"pediatric oral health "

Pediatric Oral HealthPediatric Oral Health

Bob Selvester, MDLCDR MC USN

Family PhysicianInterservice Physician

Assistant Program

Prevalence of Dental Caries

• 5 times more common than asthma

• 7 times more common than hay fever

Caries Rate

• 18% aged 2 to 4 years

• 52% aged 6 to 8 years

• 67% aged 12 to 17 years

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

1) State the key components of a primary care oral health history and physical examination.

2) State the recommended intervals for examination by a Dental Health professional.

3) Recognize indications for referral

AAPA/PAEA/NCCPA/ARC-PAAAPA/PAEA/NCCPA/ARC-PA

• Do not address expectations for oral health except to say there must be training in all body systems

AAFPAAFP

• Dietary fluoride supplements should be considered for children from ages 6 months through 16 years when drinking water levels are suboptimal.

• The AAFP recognizes avoidance of tobacco products by children and adolescents is desirable.– The effectiveness of physician advice and

counseling in this area is uncertain.

USPSTF RecommendationsUSPSTF Recommendations

• Evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routine risk assessment of preschool children by primary care clinicians for the prevention of dental disease (Rating I)

• Primary care clinicians prescribe oral flouride supplementation at currently recommended doses to preschool children older than 6 months of age whose primary water source is deficient in flouride. (Rating B)

AAPAAP

• Prior to 2000, initial exam by Dentist was recommended at age of 3.

The American Academy of Pediatrics

Oral Health Initiative

The American Academy of Pediatrics

Oral Health Initiative

Wendy Nelson

Manager Oral Health Initiative

January 25, 2008

The American Academy of Pediatrics

Oral Health Initiative

The American Academy of Pediatrics

Oral Health Initiative

www.aap.org/oralhealth

Oral Health Risk Assessment: Training for Pediatricians and Other Child Health

Professionals

Developed by the American Academy of Pediatrics Oral Health Initiative

Supported in part by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau,

Health Resources and Services Administration Department of Health and Human Services

U93MC00184

View the training online at www.aap.org/oralhealth/cme.

Background

Factors Necessary for Caries

Brief Pathophysiology

• Cariogenic Bacteria• Frequency of exposure • Contact time• Acidity

Oral Flora: How Does Infection Occur?

• Transmitted mainly from mother or primary caregiver to infant

• Window of infectivity is first 2 years of life

• Earlier child colonized, the higher the risk of caries

Substrate: You Are What You Eat

• Caries is promoted by carbohydrates, which break down to acid.

• Acid causes demineralization of enamel.

• Frequent snacking promotes acid attack.

• Foods with complex carbohydrates (breads, cereals, pastas) are major sources of “hidden” sugars.

• High sugar content in sodas is a source of these substrates.

Fluoride’s Influence on Oral Flora

• Promotes remineralization of enamel, and may arrest or reverse early caries

• Decreases enamel solubility

• Inhibits the growth of cariogenic organisms, thus decreasing acid production

• Concentrated in dental plaque

• Primarily topical even when given systemically

Not Just What You Eat, But How Often

• Acids produced by bacteria after sugar intake persist for 20 to 40 minutes.

• Frequency of sugar ingestion is more important than quantity.

Substrate: Environmental Influences

• Saliva inhibits bacterial growth.

• Unremoved plaque promotes the caries process.

Red disclosing tablet reveals plaque

AAP Recommendations for an Oral Health Risk Assessment

• Assess mothers’/caregiver’s oral health.

• Assess oral health risk of infants and children.

• Recognize signs and symptoms of caries.

• Assess child’s exposure to fluoride.

• Make timely referral to a dental home.

• Provide anticipatory guidance including oral hygiene instructions (brush/floss).

History

High-Risk Groups for Caries

• Children with special health care needs

• Children from low socioeconomic and ethnocultural groups

• Children with suboptimal exposure to topical or systemic fluoride

• Children with poor dietary and feeding habits

• Children whose caregivers and/or siblings have caries

Fluoride Exposure

• Determine fluoride exposure: systemic versus topical

• Fluoridated water– 58% of total population

– Optimal level is 0.7 to1.2 ppm

– Significant state variability

– CDC fluoridation map

Examination

Positioning Child for Oral Examination

• Position the child in the caregiver’s lap facing the caregiver.

• Sit with knees touching the knees of caregiver.

• Lower the child’s head onto your lap.

• Lift the lip to inspect the teeth

and soft tissue.

Primary Teeth Eruption

Check for Normal Healthy Teeth

Check for Early Signs of Decay: White Spots

Check for Later Signs of Decay: Brown Spots

Check for Advanced/Severe Decay

Assessment

AAPD Caries Risk Assessment Tool (CAT)

Chart based on the AAPD Caries-Risk Assessment Tool. For more information on using the tool, refer to http://www.aapd.org/foundation/pdfs/cat.pdf.

Low Risk Moderate Risk High Risk

Clinical Conditions

- No carious teeth in past 24 months- No enamel demineralization (enamel caries “white- spot lesions”)- No visible plaque; no gingivitis

- Carious teeth in the past 24 months- 1 area of enamel demineralization (enamel caries “white-spot lesions”)- Gingivitis

- Carious teeth in the past 12 months- More than 1 area of enamel demineralization (enamel caries “white- spot lesions”)- Visible plaque on anterior (front) teeth- Radiographic enamel caries- High titers of mutans streptococci- Wearing dental or orthodontic appliances- Enamel hypoplasia

EnvironmentalCharacteristics

- Optimal systemic and topical fluoride exposure- Consumption of simple sugar or foods strongly associated with caries initiation primarily at mealtimes- Regular use of dental care in the established dental home

- Suboptimal systemic fluoride exposure with optimal topical exposure- Occasional between meal exposures to simple sugar or foods strongly associated with caries- Mid-level caregiver socioeconomic status (ie, eligible for school lunch program or SCHIP)- Irregular use of dental services

- Suboptimal topical fluoride exposure- Frequent (ie, 3 or more) between-meal exposures to simple sugars or foods associated strongly with caries- Low-level caregiver socioeconomic status (ie, eligible for Medicaid)- No usual source of dental care- Active caries present in the mother

General Health Conditions

- Children with special health care needs- Conditions impairing saliva composition/flow

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Referral

Initial Screening by Initial Screening by Child Dental ProfessionalChild Dental Professional

• By 12 months of age or 6 months after eruption of first tooth (whichever is sooner)—even natal teeth . . . – All children at “High Risk”—as early as

6 months of age. (earlier)– Any child with visible caries, plaque, or

decay (right away)

Referral: Establishment of Dental Home

What is a dental home?

When to refer?

• Refer high-risk children by 6 months.

• Refer all children by 1 year.

Anticipatory Guidance

Anticipatory Guidance

• Minimize risk of infection.

• Optimize oral hygiene.

• Reduce dietary sugars.

• Remove existing dental

decay.

• Administer fluorides

judiciously.

Xylitol for Mothers/Children

• Helps reduce the development of dental caries

• A “sugar” that bacteria can’t use easily

• Resists fermentation by mouth bacteria

• Reduces plaque formation

• Increases salivary flow to aid in the repair of damaged tooth enamel

Xylitol gum or mints used 4 times a day may prevent transmission of cariogenic bacteria to infants.

Substrate: Contributing Dietary and Feeding Habits

• Frequent consumption of carbohydrates, especially sippy cups/bottles with fruit juice, soft drinks, powdered sweetened drinks, formula, or milk

• Sticky foods like raisins/fruit leather (roll-ups), and hard candies

• Bottles at bedtime or nap time not containing water

• Dipping pacifier in sugary substances

Optimizing Oral Hygiene: Flossing

When to Use Floss

• Once a day (preferably at night)

• Whenever any 2 teeth touch

Toothbrushing Recommendations

AgeToothbrushing

Recommendations (CDC, 2001)

< 1 year ~ Clean teeth with soft

toothbrush

1–2 years ~ Parent performs brushing

2–6 years ~ Pea-sized amount of fluoride- containing toothpaste 2x/day

~ Parent performs or supervises

> 6 years ~ Brush with fluoridated toothpaste 2x/day

Toothpaste and Children

• Children ingest substantial amounts of toothpaste because of immature swallowing reflex.

• Early use of fluoride toothpaste may be associated with increased risk of fluorosis.

• Once permanent teeth have mineralized (around 6-8

years of age), dental fluorosis is no longer a concern.

Toothpaste

A small pea-sized amount of toothpaste weighs 0.4 mg to 0.6 mg fluoride, which is equal to the daily recommended intake for children younger

than 2 years.

Example of Fluorosis

Mild Fluorosis Severe Fluorosis

Recommended Fluoride Supplement Schedule

None0.50 mg/day

1.0 mg/day6 yrs–16 yrs

None0.25 mg/day

0.50 mg/day

3 yrs–6 yrs

NoneNone0.25 mg/day

6 mo–3 yrs

NoneNoneNone0–6 months

>0.6 ppm0.3–0.6 ppm

<0.3 ppmAge

Fluoride Concentration in Community Drinking Water

MMWR: Recommendations for Using Fluoride to Prevent and Control Dental Caries in the US: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5014a1.htm.

CME Credit

Take this training online to earnContinuing Medical Education

credit!

http://www.aap.org/oralhealth/cme

Questions about this training?E-mail oralhealthinfo@aap.org.

Photo Credits

Special thanks to the following individuals andorganizations for contributing to this training:

AAP Breastfeeding InitiativesAmerican Academy of Pediatric DentistryAmerican Dental AssociationANZ PhotographySuzanne Boulter, MDGeorge Brenneman, MDContent VisionaryMelinda Clark, MDJoanna Douglass, BDS, DDS

Rani Gereige, MDDonald Greiner, DDS, MScIndian Health ServiceMartha Ann Keels, DDSSunnah KimCynthia Neal, DDSRama Oskouian, DMDP&G Dental ResourceNetMichael San FilippoGregory Whelan, DDS

Credits

Special thanks to the following individuals for contributing to the development of this training:

Primary AuthorsSuzanne Boulter, MD, FAAPPaula Duncan, MD, FAAPKevin Hale, DDSMartha Ann Keels, DDS, PhDDavid Krol, MD, MPH, FAAPWendy Mouradian, MD, MS, FAAPWendy Nelson, ACCE

Additional ContributorsBetty Crase, IBCLC, RLCMartin J Davis, DDSAdriana Segura Donly, DDS, MSRocio B Quinonez, DMD, MS, MPHKathleen Marinelli, MD, IBCLC, FAAP