methods of NDT – Potential Approaches
Potential ‘Novel NDT’ Methods Potential ‘Novel NDT’ Methods (for the measurement of selected chemical-physical properties)
Technology Probe & Interaction Degree of Information
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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Alternating magnetic field interacts with spins of the
adhesive atoms
Molecular Mobility: Degree of Curing, Moduli, Inhomogeneties,
Ageing/Degradation
Dielectric Spectroscopy
(DES)
Alternating electric field interacts with electrical dipoles
of the adhesive
Molecular Mobility: Degree of Curing, Moduli, Ageing/Degradation
Multi Frequency Eddy Current
T ti
Alternating electric field interacts with electrical dipoles
f th dh i
Molecular Mobility: Degree of Curing, Moduli, Ageing/Degradation
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Testing of the adhesive Moduli, Ageing/Degradation
Tera-Hertz (Radar Technology)
Electro-magnetic waves interacts with polymer micro-
structure (diffraction, scattering, attenuation)
High Resolution Microscopy for CFRP bonds (compared to conventional micro-
wave techniques)
continued
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Novel Methods of NDT – Potential Approaches
Continued
Technology Probe & Interaction Degree of Information
Shock Excitation M th d
High intensity mechanical wave is probing adhesion and It is ensured that the adhesive bond has a
i i h i l f
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Methods is probing adhesion and cohesion minimum mechanical performance
Infrared Microscopy (IR)
IR beam interacting with molecular vibration modes Chemical composition of adhesive
Micro Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC)
Heat flow interacting with phonons of the adhesive
moleculesGlass transition / Degree of Curing
Micro Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
(DMA)
Dynamic mechanical loading interacting with molecular
mobility
Glass transition / Degree of Curing, Mechanical Modulus,
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(DMA) mobility
Mechanical Induced Thermography
Interaction of stress and strain field with phonons of adhesive
molecules (local hysteresis excitation)
Detection of weak boundary layers
Surface Characterisation
Methods
Chemical or physical probe interacts with chemical or physical surface states
Chemical and physical state of the composite surface
...
Novel Methods of NDT – Basic Requirements
• Simple handling• Universal application targets• Robustness
ManufacturingManufacturing
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• Quick data evaluation• Detection capability• Large inspection range• Low cost• In-service application / bonded repair
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Availability for maintenance shopsHandheldRuggedness
• ...InIn--ServiceService
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Novel Methods of NDT – Example AdherentAdherent
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: A2 Technologies, handheld
ance
ance
Source: A2 Technologies
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Abs
orba
Abs
orba
IR Reference IR Reference SpectraSpectraIR AbsorbanceIR Absorbance
SpectraSpectra
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BulkBulk
InterphaseInterphase
InterphaseInterphase
Molecular Resonance AbsorptionMolecular Resonance AbsorptionChemical CompositionChemical Composition
• Contaminations • Surface Treatment Quality• Ageing Processes
Interaction VolumeInteraction Volume
Novel Methods of NDT – Example
Magnet
Source: Dr. Bockenheimer, Dr. ValeskeZPF von Klebverbunden,EAE Qualifikationskurs, IFAM Bremen
Off-set handheld NMR: IZFP Saarbrücken
Adhesive JointAdhesive Joint
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Spule
Magnet
Magnetic Field B0HF Fi ld B
Spin density, Relaxation times TSpin density, Relaxation times T11, T, T22
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HF-Field B1Sensitive Volume)Overall Measurement RangeSample
Molecular MobilityMolecular Mobility• Degree of curing • (Thermo-) mechanical properties (glass transition, fracture toughness, ...)
• Characterisation of bondline and CFRP (inhomogenities, ...)
• Ageing Behaviour (absorption, plasticitation, physical ageing/brittleness, ...)
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Novel Methods of NDT – Example
3 5DSC: 52 % Aushärtung
Example: Curing of Araldit 2014 Example: Curing of Araldit 2014 Process ControlProcess Control
Degree of Curing
Adhesive JointAdhesive Joint
Off-set handheld NMR: IZFP Saarbrücken
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9
11
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15
nech
o-Si
gnal
,un
d S S
Ein
[V]
2
2,5
3
3,5
E/S H
Ein
[V/V
]
DSC: 52 % Aushärtung g g
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3
5
7
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Aushärtungszeit, t A [min]
Spin
S HE
u
1
1,5 S S
Source: Dr. Bockenheimer, Dr. ValeskeZPF von Klebverbunden,EAE Qualifikationskurs, IFAM Bremen
Curing Time / min.
Conclusion
• Conventional NDT (defect detection) plays a major role in order to ensure performance of adhesive composite joints
• Adhesive bonding of composites offers new fields of
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Adhesive bonding of composites offers new fields of beneficial application
• A potential enabler in this connection are novel methods of NDT for the determination of selected physical-chemical properties – promising approaches are available
• Collaborations and partnerships are needed to develop
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• Collaborations and partnerships are needed to develop solutions for industrial applications !
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© AIRBUS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH. All rights reserved.Confidential and proprietary document.
This document and all information contained herein is the soleproperty of AIRBUS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH. No intellectualproperty rights are granted by the delivery of this document orthe disclosure of its content. This document shall not bereproduced or disclosed to a third party without the express
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written consent of AIRBUS DEUTSCHLAND GMBH. Thisdocument and its content shall not be used for any purposeother than that for which it is supplied.
The statements made herein do not constitute an offer. Theyare based on the mentioned assumptions and are expressedin good faith. Where the supporting grounds for thesestatements are not shown, AIRBUS DEUTSCHLAND GMBHwill be pleased to explain the basis thereof.
AIRBUS, its logo, A300, A310, A318, A319, A320, A321,A330, A340, A350, A380, A400M are registered trademarks.
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