openarch presentation by the iberian citadel of calafell, burgos may 2014 and kierikki june 2014
Post on 06-May-2015
265 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
From evidences to facts. The Iberian siderurgy chain under an experimental perspective in the Iberian Citadel of Calafell.
WP5 The dialogue with Science
J. M. Gallego*, M. Gómez**, J. Pou***
*ARTIFEX, conservación y recreación del patrimonio arqueológico** OAM Fundació Castell de Calafell*** Ajuntament de Calafell
7th OpenArch Conference, Kierikkikeskus, Finland
2
Location/ Localización
Source: Google Maps
El Vendrell (Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain)
3Photos: Aucat; Draw: J. Morer, A. Rigo
Site digging/ Excavación del yacimiento
- Arch. digging 1996- 1997.- Construction of A-16/ Pau Casals highway.- Directors: J. Morer and A. Rigo- 5000 m2 extension- Iber- Cossetans ethnic group.- Evidences of the integral iron chain from 4th to 2nd cent. BCE (Full Iberian period)- Iron intensive production: main economical activity.
4Photos: Aucat; Draw: J. Morer, A. Rigo
Experience location/ Localización de la experiencia
Iberian Citadel of CalafellCiudadela Ibérica de Calafell
- Arch. digging since 1980 under the Universitat de Barcelona supervision and advice.- Reconstructed from 1992 to 1994 according to J. Santacana’s and J. Sanmartí’s project.- EXARC member since 2007.- Experimental Archaeology research center. - 2800 m2 extension- Iber- Cossetanian ethnic group.- Aristocratic settlement.- Inhabited from 5th cent. to 2nd cent. BCE.
5
Direct archaeological evidences/ Evidencias arqueológicas
directas
Ore extraction zonesZonas de extracción de mineral
Opencast mines (4th to 3rd cent. BCE)/ Minas a cielo abierto (ss. IV al III a. C.)
Photos: J. Morer, A. Rigo
UE7072
UE7083
6
Bloomery furnacesHornos de reducción directa
Drawing and photo.: J. Morer, A. Rigo
UE- 7438 (4th cent. BCE)
UE- 7235 (2nd cent. BCE)
Direct archaeological evidences/ Evidencias arqueológicas
directas
UE- 7438
7
Ore enrichment/ charcoal making trenches and forgesRasas de enriquecimiento de mineral/ carboneras y fraguas
Enrichment ore structure (roasting) and possible charcoal kiln (3rd cent. BCE)/Estructura de enriquecimiento del mineral (tostado) y posible carbonera (s. III a. C.)
Bifid tuyere ubication/ Ubicación de la pieza de insuflación bífida.
Forge (3rd cent. BCE)/ Fragua(s. III a. C.)
Ashes and charcoal / Cenizas y carbón
Draw.: J. Morer, A. Rigo
Direct archaeological evidences/ Evidencias arqueológicas
directas
8
Ore, metal, iron slags and furnace wall.Mineral, metal, escorias de hierro y pared fornaria.
Lemonite (FeO(OH)·nH2O) /Limonita (FeO(OH)·nH2O)
Iron slag/Escoria de hierro
Metallic piece/Fragmento metálico
Furnace wall piece/Fragmento pared fornaria
Photos: J. M. Gallego
Direct archaeological evidences/ Evidencias arqueológicas
directas
9Photos: E. Allart, AFAN/ J. Morer y A. Rigo
Mound- kilnsCarboneras
Mound- kiln evidences from Sarthe (Mans, Fr.) (4th cent. BCE)/ Evidencias de una carbonera en Sarthe (Mans, Fr.) (s. IV a. C.)
Indirect archaeological evidences/ Evidencias arqueológicas indirectas
SU- 7443, possible polyvalent combustion structure from Les Guàrdies (4th cent. BCE)/ UE-7443, posible estructura de combustion polivalente de Les Guàrdies, (s. IV a. C.)
10
Evidencias arqueológicas indirectas/ Indirect archaeological evidences
ToberasTuyeres
Section D tuyeres (Guardamar de Segura, Alicante) (7th cent. BCE)/ Toberas de seciión en D, La Fonteta (Alicante) (s. VII a. C.)
Photos and drawings.: M. Renzi/ X. L. Armada
Tuyere from El Calvari (El Molar, Tarragona) (7th cent. BCE)/ Tobera del Calvari (El Molar, Tarragona) (s. VII a. C.)
11
Indirect archaeological evidences/ Evidencias arqueológicas indirectas
Bifid tuyeresPiezas de insuflación bífidas
Bifid tuyere from Mas d’en Gual (El Vendrell, Tarragona), (3rd cent. BCE)/. Pieza de insuflación bífida de Mas d’en Gual (s. III a. C.)
Bifid tuyere from Olèrdola (S. Martí d’Olèrdola, Barcelona), 3rd cent. BCE/ Pieza de insuflación bífida de Olerdola (s. III a. C.)
Draw.: R. Jornet; Photo: N. Molist
12
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Identification, extraction and washing of the ore: L’Argilera (Calafell, Tarragona)Identificación, extracción y lavado del mineral: L’Argilera (Calafell, Tarragona)
Photo
s: J.
More
r/ J.
M.
Galle
go
13
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Identification, extraction and washing of the ore: Rocabruna (Gavà, Barcelona)Identificación, extracción y lavado del mineral (Rocabruna (Gavà, Barcelona)
Photo
s: J.
M.
Galle
go
14
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Mound- kilns/ Charcoal- kilnsCarboneras
Photo
s: E
. A
llart
, A
FA
N/
J. M
. G
alle
go
Ore roasting Charcoal making
SU-7022 SU-7020
15
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Ore roasting and forgeEnriquecimiento del mineral (tostado) y fragua
Bifid tuyere Ubication/ Ubicación de la pieza de insuflación bífida
Draw.: J. Morer, A. Rigo; Photos: J. M. Gallego
Ore enrichment structure (roasting))/Estructura para el enriquecimiento del mineral (tostado)
Forge/ Fragua
16
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
TuyeresToberas
Draw.: M. Renzi; Photos: J. M. Gallego
17
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Bifid tuyeres/Piezas de insuflación bífidas
Photos: N. Molist/ J. M. Gallego
Free- breathing furnace physical dynamics
18
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Draw.: A. Alarcos
Chimney effect/ Bernoulli effect:(V2 (Id - Ed)/2 + P + (Id - Ed) g h = constant) Gas acceleration Fluids Law:
(A1 · V1 = A2 · V2)
Air absortion through tuyeres Air absortion through tuyeres
19
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
Free- breathing bloomery furnace ELBUITEHorno de reducción directa de tiro natural ELBUITE
Draw.: J. Morer, A. Rigo; Photo: J. M. Gallego
ELBUITE (SU- 7235)- 0’9 m. Ø, 2 m. H, 430 l. Volume (aprox.)- 100 kg. natural ore/ 85 kg. dehydrated ore- 269 kg. charcoal: 45% Olive tree (Olea Europaea), 55% Ilex tree (Quercus Ilex). - 82 hours combustion- 1283 ºC/ average temperature 850 ºC- Ore/ charcoal ratio: 1/ 3’1
20
Hybrid bloomery furnace ELNOBEHorno híbrido de reducción directa ELNOBE
Draw.: J. Morer, A. Rigo; Photos: J. M. Gallego
ELNOBE (SU-7348)- 0’65 m. Ø, 1’30 m. H, 140 l. Volume- 41 kg. natural ore/ 16 kg. dehydrated ore- 90 kg. charcoal: 50% Olive tree (Olea Europaea), 50% Ilex tree (Quercus Ilex). - 26 hours combustion- 33600 l. of air/ hour- 1090 ºC/ average temperature 700 ºC- Ore/ Charcoal ratio: 1/ 5’6
Interpretation and reconstruction/ Interpretación y reconstrucción
21
Results and preliminary conclusions/ Resultados y conclusiones preliminares
Photos: J. M. Gallego
ELBUITE’s RESULTS- High quantity of non- altered or half- melted ore.- Low quantity of bloomery stuff.- Inlays melt on the tuyeres.- Low thermal alteration of the internal walls of the furnace.- Very little iron blooms, impossible to compact by hammer.
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS- Insufficient thermal increasing effect due to the low height of the chimney (ratio bowl/ chimney: 1/2) - Position of tuyeres too high.
FUTURE MODIFICATIONS- Increasing chimney height (20 cm.)- Re- ubication of the tuyeres
22
Resultados y conclusiones preliminares/ Results and preliminary conclusions
Photos: J. M. Gallego
ELNOBE’s RESULTS- High quantity of non- altered or half- melted ore- High quantity of slags- Inlays melt stuff on the tuyeres. High thermal alteration.- Low thermal alteration of the internal sides walls of the furnace
PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS- Inhomogenous temperature inside the furnace.- Very low quantity of ore.- Internal extreme dissemination of the ore.- Short time.- Position of the induction tuyere too high.
FUTURE MODIFICATIONS- Increase ore quantity- Re- ubication of the induction tuyere.
23Photos: J. M. Gallego
Conclusions concerning Iron making methods and its technological, social and economic implications.
Indirect archaeological documentation
Peripheral elements
Direct archaeological documentation
Experimental interpretation
of integral iron chain
References in Classics
Synthetic ideal concept scheme
Experience goals/ Objetivos de la experiencia
24
With special thanks to:Aida Alarcos, Pablo Aparisi, Georgina Castells, Natxo Fuertes, Francesc Luchetti, Pablo
Martínez, Saulo Pujoles, Sergi Segura, Toni Villazán.
With special thanks to:Aida Alarcos, Pablo Aparisi, Georgina Castells, Natxo Fuertes, Francesc Luchetti, Pablo
Martínez, Saulo Pujoles, Sergi Segura, Toni Villazán.
top related