qartuli filosofiuri azris istoria · azris istoria iii tomi meore gamocema otxtomeulis meore...
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qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoria
III tomi
meore gamocema
oTxtomeulis meore gamocemis ideis avtori da
redaqtori mixeil maxaraZe
gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2013
2
UDK (uak) 1(479.22)(09) q-279
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis me-3 tomi eZRvneba
XIX saukunis qarTul filosofias. tomi ZiriTadad Tematur
principzea agebuli. gamokveTilia Semdegi ZiriTadi Temebi: qar-
Tuli filosofia XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze, religiur-filo-
sofiuri sakiTxebi da Teoriuli filosofia, filosofiuri ide-
ebi qarTul romantizmSi, eTikuri da esTetikuri Sexedulebebi,
filosofiuri elementebi pedagogiur moZRvrebebSi, socialur-
politikuri da sociologiuri Sexedulebebi, filosofiuri ur-
TierTobebi. calkea ganxiluli s. dodaSvilis, g. qiqoZis, i. Wav-
WavaZisa da i. gogebaSvilis msoflmxedvelobani.
me-3 tomis momzadebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqna winamavali da
momdevno drois qarTuli filosofiis Taviseburebani, yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia gardamavali xanis filosofiaze. naSromSi XIX
saukunis qarTuli filosofia ganxilulia mecnierebasTan, mwer-
lobasa da religiur msoflmxedvelobasTan mWidro kavSirSi.
mTavari redaqtori _ akad. g. TevzaZe
saredaqcio kolegia: s. avaliani
a. bregaZe i. kalandia m. maxaraZe T. mTibelaSvili
g. SuSanaSvili m. WeliZe
mesame tomis redaqtorebi:
filosofiur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi: s. avaliani, m. maxaraZe
© m. maxaraZe, 2013 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2013
Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, �: 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30
E-mail: universal@internet.ge
ISBN 978-9941-17-944-0 (saerTo yvela tomisTvis) ISBN 978-9941-17-946-4 (III tomi)
3
w i n a T q m a
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeu-
lis me-3 tomi ZiriTadad XIX saukunis qarTuli filo-
sofiis istorias exeba. ioli ar aris imis dadgena, Tu
sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba mecnierebis ama Tu im
dargis istoriis konkretuli monakveTi. amgvar siZne-
lesTan gvqonda saqme winamdebare naSromis momzadebi-
sas.
saqme is aris, rom qarTuli filosofiuri azris is-
toriis gansaxilveli monakveTis moazrovneebis erTi
nawilis /mag. iona xelaSvili, daviT da ioane bagratio-
nebi/ SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba XVIII saukunis dasas-
ruls daiwyo, xolo meore nawilis /mag. ilia WavWavaZe,
iakob gogebaSvili, ivane TarxniSvili, niko nikolaZe/
moRvaweoba grZeldeboda XX saukunis dasawyisSi da
ufro gvianac. maTi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis ganxil-
va XIX saukunis qarTul filosofiaSi (qarTuli filo-
sofiuri azris istoriis me-3 tomSi) gamarTlebulia
imiT, rom isini ZiriTadad exmaurebian da pasuxoben am
epoqis msoflmxedvelobriv ganwyobasa da suliskveTe-
bas.
XIX saukuneSi, kerZod, am epoqis qarTul saazrovno
sivrceSi sakmao safuZvlianobiT iqna damuSavebuli
Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi, religiur-filo-
sofiuri, eTikisa da esTetikis sakiTxebi. am mxriv so-
lomon dodaSvilisa da gerasime qiqoZis Rvawli gan-
sakuTrebulia. orive maTganma safuZvliani ganaTleba
miiRo ruseTSi, rac dadebiTad aisaxa kidec maT
naSromebSi. es naSromebi imdroindeli mowinave filo-
sofiuri da fsiqologiuri mecnierebis moTxovnebs sru-
liad akmayofilebda.
1801 wels ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelos
Sesvlas, uaryofiTTan erTad, dadebiTi Sedegebic hqon-
4
da. am aqtma qarTvel axalgazrdebs gza gauxsna ruse-
Tis umaRles saswavleblebSi swavla-ganaTlebis misaRe-
bad. Tuki dasawyisSi amas epizoduri xasiaTi hqonda,
SemdegSi swavlis msurvelTa ricxvi gaizarda da XIX
saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi swored maT wreSi Camoya-
libda ,,TergdaleulTa” jgufi, romelTa msoflmxedve-
lobaSi mTavari adgili ekava socialur-politikur Se-
xedulebebs. am socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebis
arsi ki qveynis ukeTesi mermisisTvis brZolas gulisx-
mobda.
gansaxilvel epoqaSi qarTuli filosofiuri azris
nimuSebi gvxvdeba, rogorc mecnierulsa da religiur
msoflmxedvelobebSi, ise qarTvel mweralTa Semoqme-
debaSi.
winamdebare me-3 tomi ZiriTadad Tematikur princip-
zea agebuli da masSi gamokveTilia kidec es mTavari
Temebi: Teoriuli filosofia, naturfilosofiuri
ideebi, social-politikuri da socialuri problema-
tika, eTikisa da esTetikis sakiTxebi, filosofiuri
ideebi qarTvel mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi da sxv. imis
gaTvaliswinebiT, rom solomon dodaSvils, gabriel
qiqoZesa da ilia WavWavaZes gansakuTrebuli wvlili
miuZRviT, saerTod, qarTuli kulturis da, kerZod, XIX
saukunis qarTuli filosofiisa da filosofiuri az-
ris CamoyalibebaSi, TiToeuli maTganis Semoqmedeba sa-
gangebodaa ganxiluli.
amasTan, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Tavis droze
Salva xidaSelis statia ilia WavWavaZeze specialurad
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulis-
Tvis ar dawerila. aqedan gamomdinare, am statiis pole-
mikuri stili ar Seesatyviseba oTxtomeulis saerTo
suliskveTebas. magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom statia
maRal donezea Sesrulebuli da, amasTan, avtori gar-
5
dacvlilia, mizanSewonilad CavTvaleT misi dabeWdva
TiTqmis ucvlelad.
naSromis momzadebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqna, ro-
gorc winamavali, ise momdevno drois qarTuli filo-
sofiuri azris Taviseburebani. aRniSnuli garemoebebis
gaTvaliswinebam da sakuTriv XIX saukunis qarTuli
filosofiuri azris sakiTxebis analizma ki, vfiqrob,
optimaluri warmodgena unda Segviqmnas gansaxilveli
epoqis qarTul saazrovno garemoze.
mixeil maxaraZe
6
pirveli Tavi
XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri
azris Taviseburebani
XIX saukunis saqarTvelo gansakuTrebuli Tavisebu-
rebebiT xasiaTdeba, ramac Tavisi asaxva hpova TiTqmis
yvela sferoSi da, maT Soris, filosofiaSi. es Tavise-
burebani mravalwilad ganpirobebuli iyo im garemoe-
biT, rom saqarTvelom, ramdenime saukunovani saxelmwi-
foebriobis mqone qveyanam, swored XIX saukunis dadgo-
misTanave dakarga damoukidebloba, roca ruseTis im-
perator pavle I-is 1801 wlis 18 ianvris manifestiT aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelo, kerZod, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo,
ruseTis imperiis erT-erT guberniad gamocxadda.
ruseTis imperatoris manifesti erTob mtkivneuli
iyo qarTveli xalxisTvis. am aqtiT sabolood gadaesva
xazi im mcire imedebs, rasac 1883 wels georgievskSi or
qveyanas – ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris dadebuli
xelSekruleba (,,georgievskis traqtati”) iZleoda. es
faqti sabolood didi imedgacruebis safuZveli gaxda,
radganac ruseTma ar gaamarTla is imedebi, rasac
masze, rogorc erTmorwmune qveyanaze, amyarebda qarTve-
li xalxi.
am fonze sxva saxels ver davarqmevT, Tu ara
cinikurs, ruseTis imperatoris aleqsandre I-is mxridan
1801 wlis 12 seqtembris manifestSi gacxadebuls: ,,ara
ZalTa SematebisaTvis, ara angarebisaTvis, ara sazRvar-
Ta gafarToebisaTvis isedac msoflioSi udidesi impe-
riisa viRebT Cven saqarTvelos samefos mmarTvelobis
tvirTso, _ mxolod Rirseba, patiosneba da adamianoba
gvikarnaxebs Cven saRmrTo movaleobas, raTa yuri mi-
vapyraT tanjulTa vedrebas da maTi glovis gasaqarveb-
lad davamyaroT saqarTveloSi iseTi mmarTveloba, ro-
7
melsac SeeZleba ganamtkicos marTlmsajuleba, uzrun-
velyos piradi da qonebrivi uSiSroeba da pirovnebis
kanonismieri dacva”1.
rogorc manifestis aRniSnuli adgilidan Cans,
ruseTis xelisuflebas, mis imperators, saqarTvelos
mierTebis aqtiT, saqarTvelosa da qarTveli xalxisad-
mi keTili miznebis garda, sxva araferi amoZravebda.
sinamdvileSi, ruseTma saqarTvelos aneqsia daiwyo da
brZola gamoucxada yovelive erovnuls (monarqiuli
institutis gauqmeba, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefa-
liis gauqmeba, eklesiebis freskebis gadaRebva, wirva-
locvis rusul enaze warmarTva, qarTuli enis Seviw-
roeba da sxva). es procesi TiTqmis ori saukune grZel-
deboda.
Tu ra ,,keTilSobiluri” da ,,mSvidobis moyvare” iyo
ruseTis yofna, naTlad Cans ruseTis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tuli im mravalricxovani gamosvlebidan da ajanyebe-
bidan, rasac adgili hqonda XIX saukunis I naxevris
saqarTveloSi.
saqarTveloSi ruseTis dampyroblur politikas ver
egueboda qarTveli xalxi da gamosvlebiT, ajanyebebiTa
da SeTqmulebebiT pasuxobda mas. jer kidev 1804 wels
moxda mTiuleTis ajanyeba, 1810 wels imereTis ajanyeba,
1812 wels kaxeTis glexTa ajanyeba, 1819-1820 wlebSi
imereTis meore ajanyeba, 1841 wels guriis ajanyeba, 1856-
1857 wlebSi samegrelos masStaburi ajanyeba.
am gamosvlebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia 1832
wlis SeTqmulebas, romelSic im drois qarTuli inte-
leqtualuri elita (solomon dodaSvili, filadelfos
kiknaZe, solomon razmaZe da sxv.) da TavadaznaurTa
mowinave nawili monawileobda.
gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi ruseTis xelisuflebam
sisxlSi CaaxSo, SeTqmuleba ki gamoaaSkaraves da misi
xelmZRvanelebi sastikad dasajes.
8
ruseTTan saqarTvelos dakavSirebas Tavisi dadebi-
Ti mxareebic hqonda. am aqtiT qveyanam Tavidan aicila
uricxvi mtris TareSi da saboloo gaCanageba-ganadgu-
rebasac gadaurCa. amasTan, am kavSiriT saqarTvelos ki-
dev erTxel mieca saSualeba evropul kulturasTan
ziarebisTvis. es procesi, rogorc cnobilia, ufro ad-
re daiwyo, vidre saqarTvelo (ufri zustad qarTl-ka-
xeTis samefo) ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sevidoda. ker-
Zod, XVIII saukuneSi, mas Semdeg, rac vaxtang VI ruseT-
Si gaemgzavra da Tan gaiyola mTeli qarTuli inteleq-
tualuri elita. swored am droidan iwyeba qarTvel
swavlulTa aqtiuri moRvaweoba mecnierebis sxvadasxva
sferoSi da, maT Soris, filosofiaSi. vaxuSti batoni-
Svilisa da anton pirvelis skolis SemoqmedebiTi moR-
vaweoba ruseTSi amis naTeli dadasturebaa.
XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-
riaze saubrisas SeiZleba gamoiyos sakvanZo sakiTxebi,
romelTa irgvlivac garkveuli azriT xdeboda qarTu-
li filosofiuri azris formireba:
I. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmeba (1801 w.) da am aq-
tiT gamowveuli Sedegebi: gamosvlebi, ajanyebebi
saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi.
II. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba, romlis mizezic iyo sa-
qarTvelos socialur-politikuri mdgomareoba2, damou-
kideblobis dakargva da brZola damoukideblobisTvis3.
SeTqmulebis gamoaSkaravebisa da misi monawileebis,
gansakuTrebiT ki misi mTavari ideologebis – solomon
dodaSvilis, filadelfos kiknaZisa da solomon raz-
maZis sanimuSo da mkacrma dasjam erTgvarad daTrguna
qarTveli xalxis damoukideblobisTvis brZolis suli,
Tumca ara mTlianad da ara sabolood.
III. batonymobis gauqmeba saqarTveloSi (1864 w. aRmo-
savleT saqarTveloSi, 1865 w. imereTSi, guriasa da
9
raWaSi; 1866 w. samegrelo-leCxumsa da qvemo svaneTSi;
1870 w. afxazeTSi, 1871 w. svaneTSi)4. batonymobis gauqme-
ba ar yofila erTgvarovnad aRqmuli, misi ganxorcie-
lebis formasa da perspeqtivebs kritikulad gamoex-
maurnen ilia WavWavaZe, niko nikolaZe, niko xizaniSvi-
li.
i. WavWavaZe akritikebda saglexo komitetis proeqts
da glexTa sakiTxis saboloo gadawyvetas xedavda gle-
xisa da memamulis interesTa saboloo gaTiSvaSi. sxva
SemTxvevaSi, ilias azriT, es iqneboda Zvelis gagrZe-
leba saxeSecvlili formiT5.
n. nikolaZisa da n. xizaniSvilis kritika ki mimarTu-
li iyo droebiT valdebul (yofili sabatono) glexTa
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobisadmi da isini xsnas
am institutis (droebiT savaldebulo) gauqmebaSi xe-
davdnen.
IV. Tergdaleulebis moRvaweoba da misi mniSvnelo-
ba. XIX s. meore naxevridan qarTvelma axalgazrdobam
masobrivad miaSura ruseTis umaRles sasawavleblebSi,
ramac sabolood ganapiroba axali Taobis qarTvelTa
evropul msoflmxedvelobaze orientacia, im droisTvis
mowinave filosofiur, socialur Tu politikur Sexe-
dulebebTan ziareba. es iyo e.w. TergdaleulTa moRva-
weobis xana, romelTa saTaveSic iyo i. WavWavaZe da
romelmac gadamwyveti roli Seasrula qarTveli sazo-
gadoebis socialur-politikur gaTviTcnobierebaSi. ase
rom, XIX saukuneSi ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTve-
los ZaldatanebiT gaerTianebasTan, 1832 wlis SeTqmu-
lebasa da batonymobis gauqmebasTan erTad, Tergdaleu-
loba iyo me-4 faqtori, romelTa irgvlivac yalibdebo-
da qarTuli social-politikuri Sexedulebebi Tu fi-
losofiuri msoflmxedveloba.
10
XIX s. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Tavi-
seburebebis arsis gasagebad ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixi-
loT qarTuli filosofia am epoqis sxvadasxva monak-
veTze.
me-18 saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTSi gadaxvewili
qarTveli swavlulebis samecniero moRvaweoba gagrZel-
da XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi. am mxriv gansakuT-
rebiT aRsaniSnavia daviT, ioane da Teimuraz bagra-
tionebis, iona xelaSvilisa da sxvaTa moRvaweoba. es is
moazrovneebi arian, romelTa Semoqmedeba gaiSala XVIII
saukunis bolo da XIX saukunis pirvel xanebSi. Tuki
xsenebul bagrationTa mecnieruli moRvaweoba ZiriTa-
dad bunebaTmecnierebis filosofiuri problemebis
kvleva-Ziebasa da mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas moicavda,
iona xelaSvili ZiriTadad RvTismetyvelebisa da reli-
giuri filosofiis sakiTxebis SeswavliT iyo dakavebu-
li.
saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukunis pirvel
aTwleulebSi qarTul filosofiaSi aminds qmnidnen
ruseTSi swavla-ganaTleba miRebuli swavlulebi
(ioane, daviT da Teimuraz bagrationebi, iona xelaSvi-
li, filadelfos kiknaZe, solomon dodaSvili...).
XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris formi-
rebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, agreTve, mTargm-
nelobiTi saqmianoba, romelic XVIII saukunis meore na-
xevarSi dawyebuli sasikeTo tradiciis, upirvelesad
anton pirvelisa da misi skolis mTargmnelobiTi moR-
vaweobis, gagrZeleba iyo. am mimarTebiT XIX saukunis
pirveli naxevris qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi sayurad-
Reboa rusuli enidan Targmnili filosofiuri litera-
tura, kerZod: ivane bereliZem Targmna ,,Tqmulebani
didi brZnisa platonisani” (1826), Teimuraz batoniSvil-
ma _ ,,gansjani aristotelesani” (1818), farnavaz batoni-
11
Svilma – Jan-Jak rusos ,,hazrni sxua da sxuaTa sagan-
TaTvisa” (1828), ioseb mamuliSvilma sneles – ,,hswavla
zneobiTi da samarTali bunebiTi”, ,,esTeTika anu kri-
tika memoisa”, ,,mimoxilva istoriis filosofiisa” (1847)6
da sxva.
XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli filosofiuri az-
ris istoriis gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgenda
ioane batoniSvilis ,,kalmasoba” anu ,,xumar-swavla”
(daaxl. 1813-1828 wlebSi), romelSic umniSvnelovanesi
masalebia mocemuli rogorc qarTvel, ise araqarTvel
RvTismetyvelTa, filosofosTa da mweralTa (platoni,
aristotele, porfiriosi, daviT uZleveli, fsevdo-
dionise areopageli, petre iberi, efTvime da giorgi
mTawmidelebi, efrem mcire, ioane petriwi, rusTaveli,
da sxva) Semoqmedebidan7.
,,kalmasobis” arsi da mniSneloba ase aqvs Sefase-
buli S. nucubiZes: ,,rac Seexeba qarTuli filosofiis
istorias, Cvens ZeglSi ganxilulia, anu, ufro sworad,
erTxel kidev Tvalgadavlebulia TiTqmis yovelive is,
riTac ucxovria qarTul azrovnebas saukuneTa ganmav-
lobaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,kalmasobis” SinaarsSi
CarTulia, anu, ufro sworad, ,,kalmasobis” mxatvrul-
literaturul safars qveS, sxvaTa Soris, ganviTare-
bulia filosofiis TiTqmis yvela dargi logikiT daw-
yebuli da eTikiT gaTavebuli. amis gverdiT mocemulia
ramdenime saintereso cda filosofiis monaTesave dar-
gebis damuSavebisa: fsiqologiis problemebis, maTema-
tikis filosofiisa da enaTmecnierebis filosofiis”8.
S. nucubiZis mier araerTgzis xazgasmuli rusul-
qarTuli filosofiuri urTierToba, romelic XVIII s-
is meore naxevridan iwyeba da grZeldeba XIX saukuneSi,
qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis metad sayuradRebo
faqti iyo da, rac mTavaria, ruseTis meSveobiT evro-
12
pul kulturasTan daaxloebis TvalsazrisiT. magram
arc is unda iqnas daviwyebuli, rom mefis ruseTis did-
mpyrobeluri politika yvelafers akeTebda qarTuli
sulierebis CakvlisTvis, razedac naTlad metyvelebs
saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani marTlmadidebeli ek-
lesiis avtokefaliis gauqmeba (1811 w. aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloSi, xolo 1814 w. dasavleT saqarTveloSi) da
mis erT-erT saegzarqosod gadakeTeba, roca saqarTve-
loSi TandaTanobiT ikrZaleboda qarTulad wirva-loc-
va.
1817 wlis 9 Tebervals saqarTvelos egzarqosma Teo-
filaqtem gamosca brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmadac, sionis
taZarSi kviraSi sam dRes wirva-locva unda aRsrulebu-
liyo rusul enaze. saqarTvelos mimarT rusuli
imperiuli zraxvebis morig gamovlenas mkacrad, magram
samarTlianad afasebda ivane javaxiSvili: ,,amrigad,
ruseTTan saqarTvelos mierTebidan 16 wlis Semdeg,
qarTvelebs moespoT saSualeba RvTismsaxureba aResru-
lebinaT mSobliur enaze saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis
sakaTedro taZarSi, sadac 1499 wlis ganmavlobaSi ga-
nuwyvetliv aRavlendnen mxurvale locvas; arc spar-
selebs – cecxlTayvanismcemlebsa da muslimebs, arc
arabebs, arc warmarT monRolebs, arc Turqebs ar gau-
keTebiaT is, rac gaukeTes marTlmadideblur qristia-
nul saeklesio saqarTvelos ruseTis xelisuflebam da
misma egzarqosma! qarTulad RvTismsaxureba nebadarTu-
li iyo mxolod samuSao dReebSi: orSabaTobiT, oTxSa-
baTobiT da xuTSabaTobiT da isic mxolod im SemTxve-
vaSi, Tuki am dReebSi ar iyo saeklesio da saxelmwifo
dResaswaulebi, gana es sruli akrZalvis tolfasi ar
aris?”9.
XIX saukunis dasawyisis qarTul filosofiur azrs,
qarTul filosofias ZiriTadad tons aZlevdnen ruseT-
13
Si moRvawe (batoniSvilebi, xelaSvili...) an ruseTSi
ganswavluli qarTveli moazrovneebi (solomon doda-
Svili, filadelfos kiknaZe), Tumca adgilobriv niadag-
zec iyo filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis mcdelobebi. am
kuTxiT yuradRebas imsaxurebs baram germanoziSvilis
traqtati ,,bWoba gonebisa”, romelic Semonaxulia xel-
naweris saxiT da dawerilia quTaisSi XIX saukunis dam-
degs. es Txzuleba Sedgeba winasityvaobisa da sami na-
wilisgan10. traqtati dawerilia qristianuli msofl-
mxedvelobis suliskveTebiT da masSi ganxilulia eTi-
kur-socialur-politikuri sakiTxebi.
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli filoso-
fiuri azris istoriis gvirgvinia solomon dodaSvilis
(1805-1836) Semoqmedeba. misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebi
saTanadod aris Seswavlili, rasac ver vityviT mis
kulturologiur Rvawlze.
s. dodaSvili Tavisi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelo-
biT agrZelebs qarTuli filosofiis tradiciebs, rac
upirvelesad gamoixateba dialeqtikis moZRvrebisadmi
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT. tradiciulad xom qarTul
filosofiaSi did interess iCendnen dialeqtikis moZ-
Rvrebisadmi, rac gamoixateba maTi mxridan didi inte-
resiT neoplatonizmisadmi (prokle, areopagituli
moZRvreba). am gziT midioda Sua saukuneebis gamoCenili
qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi (XI s. Sua xanebi -
XII s. dasawyisi), am tradicias XIX s. agrZelebda s. do-
daSvili, XX saukuneSi _ S. nucubiZe, k. baqraZe, s. were-
Teli.
s. dodaSvilis ,,logika” Tavis droze, mxolod ru-
sul enaze gamoqveynda, Tumca avtors misi qarTuli
variantic hqonda, magram cenzuram misi gamoqveynebis
neba ar darTo. ,,logikaSi”, kerZod, mis Sesaval na-
wilSi s. dodaSvils Camoyalibebuli aqvs filosofiis
14
sruli kursis gegma-monaxazi, romlis gakeTebasac igi
samomavlod apirebda. am mokle monaxaziTac cxadi xde-
ba, rom samoRvaweo asparezze s. dodaSvilis gamosvliT
Sua saukuneebSi Camkvdari qarTuli filosofiuri az-
rovnebis aRmavloba unda dawyebuliyo.
s. dodaSvilis erT umTavres damsaxurebad unda
CaiTvalos sakiTxebisa da problemebisadmi wminda fi-
losofiuri kuTxiT midgoma, rac kargad Cans, rogorc
sakuTriv misi ,,logikidan”, ise mis gamocemasTan
dakavSirebiT rusul periodul presaSi gamoqveynebuli
recenziebidan. mogvianebiT msgavsi mosazreba gamoiTqva
saqarTveloSic. s. dodaSvilis Rvawlze zaqaria WiWina-
Ze werda: ,,sanaqebo aris kidev is, rom swers metad
gasagebi da ubralo enis kiloTi, misi wigni sxva da
sxva Znel gamosaTqmeli terminebiT ar aris savse. pir-
veli magaliTi iyo, rom peterburgSi qarTvel kacisgan
samecniero rame dabeWdiliyos da isic mmarTvelobasac
moswoneboda da saxelmZRvanelod mieRos”11.
s. dodaSvilis moRvaweoba yuradRebas imsaxurebs
ara mxolod wminda filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT. man
Tavis werilSi, romelic qarTuli literaturis isto-
rias exeboda, qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreoba pir-
velma gaiazra filosofiis poziciidan da didi al-
RoTi Seafasa gamoCenil qarTvel moazrovneTa da mwe-
ralTa Semoqmedebis roli da mniSvneloba saqarTve-
losTvis. aseve, mowinave filosofiur-politikuri
msoflmxedvelobiTa da samSoblos winaSe didi pasu-
xismgeblobis grZnobiT iyo ganpirobebuli misi aqtiuri
monawileoba 1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi.
s. dodaSvili, upirvelesad, filosofosi iyo, rac
naTlad Cans misi ,,logikidan”. ,,logikis” Sesavlidan
irkveva, rom mas miznad hqonda dasaxuli, daewera fi-
losofiis sruli kursi. savaraudebelia, rom s. doda-
15
Svili Tavisi Canafiqris ganxorcielebas saqarTveloSi
apirebda, magram cnobili ambebis gamo (upirvelesad,
erovnul moZraobaSi CarTva da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
CaSlis Semdeg misi dasja), man es Canafiqri ver gana-
xorciela.
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli filoso-
fiuri azris istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia
filadelfos kiknaZes (1793-1833). s. dodaSvilis msgavsad,
f. kiknaZec 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis aqtiuri monawile da
misi erT-erTi ideuri xelmZRvaneli iyo. savaraude-
belia, rom 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba emyareboda mis mier
Sedgenil – ,,akti goniurs”.
f. kiknaZes orjer mouwia patimroba, pirvelad igi
1827 wels daapatimres moskovSi da gadaiyvanes niJni
novgorodSi, magram saidanac kaTolikos antonis Suamd-
gomlobiT igi male gaaTavisufles.
meored, f. kiknaZe daapatimres 1833 wels, rogorc
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis monawile. igi patimrobaSi gar-
daicvala 1833 wlis 5 seqtembers, TbilisSi. f. kiknaZis
bevri naSromi ganadgurda rogorc pirveli, ise meore
dapatimrebis dros, magram SemorCa misi ramdenime naS-
romi, kerZod: ,,akti goniuri”, ,,siyvaruli mamulisa” da
,,godebani ieremosni, Zisa enaisni – xilvaTaTvis
mdgomareobasa iveriisasa awindelsa zeda”.
f. kiknaZis es Txzulebebi, gansakuTrebiT meore da
mesame, upirvelesad, zneobriv-politikuri traqtatebia,
romelTac safuZvlad uZevs eTikuri principebi da
patriotizmi. avtorisTvis wina planze dgas mamulis
siyvaruli, romelic maRla dgas sakuTari Tavis siy-
varulze, radganac mamulis siyvaruli Tavisi Tavis
siyvaruls gulisxmobs, magram ara piriqiT: ,,siyvaruli
mamulis uvrceles ars, vidre siyvaruli Tavisi Tvi-
sisa, rameTu siyvarulsa Sina Tavisa Tvisisasa ara
16
mdgomareobs siyuaruli mamulisa, xolo siyuarulsa
Sina mamulisasa Tana-SeerTebul ars siyuarulica Tav-
Ta CuenTa miT, rameTu ukeTu Sen siyuaruliTa mamuli-
saTa ganRviZebuli moupoeb rasame sargeblobasa mamul-
sa, igi yoveli ars...”12.
rac Seexeba politikur Sexedulebebs, f. kiknaZe
Zlieri da centralizebuli saxelmwifos momxrea. aseT
saxelmwifos saTaveSi unda edges keTili monarqi, me-
fe13. amis garda, f. kiknaZe didad wuxs, rom misi samSob-
lo savalalo mdgomareobaSia, mooxrebulia misi qala-
qebi (Tbilisi, mcxeTa da sxva) da amaSi brals sdebs
ruseTis imperias.
rac Seexeba ,,akti goniurs”, am dokumentSi faqtob-
rivad Camoyalibebulia 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis samoq-
medo gegma. es aqti rom SeTqmulebis miznebs emsaxu-
reboda, kargad Cans masSi Cadebuli gasaidumloebis
punqtidanac: ,,mtkiced unda uwyodes yovelman wevrman
dacuad saidumloisa, raTa aravis ganucxados sxuasa,
garda missa romelsac moiyuans wevrad”14.
f. kiknaZis es traqtatebi ar aris wminda filoso-
fiuri xasiaTis naSromebi, magram maTSi Camoyalibebuli
eTikuri da politikuri principebi garkveulad exmaure-
ba epoqis, kerZod, XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebis qarTuli
filosofiuri azris mimdinareobas.
XIX s. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriaSi
mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda gabriel episko-
posis – gerasime qiqoZis (1825-1896) Semoqmedeba. g. qiqoZe
eweoda mecnierul moRvaweobas, man 1858 wels peter-
burgSi rusul enaze gamoaqveyna fsiqologiuri xasia-
Tis mecnieruli naSromi – ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis sa-
fuZvlebi”. 1860 wlidan ki igi imereTis episkoposia
(1860-1896).
17
g. qiqoZis ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi”
mniSvnelovani movlena iyo ruseTis samecniero wreebSi,
rac kargad Cans nikoloz dobroliubovis gamoxmau-
rebidanac. am wigns didi xnis ganmavlobaSi aswavlidnen
ruseTis gimnaziebSi. naSromidan kargad Cans avtoris
ganswavluloba fizikaSi, fiziologiaSi, fsiqologiasa
da filosofiaSi.
am naSromSi gabriel qiqoZe cdilobs fsiqologiis
mecnierebis agebas ara gonebaTWvretis, aramed, cdis
monacemebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze15. magram avtorTan
es sulac ar niSnavs ,,fsiqologiis Secvlas fiziolo-
giiT”. ,,gabrielis did damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is,
rom ,,fiziologizmis” agresiuli Semotevebis xanaSi man
daicva sulis, sulieri cxovrebis damoukidebloba. su-
li ar daiyvaneba sxeulze, fiziologiurze, suls Ta-
visi sakuTari cxovreba da kanonzomiereba aqvs, Cveni
organizmi sulis iaraRia, fsiqologiam unda Seiswav-
los swored suli mis sxvadasxva gamovlenaSi – ai,
pozicia, romelsac icavda gabrielis wigni”16.
cdis monacemebis safuZvelze fsiqologiis mecniere-
bis agebis mcdeloba erTi momentia g. qiqoZis Semoq-
medebaSi, meore momenti ki mis praqtikul moRvaweobaze
modis, roca igi imereTis episkoposia da zepir qadage-
bebSi gamoTqvams RrmasafuZvlian eTikur Tvalsazri-
sebs, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia adamianis
daniSnulebis sakiTxi.
qadagebebSi g. qiqoZis gansjis sagania RmerTTan ada-
mianis mimarTeba. am sakiTxis ganxilvisas ki avtori Zi-
riTadad saxarebas emyareba, rasac Tan erTvis saxarebis
Sesabamisi adgilebis vrceli da originaluri ganmar-
tebebi.
RmerTisa da adamianis mimarTebaSi g. qiqoZis qadage-
bebSi ikveTeba adamianis mxridan RvTis siyvarulis sami
18
momenti: 1. RmerTi, rogorc umjobesi, umSvenieresi da
usanatrelesi arseba; 2. RvTis siyvaruli ganwmends, gaa-
naTlebs da ganamtkicebs kacis gulsa da gonebas; 3.
RmerTma pirvelma Segviyvara Cven, Segvamko TavisTavi-
sadmi msgavsebiTa da xatebiT, Cagvabara mTeli qveyana17.
g. qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi mecniereba da rwmena saoc-
rad da safuZvlianad aris erTmaneTTan morigebuli,
ramac ilia WavWavaZes safuZveli misca eTqva: ,,gansve-
nebuli Rrmadmiwevnili mecnieri iyo da imodenadve
Rrmad morwmuneca. aq aris, Cemis fiqriT, misi aRma-
tebuloba, misi mniSvneloba aramc Tu marto CvenTvis,
sxvisTvisac, radganac bevrsa hgonia, rom mecniereba da
sarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebelni da mouTavsebel-
ni arian. igia magaliTi am morigebisa da moTavsebisa”,
,,igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da mecnierebas asarwmu-
noebda”18.
aseve didi azris iyo gabriel qiqoZis Semoqmedebaze
iakob gogebaSvili. swored igi hyavs mas mxedvelobaSi,
roca saubrobs mecnierebisa da rwmenis erTianobaze, da
im savalalo Sedegebze, roca es erTianoba darRveulia:
,,sarwmunoeba, moklebuli ganaTlebas, xSirad iqceva
viwro fanatikosobad, an aRmerTebs garegans, droebiTs
formebs eklesiisas da iviwyebs Sinagans mxares, cxo-
vel-myofels zneobrivs principebs, deda-azrebs saxare-
bisas. meore mxriv, mecniereba, moklebuli WeSmarits
sarwmunoebas, rodi uSlis Taviss meqons, mesakuTres,
iyos igi imdenadve didi aramzada, ramdenadac igi didi
mecnieria”19. amis nimuSad gabriel qiqoZe asaxelebs
bekons. gabriel episkoposi ki, iakob gogebaSvilis aR-
niSvniT, Tavisi SemoqmedebiT pirveli saukuneebis msof-
lio saeklesio mamebis msgavsi iyo, mamebisa ,,romelnic
iyvnen ara marto Rrma RvTis metyvelni, aramed zed-
miwevniT hqondaT Seswavlili mTeli mecniereba saberZ-
19
neTisa da romisa. aki amitomac iyvnen es wmidani mamani
namdvilni mnaTobni eklesiisa, samSoblosi, kacobrio-
bisa20”.
axal droSi g. qiqoZis fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri
da eTikuri Sexedulebebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT ganixiles
da specialuri gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes a. boWoriSvilma,
T. buaCiZem, i. imedaZem, m. maxaraZem da sxvebma21.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom g. qiqoZe, rogorc Tavisi Teo-
riul-mecnieruli (,,cdiseuli...”), ise praqtikuli (qada-
gebebSi gatarebuli eTikuri Tvalsazrisebi) moRvaweo-
biT XIX s. meore naxevris qarTuli filosofiuri az-
ris mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia.
XIX s. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis Tavisebu-
rebaze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli
is garemoeba, rom misi nimuSebi, garda filosofosTa,
religiur moRvaweTa da mecnierTa (iona xelaSvili,
ioane da Teimuraz bagrationebi, solomon dodaSvili,
gabriel qiqoZe, ivane TarxniSvili...), gvxvdeba qarTvel
mweralTa (qarTveli romantikosebi, ilia WavWavaZe,
akaki wereTeli, giorgi wereTeli, iakob gogebaSvili,
vaJa-fSavela, anton furcelaZe...) SemoqmedebaSic.
qarTuli romantizmi (aleqsandre WavWavaZe, grigol
orbeliani, nikoloz baraTaSvili) didmniSvnelovani
movlena iyo XIX s. qarTul mxatvrul sinamdvileSi.
qarTuli romantizmi Tavisi arsiT saerTod romantiz-
mis mTavar ideebs gamoxatavda da, amasTan, maT Semoqme-
debaSi did adgils ikavebs adamianis problema (gansa-
kuTrebiT es iTqmis nikoloz baraTaSvilze), upirvele-
si brZola brma aucileblobebis winaaRmdeg, swrafva
borkilebis garRvevisa da TavisTavis damkvidreba.
XIX s. meore naxevridan, ufro zustad, 60-iani wle-
bidan ruseTis umaRles saswavleblebs qarTvel axal-
gazrdaTa axli talRa miawyda, romlebic mecnierebis
20
sxvadasxva dargSi iwyeben moRvaweobas. maT Soris ga-
morCeuli adgili ukaviaT ,,Tergdaleulebs”, romelTa
mTavar amocanas qveynis xsna warmoadgenda. am moZraobis
saTaveSi ilia WavWavaZe iyo.
XIX saukunis qarTuli socialur-politikuri azris
istoriis mkvlevari akaki surgulaZe aRniSnavs, rom
,,Tergdaleulis” cnebaSi igulisxmeboda ideur-politi-
kuri brZola, romelic XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aR-
mocenda da mTeli naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi
wamyvan rols asrulebda eris cxovrebaSi24. Tergdaleu-
loba adrec figurirebda qarTul sinamdvileSi, magram
1832 wlis SeTqmulebis marcxis Semdeg, am cnebaSi
igulisxmeba ruseTSi ganaTleba miRebuli da mSobliur
niadags mowyvetili qarTveli23.
a. surgulaZis azriT, qarTvel samocianelebSi, ro-
melTac ganaTleba ruseTSi miiRes, ,,Tergdaleulebis”
cnebam axali Sinaarsi SeiZina. kerZod, isini gaemijnen
,,ruseTumeebs” da miznad qveynis samsaxuri daisaxes. am
ideebis matarebelni iyvnen: i. WavWavaZe, ak. wereTeli, n.
nikolaZe, g. wereTeli, k. lorTqifaniZe da sxv.
sayuradReboa a. surgulaZis Semdegi mosazreba:
,,Tergdaleulebi aRizardnen 60-iani wlebis ruseTis
mowinave ideebis gavleniT. Tergdaleuloba rusuli
azrebis SeTvisebas da saqarTveloSi maTi danergvis
miswrafebas ar niSnavda. igi moRvaweTa garkveuli jgu-
fis ideuri mimdinareoba iyo, romelsac Tavisi samoRva-
weo programa gaaCnia. TergdaleulTa Soris iyvnen
adamianebi, romelTac Tergis wyali arc dauleviaT, e.i.
ruseTSi ar uswavliaT, magram Semokrebili iyvnen didi
ilias garSemo da misi samoqmedo programis Tavgamo-
debuli propagandistebi iyvnen”24.
a. surgulaZis SeniSvniT, marTalia, Tergdaleulebi
ruseTSi eziarnen mowinave ideebs, magram es ideebi
21
saqarTveloSi maT ucvlelad ar gauvrcelebiaT, iqve,
peterburgSi gaatares ,,qarTvel dvritaSi” da mis sa-
fuZvelze Seqmnes erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ideo-
logia. swored es ideologia pasuxobda imJamad qarT-
veli xalxis yvelaze aqtualursa da saWirboroto sa-
kiTxebs. sayuradReboa avtoris saboloo daskvna Terg-
daleulTa rolsa da mniSvnelobaze qarTveli xalxis
ganTavisuflebisTvis brZolaSi: ,,amrigad, Tergdaleu-
loba XIX s. 60-iani wlebis mZlavri sazogadoebrivi
moZraoba iyo, romelic qarTul niadagze Camoyalibda
da miznad isaxavda qarTveli xalxis koloniuri Ca-
gvrisgan ganTavisuflebas”25.
TergdaleulTa upirveles amocanas Seadgenda ru-
seTSi SeTvisebuli dasavleTis mowinave ideebis misa-
dageba qarTuli sinamdvilisadmi da Semdgom misi meS-
veobiT saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba da damoukideblo-
bis mopoveba. es iyo ruseTSi ganswavlul qarTvelTa
patriotuli moZraoba, romlis ZiriTadi birTvi (i. Wav-
WavaZe, a. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe) bolomde Tavisi idea-
lebis erTguli darCa. maSin, roca zogierTi maTgani
saqarTvelosTvis da misi interesebisTvis miuRebeli
msoflmxedvelobis warmomadgenelTa gverdiT aRmoCnda.
TergdaleulTa paralelurad, XIX saukunis bolo
xanebSi saqarTveloSi yalibdeba socialur-politikuri
moZraobani, romelTa mTavari nawilis ZiriTad samoqme-
do programas da upirveles mizans Seadgenda arsebuli
xelisuflebis damxoba. es ki erTmaneTTan aerTianebda
sxvadasxva qveynis Tu erovnebis adamianebs da maTTvis
samSoblo da misi interesebi, rogorc aseTi, ar arse-
bobda. es moZraobebi iyo: xalxosnoba (XIX s. 70-iani
wlebidan), social-demokratTa pirveli organizacia –
,,mesame dasi” (Camoyalibeba 1892 w.) da anarqizmi (XX s.
dasawyisi). am moZraobaTa mTavari amocana iyo arsebuli
22
xelisuflebis Secvla da, Sesabamisad, maTi platformi-
dan gamomdinare wyobis Camoyalibeba. am moZraobaTa
warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebi filosofiis pozicii-
dan nakleb sainteresoa, Tumca zogierTi sakiTxis gan-
xilvisas, kerZod, AXIX s. dasasrulisa da XX saukunis
dasawyisis saqarTveloSi arsebuli social-politikuri
viTarebis Sefasebisas, maT Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswi-
neba aucilebelia.
xalxosnobis warmomadgenlebi saqarTveloSi iyvnen
s. mgalobliSvili, s. WrelaSvili, S. daviTaSvili da
sxv. social-demokratTa pirveli organizaciis aqtiuri
monawileebi iyvnen e. ninoSvili, m. cxakaia, n. Jordania
da sxv. xolo anarqizmisa – v. CerqeziSvili, m. wereTe-
li, Zmebi k. da S. gogeliebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli xalxosnebi iseve.
rogorc Semdgom social-demokratebi da bolSevikebi,
faqtobrivad, rusi xalxosnebis mTavari principebis
mixedviT moqmedebdnen. xelisuflebis dasamxobad yvela
idea _ glexebis gadamwyveti roli, inteligenciis ro-
lis amaRleba, Temis idealizacia, soflad kooperaci-
ul dawesebulebaTa organizacia da a.S. _ maT rusi na-
rodnikebidan (lavrovi, bakunini, tkaCovi) hqondaT aRe-
buli26.
a. surgulaZis azriT, mcdari iyo qarTveli xalxos-
nebis, kerZod, giorgi maiSvilis (zdanoviCis) da ivane
jabadaris kosmopolituri Sexedulebebi da erovnuli
nihilizmi. aseve, mcdari iyo xalxosnebis mxridan
ekonomikuri faqtoris win wamoweva da erovnuli
sakiTxis ugulebelyofa. ,,amitom moxda, rom
TergdaleulebTan dapirispirebaSi qarTvelma
narodnikebma ideuri marcxi ganicades; maT ver
gaiyolies verc qarTveli glexebisa da verc qarTveli
inteligenciis mniSvnelovani nawili”27.
23
XIX s. II naxevris qarTuli filosofiuri azris is-
toria mravalmxrivobiT gamoirCeva. ukve aRniSnuli fi-
losofiur-RvTismetyveluri, socialur-politikuri da
patriotuli problematikis gverdiT, am epoqis qarTul
azrovnebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba bunebismety-
velebis filosofiur problemebs, eTikur da esTetikur
sakiTxebs. am mimarTebiT gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
XIX s. meore naxevris qarTvel mweralTa Semoqmedeba.
amas unda daematos, agreTve, gamoCenili fiziologis,
ivane TarxniSvilis Rvawli bunebismetyvelebis filo-
sofiuri problemebis Seswavlasa da analizSi.
XIX saukunis meore naxevris qarTveli mwerlebis (i.
WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli, i. gogebaSvili, g. wereTeli, vaJa-
fSavela, a. furcelaZe da sxv.) SemoqmedebaSi mniSvne-
lovan adgils iWers filosofiuri azri, kerZod, eTi-
kuri, esTetikuri da socialur-politikuri Tvalsaz-
risebi. am epoqis qarTveli mwerlebis SemoqmedebaSi,
zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, ar aris pirdapiri msje-
lobebi filosofiis kardinalur sakiTxebze Sesabamisi
mecnieruli aparatiT, magram maTi pozicia gadmocemu-
lia, rogorc mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, ise publicistur
werilebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, zemoTCamoTvlil mweral-
Ta Semoqmedeba TvalsaCino da sagrZnob masalas iZleva
gansjisTvis.
TvalSi sacemia is garemoeba, rom XIX s. rogorc
pirveli, ise meore naxevris qarTvel mweralTa erTi
mTavari nawilis (n. baraTaSvili, i. WavWavaZe, vaJa-fSa-
vela, i. gogebaSvili) gansjis sagania adamianis zneob-
rivi problemebi, erisa da qveynis damoukideblobisTvis
brZola. mSobliuri enis rolisa da mniSvnelobis
garkveva, meore nawilTan (g. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe, a.
furcelaZe) ki, wina planze wamoweulia socialur-
politikuri, filosofiuri da socialuri sakiTxebi.
24
XIX s. meore naxevris qarTul sinamdvileSi, qarT-
veli axalgazrdoba ZiriTadad ruseTis umaRles sas-
wavleblebSi iRebda swavla-ganaTlebas. maTgan nawili
samoRvaweod ruseTSi darCa. maT ricxvSia gamoCenili
mecnieri, fiziologi ivane TarxniSvili (1846-1908). igi
Tavis naSromebiT cnobili iyo evropaSi, mis samecniero
wreebSi.
iv. TarxniSvilis bunebismetyveluri Sexedulebebi-
dan filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovania misi
mosazrebebi sicocxleze. am mxriv sayuradReboa misi
Sexedulebebi vitalizmisa da neovitalizmis sakiTxeb-
ze. iv. TarxniSvilis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi ar
amoiwureba mxolod bunebismetyvelebis sakiTxebis fi-
losofiuri analiziT. masTan gvxdeba, agreTve, socio-
logiuri Sexedulebebic, romlebSic mas gaanalizebuli
aqvs kapitalizmis arsi, rac mis mtaceblur bunebaSi
gamoixateba. avtoris SexedulebebSi cxadad Cans im
epoqis saazrovno viTarebis gavlena, romelSic uxdebo-
da moRvaweoba mas. am kuTxiT, aseve, sayuradReboa iv.
TarxniSvilis mxridan mefis ruseTSi arsebuli socia-
lur-politikuri viTarebis kritika.
XIX saukunis qarTul saazrovni viTarebaSi filo-
sofiuri, bunebismetyveluri da eTikuri Tvalsazrisis
gverdiT gvxvdeba esTetikuri problematikac. am mimar-
TebiT sayuradReboa n. baraTaSvilis, i. WavWavaZis, g.
wereTlis, a. wereTlis, vaJa-fSavelas, n. nikolaZis da
a. furcelaZis Semoqmedeba.
epoqis filosofiis azris istoriis arsis gasagebad
didi mniSvneloba aqvs filosofiur urTierTobebs. ad-
reul xanaSi qarTuli filosofiisa da filosofiuri
azrisTvis umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebda berZnul-
bizantiur kulturul samyarosTan urTierToba. am na-
yofierma urTierTobam, rac gamoixateboda, rogorc
25
mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT, ise komentarebiT, didad
ganapiroba XI-XII saukuneebSi qarTuli kulturis saer-
To ayvaveba, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi renesansisa da
humanizmis ideebis damkvidreba-ganmtkicebiT dasrulda.
rogorc cnobilia, aRniSnulis safuZvelze am epoqis
XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli kultura renesansuli iyo
(iv. javaxiSvili), xolo mkvlevarTa da mweralTa erTi
mniSvnelovani nawilis (S. nucubiZe, a. losevi, k. gamsa-
xurdia, S. xidaSeli da sxv.) azriT, am dros saqarTve-
loSi gvqonda srulyofili renesansi, romelic erTi
saukuniT mainc uswrebda evropul renesanss.
XIII-XVII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi mZime politikuri
viTarebis gamo, sxva qveynebTan es kulturuli kavSire-
bi Sesustda da bolos TiTqmis Sewyda (am dros qar-
Tul-somxuri filosofiuri urTierTobani, marTalia,
arsebobda, magram imdenad umniSvnelo iyo, rom realur
viTarebaze arsebiT zegavlenas ver axdenda). es gansa-
kuTrebiT iTqmis filosofiur kavSirebze. XVIII sauku-
nidan, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTveloSi politikuri viTa-
reba SedarebiT sasikeTod Seicvala, mezobel qveyneb-
Tan kulturuli urTierTobebic ganaxlda. es viTareba
aisaxa filosofiaSic. am droisTvis mniSvnelovania
qarTul-somxuri da gansakuTrebiT qarTul-rusuli fi-
losofiuri urTierTobani, roca anton pirvelis skola
rusuli enidan qarTulad Targmnis evropuli filoso-
fiis Zeglebs. XIX saukuneSi rusul-qarTuli filoso-
fiuri urTierToba ufro intensiuri xdeba.
saerTod, unda aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukuneSi filo-
sofiuri urTierTobebi qarTvel swavlulTa mxridan
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. es urTierToba ar aris
ganpirobebuli mxolod romelime qveynis moazrovneTa
naSromebis TargmniT, maT TvalsazrisTa Seswavla-aTvi-
sebiT, aqedan gamomdinare msoflmxedvelobrivi gavlene-
26
biT. am kuTxiT XIX saukunis qarTveli moazrovneebi da-
kavSirebulni iyvnen rogorc ruseTis, ise saerTod da-
savleTis azrovnebasTan.
XIX saukuneSi filosofiurma kavSirebma ruseTTan
da dasavleTTan sasikeTo roli Seasrula qarTuli
kulturis da, maT Soris, filosofiis ganviTarebisaT-
vis. ukve XIX saukunis dasasruls saqarTveloSi filo-
sofiuri naSromebi iwereba da misi avtorebi arian var-
lam CerqeziSvili da arCil jorjaZe. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom v. CerqeziSvili da a. jorjaZe qarTuli filoso-
fiuri azris istoriis im saTaveebTan dganan, romelsac
XX saukuneSi mZlavri aRmavloba mohyva. S. nucubiZem, d.
uznaZem, s. daneliam, m. gogiberiZem, k. baqraZem, k. kapa-
nelma, k. megreliZem, s. wereTelma da sxvebma XX sauku-
neSi maRal doneze gaagrZeles qarTuli filosofiuri
azris istoriis mravalsaukunovani tradicia, romelic
XIII-XVII saukuneebSi TiTqmis Camqrali iyo, XVIII sauku-
neSi gamococxlda, xolo XIX saukuneSi sagrZnoblad
win wavida.
27
meore Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azri
XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis
pirvel mesamedSi
XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnisa da XIX saukunis pir-
veli mesamedis qarTuli filosofiuri azri ZiriTadad
warmodgenilia sami moazrovniT (iona xelaSvili, daviT
da ioane bagrationebi). qarTuli filosofiuri azris
istoriis gansaxilvel monakveTSi gvxvdeba rogorc
Teoriuli filosofiisa da naturfilosofiis ideebi,
ise socialuri, religiur-Teologiuri da eTikur-peda-
gogiuri Sexedulebebi. yvela es sakiTxi met-naklebad
mniSvnelovania qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis
Seswavlisas da amis Sesabamisad dasaxelebul avtoreb-
Tan yuradReba gamaxvilebulia im Tvalsazrisebze, rom-
lebic upiratesobiT sargeblobda TiToeul maTganTan.
$1. iona xelaSvili (1772-1837)
1. iona xelaSvilis filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba.
iona xelaSvilis memkvidreobidan filosofiuri Tval-
sazrisiT yvelaze sainteresoa ,,ocdaToTxmeti SekiTx-
vis wigni”, romelic aris kiTxva-pasuxis xasiaTis naS-
romi. wigni 1826 wels aris dawerili da masSi kiTxvebs
ioane batoniSvili svams, xolo iona xelaSvili am
kiTxvebze pasuxobs.
naSromSi iona xelaSvili icavs Teologiur msofl-
mxedvelobasa da idealisturi filosofiis principebs.
igi ebrZvis volters, rusos, spinozas, didros, dalam-
28
bers, kondiliaks, romelTac anaTemas uTvlis da wawy-
medas uqadis. igi akritikebs dualistebsac. ,,amad ke-
Tilni da borotni aRries urTierTsa da ornive erTisa
mizezisagan gamosTqunes, viTme orni dasabami Tques”.
iona xelaSvili im debulebidan amodis, rom mate-
rialuri sxeulebi Sedgenili, moZravi, xrwnadi da war-
mavalia, suli – idealuri – Seudgeneli, martivi da ma-
radiuli. ,,marad uZravi arseba” aris ,,univTo buneba”,
e.i. aramaterialuri sinamdvile. yovelgvari materia-
luri Sedgenilia oTxi elementisagan; amitom isini
iSleba, rac maT warmavlobas niSnavs. aseve iSleba (ix-
rwneba) adamianis sxeulic, xolo uxrwneli da maradiu-
li rCeba suli. ,,ganixrwnebian utyvni da orZilni da
metalni, romelTa Sinagani Zalani araraÁ qonaT, xolo
kaci.... dautovebs xrwnadobasa da moigebs uxrwnelobas”.
materialuris xrwnadobasa da warmavlobas iona xela-
Svili imas ukavSirebs, rom materialuri (materia) iner-
tulia, mkvdaria, ara aqvs ,,Sinagani Zalani”, ris gamoc
winaaRmdegobas ver uwevs garegani Zalebis zemoqmede-
bas, suli ki ukvdavia imitom, rom mas TviTmyofoba
gaaCnia.
moZraobasa da cvalebadobaSi iona xelaSvili sagan-
Ta TavisTavadi arsebobis uaryofis safuZvels xedavs.
sagnebi ,,icvlebian ZvriT da droebiTa da xrwnilebi-
Taca, - wers igi, - maSasadame, ar arian TavisiTa”. SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs metafizi-
kur TvalsazrisTan, romlis Tanaxmad, moZraobisa da
cvalebadobis arseboba TavisTavad, upirobod arsebo-
bis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. swored amitom am ti-
pis metafizikosebi (mag. parmenide) upirobo realobas,
e.i. absolutur arss uZravad da maradiulad Tvlidnen.
iona xelaSvili, romelic kargad icnobs antikuri fi-
losofiis istorias, rogorc Cans, zemoxsenebuli kon-
cefciis mZlavr gavlenas ganicdis.
29
antikuri filosofiis gavlena Cans imaSic, rom iona
xelaSvilis azriT, mTeli materialuri samyaro, ada-
mianis CaTvliT, e.w. ,,stixnivTebisagan”, e.i. oTxi elemen-
tisagan Sedgeba, romelTa ,,Seqsovisagan” warmoiSoba
nivTobrivi (materialuri) sinamdvile. misi azriT, mate-
rialuri aris nivTieri da igi oTxi elementisagan (mi-
wa, wyali, haeri da cecxli) Sedgeba.
es oTxi elementi, antikuri materialistebis msgav-
sad, mas esmis rogorc martivi, Seudgeneli realoba,
romlebsac zogjer igi ,,atomebsac” uwodebs. magram es
elementebi aq ukve gagebulia rogorc arsebobis TviTk-
mari safuZvlebis armqone iseTi realoba, romelic sru-
liad moklebulia rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve sxva
nivTebisa da sagnebis Seqmnisa da dabadebis unars:
,,rameTu ar ZaluZsT atomebTa, e.i. Zliersa cecxlsa da
Zliersa haersa da Zliersa wyalsa da mtversa miwisa
TÂiT TaviT TÂisT dabadeba, romel ara yofilni TaviTa
TÂisiTa ar dabadeben da arraca SeerTdebian oTxni. es
sxua da sxua nivTebi, romelTagan sofel ese ars Sena-
wevrebuli da yovelnive savsebani”1.
iona xelaSvili samyaros Semadgenel am oTx ele-
ments RmerTis Seqmnilad Tvlis, riTac igi, sruliad
naTlad da garkveviT, sulxan-saba orbelianis msgavsad,
kreacionistul Tvalsazriss icavs. samyaros Semadge-
neli elementebis inertulobis ideis safuZvelze xela-
Svili mTeli materialuri samyaros inertulobas am-
tkicebda. ,,mkvdarTa nivTebTa arca TÂiTa TÂisiTa da-
badeba ZaluZsT da arcaRa sxeulebisa soflisa amis
didSuenierisa”. raki materialuri samyaro moklebulia
qmnadobis unars, cxadia, masSi arsebuli qmnadobis
asaxsnelad saWiroa aramaterialuri Zala da iona xe-
laSvili Tvlis, rom bunebaSi arsebuli qmnadobis mi-
zezia RmerTi.
30
aRniSnuli oTxi elementidan iona xelaSvili upi-
ratesobas cecxls aniWebs; ,,element-stixnivTTa” Soris
,,pirveli cecxlia”. amasTanave ,,cecxli igi Sedrgi-
nebuli ars uuwvlilesTa mgrgvlav atomebisagan”7.
cecxlis amgvari gageba mogvagonebs heraklitesac da
demokritesac, radganac is, arsebiTad, am ori didi
brZenis calkeuli Sexedulebebis iseTi ekleqturi na-
zavia, romelic, ukve (TviT am filosofosTagan gansxva-
vebiT) RvTaebrivi kreaciis sazRvrebSia ganTavsebuli.
samyaros elementebs saerTo Tvisebebic aqvT, rac
maT SeerTebas uzrunvelyofs; SeerTebis Sedegad ki
materialuri nivTebi warmoiSoba. es SeerTeba meqaniku-
ria, rac SesaZlebels xdis maT daSlas. sxeulis warmo-
Soba da mospoba aris misi Sedgena da daSla Semadge-
nel elementebad.
iona xelaSvilis msoflmxedvelobis metafizikuri
xasiaTi aSkarad Cans carieli sivrcis gagebis sakiTxSi.
igi aRiarebs carieli sivrcis arsebobas (,,sofelsa Si-
na ars carieloba”) da ekamaTeba dekartsa da kartezia-
nelebs, romlebic martooden relatiuri sicarielis
arsebobas aRiarebdnen da cariels uwodebdnen iseT
sivrces, ,,romelSic ar aris is, rasac Cven vfiqrobT,
rom aq unda iyos”. iona xelaSvilis mixedviT, carieli
sivrce absoluturad carielia, masSi araferi ar
arsebobs. carieli sivrcis arsebobis sabuTad mas miaC-
nia saganTa gafarToebisa da SemWidroebis SesaZleb-
loba gaTbobisa da gacivebis Sedegad (,,metalTa ganadi-
debs cecxli... wyalTa Seaiwroebs nefxva” (e.i. yinva). es
Tvalsazrisi iona xelaSvils gadmocemuli aqvs erT-
erT werilSi solomon dodaSvilisadmi, sadac naTqva-
mia Semdegi: ,,mwer (k) artezianelTagan carielobisa Se-
uwynareblobasa. maT oCopintrulad ganusjiaT TÂiTneba
TÂisTagan. aha, TÂiT me ganvsaje mefis Zis iovanes
SekiTxvaTa Sina, romel sofelsa Sina ars carieloba
31
ara egeTi raTamca esodeni sxvaca sofeli daetios, ara-
med ixilvebis nivTni, romelni Sinagan samni mmufebelni
iZurian da garegan ganraodendebian, Tumca erTni meore-
sa adgilisa Sina ar daidebian ganmqarveblad sxvaTa;
garna urTierT datevneloben, romelni SeimWirvian
bunebiTadca da ufroRa xelonebiTad da dawvlilde-
bian da gandiddebian da sakuTrisa moZraobiTa sazoga-
doica soflisTana iZvrian da aqvsTa mzneqeloba da
metalTa ganadidebs cecxli da wyalTa Seaiwroebs
nefxva da guamiTa Cuenisa ZarRvni tkacuniTa dacariel-
debian haerisagan da aRikrebianca da ukeTu kvriT
yofiliyo, sofel ganWedilca iyo mhsgavsad grdemlisa
uZravad da arRaca da xrwna yofiliyo sofelsa Sina
da oqros notio da haeri arRa spoba mieRo Tavs Soris
da cecxli arcaRa miwasa hqonda mtuerni damRvrni da
arcaRa egreTi carieloba aqvs viTarca RrubelTa da
cxrilTa, aramed gselurni zedurni carieloba hqonanT
yovelTa nivTTa da arian urTierT Seqsovil oTxni
elementni umTavresni ganfenilobad”2.
amrigad, iona xelaSvili carieli sivrcis arsebobis
dasasabuTeblad imave argumentebs mimarTavs, rasac
Tavis droze niutoni iyenebda. aqedan cxadia, rom igi
absoluturi sivrcis (da drois) arsebobas uSvebda,
vinaidan absoluturad carieli sivrce ZvelTaganve
absolutur sivrced iyo miCneuli.
cnobilia, rom XVIII saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi
(kerZod, 1715-1716 wlebSi) warmoebda kamaTi laibnicsa
da klarks Soris ZiriTadad sivrcisa da drois sakiT-
xebze. klarki (niutonis mowafe) niutonis Tvalsazriss
icavda absoluturi sivrcisa da drois arsebobis Sesa-
xeb. swored amitom am kamaTs samarTlianad Tvlian niu-
tonisa da laibnicis kamaTad. sul daiwera laibnicis
xuTi werili da klarkis amdenive pasuxi, romelSic
asaxulia diametruli winaaRmdegoba laibnicisa da
32
niutonis sivrcisa da drois Teoriebs Soris. kamaTi
Sewyvita laibnicis gardacvalebam (1717). niutoni sivr-
cisa da drois metafizikur Teorias iziarebda, kerZod,
Tvlida, rom arsebobs absoluturi sivrce, dro da
moZraoba, romlebic damoukidebelia yvelafrisagan, maT
Soris materiisagan da romelSic materia, rogorc
WurWelSi, isea moTavsebuli.
niutonis sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi SeimuSava
laibnicma, romelmac Camoayaliba sivrcisa da drois
relativisturi Teoria. sivrce, laibnicis mixedviT,
aris Tanaarsebobis wesrigi, xolo dro – Tanamimdev-
robis wesrigi. isini, rogorc wesrigebi, relatiuria,
damokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. es
niSnavda absoluturad carieli sivrcisa da drois
arsebobis uaryofas da, saerTod, sivrcisa da drois
metafizikuri Teoriis daZlevas. aRsaniSnavia is gare-
moebac, rom laibnicis relativisturi Tvalsazrisi
sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb XX saukunis damdegs (1905
wels) ainStainma fizikuri da maTematikuri meTodebiT
daasabuTa da Seqmna relatiurobis Teoria, riTac man
revolucia moaxdina Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi.
laibnicisa da klarkis (arsebiTad niutonis) kamaTi
sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb cnobili iyo qarTul fi-
losofiur azrovnebaSi. laibnicis sami werili da
amdenive klarkis pasuxi franguli enidan qarTulad
Targmna ilia batoniSvilma (bagrationma)3. es Targmani
iona xelaSvilma gadawera da bolosityvaoba daurTo,
romelSic garkveulia misi damokidebuleba mokamaTe
mxareebisadmi. saxeldobr, iona xelaSvili klarkis
(niutonis) poziciebze dgas da ebrZvis laibnicis sivr-
cisa da drois relativistur Teorias. igi pirdapir
ambobs, rom ,,leibnicios braleul ars, xolo klarki
arxieri4 marTal ars”. iona xelaSvili mkiTxvels ar
33
urCevs laibnicis wakiTxvas, vinaidan “leibnici Sor-
debis sibrZnesa maRalisasa”.
iona xelaSvili materialuri samyaros moZraobis
universalurobas amtkicebs, magram, amasTanave, aris-
toteles gavleniT, uZravi mamoZraveblis Tvalsazrisze
dgas. ,,umoZrao arcaRa erTi romelnime nivTni arian da
cxovelni, TÂinier erTisa mxolod uZravisa, romelic
TÂisiTa uZraobiTa Zravs yovelTave TiToeulTasa ganu-
kueTlebaTa, saxeTa, naTesavTa da sqesebTa da guareb-
Ta”. rogorc vxedavT, iona xelaSvili aristoteles te-
leologiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs, romlis mixedviT,
moZraobis pirvel mizezs (mizans) RmerTi warmoadgens.
bunebis sagnebisa da movlenebis sayovelTao moZrao-
bis safuZvelze iona xelaSvili universaluri kavSire-
bisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis arsebobas aRiarebs.
Tu ra xasiaTi aqvs am kavSirebs, bunebrivi Tu teleo-
logiuri, es naTlad ar Cans. unda vivaraudoT, rom
iona xelaSvili am SemTxvevaSic mtkiced dgas idea-
lizmis poziciebze.
iona xelaSvili samyaroTa ricxvis ganusazRvrelo-
bis ideas icavs. amave dros igi amtkicebs Cveni samya-
ros individualurobas, mis gansxvavebas danarCenisagan.
dedamiwa sferoseburia; yovelgvari nivTobrivi (mate-
rialuri) samganzomilebiania. ,,ese sofeli sam saxed
aris ganfenili”.
iona xelaSvili yovelgvar arsebuls sam jgufad
yofs: araorganuli sxeulebi (,,liTonmetalebi”), mcena-
reebi da cxovelebi. aqac aSkarad Cans aristoteles
gavlena mis msoflmxedvelobaze.
iona xelaSvili laparakobs sagnebisa da movlenebis
sxvadasxva mizezebze: metafizikuri, fizikuri, politi-
kuri, RvTismetyveluri da a.S. samyaros pirveli mizezi
RmerTia, romelic, imave dros, pirveli mamoZravebelia.
34
,,queyana araa manqana, romelsac ar sWirdeba Sroma
RmerTisa” – amtkicebs igi.
iona xelaSvili, Tavisi kreacionistuli Tvalsazri-
sidan gamomdinare, determinizmis poziciebze dgas. igi
uaryofs bunebaSi SemTxveviTobis arsebobas, radgan
Tvlis, rom SemTxveviTobis daSveba RvTiuri mizezob-
riobis mtkicebas ewinaaRmdegeba. samyaroSi martooden
absoluturi aucilebloba arsebobs, romelsac RvTiu-
ri safuZvlebi aqvs.
amis miuxedavad, iona xelaSvili mainc mimarTavs
SemTxveviTobis cnebas; SemTxveviTs igi uwodebs imas,
,,romelsac Tavisi mizezi garegan upyries”, xolo arse-
ba, anu aucileblobiT arsebuli, Tavis Tavad arsebobs
da Tavisi arsebobisTvis ar saWiroebs sxva raimes
arsebobas. ,,arseba ars TaviT TÂisiT myofi umoqenoÁ
sxvaTa Semtkicebisa”5. amrigad, SemTxveviTi aris is, rac
sxvazea damokidebuli, rasac Tavis mizezi sxvaSi aqvs.
arseba da aucilebeli ki Sinagani mizezis mqonea. aq
arsebiTad gamoTqmulia substanciisa da aqcidenciis
Taviseburebani, rac aristoteles da, gansakuTrebiT,
spinozas Semdeg kargad cnobili ambavia.
2. iona xelaSvilis gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi.
iona xelaSvilTan Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebi gaSuqe-
bulia sulisa da sxeulis urTierTobis sakiTxis
ganxilvisas. misi azriT, suls aqvs Tvali anu goneba,
romlis funqciasac yovelTa ,,xilulTa da uxilavisa”
ganxilva warmoadgens. maTi saSualebiT sulma icis
gare samyaro. grZnobis organoebi, nervebi – ,,sagrZnobi
ZarRvis” saSualebiT tvins – ,,sulis saydars” gadasce-
men gonebis masalas. xuTi grZnobis organo grZnobad
dakvirvebas ,,Sinagan meufes” – suls moaxseneben, suli
ki am masalas gansjas gadascems.
ioana xelaSvilis azriT, grZnobis organoebis gare-
Se raimes codna SeuZlebelia. maTi naklovaneba gan-
35
sazRvravs codnis naklovanebas: ,,sulebTa TÂisni kank-
lebi hqonan saSual TÂssa da soflisa”. iqve: ,,grZno-
badi Seixmen Sinagan tvinisadmi da mun suli Seni
miixvams. da esreT garditans ideasa Sina, e.i. xatsa gina
saxis saxesa mis sakrebulosa da idead dakrZalavs, e.i.
xatsa gina mas sxemad, romelsa Semdgom ewodebis
zraxva mas saxelad, sulisa, e.i. mgeblobs sagnisa mis
xatTa mixmulsa da odes genebos ZalgiZsT”6. es niSnavs,
rom grZnobaTa organoebis monacemebi gonebaSi gadamu-
Savebis Semdeg mexsierebaSi inaxeba.
sagnis xatis misaRebad, iona xelaSvilis azriT, sa-
Wiroa ,,sagani, meored, mun Tana myofoba, mesame –
moqmedeba sagnisa, meoTxed – cualeba grZnobebTa da
mexuTe – wadil survili dednisa mis gardmobeWdva
mgrZnobelobiTisa Zalebisa Sina, raTamce mefe sulsa
warudga Sinagan, romeli miixvans msaxurTa TÂisTa
grZnobaTagan mirTmeulebasa”7. rogorc vxedavT, Semecne-
bisTvis aucilebelia obieqti, sagani. xelaSvils obi-
eqtSi esmis obieqturi sinamdvile, romelic arsebobs
adamianisgan damoukideblad. meore pirobaa – ,,mun Tan
myofoba”, e.i. subieqti. romelic Tan unda axldes Sesa-
mecnebel obieqts. mesame pirobaa sagnis moqmedeba Sem-
mecnebeli subieqtis grZnobis organoebze. meoTxe piro-
ba gulisxmobs sagnis zemoqmedebis Sedegad SegrZnebaTa
cvalebadobas. mexuTe piroba ki moiTxovs Semmecnebeli
subieqtis survils _ miswrafebas – grZnobis organoe-
bis saSualebiT sworad asaxos, ,,gadmobeWdos” gareSe
sagani da warudginos igi suls.
amrigad, iona xelaSvili iziarebs im azrs, rom Se-
mecnebisTvis saWiroa sagnis moqmedeba grZnobis orga-
noebze. grZnobaTa organoebis monacemebs ki gansjis su-
li. amasTanave, rac ufro Zlieri iqneba grZnobadi Se-
mecnebis mexuTe piroba – survili, miT ufro naTeli
iqneba sulisaTvis aRqmuli sagani. aqedan cxadad Cans,
36
rom xelaSvili gonebas did rols aniWebs Semecnebis
procesSi. Mmisi azriT, adamiani gonebiT gansxvavdeba
cxovelisagan. am ukanasknelT, ise rogorc adamians,
grZnobis organoebi gaaCniaT, magram goneba ara.
aRniSnulis miuxedavad, iona xelaSvili ar Tvlis,
rom gonebiT Semecneba absoluturia, kerZod, RmerTi
adamianis gonebisTvis Seumecnebadia.
iona xelaSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs cnobasa
da zedmiwevnilebas. cnoba SegrZnebebis Sedegia. zedmi-
wevnileba ki gonebis saqmea. aq saWiroa aRqma da gansja
– gonebis moqmedeba. xelaSvili msjelobis or saxes
aRniSnavs – martivsa da logikurs.
iona xelaSvilis SromebSi adamianis gonebis SesaZ-
leblobebis Sefasebisas skepticizmisa da agnosticiz-
mis elementebi SeiniSneba. misi azriT, ,,kacis goneba
friad garSemoweril ars, romeli dabadebulsac ver
miswvdebis srulad”, ,,aravis raime uwyis, Tu ra ars
sofeli garegan, da ukeTu garegan sofeli sacnaur ars,
Sinagani arsni arsTani sadaRame sofelisa brZenTagan
gamoicnos” da sxva amisTanani.
adamianis gonebis arasrulyofilebis maCveneblad
iona xelaSvils miaCnia is faqtic, rom sokrates droi-
dan dRemde filosofosebs surT logikis srulyofa,
magram igi jerac ver mouxerxebiaT. ,,ar aris filoso-
fia sruli logikurad, romel mokvdavTa gulis sity-
vani, e.i. goneba da gulisxmisyofa da neba da Tavisuf-
leba cTomil arian. amisTvis, romel Cuen Zniad
garegani kani, tyavi, qerqi, garsi da zurgi nivTebisa da
arsTa uwyiT dReisa Jamsa egreT da xual ukuTqmiT da
zeg warmoTqmiTa”, wers iona xelaSvili.
aseTia zogadad iona xelaSvilis filosofiuri Se-
xedulebebi da Semecnebis Teoriis sakiTxebis gaazreba.
3. iona xelaSvilis socialuri ideebi. iona xelaSvi-
lis socialuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvisas yuradReba
37
unda mieqces im garemoebas, rom man swored gaigo
ruseT-saqarTvelos kavSiris rogorc dadebiTi, ise
uaryofiTi Sedegebi. iona gveubneba, rom ,,winad lekni
da avarni aoxrebdnen kaxeTs, saguramosa da qarTls,
imereTs, bolniss, gazafxul tyeTa furclisa gamosv-
lidan, vidre dacvenamde. arbevdnen SenobaTa da yofd-
nen.... CvilTa da moxucebulTa da mkvlelni da WabukTa
ganmavaWrebelni TurqTa xelebiTa Sina. awindeli ive-
ria! gixaroden 7 mxiarulebiTa: ganmravlebiTa ekle-
siebs aRyvavebiTa, ganaTlebiTa, sulieri mSvidobiTa
mouklebel locvad da marxvad ganmdidreba caTa Sina
saunjeTa da qveyanasa zeda ganganZRomaTa da Semdgom
saxlTa aRmarTvamde. uSiSroebaTa sparsTa, TurqTa da
lekTagan”8.
aq sworad aris danaxuli ruseT-saqarTvelos gaer-
Tianebis erTi mniSvnelovani dadebiTi Sedegi: mSvido-
bianobis damyareba saqarTveloSi. xelaSvilis es azri
principulad gansxvavdeba batoniSvilTa poziciisgan.
batoniSvilebi, romelTa sulieri moZRvaric iyo iona
xelaSvili, am aqts mxolod uaryofiTad afasebdnen da
masSi sasikeTos verafers xedavdnen. maTgan gansxvave-
biT, xelaSvili aRniSnavda: ,,dReTa amaT winaparni inat-
riden, raTamca TviT exilaT oqrovani saukune ese,
araTu oqrovani, aramed samoTxiuri, romelsaca Sina Se-
vediT, romel ars mSvidoba da kacTa Soris saTnoeba”.
ionas es azri Camoyalibebuli aqvs solomon dodaSvi-
lisadmi gagzavnil werilSi.
iona xelaSvili socialur problemebs Teologiuri
msoflmxedvelobis kuTxidan ixilavs. igi Tvlis, rom
sazogadoebis svla RmerTis nebazea damokidebuli, is-
toriis warmarTveli Zala RmerTia. rogorc adamiani,
ise sazogadoeba zogjer scodavs, arRvevs RmerTis
dawesebul mcnebebs, amitom RmerTisgan sasjelsac
iRebs. urwmunoeba aris mizezi qveynis rogorc Sinagani,
38
ise garegani rRvevisa. magaliTad, ratom gaimarjva
ruseTma napoleonTan omSi? imitom, rom muxlmodreklma
locvam da tirilma gaaZliera ruseTi. xolo napoleo-
ni damarcxda imitom, rom daarRvia saidumloni pir-
veli, meore da meSvide. Seagina eklesiani, 700 sakurT-
xeveli, hyavda meore coli da a. S.
asevea axsnili saqarTvelos aoxreba me-13 saukuneSi
monRolTa mier. imis gamo, rom javaxeTSi Zlier gavr-
celda aTeizmi – sjulis da sarwmunebis sakiTxebze
lizRoba, amitom javaxTa dabebi da qalaqebi RvTis
samZilis sasjeliT mterma aaoxra. ,,erisa didisa gina
mcirisa anu monarxiisa dapyrobasa sxvaTa eriTgan 3
mizezni awarmoeben: odes erTma erma da monarxman dai-
viwyon RvTis msaxureba. eklesiebi dauZlurdnen. roca
monarxs winaparTagan sjuls sayidvels miagebs da
orgulTaTvis dasjis SiSi ara hqondes. amitom erTni
sxvadasxva xarakterisani aRvirsa mcnebisasa dauteveben
da daiwyeben svlasa Tvinier gzisa”.
qveynis rRvevis erT-erTi mizezia monarqisadmi dau-
morCileblobac. misi guli RmerTs upyria xelSi, misi
xeliT ,,ganmarglavs RmerTi RuarZlTa”, e.i. aRmofxvris
borotTa. monarqis SiSs brZanebs saRvTo werili. sameg-
relos mTavris Ze daviTisadmi miweril werilSi xe-
laSvili gadmoscems Tavis Sexedulebebs mTavris
ufleba-movaleobebze. ,,mTavari anu mefe ganaTlebuli
ars mwyemsi cxovarTa TÂisTa wyalobiTa da samarTliTa
gankurnebad. glaxakTa erisa sibrZniTa da simdidriTa
da mSvidobiTa”. man Tavi unda Seswiros mamuls da sxv.
mefe icavs mxedrebiT qveynis mSvidobas, mxvnelT,
mTesvelT da sxv. mefem ar unda gaamravlos uqmad mWa-
meli aznaurebi da vaWrebis raodenoba mxvnelTa, mTes-
velTa da momkelTa metad, raTa ar Semcirdnen miwis
moqmedni. xelaSvilis werilebSi gamoCnda misi mowinave
azri wodebrivi ierarqiis Sesaxeb. werilSi saqarTve-
39
los dedofals mariams igi wers: ,,upirveles yovlisa,
saWiro ars, raTa kaci swavlulebiTa iyos ganaTlebul
da ara mxolod titulsa arTronebiTa, pirvelad iyos
marTl, wminda da patiosan da mere meqon aRsavlobiTi
xarisxisa”.
qveynis garegani da Sinagani rRveva urwmunobiT aris
gamowveuli. magaliTad, mWidro kavSiria volteris ra-
dikalur Sexedulebasa da safrangeTSi momxdar ambebs
Soris. volterma ,,sruliad francielTa dauSrita
sarwmunoeba TÂisisa wignakebiTa, romelTa cxebuli da
cxebulia Tvisi mokles da saxleulni uagvistesni mos-
wyvitnes da iqmnen erTbaSad uembazod unaTlav, vidre
mecxre wlamdis, romelTaca mRvdelni uflisani sru-
liad dakles da aznaurni amoswyvites”9.
gansakuTrebuli kritikis sagania aznauroba, rome-
lic uqmad cxovrobs, ar swavlobs, ar muSaobs da xal-
xis naSromiT cxovrobs. aznauroba mamulisa da xalxis
msaxuri unda iyos. ,,RameTa Sina uZilobiTa TÂisisa
unda ganusvenos ZiliTa mamulisa moqalaqeTa xelni da
saxelni unda iyvnen monarxisaTvis, radgan bevrni
uTaoni ubedur iqnebian ukeTu ara aqvndes mwyemsi”.
zemoT gadmoveciT i. xelaSvilis azri ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb. solomon dodaSvilisadmi miweril werilSi
iona Txovs mas Seadginos proeqti da warudginos mTa-
varmarTebels saswavleblebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb siRnaRSi:
,,aanTe siRnaRSi sanTeli swavlisa, raTa lekebis, da-
RistnelTa da TaTarTa SvilebisaTvis moewyos saswav-
lebeli”10.
unda moispos saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva
xalxTa Soris erovnuli dapirispireba, romelsac zog-
jer am sityvebiT gamoxataven: ,,me qarTveli var da Sen
somexi da arakaci, Sen imereli xar da me qarTleli.
Sen doWamia qarTleli xar da me kaxeli”. saqarTvelos
cxovrebaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, rom jari kaxeTisa
40
qarTls iklebda da piriqiT. aseTi ram saqarTveloSi
unda moispos. am mizniT xelaSvili sxvadasxva sarw-
munoebis Semwynarebel poziciebze dgas. ,,eklesiani da
sinaRoRni da meCeTni TiToeulTa TÂisi aqundes, raTa
ara ikamaTon sjulisaTvis da ara moiZulon erT-erTi,
aramed miaRebinon siyvaruli urTierTisa aRsrulebad
monarxisa nebisa da mamulisa msaxurebisa, rameTu gvami-
sa yovelni asulni TÂissa saqmeebTa aRmaSenebel gua-
misa arian da morCil Tavisasa”.
sasuliero piris vinme parmenisadmi werilSi iona
wers: ,,moixseneT mSvidobisa Tqvenissa mauwyebdeT da
iyaviT frTxilad da araraÁ sTqvaT sawyeni RvTisa da
cxebulisa misiTa, raTa ara frinvelman frTosanma wa-
riRos raime TqvenTagan igavisaebr solomon brZnisi,
aramed ilocavT monarxisa cxebulisaTvis da queSevr-
domTa misTvis da miiReT misgan gansxvaveba”.
aseTia, mokled, iona xelaSvilis socialuri Sexe-
dulebebi.
4. iona xelaSvilis religiuri Sexedulebebi. iona
xelaSvili qarTuli Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobis
mniSvnelovani warmomadgenelia. misi orTodoqsuli,
Teologiuri msoflmxedveloba efuZneba missave filo-
sofiur Sexedulebebs.
samyaro, iona xelaSvilis azriT, Seqmnilia RmerTis
mier. igi eTanxmeba saRvTo werils, RmerTis mier samya-
ros eqvs dReSi Seqmnaze. xelaSvilTan aris miniSneba
logosze – ,,martiv sityvaze”, romlis safuZvelzec
warmoiSva stiqionebi, elementebi da romlebic safuZv-
lad daedo qveynis Seqmnas.
iona xelaSvili iziarebs atomistur Teorias da
iZleva mis idealistur interpretacias. samyaro Sedgeba
atomebisagan, magram TviTon atomebi xom unda warmoSo-
biliyvnen? maT xom ar SeeZloT warmoSobiliyvnen Tavi-
si Tavidan? maSasadame, atomebi unda Seeqmna sxvas. es
41
sxva aramaterialuria, romelmac warmoSva materialu-
ri, igi aris RmerTi. sainteresoa xelaSvilis mier
RmerTis daxasiaTeba, romelic Zalian hgavs Sua sau-
kuneebis religiur-filosofiur daxasiaTebas. kerZod,
RmerTi aris martivi suli, univTo, igi ar SeiZleba
daxasiaTdes raodenobis, Tvisebis, adgilisa da drois
niSnebiT, riTac Cveulebrivi sagnebi xasiaTdeba.
RmerTi, iona xelaSvilis azriT, yvelafris mizezia,
TviTon ki umizezoa. RmerTi yvelgan aris da yvelafer-
Si imyofeba. RmerTi upirvelesi mizezia, igi mizezTa
mizezia, danarCeni mizezebi ki mxolod ,,mizezovani” (e.i.
Sedegi) aris. RmerTi amoZravebs yvelafers, TviTon ki
uZravia. igi ukvdavia, mas ara aqvs warsuli da momava-
li, vinaidan ar icvleba. Aigi rogor unda moZraobdes,
roca mis gareSe araferi ar aris, an ratom da ra
mizniT unda moZraobdes, roca yvelaferi mas Tavis-
TavSi aqvs. mTeli adamianuri moZraobisa da moqmedebis
wyaros RmerTi warmoadgens. i. xelaSvili adamianis
qcevis deterministuli gagebis poziciebze idga.
i. xelaSvili sityva-sityviT imeorebs aristoteles
moZRvrebas uZravi mamoZraveblis Sesaxeb da mas qris-
tianuli moZRvrebis miznebs umorCilebs. am gagebiT xe-
laSvilis filosofia Teologiur filosofias warmo-
adgens. amasTan Teologiur moZRvrebas filosofiur
interpretacias aZlevs.
adamianis gonebas ar ZaluZs RmerTis Semecneba,
radgan gansazRvruli da daboloebuli ganusazRvrelsa
da dauboloebels ver Seimecnebs. RmerTis miwvdomis
erTaderTi gza aris rwmena. RmerTis mimarT codnis
adgils rwmena iWers. RmerTis Semecneba SeiZleba mxo-
lod arapirdapiri gziT – saRvTo werilis meSveobiT _
da im samyaros SemecnebiT, romelic RmerTis qmnilebas
warmoadgens.
42
,,viTarca xatebisagan icnobebis mxatvari da saxli-
sagan saxlis patroni da werilebisagan mTxzveli da
yovelTave xuroTa da xelovanTa xuroTmoZRvari upir-
velesi TÂisiT mizezebulTa mizezad da ese viTarca
saxiTa icnobebis dabadebulTagan dambadebeli, msgav-
sad ze Sesulisa saxeliTa Ziebulni raimeni”11. RmerTis
arseboba dasturdeba samyaros arsebobiT, Seqmnilis ar-
sebobidan Semoqmedis arseboba gamomdinareobs. ,,vic-
nobT Semoqmedsa eseviTarisa didisa saxlisa, romlisa
didebasa mogviTxrobs caÁ da samyaro qveyana”, wers igi
solomon dodaSvils12.
i. xelaSvili icnobs klarkisa da laibnicis cdas
maTematikuri da metafizikuri gziT daasabuTon Rmer-
Tis arseboba13. TviTon ionas zedmetad miaCnia RmerTis
arsebobis mtkiceba maTematikisa da metafizikis gziT,
rogorc amas laibnici akeTebs. gonebas ar SeuZlia
saerTod RmerTis arseboba _ ararsebobis damtkiceba.
RmerTi arsebobs, mis arsebobas amtkicebs qveynis arse-
bobis faqti da samyaros kanonzomiereba da ara gonebis
sibrZne. niutonic xom RmerTis arsebobis aRiarebamde
samyaros kanonzomierebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad mivida –
ambobda igi.
iona xSirad uCivis rwmenis daqveiTebas qarTvelTa
Soris. aseTTa Soris umaRlesi pirnic yofilan. ,,aba me
SememTxva sarClisaTvis eklesiis da sarwmunoebisa da
mamulisa didi friadni kamaTobani da gankafani winaSe
pirispir uganaTlebulesTa qeTevan da grigol da So-
ris brwyinval sofio... da sxuaTa da sxuaTa pirebTa
mimarT”14, wers igi solomon dodaSvils. eklesiaSi ums-
gavso qcevisaTvis ionas SeniSvna miucia Tavadis asuli-
saTvis – pasuxad mas bevri usiamovneba Sexvedria. ag-
reTve ,,eg saxedve vixilen romelime qarTvelni, romel-
nica araTu slavianursa locvasa da wirvasa gaigoneben,
aramed Tuisa xmaTa zedaca Zniad miewifebian zemopir
43
smenasa, romelTaca Soris ukeTu xuTisa mxariT sxuaTa
enis taZari iyos mun miaqceven“.
iona xelaSvils qristianuli sarwmunoebis dacva-
ganmtkiceba pirvelxarisxovan saqmed miaCnia. sarwmunoe-
ba eris TviTmyofis pirveli pirobaa. daicavs ra sarw-
munoebas, misdevs ra mis mcnebebs – iarsebebs qarTveli
xalxi. siwminde da patiosneba ganmtkicdeba qarTvelTa
Soris. qarTvelma xalxma Tavisi arseboba sarwmunoebis
dacviT SeinarCuna.
iona xelaSvilis Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobis
Semadgeneli nawilia misi azri sulisa da sxeulis
urTierTobaze. misi SexedulebiT, adamiani sulisa da
sxeulis erTianobaa. sxeuli nivTieria, igi bunebrivad
aris gaCenili, suli ki RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili,
aramaterialuri, uxilavi da uferoa da, gansxvavebiT
sxeulisagan, ar izrdeba.
suli, sxeulisagan gansxvavebiT, martivia. igi ar
aris Sedgenili nawilebisagan. swored amitomaa igi ukv-
davi da maradiuli. mospoba, ganadgureba mxolod nawi-
lebisagan Sedgenils SeuZlia. unawilebo da Seud-
geneli ki maradiulia. ase asabuTebs i. xelaSvili su-
lis ukvdavebas.
suli sxeulSia moTavsebuli, magram igi misgan
arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. suli martivia, sxeuli ki rTu-
li. amave dros suli i. xelaSvils esmis, rogorc sxeu-
lis sicocxlis wyaro. sxeuli manamde arsebobs, vidre
masSi sulia moTavsebuli. xolo sulis ganSorebis Sem-
deg sxeulic iSleba, ixrwneba. ,,TÂnier sulisa gaixrw-
nebis sikvdilTaze odes ganvides suli”.
magram arc is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqos sxeuls
sulisTvis araviTari pozitiuri funqcia ar hqondes.
garkveuli azriT, suli Tavis moqmedebis asparezs
sxeulSi poulobs. suls moqmedeba SeuZlia sxeulis
safuZvelze. ,,xomaldi aris gvami da suli menave” –
44
ambobs i. xelaSvili. sxeuli aq, garkveuli azriT, gage-
bulia, rogorc sulis iaraRi. suli moixmars sxeuls
imis gasakeTeblad, rac mas surs. marTalia, suls ar
SeuZlia sxeulis gareSe moqmedeba, magram es imas ar
niSnavs, rom suli sxeulze iyos damokidebuli. es azri
sruliad bunebrivia i. xelaSvilis koncefciisaTvis,
romelic sulis substanciurobis Tvalsazriss icavs.
miuxedavad mkveTri sxvadasxvaobisa, amtkicebs i.
xelaSvili, suli da sxeuli umeteswilad erTad, Se-
Tanxmebulad moqmedebs. ,,viTarca orni wisqvilni erT
mxolod dafquaTa moqmedeben, gana orni Tualni erTisa
xedvasa da orni yurni erTsa smenasa da orni xelni
erTsa saqmesa da orni ferxni erTsa da orni pirni
erTsa ynosasa da ena da sasa erTisa gemosa da uSores.
garna ukeTu eseni urTierTisagan ganiyvnen, xolo suli
arasodes ganiSorebis Tuissa qalaqsa, vidre darRuvam-
de sikvdilisagan. egreTueÁ guami qalaqi maradis iZvri-
sobs TÂisa martiv cxovel sulisagan gancxovelebul”15.
xelaSvili mimarTavs eklesiis mamebis silogizms,
raTa daamtkicos misTvis saWiro debulebebi. ,,aha
ramdenime silogizmi davxsna aqare kidur WeSmaritebad.
yoveli martiv mcxoulebeli uxrwnel ars. sulia mar-
tiv mcxoulebeli. maSasadame, ara mokvdebis. romelica
ars martiv mcxoulebeli ama meqon arc SemTxveviTi
rTulebisa, sulia liton cxoueli, maSasadame, ar aris
nivTier. yoveli mflobel Tuissa nebasa zeda uufal
ars. sulia Tavisufali. maSasadame, uuflebs Tuissa
saneburebsa zeda, romeli usaSvelod scnobs Tavsa
Tuissa igi umoqeno ars SemTxveulebisa. suli scnobs
Tuissa martoobasa. maSasadame, ucxo aRnagobisa da
moklebisagan. romeli yovladia arsebiTad misi buneba-
ca igivea. suli yovladi arsia, maSasadame, buneba, ar-
seba misi erTi mxoloa, romeli igonebs igi sityvier
45
ars. suli kacisa ixsenebs, maSasadame, mogonebulTa met-
yuelebs da a.S.”16
i. xelaSvili uaryofs cxovelebisa da mcenareebis
sulebis arsebobas. mcenareebsa da cxovelebs ara aqvT
namdvili suli. mcenareebSi aris zrdis Zala.
cxovelebSi ki ,,mfSvinavi sulia”, magram arc erTs da
arc meores namdvili suli ara aqvT.
i. xelaSvili Tvlis, rom adamianis suls, ,,mfSvinav
suls”, aqvs mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic ara
aqvT cxovelebs. i. xelaSvili adamianis sulis Semdeg
Tvisebebs (an unarebs) CamoTvlis: 1. floba. 2. neba. 3.
goneba. 4. gulisxmisyofa. 5. gansja. 6. survili. 7. midre-
kileba. 8. trfoba. 9. rwmena. 10. sasoeba. 11. siyvaruli. 12.
Sinagan zraxvaTa xseneba. 13. ganmoxatva. 14. gvajioba. 15.
Surveba. 16. moTmineba. 17. myofadisa Zieba. 18. miswrafe-
biT qmna keTilisa. 19. wina mavali svindisi. 20. sixa-
ruli. 21 aRsovlebiTi mxiaruloba da sxv.
iona xelaSvili CamoTvlis, agreTve, adamianis avz-
niani sxeulis uaryofiT niSnebsac – ampartavnoba, vera-
goba, urwmunoeba, urCoba da sxv. (sul 42 ase Tvisebas).
grZnobis organoebi, iona xelaSvilis azriT, adamia-
nis suls awvdis masalas, romelsac suli ganixilavs
da gansjis. grZnobis organoebi am gagebiT sulis
msaxuris rols asrulebs, xolo TviTon suli sulac
ar aris damokidebuli grZnobis organoebze. aq xela-
Svili ekamaTeba loks, romelsac ,,suli kacisa eCvenebis
sxeulevnad” (e.i. materialurad – avt.). Tavisi debu-
lebis dasamtkiceblad loks aseTi argumenti moaqvs:
rodesac mZinavs – aRar vgrZnob, araferi vici Cemi
sulis Sesaxeb, maSasadame, suli materialuria, rbili,
sisxlSi myofi, mgrZnobeli ,,mecnavi fizikuri tkivilis
da siamovnebisa”.
iona xelaSvili akritikebs lokis am Tvalsazriss
da icavs sulis substanciurobis ideas. igi wers: ,,lo-
46
qi romeli azmnebs kacisa meCuinebiso sxeulevanad, da
aRreulad guamebsa Sina TiToeulTasa, romeli ZiliTa
TuisiTa amtkicebda, aba odes mZinavs suli Cemi arRa
uwyio, anu sulman Cemman ara miciso me, maSasadame,
sxeulevan arso, wulili raime lbili sisxlsa Sina
mgrZnobi mecnavi fizikurTa fufunebisa da poletikur-
Ta mxiarulebisa. gina mwuxarebisa da zedarTo: ena Cemi
odesme metyuelebs, suli Cemi meqon ars sxeulisa da
odesme metyvelebs. suli Cemi meqon arso martiv cxo-
velebisa garna me guamisa Cemisa grZnobaebTa uumetes
daverwmunebi, romelTa Tuisni saqmeni aqsiomad aqvsTo
da moqmedeben TuisTa praktikebTa. aba ese viTari
sxeulevanad meocne loq britaniisa ganbelta ufalman
klarkman, da sruliad anglelTa gankurTes sibrZnisa
kalmebisa kurTxebiTa, argnebiTa, kurTxebiTa, Solte-
biTa, maTraxebiTa, azarmacebiTa da ketebiTa da keTil
filosofiisa Surdulebisa quibTa mqisebTagan da wyl-
tuebTa da erTbaSad pariJisa akademiisa wevrni prafe-
sorni, rektorni, direktorni da doxtur filosofosni,
da ufrosRa RvTismetyvelni daecnen usaxurTa mas loq-
sa, WurWelsa mas demonisasa da dauyves piri peroiani,
romelman verRaraÁ sityvan ugo, zemoxsenebulsa sulisa
meqonTa, amad auarda slokini mZime gangobilisa kuWisa
da esreT mwuxarebiT ganvida suli mis loqisa da mZori
misi saTno demonTi dascxra cmagvisagan, romlisa oTx-
ni tomni wignebi gauqmda da esreT oflni Tusni uqmad
Seercxa loqsa mas usaZaglessa piTagorisasa”.
werilSi solomon dodaSvilisadmi iona mas afTxi-
lebs: ,,ekrZaleT sulebi martiv mcxovebeli ara war-
moidginoT ganfenilebisa queSe”. aseve arasworia ,,yba
ZaRlisa - volteri”, romelic suls niavad Tvlis da
qilikobiT ekiTxeba eqimebs: ,,aha, Tqven umjobesad iciT
sad imyofebian sulebi _ tvinSi, gulSi, TmaTa ZirebSi
Tu frClebSi?”.
47
iona xelaSvili sulis gagebis sakiTxebSi ekamaTeba
laibnicsac. Tu yovelive sulisgan anu monadisagan
Sedgeba, rogorc amas ambobs laibnici, maSin, xelaSvi-
lis azriT, gamodis, rom sulia yvelaferi, maT Soris
uwmindurebanic, kerZod: ,,cinglni misni wvintlni,
furTxniu, bototni, duJni, nerwyvni da welebis da
kuWis skoreni... da Sarini misni sulebi arian, egreTve
Tmani, wverni... frCxilni, kani, tyavni, xorcni, sisxlni,
tvinni, ZarRvni, Tagunni da tenonni da...yoveli
Signeulni da Zvalni misni”.
iona xelaSvili laparakobs oTxgvari sulis Sesaxeb
– angelozTa, wmindaTa, demonTa da kacTa. yovel arse-
bas, romelsac aqvs goneba, aqvs sulic. suls ganfeni-
loba ar axasiaTebs da amitomac gansxvavdeba sagnisgan.
iona xelaSvilis Teologiuri Sexedulebebi misi
saerTo msoflmxedvelobis safuZvelzea agebuli da
Seesabameba Tavisi epoqis suliskveTebas.
$2 daviT bagrationi (1767-1819)
1. sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba.
daviT bagrationis naturfilosofiuri Sexedulebani
gadmocemulia mis wignSi ,,Semoklebuli fizika”, rome-
lic gankuTvnili iyo saxelmZRvanelod qarTveli axal-
gazrdobisaTvis. es Txzuleba pirvelad 1954 wels v.
parkaZem gamosca da komentarebi daurTo.
daviT bagrationis ,,Semoklebuli fisika“ (1818) im
periodSi iqmneboda, rodesac bunebismecniereba ukve ga-
moeyo filosofias da orTavem damoukidebloba moi-
pova; swored amitom masSi naturfilosofiuri Sexedu-
lebani SedarebiT mcirea misi winamorbedi avtorebis
48
(kerZod, anton pirvelis) analogiuri xasiaTis Txzule-
bebTan SedarebiT.
swored amaze metyvelebs fizikis sagnis is gan-
sazRvreba, romelsac daviT bagrationi gvTavazobs.
,,fisika ars xelovneba gina swavla, romelica gviCvenebs
TvisebaTa nivTTa da gangvicxadebs mizezTa bunebiTTa
gancxadebaTa”17. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, daviT bagratio-
ni fizikas gansazRvravs rogorc mecnierebas materiis
Tvisebebisa da materialuri mizezebis Sesaxeb. materiis
qveS aq tradiciulad nivTobrivi samyaro igulisxmeba.
miuxedavad amisa, am gansazRvrebas ufro metad natur-
filosofiuri Sinaarsi aqvs, vidre fizikuri, vinaidan
laparakia materialuri samyaros (tradiciuli gagebiT)
uzogades Tvisebebsa da aseTsave uzogades mizezebze.
maT Semecnebas swored naturfilosofia cdilobda, ro-
melic ar ifargleboda martooden fizikuri Tvisebe-
bisa da mizezebis gamokvleviT.
fizikis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli gageba imdenad far-
Toa, rom yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas moicavs.
,,nivTTa Tvisebebi” an ,,bunebiTi mizezebi”, romelTac
fizika swavlobs, Tanamedrove gagebiT, SeiZleba iyos
rogorc fizikuri, aseve qimiuri, biologiuri, astrono-
miuli da a.S. aq laparaki ar aris specifikur fi-
zikursa da qimiur Tvisebebsa da mizezebze. daviT
bagrationis ,,Semoklebul fisikaSi” ganxilulia ara
mxolod fizikis (Tanamedrove gagebiT), aramed agreTve
qimiis, biologiis, astronomiis, meteorologiis sakiT-
xebic.
amasTanave, daviTi xedavs am mecnierebaTa Soris gan-
sxvavebas. magaliTad, igi miuTiTebs fizikisa da astro-
nomiis gansxvavebaze. ,,sxva ars varskvlavTmricxvelobaÁ
da sxva ars fisikaÁ”18. aseve iTqmis sxva sabunebismety-
velo mecnierebebzec, romlebic daviTis epoqaSi an ukve
diferencirebuli iyo da an diferenciaciis gzas adga.
49
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom fizikis cne-
bas daviT bagrationi ori mniSvnelobiT xmarobs. erTi
mxriv, fizikas gansazRvravs, rogorc mecnierebas
sxeulTa uzogades Tvisebebze, romelTa Soris, garda
fizikuri Tvisebebisa, qimiuri, biologiuri da sxva
Tvisebebic igulisxmeba. am SemTxvevaSi daviTi fizikas
zogadi mniSvnelobiT xmarobs. magram, meore mxriv, igi
erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sxvadasxva sabunebismetyve-
lo mecnierebas (magaliTad, fizikasa da astronomias)
da, maSasadame, ganasxvavebs sxeulebis fizikur, qimiur-
sa da sxva Tvisebebs. am SemTxvevaSi fizikis cneba viw-
ro mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. daviT bagrationis ,,Semokle-
bul fisikaSi” arCeulia gadmocemis pirveli gza, e.i.
naturfilosofiuri pozicia. es erTxel kidev adastu-
rebs, rom daviTi samyaros filosofiur gaazrebas pir-
velad mniSvnelobas aniWebs da, maSasadame, xedavs na-
turfilosofiis Rirebulebas adamianis codnis sistema-
Si.
fizikis cnebis gansazRvrebisas daviTi iZleva mec-
nierebaTa klasifikacias sabunebismetyvelo da arasa-
bunebismetyvelo mecnierebad. rodesac igi fizikas gan-
sazRvravs rogorc ,,mizezTa bunebiTTa” Semswavlel
mecnierebad, maSin mis qveS mTeli bunebismecniereba
igulisxmeba. swored bunebismecniereba swavlobs ,,mi-
zezTa bunebiTTa”, maSin, maSin roca sxva mecnierebani
,,arabunebriv” mizezebs ikvlevs. es ukanasknelni ki ar
aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebani.
,,nivTebisa” da ,,nivTierebis” qveS daviT bagrations
materia esmis. amdenad, igi nivTierebas materiis erTa-
derT formad Tvlis. fizikis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli
gansazRvrebac aseT SemTxvevaSi naturfilosofiur JRe-
radobas iZens. saxeldobr fizika, am gansazRvrebis
Tanaxmad, aris mecniereba materialuri arsisa da misi
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
50
nivTebs, romlebic bunebaSi gvxdeba da SegrZnebebSi
gveZleva, daviT bagrationi ,,sxeuls” uwodebs. amrigad,
SegrZnebebSi mocemuloba (misi principuli SesaZleblo-
ba) CaTvlilia fizikuri sxeulebis ZiriTad niSnad. es
niSnavs, rom daviT bagrationi materialuri sxeulebis
SegrZnebebSi mocemulobas aRiarebs (,,queSe Semvrdomi
sagrZnobelTa”). es Tvalsazrisi kargad cnobili iyo
klasikur filosofiaSi. daviT bagrationic am Tval-
sazriss iziarebs.
amrigad, daviT bagrationi materialuri sxeulebis
grZnobadi Semecnebis damcvelia. maT grZnobadi dakvir-
vebis safuZvelze SevimecnebT. dakvirveba aris ,,ganxil-
va nivTTa bunebisa mdebarebasa Sina maTsa”, e.i. iseTis,
rogoric sinamdvileSia; cda ki aris sxeulebis mdgoma-
reobis ,,ganxilva”, ramdenadac mas adamianis unari
swvdeba (,,gamocdilebanica arian ganxilvani nivTTani,
sadac esreTsa mdgoobsa Sina miiwvTobis ZaliTa da
xelovnebiTa”19).
rogorc vxedavT, aq daviTi Semecnebis empiristuli
Teoriis poziciebze dgas; sagnis Tvisebebi SegrZnebeb-
Si, gamocdilebaSi, dakvirvebaSi gveZleva. cda Semecne-
bis mTavari wyaroa. daviT bagrationis aseTi gnoseolo-
giuri pozicia sruliad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu gaviTva-
liswinebT im garemoebas, rom igi frangi ganmanaTleb-
lebis gavlenas ganicdis, romlebic Semecnebis empiris-
tul Teorias iziarebdnen.
daviTi miuTiTebs dakvirvebis, cdis SesaZleblobis
aucilebel pirobebze; amasTanave, es pirobebi mas ara
filosofiuri, aramed sabunebismetyvelo azriT esmis.
,,da raiTamca gasinjva iyos marjve, moiTxovebis, pirve-
lad, simrTele sagrZnobelTa CvenTa; meored, WurWelni
(ese igi iaraRni) SemTxvevasa Sina ususurobisa grZno-
baTa CvenTasa; mesamed, Jami Sesabami, meoTxed, Sesaqmi
adgilni da mexuTed, damyudroebiTi yuradReba”20. erTi
51
sityviT, dakvirvebisaTvis aucilebelia grZnobis orga-
noebis janmrTeloba, dakvirvebis saSualebani (,,WurWel-
ni”), saTanado dro, adgili da yuradReba. aseTia, misi
azriT, empiriuli dakvirvebis aucilebeli pirobebi.
sxeulTa Tvisebebs daviT bagrationi or jgufad
yofs; zogad (,,komunes”) da kerZod (,,partikulares” anu
,,saTaviso”). zogadi iseT Tvisebebs ewodeba, ,,romelnica
yovelTadTa sxeulTasa Sina poebul arian”, e.i. yvela
sxeuls axasiaTebs da, maSasadame, universalur jgufs
ekuTvnis (,,saTaviToni Tvisebani arian igini, romelnica
romelTame sxeulTa Sina ipoebian”). aq, erTi SexedviT,
saqme gvaqvs tradiciul moZRvrebasTan materiis pirve-
ladi da meoradi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. pirveladia sub-
stanciuri Tvisebebi, romelic yvela materialurs axa-
siaTebs, xolo meoradi (kerZo) – materialuris ama Tu
im formas ekuTvnis. AaseT pirvelad (zogad) Tvisebebad
daviT bagrationi acxadebs, uwinares yovlisa, ganfeni-
lobas, simkvrives, Rrmulobas, dayofadobas, inercias,
mizidulobas da a.S.
pirveladsa da meorad Tvisebebze tradiciuli
moZRvrebis Sesabamisad, daviT bagrations miaCnia, rom e.
w. meoradi Tvisebebi, magaliTad, feri, ar ekuTvnis
sagans TavisTavad. ,,mcnobeloba (cda – s.a.) gviCvenebs, –
wers igi, – viTarmed ferovneba ara poebul ars bunebi-
Tad nivTTa Sina, aramed SemTxveviTad... sxeuls ara aqvs
ferovneba, Tavisi aramed Sedgebis igi cvalebadobisa
gamo epifaniisa (zedapirisa) – atomTa” ($86). aseve
iTqmis sxva meorad Tvisebebze.
amis miuxedavad, daviT bagrationis Sexeduleba meo-
radi Tvisebebis Sesaxeb tradiciuli Tvalsazrisisagan
gansxvavdeba. loki meorad Tvisebebs subieqturad
Tvlida, romelic, misi azriT, subieqtTan mimarTebaSi
warmoiSoba. daviT bagrationi ki, marTalia, maT ,,SemTx-
veviTs” uwodebs, magram obieqturi mizezebiT xsnis.
52
magaliTad, sagnis fers igi atomTa zedapiris cvale-
badobis Sedegad Tvlis. igi SemTxveviTia im azriT, rom
sagnis bunebidan ar gamomdinareobs.
daviT bagrationi yovelive materialuris uarsebi-
Tes niSnad ganfenilobas asaxelebs, romlis qveS mas
esmis sxeulis is Tviseba, rom eWiros garkveuli ad-
gili da hqondes sazRvari. ,,ganfeniloba ars Tviseba
nivTisa ese viTari, romelic ipyrobs adgilsa da aqvs
sazRvari da nakveTi da amas aqvs sami ganzomilebaÁ: ese
igi sigrZe, sivrce (sigane – s.a.) da sizrqe, romelnica
geometriasa Sina xilul ars gancalkevebiT urTierTi-
sagan; xolo fisikasa Sina es araodes ixmevis, vinaidgan
fisikaÁ Seiwynarebs mxolod oden gansjasa esreTTa
nivTTasa viTarca arian igini; xolo yovelTa sxeul-
Tagani raodenca iyvnen wvlil, maradis Tanamdebarian
qonebad qvemoÁsa, zemoÁsa, winasa, ukanaÁsa da gverdTa;
da eseni Seadrgenen sigrZesa da sizrqesa. da oden
sxeulTa eqmnebis ese yovelni, maSasadame, Tanamdeb ars
ganfenilobisa qonebad”21.
ganfeniloba sivrcis ganzomilebebSi mJRavndeba.
daviTi CamoTvlis ra sivrcis ganzomilebebs, romelTac
geometria swavlobs, miuTiTebs, rom geometria sagnebs
ganixilavs abstraqtulad. igi aseve iqceva sivrcis
ganzomilebebis mimarT, romelTac erTmaneTisagan gan-
calkevebiT ganixilavs (,,geometriasa Sina xilul arian
gancalkevebiT urTierTisagan”). fizika ki realur sag-
nebsa da movlenebs ikvlevs; misi sagania ara abstraq-
tuli obieqtebi, aramed realuri sagnebi (,,fisikaÁ
Seiwynarebs mxolod oden gansjasa esreTsa nivTTasa,
viTarmed arian igini”). yovel sxeuls, ragind mcirec
ar unda iyos, aqvs zemoxsenebuli sami ganzomileba, vi-
naidan sxvagvarad ganfenilobis arseboba SeuZlebelia;
sami ganzomileba erTad Seadgens ganfenilobas (,,eseni
Seadgenen sigrZesa, siganesa da sizrqesa da oden
53
sxeulTa eqmnebis ese yoveli, maSasadame Tanamdeb ars
ganfenilobasa qonebad”).
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom daviT bag-
rationi sivrcis gagebis sakiTxSi aristotelesa da
dekartis Tvalsazriss iziarebs. ganfeniloba mas esmis
rogorc sidide, romelsac sivrcis sami ganzomileba
miewereba. amasTanave, ganfeniloba, sidide da sivrce
gaigivebulia. sxvagvarad es niSnavs sivrcisa da sxeu-
lis gaigivebas, rac yvelaze mkafiod dekartma gamoTqva.
,,Cven arasodes ar ganvasxvavebT sivrces sigrZiT, si-
farTiTa da siRrmiT ganfenilobisagan”22 Semdeg: ,,ad-
gili da sivrce sxeuls garda arafers ar aRniSnavs”23.
daviT bagrationic analogiur Tvalsazriss iziarebs,
rodesac igi ganfenilobas (sidides), romelic sxeuls
ekuTvnis da misgan ganuyrelia, sivrcesTan aigivebs
(sivrcis ganzomilebebs miawers). es arsebiTad niSnavs
absoluturi (carieli) sivrcis uaryofas da, maSasada-
me, sivrcisa da drois relativisturi Teoriis pozi-
ciebze dgomas.
daviTi gveubneba, rom sami ganzomileba yvela
sxeulSi ar Cans, magram, vinaidan yvela sxeuls, ,,ro-
melnica qveSe Sevrdom arian sagrZnobelTa CvenTa“ aqvs
ganfeniloba, amitom maT es sami ganzomilebac unda
hqondeT. ganzomileba da ganfeniloba erTi da igivea,
an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, ganfeniloba SeuZlebelia
ganzomilebis gareSe. erTi sityviT, daviT bagrationi
amtkicebs mikrosxeulebis ganfenilobisa da ganzomi-
lebis arsebobas.
materialuri sxeulebis Semdeg arsebiT Tvisebas
simtkice (simkvrive) anu ,,sizrqe” warmoadgens. am Tvi-
sebas daviTi laTinurad uwodebs ,,inpenetrabilobas”
anu Seuvalobas. es niSnavs, rom erT adgilze ori sxeu-
li ver moTavsdeba (,,romelsa adgilsa verodes daipy-
54
robs nivTi meoreÁ, sadaca pirvel mdebareobs”). am
SemTxvevaSic igrZnoba dekartis gavlena.
aq sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom daviT bagrations
adgili, aristoteles msgavsad, esmis rogorc sazRvari.
sxeulis mier ,,adgilis pyroba” da ,,sazRvris qoneba”
erTi da igivea. aristotele fiqrobda, rom adgili
sagnebisagan damoukidebeli arsi ki ar aris, aramed igi
niSnavs mocemuli sxeulis gansazRvrulobas sxva sxeu-
lebis mier. marTalia, daviT bagrations ara aqvs
bolomde Camoyalibebuli sivrcis relativisturi
Teoria (dekartisa da, gansakuTrebiT, laibnicisagan
gansxvavebiT), magram is ki udavoa, rom igi xSirad
absoluturi sivrcis Teorias emijneba.
materialuri sxeulebis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad
daviT bagrationi ,,forovanebas” Tvlis, rac imas niS-
navs, rom yvela sxeuls aqvs Rrmulebi, e.i. sicariele
(,,amad romeli soflisa Sina ara ars esreTi sxeuli,
romel ara aqvndes forni”). sxeulebis SekumSva da ga-
farToeba SesaZlebelia am Rrmulebis (,,forebis”) sa-
SualebiT. absoluturi simkvrivis pirobebSi SekumSva
an gafarToeba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ,,forovaneba sxeu-
lisa ars mizezi ganSlisa da SexruStvisa gina SemWir-
Svisa masisa ara cvalebiTa Sedgmulebisagan Tvisisa”24.
igulisxmeba, rom sicarielis cneba daviT bagra-
tions dekartisa da anton pirvelis msgavsad esmis; sa-
xeldobr, igi Tvlis, rom sxeulebSi arsebuli Rrmule-
bi savsea eTeriT, yovelgvar ,,sicarieles” eTeri avsebs.
,,ganra eTerica ars uTxelesi stixioni, romelsa hgo-
neben, reca igi yovelsa sivrcesa soflisasa aRavseb-
des”25. amrigad, absoluturad carieli sivrce ar arse-
bobs. am SemTxvevaSi daviT bagrationis Tvalsazrisi
antonis Tvalsazrisisgan ar gansxvavdeba.
sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom eTers daviT bagra-
tioni ,,stiqionad” Tvlis; qarTuli naturfilosofiis
55
istoriaSi es Tvalsazrisi sakmaod cnobilia, romelic
aristoteledan momdinareobs. swored aristotele
Tvlida, rom cecxlis, wylis, haerisa da miwis garda
arsebobs eTeric, rogorc mexuTe stiqioni, romelic
pirveli oTxisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi ufro
faqizia, ,,zebunebrivia”, ciur sxeulebs ekuTvnis. magram
eTeris daxasiaTebisas daviT bagrationi imowmebs ara
aristoteles, aramed ,,did basils” (330-379) (basili
kesarieli, basili didi), cnobil saeklesio moRvawes,
romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis qristianuli dogma-
tebis dafuZnebis saqmeSi. damowmebulia, agreTve, ioane
damaskeli, romlis mixedviT ,,eTeri ariso usubuqesi da
zeuaRmavlesi nivTTa, cecxli, romlisa dawesebasa
Semdgomad cisa da wesebisa ityviano”. aqac miTiTebulia
eTeris zebunebriv Tvisebebze (iseve rogorc aristo-
telesTan), Tumca igi mainc mexuTe stiqionad iTvleba.
daviT bagrationi gvauwyebs eTeris fizikur Tvisebeb-
sac. saxeldobr, igi eTers, imdroindeli fizikis Sesa-
bamisad, sinaTlis gavrcelebis saSualebad Tvlis. ,,ro-
melnime ityvian esreTca; reca eTerisa ZaliT ganvrc-
nebodes naTeli esreT, viTarca haerisa ZliT bgeraÁ”26.
erTi sityviT, eTeris fizikuri daniSnulebaa sinaTlis
gavrceleba, iseve rogorc haeri xels uwyobs bgeris
gavrcelebas.
aq isic sainteresoa, rom daviT bagrationi carieli
sivrcis SesaZleblobas uaryofs. igi Tvlis, rom
carieli sivrce ar arsebobs arc mTels samyaroSi da
arc calkeul sxeulebSi. yvelaferi savsea eTeriT.
carieli sivrcis uaryofa ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, sivr-
cisa da drois relativisturi Teoriis erT-erTi Ziri-
Tadi niSania.
materialuri sxeulebi, daviTis azriT, struqturul
mTlianobas warmoadgens, nawilebisagan Sedgeba da, ma-
Sasadame, rTulia. sxeulebi ,,ars Sedgmul SerwymulTa-
56
gan kerZoTa” (nawilebisagan)Dda amitom ,,yovelsa sxeul-
sa SevracxT Serwymulad... yoveli sxeuli Zalidebis
ganwvalebad”27. amis safuZvelze daviTi fiqrobs, rom
sxeulebis warmoSoba niSnavs maT Sedgenas nawilebisa-
gan, xolo mospoba – nawilebad daSlas. sxeulTa rTu-
li Sedgenilobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda maTi
warmoSoba da daSla. am ideas emyareboda materiis
maradiulobis koncefcia klasikur filosofiur az-
rovnebaSi. materia iSleba atomebad, xolo atomebi
martivia, Seudgenelia da, maSasadame, aRar iSleba, ar
ispoba. es ki niSnavs materiis maradiulobas.
atomisturi filosofia sxeulTa individuaciis au-
cilebel pirobad carieli sivrcis arsebobas Tvlida.
sxeulebs erTmaneTisagan carieli sivrce gamoyofs. es
Tvalsazrisi dekartma uaryo da daamtkica, rom carie-
li sivrce ara marto ar aris saganTa individuaciis
aucilebeli piroba, aramed, piriqiT, carieli sivrcis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi saganTa individuacia (erTmaneTi-
sagan gamoyofa) SeuZlebeli iqneboda. arsebiTad amave
poziciebze dgas daviT bagrationi, romelic carieli
sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs da moZraobasa da saganTa
individuacias savse sivrcis safuZvelze xsnis.
daviT bagrationi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs or-
gvar Sedgenilobas: raodenobrivsa da ,,SerwymulobiTs”,
romlis qveS Tvisebrivi Sedgeniloba igulisxmeba. rao-
denobrivi Sedgenilobis daSlisas sagani igive rCeba
(,,raodenobiTni Semdgomad ganyofisa ara warswymeden
arsebasa TÂissa”), xolo ,,SerwymulobiTis” daSlisas
sul sxva sagans viRebT. magaliTad, marmarilos natexi
kvlav marmariloa (esaa raodenobrivi anu meqanikuri
daSla), xolo simJavis daSla sxva nivTierebas gvaZ-
levs. amasTanave daviTi Tvlis, rom raodenobrivi anu
meqanikuri daSla imdenad mravalferovania (,,esoden
57
mraval ars”), rom mas ,,verasodes miswvdebian goneba
kacobrivi”28.
zogjer sxeulebi TavisTavad iyofa (,,bunebaÁ gan-
swvalavs uuwvliliadesad”). magaliTad, zogierTi siT-
xis suni mTel oTaxs avsebs; aseve mcire saRebavi bevr
wyals Seaferadebs. am SemTxvevaSic dayofasTan gvaqvs
saqme. yovelive es amtkicebs, rom ,,ganwvaleba sxeulisa
aRvals uzomosa wvliliadobasa, garna gulisxmiyofaÁ
aCvenebs, viTarmed ZvlilRa ara aqvs mas dasasruli”29.
aq daviT bagrationi metad saintereso azrs ga-
moTqvams; saxeldobr, igi mianiSnebs nivTierebis usas-
rulo dayofadobis SesaZleblobaze. zogierTi mkvle-
vari amaSi atomebis dayofis SesaZleblobis daSvebas
xedavs, Tumca rogorc qvemoTac vnaxavT, daviT bagra-
tioni atomebis ganuyoflobis Tvalsazriss iziarebs.
daviT bagrationi elinisturi atomisturi Teoriis
damcvelia, Tvlis, rom yvela materialuri sxeuli ato-
mebisagan Sedgeba. ,,atom leqs ars elinuri, romelica
niSnavs pirvel dasabamisobiTTa nawilakTa nivTTasa,
romelTa mier Sedgebis yoveli nivTierebani”30 (sqolio).
amasTanave igi atoms ganmartavs, rogorc nivTierebis
Semadgenel elementarul nawilaks. ,,atomi niSnavs uka-
nasknelsa aRlevasa wertilisa, romelica arRara ganiW-
rebis da ara ganikveTebis da arRara aRirevis uwvli-
liadesac kerZo igi”31 (sqolio). es niSnavs, rom daviT
bagrations atomisturi Teoria tradiciulad esmis,
saxeldobr Tvlis, rom atomi aris nivTierebis dayofis
sazRvari, TavisTavad ganuyofeli erTeuli. amitom
laparaki imis Sesaxeb, rom TiTqos daviT bagrationma
atomebis gayofa iwinaswarmetyvela da amiT TiTqos
daZlia tradiciuli atomisturi moZRvreba, safuZvel-
moklebulia.
TviTon Semecnebis procesic daviT bagrations Ziri-
Tadad tradiciuli atomisturi Teoriis farglebSi
58
esmis. igi Tvlis, rom SegrZneba aris nivTierebis
umciresi nawilakebis aRqma. es nawilakebi exebian Cveni
grZnobis organoebs (,,Seexebian sagrZnobelTa CuenTa”)
da viRebT SegrZnebas. daviTis gnoseologiuri koncef-
cia tradiciuli atomisturi Teoriisagan mxolod imiT
gansxvavdeba, rom es ukanaskneli racionalisturi iyo
(vinaidan atomebi, Zveli atomistikis mixedviT, SegrZ-
nebebSi ar gveZleva). daviT bagrationi empiristuli da
sensualisturi Semecnebis Teoriis poziciebze dgas,
rac aSkarad frangi ganmanaTleblebis gavlenis Sede-
gia.
atomi individualuria, TavisTavad arsebuli arsia,
amitom mas daviTi zogjer monadas uwodebda. ,,monadi –
wers igi – es niSnavs myofobasa da arsebasa ara
Serwymulobisa da arca meqonisa kerZoTasa, ese igi
kerZosa, uwvliliadessa, romlis gayofa da dawvlile-
baRa ara Zalidebis”32 (sqolio). rogorc vxedavT, aq
monada atomis sinonimad ixmareba da sruliadac ara
aqvs is mniSvneloba, rac mas laibnicis monadologiaSi
hqonda. isic naTelia, rom daviT bagrationi icnobs
laibnicis moZRvrebas monadebze, magram ar iziarebs
mas, vinaidan laibnicis monadologia daviT bagratio-
nis msoflmxedvelobasTan SeuTavsebelia.
miuxedavad amisa, daviT bagrationi dogmaturad
rodi dgas atomisturi Teoriis poziciebze. saxeldobr,
igi zogjer mainc meryeobs nivTierebis dayofis
sazRvris aRiarebis sakiTxebSi. sxeulTa raodenobrivsa
da Tvisebriv dayofas, amtkicebs igi, dasasruli ar
unda hqondes (,,ZÂlRa aqvs mas dasasruli”). amasTan
dakavSirebiT igi aRniSnavs, rom ,,ganwvaleba (daSla,
dayofa – avt.) sxeulisa aRvals uzomosa wvlialia-
dobasa, garna gulisxmisyofaÁ aCvenebs, viTarmed ZÂlRa
ara aqvs mas dasasruli, xolo vinca ukuÀ ara
Seiwynarebs ganuwvaleblobasa (dauyoflobas – avt.)
59
nivTisasa maT SuÀnis movlad maT nawilTadmi, ro-
melTaca zeda daadgebis ganuwvaleblobaÁ, romelTaca
maT filosofosTagan ewodebis atomad da monadad”33.
daviT bagrationi sxeulTa erT-erT ZiriTad Tvise-
bad inertulobas Tvlis; am Tvisebis daZleva aris
moZraoba; moZraoba ki, misi azriT, aris adgilis cva-
lebadoba. ,,moZraoba aris cvaleba adgilisa sxeulTa-
sa”34. am SemTxvevaSi igi moZraobis metafizikuri Teo-
riis poziciebze dgas, vinaidan moZraobis amgvari ga-
geba sivrcisa da drois metafizikur Teorias emyareba,
im Teorias, romelic absoluturi sivrcisa da drois
arsebobas uSvebs. am Teoriis safuZvelze adgili
gagebulia rogorc ,,WurWeli”, xolo moZraoba mas esmis
rogorc erTi adgilidan meoreze gadanacvleba. amasTa-
nave, daviT bagrationi am SemTxvevaSi martooden meqa-
nikur moZraobas (adgilgadanacvlebas) gulisxmobs da
arafers ambobs Tvisebrivi cvalebadobis Sesaxeb. cno-
bilia, rom Tvisebriv cvalebadobas jer kidev aris-
totele moZraobis erT-erT formad Tvlida.
daviT bagrationi moZraobis sayovelTaobis ideas
iziarebs; yvelaferi moZraobs, amis gareSe buneba mkvda-
ri iqneba. ,,arca erTi gancxadebani da SemTxvevani sof-
lisa Sina iqmnebian Tvinier moZraobisa da yovelni bu-
nebani Tvinier amisa iqmnenca mkvdar”35.
moZraoba materiis erT-erTi ganuyreli Tvisebaa. igi
materiis gareSe iseve ar arsebobs, rogorc ganfenilo-
ba. moZraoba sxeulis sazogado Tvisebaa, ,,romelnica
yovelTa sxeulTa Sina arian, e.i. moucilebelia iseve,
rogorc ganfeniloba”.
frangi materialistebis kvaldakval, daviT bagra-
tioni mtkiced icavda moZraobisa da materiis ganuy-
relobis Tvalsazriss. gansxvavebiT niutonisagan, rome-
lic Tvlida, rom moZraoba ar aris materiasTan auci-
leblobiT dakavSirebuli (materia TavisTavad inertu-
60
lia), daviT bagrationma ukuagdo niutonis es warmod-
gena da materiisa da moZraobis erTianoba aRiara.
97-e paragrafSi daviTi wers: ,,xolo saxeliTa damJa-
vebisaTa, datkbilebisa, aduRebisaTa, igulisxmebis
moZraoba SinaganTa nawilakTa maT Soris poebulTa,
romelnica ganiwvalebian da Seadrgenen axalsa nivTsa”,
e.i. Sinagani nawilakebis moZraobis Sedegad erTi niv-
Tiereba iSleba da meore nivTiereba iqmneba. materiisa
da moZraobis ganuyrelobis idea metad mniSvnelovani
momentia ara mxolod daviT bagrationis msoflmxed-
velobaSi, aramed saerTod axali drois filosofiis
istoriaSi. cnobilia, rom am ideas filosofosTa um-
ravlesoba (rogorc materialistebi, ise idealistebi)
uaryofda. es garemoeba gansakuTrebiT gaaZliera niuto-
nis fizikis (klasikuri fizikis) Camoyalibebam, romlis
erT-erT ZiriTad kanons inerciis kanoni warmoadgens.
es kanoni swored imas ambobs, rom materialur sxeu-
lebs inertulobis Tviseba gaaCniaT, maT ar SeuZliaT
garegani zemoqmedebis gareSe amoZraveba an SeCereba.
swored amitom warmoiSva ,,pirveli biZgis” Teoria, ro-
melic moZraobas materiaSi garedan Semotanilad Tvli-
da. mas Semdeg, rac materias gareSe Zalam moZraoba
mianiWa (,,pirveli biZgi”), igi ganuwyvetlad moZraobs da
misi moZraobis raodenobac ar icvleba. TavisTavad ki
materia mkvdaria, inertulia, Sinagan Zalasa da ener-
gias moklebulia. ,,pirveli biZgi” moZraobis faqtis
axsnas emsaxureboda, rac mravalma moazrovnem (tolan-
di, holbaxi) uaryo. es Tvalsazrisi materiis da moZ-
raobis ganuyrelobis ideamde mivida. aseT SemTxvevaSi
ki pirveli biZgis saWiroebac moixsna da materialis-
turi Teoria ufro Tanamimdevruli gaxda (,,pirveli
biZgis” Teoria idealisturi momenti iyo materialis-
tur msoflmxedvelobaSi). am moazrovneTa ricxvs daviT
bagrationic miekuTvneba. SesaZlebelia es frangi mate-
61
rialistebis (kerZod holbaxis) gavleniT aixsnas. mag-
ram yvela SemTxvevaSi es idea daviT bagrationis
msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momentia.
daviT bagrations ufro xSirad moZraoba meqanikur
moZraobamde dahyavda. ,,igi raica scvalebs mdgoobisa-
gan romelsame sxeulsa iwodebis Zalad. xolo odes
romelsame damyudroebulsa sxeulsa zeda imoqmedebs
viTarime Zala, daZlevs Zala igi sizrqesa sxeulisasa,
maSin warmoiSvebis moZraoba. da esreT moZraoba ars
cvaleba adgilisa sxeulisa”.
cxadia, aq laparakia moZraobis umartives formaze,
saxeldobr meqanikur moZraobaze, kerZod, inerciis
Tvisebaze, romelic meqanikur moZraobas axasiaTebs.
sxeulis mdgomareobas (mis adgils), gveubneba daviT
bagrationi, cvlis mxolod gareSe Zala. amis gareSe
sxeuli uZravi rCeba. sxeuli maSin amoZravdeba, rode-
sac masze moqmedi gareSe Zala gamoiyvans mas arsebuli
mdgomareobidan. aseTia meqanikuri moZraoba anu sxeul-
Ta adgilgadanacvleba. amrigad, moZraoba (meqanikuri
moZraoba) aq warmodgenilia, rogorc Zalebis zemoqme-
debis Sedegi, rac inerciis kanonTan aris dakavSirebu-
li.
arc is aris sakvirveli, rom daviT bagrationi moZ-
raobis mxolod erTaderT formaze – meqanikur moZrao-
baze laparakobs. igi uTuod icnobda moZraobis sxva
formebsac, magram meqanikuri moZraoba xom yvelaze
ZiriTadi da martivia, romelic yvela sxva formebSi
monawileobs. garda amisa, daviT bagrationi fizikas
wers da, cxadia, mas, uwinares yovlisa, meqanikuri moZ-
raoba ainteresebs.
daviT bagrationi Tvlis, rom meqanikur moZraobas
aqvs mimarTuleba, anu ,,midrekileba mun kerZosa mimarT,
romlisadmic miiswrafis igi”. Tu sxeulze mxolod
62
erTi Zala moqmedebs, maSin moZraoba martivia, xolo Tu
sxeulze ramdenime Zala moqmedebs, maSin igi rTulia.
daviT bagrationi icnobda materiis sxva saxis moZ-
raobebsac: qimiurs, siTburs, magram ZiriTadad mas mxed-
velobaSi hqonda meqanikuri moZraoba, vinaidan fizikis
sagans, uwinares yovlisa, aseTi moZraoba Seadgens.
daviT bagrationi moZraobis qimiur formas atomTa
moZraobasTan akavSirebs, romelic ganapirobebs nivTie-
rebis Tvisebriv cvlilebas, e.i. misi qimiuri Sedgeni-
lobisa da agebulebis Tvisebriv gardaqmnas. atomebi
Sedgeba elementaruli nawilakebisagan da warmoadgens
ufro rTul warmonaqmns. amitom atomebis moZraoba
gamoixateba maT warmoSobaSi, daSlasa da nivTierebis
molekulaTa gardaqmnaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, daviT bagrations atomisturi
Teoria sruliad Taviseburad esmis; igi laparakobs
atomebis warmoSobazec ki, risi mtkicebac klasikuri
atomisturi TeoriisaTvis sruliad miuRebelia.
aqac sruliad aSkaraa daviT bagrationis atomistu-
ri koncefciis Taviseburebebi, kerZod ki, misi gansxva-
veba klasikuri atomisturi Teoriisagan, romelic, ro-
gorc ukve aRvniSneT, atomTa maradiulobis, ucvlelo-
bisa da ganuyoflobis ideas efuZneboda. es idea am
TeoriisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom, rogorc
cnobilia, atomebis gayofis eqsperimentulma damtkice-
bam myisve materializmis mwvave krizisi gamoiwvia da
,,materiis gaqrobis” Tezisi warmoSva. daviT bagrationi
ki, rogorc misi Sexedulebebis analizidan irkveva,
materializmis poziciebze ki dgas, magram atomis miseu-
li gaazreba maTi gayofis ideasac ar gamoricxavs. ama-
ze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom Tanaxmad daviT bagra-
tionisa, atomis SigniT mdebare nawilakTa moZraobis,
SeerTeba-gayofis (ganwvaleba da Sedgena) Sedegad ispo-
ba da iqmneba axali nivTierebani. ,,xolo saxeliTa dam-
63
JavebisaTa, datkbilebisaTa, aduRebisaTa, igulisxmebis
moZraoba SinaganTa nawilakTa maT Soris poebulTa,
romelnica ganiwvalebian da Seadgenen axalsa nivTsa”.
moZraobis mizezi aris Zala. ,,igi raica scvalebs
mdgoobisagan romelsame sxeulsa iwodebis Zalad”36.
rodesac Zala sxeulis inertulobas daZlevs, maSin
warmoiSoba moZraoba. daviTis meqanikuri koncefcia te-
leologizmis kvalsac atarebs. igi laparakobs moZrao-
baze, romelic aris ,,midrekileba mun kerZosa mimarT,
romlisadmica miiswrafvis igi”, es ,,midrekileba” da
,,miswrafeba” moZraobis teleologiuri koncefciis gav-
lenaa, rac antikur filosofiaSi (gansakuTrebiT aris-
totelesTan) farTod iyo warmodgenili.
daviT bagrationis naturfilosofiuri ideebis ara-
Tanamimdevrobas isic adasturebs, rom igi, erTi mxriv,
atomistur Teorias aRiarebs, magram, meore mxriv,
carieli sivrcis arsebobas uaryofs, rac SeuTavsebe-
lia klasikur atomistur TeoriasTan. ,,sagrZnobelni
Cvenni dagvarwmuneben, _ wers igi, _ romel vhgieT da
viZvriT ara carielsa adgilsa, aramed romelsame niv-
Tierebasa Sina, romelica esoden ars wvlil da Txel,
romel ar raimesa gviqms datvfrulobasa (aRqma, SegrZ-
neba –avt.) orRanosa zeda xedvisasa, romelica ars yov-
liTurT Cems mier ganucdel”37. savse sivrceSi moZ-
raobis idea pirvelad aristotelem gamoTqva, romelsac
daviT bagrationic iziarebs. amasTanave igi uSvebs
relatiuri sicarielis arsebobas. aseTad igi eTeriT
savse sivrces gulisxmobda.
daviT bagrationi materiis erT-erT ZiriTad Tvi-
sebad mizidulobas Tvlis. ,,Zali mimzidveli – wers igi
– poebul ars yovelTa gvarTa Sina sxeulisaTa”38. amas-
Tan dakavSirebiT daviTi laparakobs moZraobis proces-
Si centridanuli Zalebis arsebobis Sesaxeb (,,yovelni
sxeulni qveyanasa zeda poebul miizidvian centroisad-
64
mi”). aq daviTi ixseniebs msoflio centris ideas, rac
Sua saukuneebSi esoden popularuli iyo, xolo axal
droSic mas bevri moazrovne iziarebda.
daviT bagrationi, anton pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT,
aRiarebs kopernikis heliocentrul sistemas; igi
Tvlis, rom ,,queyana ars mrgvali”, romlis centrSi mze
imyofeba. misTvis amis aRiareba sruliad ioli iyo, vi-
naidan igi SeboWili ar iyo orTodoqsuli ideologiiT
da, garda amisa, XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi TviTon
oficialuri ideologiis damokidebulebac kopernikis
heliocentruli sistemisadmi arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda
im damokidebulebisagan, romelic antonis epoqaSi arse-
bobda.
daviTi akritikebs astrologias, romlis mixedviT
adamianis bedi (,,sveÁ”) damokidebulia varskvlavebze. am
Tvalsazriss, aRniSnavs daviTi, eklesiac ebrZvis. davi-
TisaTvis, rogorc mecnierisaTvis, astrologia sruli-
ad Seuwynarebelia.
daviT bagrationi, Tavisi drois moazrovneebis kval-
dakval, aRiarebs uZravi varskvlavebis arsebobas. ,,igini
amisaTvis iwodenian uZravad, vinaTgan erTsa meorisaTa-
na aqvs ucvalebeli dgomaÁ aramcvalebelni TÂisTa ad-
gilTagan”39. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, igi am varskv-
lavebs uZravad imitom Tvlis, rom isini erTmaneTis mi-
marT adgils ar icvlian. uZrav varskvlavTa cis arse-
boba daviTis epoqaSi miRebuli iyo.
miuxedavad amisa, cis Sesaxeb daviT bagrations
mainc Zveli warmodgenebi aqvs. magaliTad, igi wers,
rom ,,caÁ ars umaRlesi kerZoÁ da garemomcveli sof-
lisa da yovelTa sxeulTa”40. erTi sityviT, aq ca gage-
bulia rogorc yvelafris momcveli. am SemTxvevaSi da-
viT bagrationi sulxan-saba orbelians emyareba, rom-
lis mixedviT ,,caÁ ars gareSemcveli yovelTa dabade-
bulTa da SeqmnilTa nivTierTa”.
65
daviT bagrationi sinamdvilis Semecnebis mTavar
meTodad cdasa da dakvirvebas Tvlis. igi erTmaneTi-
sagan ganasxvavebs Semecnebis fizikursa da metafizikur
meTodebs. fizikuri dakvirveba empiriulia da igi fizi-
kuri Semecnebis ZiriTad saSualebas warmoadgens; meta-
fizikur (araempiriul) dakvirvebas ki igi filosofiis
kuTvnilebad miiCnevs. amasTanave, sazom xelsawyos davi-
Ti adamianis grZnobis organoebis gagrZelebad Tvlis.
saxeldobr, igi laparakobs mikroskopze, romelic mxed-
velobis organos (Tvalis) ,,gagrZelebas” warmoadgens41.
v. parkaZe miuTiTebs, rom daviT bagrationi meryeobs
siTbos kinetikur Teoriasa da siTbombadis hipoTezas
Soris. (iseve rogorc igi meryeobs atomistur
moZRvrebaSi) erTi mxriv mas siTbo esmis, rogorc
nawilakTa moZraobis Sedegi da amdenad m.v.
lomonosovis Tvalsazriss iziarebs, romelsac igi
araerTxel imowmebs, xolo, meore mxriv, siTbombadis
hipoTezasac mimarTavs, rasac m.v. lomonosovi ebrZvis
volfis ,,eqsperimentuli fizikis” meore rusuli
gamocemis (1760) damatebebSi. v. parkaZe varaudobs, rom
“daviT bagrationi kinetikur Teorias ufro
TanaugrZnobda, magram siTbombadis Teoriisagan igi jer
kidev savsebiT ganTavisuflebuli ar iyo”42.
daviTi miuTiTebs tvinisa da cnobierebis (gonebis)
aucilebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb. ,,tvini – ambobs igi _ ars
savane gonebisa, garna kacisa ars uaRmatebules”43. amas-
Tanave, mas miaCnia, rom goneba ,,moTavsebulia” tvinis
wina nawilSi (,,winas Sina tvinsa, romelica ars udides,
dgas goneba”). aseTi warmodgenebi amJamad, cxadia, miu-
Rebelia, magram tvinisa da cnobierebis urTierTkavSi-
ris idea uTuod dadebiTi momentia daviTis msoflmxed-
velobaSi.
daviT bagrationis ,,Semoklebuli fisika” imdroinde-
li bunebismecnierebis dones asaxavs. masSi gatarebuli
66
naturfilosofiuri koncefcia, rogorc sabunebismety-
velo azrovnebis safuZveli, misi avtoris filoso-
fiuri msoflmxedvelobis Semadgeneli nawilia. es
msoflmxedveloba ki xSirad araTanamimdevrobiT xa-
siaTdeba, rac daviT bagrationis filosofiuri msofl-
mxedvelobis erTniSna kvalifikacias arTulebs. daviT
bagrationis filosofiuri Sexedulebani axlos dgas
materializmTan (igi xom volterianeli iyo), magram
misi CaTvla materializmad (miT umetes Tanamimdevar
materialistad) SeuZlebelia. daviT bagrationi deisti
iyo da ara materialisti da aTeisti.
daviT bagrationi iziarebs saqarTveloSi friad
gavrcelebul Teorias samyaros oTxi elementisagan
Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb. magram, iona xelaSvilisa da
ioane bagrationisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic aseve
iziarebdnen am Teorias, daviT bagrationma misi sabu-
nebismetyvelo interpretacia scada.
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis istoria icnobs
oTxi elementis tradiciuli Teoriis sxvadasxvagvar
interpretacias. zogierTi moazrovne oTx elements ma-
radiulad Tvlida – swored ise, rogorc igi gagebuli
iyo antikur filosofiaSi. es elementebi, am koncefciis
mixedviT, aris mTeli sinamdvilis qmnadobis masala,
magram TviTon ki yovelgvari qmnadobis gareSe dgas.
isini aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, qmnadobis procesSi
myofi sinamdvilis metafizikuri sawyisebi. daaxloebiT
ase esmoda elementebis cneba empedokles. magram es
moZRvreba Sua saukuneebSi Teologiur samoselSi gaex-
via, Teologiuri gadamuSaveba ganicada da daiwyes
mtkiceba elementebis qmnadobis Sesaxeb. elementebi, am
gagebis mixedviT, maradiuli ki ar aris, aramed Rmer-
Tisgan Seqmnilia da, rogorc aseTi, mTeli materia-
luri samyaros qmnadobis masalas warmoadgens. amiT
faqtobrivad xazi gaesva amqveyniuri (materialuri) si-
67
namdvilis aramaradiulobas, radganac isini, vinc mate-
rias maradiulad Tvlidnen, swored elementebis mara-
diulobis mtkicebidan amodiodnen, xolo rac Seexeba
TviT daviT bagrationis pozicias samyaros elementebis
bunebis gagebaSi, unda iTqvas, rom is Tanamimdevruli
araa da aq Tavs iCens misi aramyari msoflmxedvelobri-
vi poziciebi.
daviT bagrations saistorio Temaze dawerili mra-
vali Txzuleba ekuTvnis, magram am naSromebis mixedviT
daviT bagrationis socialur-politikur Sexedulebeb-
ze msjeloba garkveul siZneleebTan aris dakavSire-
buli, radganac es Sexedulebebi maTSi pirdapir ar
aris gadmocemuli. es sakiTxebi am naSromebSi gadmoce-
muli masalis miRma imaleba da amis gamo maTi amo-
kiTxva Zneldeba.
daviT bagrationis socialur-politikur Sexedule-
bebze msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnas miRebuli
mis mier monteskies Txzulebis Targmnis faqti. montes-
kiesTan RmerTi aris Semoqmedi da bunebis damcveli,
amasTanave RmerTi moqmedebs bunebis kanonebis mixedviT,
romlebic manve daawesa. RmerTs ar SeuZlia maTi Secv-
la, ar SeuZlia samyaros mospoba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
yvelaferi eseni misi Seqmnilia. monteskie deistia da
misTvis deizmi namdvilad “moxerxebuli da advili sa-
Sualebaa religiidan Tavis daRwevisa”44.
daviT bagrationisaTvis misaRebi iyo is azri, rom
sinamdvilis yvela sferos Tavisi kanonebi aqvs. sazoga-
doebis kanonebi Cveni organizaciidan gamomdinareobs.
es kanonebia mSvidoba, miswrafeba daikmayofilos SimSi-
lis grZnoba, sqesobrivi ltolva, erTad cxovrebisaken
miswrafeba da sxv. adamianTa kanonebi damokidebulia
klimatis, niadagis, qveynis mdgomareobis da adamianTa
cxovrebis gvareobisagan. kanonebs aqvT urTierTdamo-
kidebuleba da yvelaferi es aris kanonTa suli.
68
saxelmwifo, monteskies azriT, wodebebisagan Sedge-
ba. saxelmwifos amocanaa emsaxuros am wodebebs. es uka-
nasknelni ki unda daemorCilon saxelmwifo kanonebs,
romlebic icaven maT keTildReobas. saxelmwifo ada-
mianTa SeTanxmebis Sedegia, radganac bunebaSi aris
erTad cxovrebisken miswrafeba. ,,adamianebis sazoga-
doebis daarsebas biZgi misca rogorc TviT sargeblo-
bam, romelsac isini iReben saerTo cxovrebisgan, aseve
TiToeuli moqalaqis piradi sakuTrebis dacvam gare-
gani xelyofisagan. amitom misi yvela nawili uwyvet
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan da mTeli sazogadoebrivi sxeu-
lis mier cixe-simagres warmoadgens. am saerTo kavSirSi
vlindeba mTeli saxelmwifos saerTo sargebloba”45.
monteskies gavleniTaa SemuSavebuli daviT bagra-
tionis moZRvreba kanonebze. adamians bunebrivi mdgoma-
reobiT aqvs kanonebze moTxovnileba, kanonebi icavs mis
mSvidobas, keTildReobasa da sakuTrebas. kanonebs ga-
moscems xelisufleba da daawesebs sazogadoebrivi
xelSekruleba. cxovrebaSi maT praqtikul realizacias
ki Tvalyurs adevnebs mTavroba. kanonebs emorCileba
yvela wodeba, romlebisganac saxelmwifo Sedgeba. isini
unda xorcieldebodes mTeli Tavisi sisruliT, ZaliT,
wmindad da daurRvevlad46.
Tanacxovrebis interesebis dacvisaTvis adamiani
saxelmwifos unda daemorCilos. sazogadoeba da saxel-
mwifo misTvis erTi da igivea.
sainteresoa daviT bagrationis komentarebi mis mier
Targmnil monteskies wignze.
daviT bagrationis komentarebis safuZvelze ar SeiZ-
leba daskvna gavakeToT imis Sesaxeb, rom daviT bagra-
tioni ar eTanxmeboda monteskies geografiuli materia-
lizmis Teorias, romlis mixedviT, geografiuli garemo
aris gadamwyveti mizezi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobisa da
kanonmdeblobis sxvadasxva formis warmoSobisa, rom
69
klimati, niadagi da sxva bunebrivi pirobebi gansazRv-
ravs sazogadoebis ganviTarebas. daviT bagrationis
SeniSvnebi ZiriTadad gamowveulia misi ukmayofilebiT
ruseTis koloniuri politikis gamo. magram daviT bag-
rationi arc monteskies geografiuli materializmis
Tanamidevrul damcvelad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
2. daviT bagrationis social-politikuri ideebi.
daviT bagrationi batonymobis momxrea. mas mxolod misi
maxinji mxareebis Secvla surs; iseve, rogorc misi Zma
ioane bagrationi, daviTic feodalTa TviTnebobis
winaaRmdeg ibrZvis. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifo mtkice
iyos, glexoba ar unda gaCanagdes. amitom feodalebis
uflebebi unda dadgindes ymisa da misi qonebis mimarT.
daviT bagrationi rom arsebuli socialuri wyobis
ganmtkicebis momxrea, es gasagebia. magram pirvel rigSi
mis winaSe erovnuli damoukideblobis amocana idga da
ara socialuri wyobis sakiTxi. igi fiqrobs, rom saWi-
roa mtkice centraluri xelisufleba, absoluturi mo-
narqia. mxolod am pirobiT SeiZleba qveynis ganmtki-
ceba. am mizniT iyo dawerili ,,samarTali batoniSvilis
daviTisa”. es nawarmoebi imis cda iyo, rom ganemtkice-
bina saxelmwifo manqana da daedgina kanonebi. ,,eri mo-
viyvano kargierebisa Sina da miT uRelsa queSe morCi-
lebisasa da raiTa msajulTaca mivsce gza qmnad
samarTlisa da micemad hsjisa, yovelTa gmarTebT mor-
Cileba mefisa, meufrosisa”. igive mizani hqonda mis
naSroms ,,saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonmcodneobis
mimoxilva”, romelic rusul enaze daiwera. es naSromi
warmoadgens vaxtang VI kodeqsis gadamuSavebas da gake-
Tebulia im mizniT, rom kanonebi Seusabamos saxelmwi-
fos politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis Secvlil
pirobebs.
daviT bagrationi Tvlis, rom sazogadoebis ganviTa-
rebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala ideebia. amitom did
70
mniSvnelobas aniWebs ganaTlebas. amiT aixsneba misi
moRvaweoba codnis sxvadasxva dargSi. am mizniTaa
Targmnili mis mier geografiis saxelmZRvanelo, Sed-
genilia gramatika, samedicino wigni, Targmnilia miTo-
logia da sxv.
savaraudoa, rom monteskies gavleniT sicocxlis
bolo wlebSi daviT bagrationma Secvala Tavisi idea-
li. absoluturi monarqiis nacvlad igi konstituciuri
monarqiis safuZvelze dadga. man wamoayena mmarTvelo-
baSi ori departamentis idea – umaRlesi da qvemdebare
safexurebiT. qvemo safexurs aqvs sasamarTlos funqcia,
zemo safexurs yvela danarCeni – aRmasrulebeli, saxa-
zino, sameurneo, samoqalaqo, sapolicio da samxedro.
cnobilia, rom monteskie feodaluri wodebrivi mo-
narqiis kritikosi iyo. magram am sakiTxSi Tanamimdevru-
li ar yofila. kerZod, monteskies Tanaxmad, imis miu-
xedavad, sasurvelia Tu ara maTi moqmedeba, aravis
SeuZlia maTi mospoba.
daviT bagrationi cdilobda sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis cvlilebebis bunebriv axsnas. man gamoricxa
mistikuri da fantastikuri Zalebi istoriis gagebidan.
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom daviT bagrations sworad ar
esmoda sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kanonebi. kerZod,
adamianTa Sexedulebebi, ganaTleba an ideebi sulac ar
warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mTavar mamoZ-
ravebel Zalebs. marTalia, es faqtorebi Tavis rols
asrulebs sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, magram aramc da
aramc ara aqvT maT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba.
zemoaRniSnuli sulac ar iZleva imis safuZvels,
rom daviT bagrations vusayveduroT amis gamo. sazoga-
doebis ganviTarebis kanonebis swori SecnobisaTvis
sxva garemoebebi da pirobebi iyo saWiro, rasac mokle-
buli iyo daviT bagrationi.
71
isic unda iTqvas, rom daviT bagrationis mixedviT,
saqarTvelo unda darCeniliyo ruseTis mfarvelobaSi,
magram ara qveSevrdomis statusiT.
mTeli rigi naklovanebebis miuxedavad, daviT bagra-
tionis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi imdroinde-
li qarTuli filosofiuri azris donis gamomxatveli
iyo, romelTac dRes, cxadia, mxolod da mxolod isto-
riuli mniSvneloba aqvT.
$3. ioane bagrationi (1768-1830)
ioane bagrationi swavlobda erekle meorisa da
anton pirvelis mier dafuZnebul Telavis seminariaSi,
sadac, Tbilisis seminariis msgavsad, filosofiuri sag-
nebis swavleba maRal doneze idga. mas soliduri fi-
losofiuri ganaTleba miuRia, rasac adasturebs misi
enciklopediuri xasiaTis uzarmazari Txzuleba ,,kalma-
soba”. sxva naSromTa Soris ioane bagrations Seudgenia
sabunebismetyvelo enciklopediac47.
ioane bagrationis mTavari nawarmoebia ,,kalmasoba”.
igi aRmoaCina dimitri baqraZem, romelmac misi avtori
homeross, dantesa da Seqspirs Seadara48. TviTon saxel-
wodebac ,,kalmasoba” dim. baqraZem da z. WiWinaZem Searq-
ves. rasakvirvelia, ,,kalmasobis” avtoris zemoaRniSnu-
li Sefaseba gadaWarbebulia, magram is ki udavoa, rom
am Txzulebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs XVIII saukunis
bolo meoTxedisa da XIX saukunis pirveli mesamedis
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli
viTarebis SeswavlisaTvis. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sain-
teresoa ,,kalmasobis” filosofiuri nawili49, Tumca
igi umeteswilad kompilaciuria da filosofiis isto-
72
riis TvalsazrisiT siaxles ar warmoadgens. igi zog-
jer ,,sityva-sityviT gadmowerilia rogorc bevrad uf-
ro adre, ise ioane bagrationis dros Targmnili Zeg-
lebidan”50. magaliTad, masSi figurirebs mTeli rigi
adgilebisa baumaisteris Txzulebebidan (anton pirve-
lis Targmani), daviT uZlevelis (anhaRTis) da sxva
avtorebis mTeli rigi mosazrebani. miuxedavad amisa,
ioane bagrationi, iseve rogorc misi winamorbedi qarT-
veli moazrovneebi, wers imas, ,,ramac daajera”, e.i. saku-
Tari poziciebidan udgeba sxvadasxva avtorsa da maT
naazrevs. amdenad am TxzulebaSi mocemuli ideebi SeiZ-
leba ioane bagrationis msoflmxedvelobad CavTvaloT.
aq zustad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs, rac sulxan-saba
orbelianis, anton pirvelisa da daviT bagrationis
SemTxvevaSi. maT TxzulebebSi Camoyalibebuli ideebis
araoriginaluroba xels ar uSlis imas, rom am moaz-
rovneebis msoflmxedvelobaze vilaparakoT. rasakvirve-
lia, am moazrovneebs, maT Soris ioane bagrations, uf-
ro metad ganmanaTlebluri miznebi amoZravebdaT, vidre
sakuTari filosofiuri koncefciis SemuSaveba, magram
is ganmanaTlebluri ideebic, romelTac isini iziarebd-
nen, maTi filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis Sinaarss
Seadgens.
garda ,,kalmasobisa”, ioane bagrationis kalams
ekuTvnis mravali samecniero da literaturuli nawar-
moebi. man qarTul enaze Targmna kondiliakis ,,logika”.
ioane bagrationi, qarTuli filosofiuri azrovne-
bis tradiciis kvaldakval, miuTiTebs materialuri sam-
yaros Semadgenel oTx elementze. misi azriT, yovelgva-
ri materialuri sxeuli, maT Soris adamianis organiz-
mic, Sedgeba ,,oTxi nivTisagan”, saxeldobr, wylis, que-
yanasa anu miwisa, haerisa da cecxlisagan51. igi, rogorc
orTodoqsi idealisti, materialursa da idealurs
Soris principul gansxvavebas xedavs. materialuri
73
Sedgenili da warmavalia, xolo idealuri (suli) –
martivi da maradiuli.
ioane bagrationi iziarebs aristoteles koncefcias
pirveladi da meoradi mizezebis Sesaxeb; igi pirvelads
uwodebs metafizikur mizezebs, xolo meorads –
fizikurs.
TviTon fizikur mizezebs ioane bagrationi, isev
aristoteles mixedviT, oTx jgufad yofs; ,,Semoqmede-
biTi, saxeobiTi anu nakuÀTobiTi, nivTebobiTi da aRs-
rulebiTi”52. rogorc vxedavT, aq laparakia oTx mizez-
ze: moqmedebiTi, formaluri, materialuri da finaluri
(anu miznobrivi).
sivrce da dro ioane bagrations tradiciulad es-
mis; igi laparakobs adgilis Sesaxeb, romelsac kon-
kretul sivrced Tvlis. yoveli sxeuli adgils saWi-
roebs. ,,arca sxeulsa ZaluZs uadgilod yofna”, adgili
ki gagebulia rogorc sxeulis sazRvari. ,,adgili –
wers igi – ars gareSewera sxeulisa”53. dro sami momen-
tisagan Sedgeba: warsuli, awmyo da momavali. amasTanave
awmyo gagebulia rogorc warsulisa da momavlis ga-
momyofi sazRvari. bunebrivia, rom igi awmyos araviTar
ganzomilebas ar miawers, e.i. myisierad Tvlis. ase
esmoda awmyo mTel klasikur azrovnebas ainStainis
relatiurobis Teoriis Camoyalibebamde.
ioane bagrationi drosa da moZraobas erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs. ,,Jami – wers igi – aris ganzoma mzisgan
moZraobisa”54. aq gamoTqmulia aristoteles is azri,
rom dro aris moZraobis sazomi. magram cnobilia, rom
aristotele amiT ar kmayofildeboda, aramed aRniSnav-
da drois damokidebulebas moZraobaze. amaSi gamoixa-
teba aristoteles meryeoba drois metafizikursa da
antimetafizikur (relativistur) Tvalsazrisebs Soris.
,,kalmasobaSi” mocemuli naturfilosofiuri ideebi sa-
Sualebas ar iZleva ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT ioane
74
bagrationis pozicia sivrcisa da drois gagebis sa-
kiTxSi.
daaxloebiT aseve SeiZleba iTqvas moZraobis Sesa-
xeb. ioane bagrationi am SemTxvevaSi mxolod imas
gveubneba, rom ,,moZraoba aris cualeba adgilisa”. aq,
etyoba, gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris aristoteles Tval-
sazrisi moZraobis Sesaxeb, saxeldobr is, rom moZraoba
aristotelem gaigo rogorc cvalebadoba saerTod da
amiT moZraobis meqanisturi gageba daZlia. ioane bag-
rations ki moZraobis qveS martooden adgilgadanacv-
leba esmis.
ioane bagrationi moZraobas materialuri samyaros
ZiriTad niSnad Tvlis da amis Sesabamisad uZravs upi-
ratesobas aniWebs moZravis mimarT. ,,yovelive umoqeno
(uZravi – avt.) arsebiT umjobes ars moqenisa”55 Tu ra-
tom – amas ioane bagrationi ar gvixsnis. ,,umoqenoÁ ar-
sebiTa ganuxrwnelTa da samaradisoTa”, e.i. uZravi ar-
sebiTad dauSladia, uxrwnadia da, maSasadame, maradiu-
lia. am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs antikur filosofiaSi
kargad cnobil TvalsazrisTan.
uZravi da maradiuli TviTarsia, TavisTavad arse-
bobs, absoluturia. ,,arseba ars TÂiT TaviT TavisiT
myofi da ara moqene sxvaTa Semtkicebisa”56. aseTi ram,
misi azriT, idealuria. absoluturi da TavisTavadi
SeiZleba iyos mxolod idealuri.
ioane bagrationis kosmologiur SexedulebebSi
aSkarad aisaxa brZola Zvelsa da axal ideologiebs
Soris. anton pirvelisaTvis miuRebelia kopernikis he-
liocentruli sistema; magram es iyo, Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas, ukanaskneli gabrZoleba kopernikis winaaRmdeg.
ioane bagrationi ar uaryofs heliocentrul sistemas,
magram mas verc gabedviT emxroba, amitom igi sakiTxis
gadawyvetas mkiTxvels andobs. Zveli mecnierebi (igu-
lisxmeba, uwinares yovlisa ptolemeosi) da saRmrTo
75
werili – wers igi – amtkicebs mzis moZraobas uZravi
dedamiwis garSemo, magram ,,axalni mecnierni” amas
uaryofen da dedamiwis moZraobas amtkiceben uZravi
mzis garSemo. TviTon ioane bagrationi azris gamoTq-
misagan Tavs ikavebs da amiT gamoxatavs Tavis meryeobas
Zvelsa da axal msoflmxedvelobas Soris.
ioane bagrationis kalams, sxva naSromTa Soris,
ekuTvnis originaluri Txzuleba ,,Zalni sulisani”,
romelic dawerilia mis mierve Targmnili kondiliakis
logikis gavleniT. kondiliaki sensualisti iyo da
mTeli sulieri Zalebi SegrZnebebidan gamohyavda. ioane
bagrationic am TxzulebaSi sensualistur ideebs icavs
da upirispirdeba racionalizms, riTac misi filoso-
fiuri msoflmxedvelobis araTanamimdevrobas amJRav-
nebs. es Txzuleba uTuod sainteresoa imiT, rom masSi
Semecnebis Teoriis problemebia ganxiluli.
76
mesame Tavi
solomon dodaSvili
$1. solomon dodaSvilis filosofia
solomon ivanes Ze dodaSvils, sazogado moRvawes,
ganmanaTlebelsa da filosofos-logikoss, gamorCeuli
adgili ukavia qarTuli sazogadoebTivi cxovrebisa da
kulturis istoriaSi. aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba
misi xanmokle da tragikuli cxovrebis erT mcire mo-
nakveTs – xuT Tu eqvs weliwads – Seadgenda. miuxeda-
vad amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom s. do-
daSvilma gadadga gzis gamkvalavi nabijebi – scada
qarTul sulier cxovrebaSi evropuli kulturis axali
nakadisTvis gzis gaxsna, dabeCavebuli qarTuli TviT-
Segnebis gamoRviZeba. ilia WavWavaZe ucilobel istori-
ul faqts aRniSnavda, rodesac s. dodaSvils maT Soris
asaxelebda, visganac misma Taobam memkvidreobiT miiRo
saqarTvelos erovnuli, socialuri da kulturuli
aRorZinebisaTvis brZolis droSa.
s. dodaSvili daibada 1805 wlis 17 maiss (Zv. st.)
siRnaRis mazris sof. maRaroSi soflis mRvdlis
ojaxSi. swavlobda jer siRnaRis samrevlo saswavleb-
elSi, Semdeg Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi. mitro-
polit ioane bodbelis qomagobiTa da SemweobiT 19
wlis s. dodaSvili gaemgzavra peterburgs, sadac swav-
la daiwyo peterburgis universitetis filosofiur-
iuridiul fakultetze. peterburgSi misi mrCeveli da
mzrunveli iyo mRvdel-monazoni iona xelaSvili, cno-
bili filosofosi – Teologi.
1827 w. s. dodaSvili amTavrebs universitets, amave
dros gamodis misi ,,Курс философии. Часть первая. Логика”. sacenzuro komitetSi s. dodaSvils warmodgenili hqon-
77
da am wignis qarTuli versiac. magram recenzirebis Sem-
deg misi gamocemis nebarTvaze uari eTqva. amJamad
qarTuli teqsti dakargulad iTvleba. rusuli teqstis
qarTuli Targmani pirvelad 1949 w. gamoica1. miuxedavad
imisa, rom imdroindeli rusuli logikuri literatura
Raribi ar iyo da arsebobda bevri rogorc origina-
luri, ise Targmnili wignebi logikaSi2, s. dodaSvilis
Sromam Sinaarsis daxvewilobiTa da lakonurobiT,
gadmocemis sisruliTa da zogierTi sakiTxis axleburi
ganxilviT imTaviTve miiqcia yuradReba da mis gamoce-
mas mohyva ramdenime saqebi recenzia3. umTavresad am
Sromis wyalobiT daimkvidra s. dodaSvilma Tavisi
adgili qarTuli da rusuli filosofiis istoriSi.
1827 w. s. dodaSvili uamravi CanafiqriT (saganmanaT-
leblo qselis gafarToeba, sagamomcemlo saqmianobis
mowyoba da sxv.) brundeba saqarTveloSi da iwyebs mu-
Saobas Tbilisis keTilSobilTa saswavlebelSi. aq is
aswavlis qarTul sityvierebas, ritorikas, logikas,
geografias. apirebs filosofiis dawyebuli kursis
gagrZelebas.
saqarTvelos aneqsia 1801 wels da ruseTis provn-
ciad misi gadaqceva ar iyo mxolod politikuri aqti.
saqarTveloSi qreba tradiciuli yofa, mas cvlis ucxo
politikuri, erovnuli da samarTlebrivi urTierTobe-
bi, aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis sistema. amas emateba erov-
nuli Seviwroeba. qarTuli ena kargavs sajaro funq-
ciebs. samagierod ruseTidan da ruseTis gziT evro-
pidan Semosvlas iwyebs ucxouri kulturuli Rirebu-
lebani, teqnologiebi da sxv. am fonze qarTuli kul-
tura kargavs Tavis originalur JReradobas. yovelive
amis Sedegad qveiTdeba xalxis sulieri Zalebi. adamian-
Ta upirveles sazrunavad yoveldRiuroba iqca. gabaton-
da gulgriloba SemoqmedebiTi Sromis mimarT, sazoga-
doebaSi iqmneba ,,kulturuli arasrulfasovnebis” ganc-
78
da. ,,gaswyda jaWvi cxovrebisa... awmyosa da warsuls
Soris Castyda xidi... dena cxovrebisa Sedga, gaCerda” –
ase axasiaTebda i. WavWavaZe am periods. samSobloSi
axaldabrunebuli s. dodaSvili, cxadia, ufro mZafrad
grZnobs goniTi Zalebisagan daclil atmosferos: ,,me
gaxlavar ese viTarsa simgrgvualesa Sina sazogadoe-
bisasa, sadaca vera raisa Rirsebasa ver vixilav, ara
ars maTsa sulsa Sina WeSmariteba, aramed danergil
ars yoveli vneba, ar ars midreka maT Soris sibrZni-
sadmi, ara ars mecadineoba, ara ars siyvaruli swavlisa
da swavlulTa, aramed yoveli siZulvili da mteroba”.
maSindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis fonze s. do-
daSvili, niWieri, Sromismoyvare, goniTi interesebiT
aRvsili, evropulad ganaTlebuli adamiani, adamiani
romelsac amave dros aTvisebuli hqonda tradiciuli
qarTuli kulturis miRwevebi, warmogvidgeba mZlavr
sulier Zalad, romelsac Seswevs unari, ataros kul-
turisa da erovnuli aRorZinebis ideuri lideris
tvirTi, Zalad, romelic qmnis da STaagonebs sxvebs.
amave dros igi iwyebs qarTuli kulturis, filoso-
fiisa da literaturis propagandas, amtkicebs, rom war-
sulis qarTveli moazrovneebis orientacia yovelTvis
ganisazRvreboda zogadsakacobrio RirebulebebiT da
rom Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi qarTuli kulturis Tavis-
Tavadi ganviTarebis unari, misi Rirebuleba gadafase-
bas ar eqvemdebareba.
1828 wlidan s. dodaSvili gazeT ,,tfilisis uwyeba-
nis” sagamomcemlo komitetis wevria da xelmZRvanelobs
misi qarTuli teqstis gamocemas, 1829-dan igi am gazeTis
redaqtoria, xolo erTi wlis Semdeg – misi gamomceme-
lic. mogvianebiT s. dodaSvili aarsebs pirvel qarTul
literaturul Jurnals ,,saliteraturoni nawilni tfi-
lisis uwyebaTani”, romelSic ibeWdeba ,,Tavisuflebis
moyvareobiT aRbeWdili Txzulebani”. TiTqos grZnobs,
79
rom SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebisaTvis cota droRa aqvs
darCenili, Cqarobs, erTbaSad bevri saqmis gakeTebas
cdilobs. Seadgina ,,Semoklebuli qarTuli Rrammatika”
(gamoica 1830 wels), ,,reestri qarTuli wignebisa ricx-
viT eqvsasamde...”, ,,sxvadasxva zneobiTni nawyvetobani...”,
,,filosofiisa Zalni sazRvreobiTa da ganyofilebaTa
misTa”, ,,istoriuli aRwera... romelTame mweralTa”.
qveyndeba misi literaturul-istoriuli da publicis-
turi statiebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia ,,mokle gan-
xilva qarTulisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”4,
mxatvruli nawarmoebebi – zogi originaluri, zogic
naTargmni.
1832 wlis dekemberi. s. dodaSvili 27 wlisaa. 9 de-
kembers gamJRavnda ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRm-
deg mimarTuli SeTqmuleba. TiTqmis erTi Ramis ganmav-
lobaSi daapatimres SeTqmulebis yvela monawile, maT
Soris s. dodaSvilic.
SeTqmuleba moulodneli ar iyo. ruseTis mier sa-
qarTvelos aneqsiis Semdeg, marTalia, Sewyda iran-osma-
leTis Tavdasxmebi da lekTa TareSi, magram gauaresda
xalxis mdgomareoba: Cveul feodalur valdebulebebs
daemata axali gadasaxadebi, samxedro samsaxuri da
begara, sasamarTlo da saxelmwifo saqmeebis warmoeba
gadavida xalxisaTvis gaugebar enaze, gaizarda adamian-
Ta samarTlebrivi daucvelobis xarisxi, yovelive amas
ar SeeZlo, ar gamoewvia protestis mZafri gancda da,
marTlac, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi zedized
ewyoba gamosvlebi da ajanyebebi.
1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi moulodneli iyo axali
Taobis monawileoba, Taobisa, romelmac ganaTleba ru-
seTSi miiRo. SeTqmulebis miznebisa da motivebis Sesa-
xeb bevria dawerili. adrec da gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa
periodSi misi axsna-Sefaseba yovelTvis sacenzuro
moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT an erTguli qveSevrdomis
80
poziciidan xdeboda da SeTqmulebis bevr monawiles
aTasnairi formiT ukana ricxviT bodiSs uxdidnen
xolme SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisaTvis. amis gamo
xSirad mxedvelobidan uSvebdnen mTavars – SeTqmulebas
hqonda erTi uryevi da maRali mizani – saqarTvelos
Tavisufleba, misi damoukideblobis aRdgena. isinic,
vinc monarqiis aRdgenaze fiqrobdnen da isinic, visac
respublikuri wyobis Seqmna surdaT, gaaerTiana am
diadma mizanma. s. dodaSvili, istorikosTa azriT, am
ukanasknelTa Soris iyo. s. dodaSvili maSindel
saqarTveloSi gonierebisa da sibrZnis simbolo iyo da
SeTqmulebaSi misi monawileoba sazogadoebis TvalSi
SeTqmulebis miznebis dadebiT Rirebulebas
adasturebda.
SesaZloa, amitom yvelaze mZime sasjeli s. doda-
Svils ergo. 1833 w. samxedro sasamarTlom igi damna-
Saved scno. mas ahyares maswavleblis wodeba, 10 wliT
gadaasaxles viatkis guberniaSi da samudamod aukrZa-
les saqarTveloSi dabruneba. viatkaSi igi gubernato-
ris kancelariaSi muSaobda erTxans a. i. gercenTan er-
Tad, romelic aqve iyo gadmosaxlebuli. s. dodaSvils
gadasaxlebaSi gahyva meuRle elene kobiaSvili Svi-
lebiT.
WleqiT daavadebulma solomonma ukanaskneli Tveebi
gaWirvebasa da tanjvaSi gaatara. amaze arsebobs a. ger-
cenis mogoneba, agreTve, saeqimo komisiis SemaZrwunebe-
li daskvna. 1836 w. 19 seqtembers movida dadebiTi pasuxi
s. dodaSvilis mravalgzis Txovnaze misi romelime
Tbil guberniaSi gadayvanis Taobaze. magram igi ukve
cocxali ar iyo. gardaicvala s. dodaSvili 1836 wlis
20 agvistos. daasaflaves aqve, viatkaSi. saflavis qvaze
misive sityvebi SeiZleboda amogvekveTa: ,,ara Tavisa
TvisisaTvis mxolod, gina bednierebisaTvis vhmuSakob,
aramed siyvarulisaTvis mamulisa”. mxolod 1994 wels
81
moxerxda misi neStis gadmosveneba samSobloSi, mTawmin-
daze.
arsebobs s. dodaSvilis TxzulebaTa ori gamocema –
1961 wlisa g. abzianiZis winasityvaobiTa da a. boWo-
riSvilisa da s. xuciSvilis redaqciiT da 1989 wlisa
T. kukavas winasityvaobiTa da s. xuciSvilisa da o.
gabiZaSvilis redaqciiT. oriveSi Setanilia s. doda-
Svilis cxovrebis amsaxveli saarqivo masalebi, orives
axlavs bibliografia.5 ,,logikis” qarTuli Targmanis
bolo gamocemaSi (Txzulebani, 1989, Tb.,) organ (gv.44)
arsebiTi Casworebaa gakeTebuli – rusuli sityva
,,миръ”, romelic adre qarTulad gadmotanili iyo sity-
viT ,,samyaro” da bevrTan safuZvlad daedo s. dodad-
Svilis Sexedulebebis araswor interpretacias, Tar-
gmnilia rogorc ,,simSvide” (Secdoma SemCneulia da
Sesworeba SemoTavazebulia k. kacitaZis mier).
s. dodaSvilis filosofiuri da logikuri Sexedu-
lebebi gadmocemulia mis ,,logikaSi”, ,,logikur meTo-
dologiasa” da ramdenime werilSi, romelTa adresatia
iona xelaSvili. ar SeiZleba, vilaparakoT s. doda-
Svilis erT mTlian, yovelmxriv gaazrebul filo-
sofiur sistemaze, ,,logika” xom mis mier Cafiqrebuli
filosofiis kursis pirveli, logikuri nawilia da
Seicavs mxolod Zalian mokle filosofiur Sesavals.
miuxedavad amisa, s. dodadSvilis SromebSi vnaxulobT
ramdenime, misi filosofiuri Sexedulebebis Sesafaseb-
lad mniSvnelovani sakiTxis analizs an koncefcias.
SevexoT zogierT maTgans.
1. filosofiis zogadi cneba (,,logika”, filosofi-
is zogadi Sesavali da Sesavlis Tavi I, $1). filosofia
mecnierebis, codnis gansakuTrebuli dargia, radgan
masSi, sxva mecnierebaTagan gansxvavebiT, Semmecnebeli
(me, subieqti, adamiani) da Sesamecnebeli sagani erTma-
neTs emTxveva. am azriT, filosofia aris TviTSemecneba,
82
mecniereba mTeli Cveni moqmedebis ukanaskneli sa-
fuZvlebis Sesaxeb.
samyaro, movlenaTa mravalferovneba samyaroSi eqvem-
debareba ucvlel wesebs, maradiul kanonebs. kerZod,
yvelaferi, rac adamianis, am mcire samyaros, Sinagan
idealur cxovrebaSi xdeba, aseve, maradiuli kanonebis
mixedviT mimdinareobs. filosofia Tavis mizans am ka-
nonebis SemecnebiT aRwevs.
filosofiuri principebi adamianisTvis Tandayoli-
li ar aris, is maT gamoimuSavebs sakuTari gonebis
moqmedebiT, romelic emyareba mocemul da ara mis mier
agebul, rogorc es maTematikaSi xdeba, cnebebs.
filosofosoba (subieqtis TviTSemecneba) sulis sam-
gvar moqmedebas moicavs: 1. yovelive arasubieqturisgan,
subieqtisTvis gareganisgan ganyeneba; 2. subieqtis moq-
medebis – azrovnebis, Semecnebisa da qcevis – kanonebis,
sazRvrebisa da miznebis (daniSnulebis) dadgena-Semec-
neba; 3. subieqtis cxovrebis harmonizacia, misi adamia-
nis daniSnulebasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
2. filosofiis Semadgeneli nawilebi (,,logika” –
filosofiis zogadi Sesavali da werili #15 Txzule-
baTa 1989 wlis gamocemaSi). adamianis moqmedebis cal-
keul saxeebs Seesabameba filosofiis nawilebi, rom-
lebSic isini Seiswavlebian. azrovnebisa da saerTod
sulieri Zalebis moqmedebis kanonebs Seiswavlis logi-
ka da fsiqologia, Semecnebisa da Secnobadis kanonebs
– metafizika, grZnobebis kanonebs – esTetika, nebisas –
zneobis filosofia da samarTali. es s. dodaSvilis-
Tvis iyo amave dros im mecnieruli disciplinebis nus-
xac, romlebic unda gadmoeca mas filosofiis Cafiqre-
buli kursis Semadgenel nawilebSi.
odnav adre, jer isev studentobisas, i. xelaSvili-
sadmi miweril erT-erT werilSi s. dodaSvils
sxvagvarad hqonda gaazrebuli filosofiis Sedgeni-
83
loba, Tumca igi SeTavsebadia ,,logikaSi” mocemulTan,
ar gamoricxavs mas. am gaazrebis Tanaxmad, filosofiu-
ri kvleva, filosofosoba samgvaria – Teoriuli,
praqtikuli da esTetikuri. TiToeuli maTgani swav-
lobs adamianis moqmedebis garkveul saxeobas – Semec-
nebas (gonebas), qcevas (guls) da xelovnebas (grZnobas).
Teoriuli filosofiis nawilebia logika, fsiqologia,
metafizika, praqtikuli filosofiisa – eTika, samar-
Tali da sarwmunoebiTi swavla (es ukanaskneli ,,lo-
gikaSi” aRar figurirebs), xolo esTetikisa – ,,gemov-
neba, mWermeTqvemeoba da poezia”.
3. Semecnebis unarebi, Semecnebis procesi (,,logi-
ka”, Sesavlis Tavi I, $2 da logikis Tavi I, $1). Semec-
nebiTi unarebia grZnoba, gansja da goneba. grZnobiereba
STabeWdilebaTa miRebis pasiuri, vnebiTi Zalaa. misi
meSveobiT ganicdeba nivTieri samyaro, movlenaTa mra-
valgvaroba. magram STabeWdilebebi, cda jer kidev ar
aris Semecneba, radgan mravalgvarobasTan erTad ar
gveZleva erTianoba, kanonzomiereba. gonebis sagania
idealuri, uxilavi, sulieri. masSi araferia cdiseuli,
igi mxolod moqmedi Zalaa, igi qmnis (wminda) erTiano-
bas. gansja Semecnebis am or ukidures wertils aer-
Tebs, mas axasiaTebs vnebiTobac (masalis miReba) da
damoukidebeli moqmedebac (Seqmna). gansjas Seaqvs er-
Tianoba mravalgvarobaSi, igi cdaSi mocemuls dauqvem-
debarebs wesebsa da kanonebs. ,,SegrZnebaTa mravalgva-
roba cnobierebis erTianobamde daiyvanos da uzenaesi
ideebis cnebebiT Camoayalibos, - ai gansjis saqme”.
gansjis unari azrovnebaSi realizdeba. is, rac STa-
beWdilebebSi gveZleva, rasac SevigrZnobT, upirveles
yovlisa, warmoidgineba sadme (Tanamyofoba) da odesme
(mimdevroba). STabeWdilebaTa sivrcesa da droSi dala-
geba aris pirveli erTianobis Setana mravalgvarobaSi.
mas mosdevs wvdoma-gaazreba (reflexio) am safexurze dro-
84
sa da sivrceSi dalagebul mravalgvarobas eZleva
erTianoba: ugulebeliyofa kerZo niSnebi, romlebic
mocemuli sagnebidan zogierTs axasiaTebs, zogierTs ki
– ara da yuradReba Cerdeba mxolod imaze, rac yvelas-
Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. misi azrobrivad calke gamo-
yofiT iqmneba zogadi warmodgena. azrTa svlis es cik-
li meordeba mravalgzis da ase ,,SemecnebiTi Zala Tan-
daTanobiT adis maRla da maRla kerZodan sayovel-
Taoze, mravalgvarobidan erTianobaze”. es aris azrov-
neba, xolo gansja misi unaria.
4. nebis formebi (,,logika”- logikis Tavi V, $7). gansjis specifika srulad cnebis strquturaSi vlin-
deba. yovel cnebaSi erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia materia,
mravalgvaroba (warmosadgeni sagani) da forma (sxvada-
sxva sagnis mqone cnebebisaTvis saerTo da aucilebeli).
saerTo anu sayovelTao formebi orgvaria: grZnobadi
warmosaxvis formebi – sivrce da dro, maTi wyaroa go-
neba da gonebiseuli, gansjisaTvis damaxasiTebeli
umaRlesi gvareobani anu kategoriebi. esenia raodeno-
bis (mTlianoba, mravlobiToba, mxolobiToba). Tviseb-
riobis (dadebiToba, SemzRudveloba, uaryofiToba), niv-
Tebs Soris UurTierTmimarTebis (arsebiToba da SemTx-
veviToba, urTierTdakavSirebuloba, mizezi da Sedegi),
nivTebisa gonebisadmi mimarTebis (aucilebloba da
SemTxveviToba, myofoba da aramyofoba, SesaZlebloba
da SeuZlebloba) kategoriebi.
5. dialeqtikuri triada gansjis sayovelTao da aucilebeli kanoni (,,logika”, logikis Tavi I, $2). Se-mecneba, misi realizacia cnobierebaSi eyrdnoba or
egzistenciur varauds – arsebobs Semmecnebeli, arse-
bobs Sesamecnebeli – da dapirispireba-gansxvavebis mi-
marTeba maT Soris. es, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs imas,
rom Semecnebis yovel aqtSi erToblivad imyofeba saga-
nic da sulieri Zalac da Sedegi am aqtisa maTi
85
erToblivi nawarmoebia: ,,erTi sityviT cnobierebis
yovel moqmedebaSi, rac gansjas axasiaTebs, naTlad
mJRavndeba a) debuleba (thesis), b) dapirispirebuloba
(antithesis) da c) SeuRleba, anu SeerTeba pirvelisa da
meorisa (synthesis) d) moqmedebis am wess aqvs ugamonakli-
so sayovelTaoba da garduvali aucilebloba yoveli
moazrovne adamianisaTvis; maSasadame, es gansjis kano-nia”.
s. dodaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba saSuale-
bas gvaZlevs, gansxvavebiT filosofiuri Tvalsazrisi-
sagan, misi logikuri Sexedulebebi ganvixiloT siste-
muri saxiT – logikis filosofiuri problemebidan da
logikis istoriidan dawyebuli gamoyenebiTi logikiT
damTavrebuli. vfiqrobT, misi logikuri Sexedulebebis
donisa da wyaroebis Sesafaseblad yvelaze ufro mniSv-
nelovania, davaxasiaToT logikis raobis dodaSvili-
seuli gageba, logikis dodaSviliseuli versiis Sedge-
niloba da is siaxleebi, romelTa Setanasac logikaSi
Seecada s. dodaSvili.
6. logikis raoba. movlenaTa mravalferovneba sam-
yaroSi eqvemdebareba ucvlel wesebs, maradiul kano-
nebs. es samarTliania azrovnebisTvisac. meores mxriv,
azrovnebis Zala – gansja – aris mravalgvarobis we-
sebisa da kanonebisaTvis daqvemdebarebis unari. daqvem-
debareba garkveuli wesebiT xorcieldeba, isinia is
ucvleli wesebi da maradiuli kanonebi, romlebsac
azrovneba eqvemdebareba. magram sxvadasxvagvar sagnebze,
magaliTad, istoriul movlenebze da maTematikur obi-
eqtebze, azrovnebis sxvadasxvagvari wesebi gamoiyeneba.
calkeuli gvaris sagnebze azrovnebisas gamoyenebuli
aseTi wesebis Tavmoyra mogvcems azrovnebis calke
mecnierebas TiToeuli saazrovno sferosaTvis. amave
dros yovel maTganSi vlindeba erTiani gansja. amitom
calkeuli sferoebis Sesatyvisi azrovnebis wesebi
86
gamovlenaa gansjis sayovelTao, yvela sferosTvis
saerTo kanonebisa. mecniereba gansjis am sayovelTao
kanonebze aris logika. aqedan gamomdinare, logika ar
aris gamoyenebiTi, calkeuli dargebis mimarT Sefar-
debuli mecniereba, igi maTgan damoukidebelia, wmindaa;
logika emyareba ara saazrovno saganTa Taviseburebebs,
ara cdas, aramed mxolod gansjis bunebas, saerTod az-
rovnebis wess.
am bolo debulebas s. dodaSvili Semdegnairad
afuZnebs. logikis kanonebis Semecneba ar SeiZleba cdi-
seuli iyos, radgan logikis sagania is saerTo da auci-
lebeli, rac axasiaTebs azrovnebas nebismier sferoSi,
cdaSi ki gveZleva mxolod kerZo da SemTxveviTi.
empiriulad SeiZleba gamovikvlioT mxolod sakiTxi
imaze, Tu rogor azrovneben adamianebi faqtobrivad,
logikaSi ki ganixileba problema, Tu rogor unda
iazrovnon maT (aq ,,unda” aucileblobas gulisxmobs da
ara valdebulebas). amasTan dakavSirebiT s. dodaSvili
imowmebs kants da ambobs, rom misi azriT cdiseuli
logika iseTive uazrobaa, rogorc marto gamocdile-
baze damyarebuli zneobis filosofiao. s. dodaSvilis
Semajvarebeli debuleba aseTia: azrovnebis sayovelTao
da aucilebeli kanonebi mxolod gonebaSi Seicnoba a priori.
dabolos, logika gansjis TviTSemecnebaa. marTlac,
gansjiT SevimecnebT yvelafers, sxva saSualeba ada-
mians ar gaaCnia, maT Soris TviT gansjasac. TviTSemec-
nebas Cveni sulis erTi Tavisebureba uZevs safuZvlad,
misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba igi: mas ZaluZs iyos moq-
medi Zalac da am moqmedebis saganic.
logikis raobis gagebisaTvis s. dodaSvilis naazrev-
Si mniSvneloba aqvs agreTve logikis statusisa da
funqciebis gagebas Semecnebis TeoriasTan da sxva fi-
losofiur disciplinebTan damokidebulebaSi. amasTan
87
dakavSirebiT misi Sexedulebebi Camoyalibebulia ,,lo-
gikis” Sesavalis $3-sa da logikis $42-Si. logikis faqtobriv azrovnebasTan damokidebulebis
gansazRvriT, agreTve, imis konstatirebiT, rom logika
ar ikvlevs Semecnebis damabrkolebel crurwmenebsa da
vnebebs, s. dodaSvili mijnavs logikas fsiqologiisa-
gan. logika ar aris arc metafizika, radgan is ar ikv-
levs Semecnebasa da WeSmaritebas. misgan gansxvavebiT,
logikis kanonebi gansjis swori gamoyenebisa da saku-
Tar TavTan Tavsebadobis aucilebeli pirobebia. gans-
jisa da, maSasadame, logikis kanonebis gamoyenebis sfe-
roa mecniereba movlenebis Sesaxeb, imis Sesaxeb, rac
grZnobasa da cdas eqvemdebareba. logikis kanonebis am
farglebs gareT gamoyeneba nivTTa arsze msjelobi-
saTvis dauSvebelia, radgan es niSnavs Cveni sulis ori
unaris da unarTa Sesabamisi ori qveynierebis erTma-
neTSi arevas. movlenebi ar Seadgenen saganTa arss,
gansja ar aris goneba. logika (mecniereba azrovnebaze)
ar aris metafizika (mecniereba Semecnebaze). filoso-
fiisaTvis am fundamentur gansxvavebas s. dodaSvili
miawers i. kants (,,kenigsbergel filosofoss”).
s. dodaSvils formulirebuli aqvs misi logikuri
koncefciis daxasiaTebisaTvis mniSvnelovani debuleba:
logika ar aris iaraRi, romliTac movipovebT codnas,
vaRwevT WeSmaritebas ama Tu im sferoSi; logika moi-
cavs mxolod azrovnebis formas, igi mxolod imas
gvaswavlis, rogor gamoviyvanoT mocemuli WeSmaritebi-
dan Sedegebi winaaRmdegobis gareSe.
ganasxvavebs ra logikas ritorikisagan, s. dodaSvi-
li aRniSnavs, rom logika aris mosamzadebeli mecnie-
reba (propedevtika) yvela sxva mecnierebisaTvis, radgan
isaa mecnierebis sawyisebidan SedegTa gamoyvanis,
calkeul mecnierebaTaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur
cnebaTa erTobliobis, misi masalis sistematizaciis,
88
,,maTematikuri wesiT” (igulisxmeba deduqciuri meTodi)
agebis iaraRi.
7. ,,logikis” Tematikuri Sedgeniloba. sakuTriv
logikuri masalis gadmocemas win uZRvis azrovnebis
cnobili oTxi kanonis ganxilva (logikis Tavi II). ,,lo-
gikis” struqturaSi maTi adgilis mixedviT SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom s. dodaSvils isini esmoda, rogorc
logikis safuZvlad mdebare principebi. es eTanxmeba me-
18 s-Si gavrcelebul Tvalsazriss (mas iziarebda, ma-
galiTad, i. kanti Tavis ,,logikaSi”), xolo nawilobriv
– dRevandel koncefciebsac. magaliTad, klasikur
logikaSi aseTi fundamenturi roli mikuTvnebuli aqvs
winaaRmdegobisa da gamoricxuli mesamis principebs. s.
dodaSvilis azriT, winaaRmdegobis, gamoricxuli mesa-
misa da sakmao mizezis (igi ar ganasxvavebs safuZvels
da mizezs) principebi erTmaneTis mimarT Seadgenen
Teziss, antiTezissa da sinTezs, xolo triadas mTlia-
nobaSi gamoxatavs igiveobis principi. s. dodaSvili
cdilobs es debuleba daafuZnos azrovnebis kanonebs
Soris arsebul deduqciur kavSirebze.
,,logikis” danarCeni nawili agebulia arastandar-
tuli sqemiT: msjeloba, cneba, daskvna, dasabuTeba.
arastandartuloba cnebisaTvis msjelobis win wamZRva-
rebaSi mdgomareobs. standartuli tradiciuli midgoma
lingvisturi analizis Sedegebs emyareboda: dasabuTeba,
romlis bunebis gamokvlevac aris logikis saboloo
mizani, Sedgeba daskvnebisagan, daskvnebi – msjelobebi-
sagan, xolo msjelobebi –cnebebisagan. s. dodaSvilma
cneba-msjelobis mimarTebis gagebas safuZvlad daudo
Semecnebis procesis dinamikis analizi (logikis $5 da $15). misi azriT, gansjis pirvel moqmedebaSi gvaqvs
dapirispireba da SeerTeba; dapirispireba orgvaria – 1)
dapirispireba moazrovne Zalasa da sagans Soris 2)
dapirispireba sagnebs Soris. es ukanaskneli aisaxeba
89
msjelobaSi, masSi mocemulia ori dapirispirebuli
sagnis, romelTagan erTi meoriT xasiaTdeba, subieqtisa
da predikatis SeerTeba. mxolod msjelobis pirveli
aqtis Semdeg Cndeba cneba. cneba msjelobis rezul-
tatia, msjeloba gadadis cnebaSi, ramdenadac cnebaSi
erTiandeba msjelobaSi cal-calke mocemuli niSnebi.
msjelobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas (logikis IV da V
Tavebi) s. dodaSvili warmoadgens, rogorc msjelobaTa
klasifikacias. 1) formis mixedviT klasifikacia. es
aris msjelobaTa tradiciuli klasifikacia, romelsac
i. kantma misca kanonikuri saxe da romelic, Tavis
mxriv, warmoadgens msjelobaTa sam-sam jgufad dayofas
oTxi niSnis-raodenobis, Tvisebriobis, mimarTebisa (s.
dodaSvilis terminebiT, sagnebis erTmaneTTan mimarTe-
bis) da modalobis (sagnebis gansjasTan mimarTebis) mi-
xedviT. 2) materiis mixedviT klasifikacia. esec imave
oTxi niSnis mixedviT xorcieldeba. materiis raodeno-
bis mixedviT s. dodaSvili ganasxvavebs martivsa da
rTul winadadebebs. materiis Tvisebriobis mixedviT
msjelobaTa dayofaSi warmodgenilia e.w. ,,logikuri
kvadratis” damokidebulebebi, romelic Seicavs sainte-
reso ganzogadebas – kontrarobisa da kontradiqto-
rulobis damokidebulebebi gavrcelebulia pirobiT
winadadebebzec, rac eTanxmeba zogad-dadebiT (SaP) da
universalur-implikaciur x(Sx Px) winadadebebs Soris
arsebuli mimarTebis erT-erT formalur rekonstruq-
cias. daqvemdebarebis mimarTebis TvalsazrisiTaa war-
modgenili deduqciuri sistemis elementebi – aqsiomebi
da postulatebi damaqvemdebarebeli msjelobebia, xolo
Teoremebi, problemebi da Sedegebi – daqvemdebarebu-
lebi. klasifikacia sagnebis gansjasTan mimarTebis (ma-
teriis modalobis) mixedviT moicavs tradiciul moZRv-
rebas cnebis gansazRvrebasa da gayofaze, amasTan, s.
dodaSvilis mixedviT, gansazRvreba aRniSnavs sagnis
90
Tvisebriobas (igulisxmeba, rom igi gvaZlevs pasuxs
kiTxvaze – ra aris sagani?), xolo cnebis gayofa –
raodenobas (igulisxmeba, rom igi gvaZlevs pasuxs
kiTxvaze – ramdennairia sagani?). 3) klasifikacia mate-
riis mixedviT saerTod – moicavs msjelobebis dayofas
analizurebad da sinTezurebad. s. dodaSvils moaqvs
maT Sesaxeb is cnobebi, rac ganekuTvneba i. kantis
mixedviT zogad da ara transcendentalur logikas.
radgan s. dodaSvilisTvis msjelobasa da cnebas
Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba araa da cneba mxolod
Semoklebuli msjelobaa, igi cdilobs moZRvreba cneba-
ze (logikis Tavi V) warmoadginos, rogorc msjelo-
baTa Teoriis gavrceleba cnebaze. Saxeldobr, am moZ-
Rvrebasac is aZlevs cnebis klasifikaciis saxes formi-
sa da materiis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg TiToeulis
SigniT axorcielebs dayofas raodenobis, Tvisebriobis,
mimarTebisa da modalobis niSnebiT. cnebaTa formebis
(sayovelTao kanonebis) klasifikacia odnav Secvlili
saxiT imeorebs i. kantis ,,wminda gonebis kritikidan”
(da ara ,,logikidan~) momdinare klasifikacias grZnoba-
di Wvretis formebisa da gansjis kategoriebis Sesaxeb.
s. dodaSvili sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas imaze,
rom kategoriebis gamoyeneba gamocdilebis farglebs
gareT dauSvebelia.
cneba mravali warmodgenis SeerTebaa. es warmodge-
nebi qmnis cnebis materiis intensiur raodenobas (Si-
naarss), xolo cnebiT moazrebuli warmodgenebi (ganu-
yofadebisa) – eqstensiur raodenobas (moculobas). tra-
diciul logikaSi gavrcelebuli iyo Tvalsazrisi, rom
arsebobs umaRlesi gvarebi da umdablesi saxeebi. es
Tvalsazrisi qarTul filosofiaSic iyo damkvidrebu-
li porfiriusisa da ioane damaskelis TxzulebaTa
gavleniT. amisgan gansxvavebiT s. dodaSvili iziarebs i.
kantis logikaSi gatarebul Sexedulebas, romlis
91
mixedviT umdablesi saxeebi ar arsebobs6. cnebasa da
mis moculobaSi Semavali ganuyofadebis niSnebs Soris
damokidebulebas s. dodaSvili axasiaTebs ori debule-
biT, romelTa TiTqmis igive formulirebebi gvxdeba i.
kantis ,,logikaSi”7 da romlebic erTad ase SeiZleba
gamovTqvaT: raime axasiaTebs an ar axasiaTebs gvars
maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac igi axasiaTebs an ar
axasiaTebs masSi Semaval yvela umdables cnebasac. ma-
teriis Tvisebriobis mixedviT s. dodaSvili gamoyofs
tradiciul logikaSi cnobil damokidebulebebs cne-
bebs Soris (garda daqvemdebarebisa da Tanaqvemdebareo-
bis mimarTebebisa), igi amyarebs subordinacias azrov-
nebis kanonebsa da am mimarTebebs Soris. am damokidebu-
lebebTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibebulia ramdenime kano-
ni, romelTagan erT-erTi – erTgvarovnebis kanoni –
tolfasia erTaderTi umaRlesi gvaris (Tanamedrove
terminebiT, universaluri simravlis) postulirebisa;
aseTi gvaris gamosaTqmelad terminic kia SerCeuli -
,,raime”. s. dodaSvilisTvis 1) arseba da SemTxveviToba
da 2) mizezi da Sedegi cnebaTa Soris arsebuli daq-
vemdebarebis mimarTebis saxeebia. arseba-SemTxveviTis
mimarTebis dasaxasiaTeblad faqtobrivad gadmocemulia
predikabiliebze moZRvrebis is versia, romelic i.
kantis ,,logikaSia” gadmocemuli (arsebiTi, sakuTrivi,
garegani SemTxveviTi da cvalebadi niSnebi)8; igi ar
imeorebs arc aristoteles da arc porfiriusis Sesaba-
mis Teorias. sagnis gansjasTan mimarTebis niSnis mixed-
viT s. dodaSvili axasiaTebs naTelsa da bundovan cne-
bebs.
daskvnis (agreTve, dasabuTebis) Teoriis gadmocema
,,logikaSi” Zalze eskizuria (Tavebi VI da VIII). ufro
meti yuradReba eTmoba daskvnebis SemecnebiT-Teoriul
aspeqts da mis erTianobas msjeloba-cnebasTan. s. doda-
Svilis mixedviT daskvna aris ganviTarebuli msjeloba,
92
amitom yvela silogizms safuZvlad uZevs igive sayo-
velTao kanonebi. isini eqvemdebarebian sakmao mizezis
princips, vinaidan yoveli daskvnis didi wanamZRvari
aris wesi, romelic mtkicebis an uaryofis sakmao mi-
zezs Seicavs, mas SeiZleba hqondes kategoriuli, piro-
biTi an gayofiTi msjelobis saxe; mcire winamZRvari iZ-
leva wesis kerZo SemTxvevas, imas, rasac wesi mieyeneba;
danaskvi aris SeerTeba imisa, rac namdvilad emyareba
sakmao mizezs, wesSi nagulisxmev, kerZo SemTxvevasTan.
amas s. dodaSvili silogistikis umaRles princips
uwodebs.
sakuTriv daskvnis Teoria moicavs tradiciul lo-
gikaSi sayovelTaod miRebul kategoriuli, pirobiTi
da gayofiTi silogizmebis wesebsa da modusebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kategoriuli silogizmis wesebi s.
dodaSvilis formulirebaSi arasrulia. daskvnis Teo-
riis ganxilva mTavrdeba induqciisa da analogiiT
daskvnis mokle ganxilviT. TavSi dasabuTebis Sesaxeb
mocemulia dasabuTebis cnebis gayofa materiis, formi-
sa da damarwmunebeli Zalis mixedviT, agreTve, elemen-
taruli cnobebi paralogizmebisa da sofizmebis Sesa-
xeb. aucilebelia iTqvas, rom deduqciisa da induqciis
dapirispireba, s. dodaSvilis mixedviT, emyareba or
sxvadasxva safuZvels: erTia azrTa svlis mimarTuleba
zogadidan kerZosken an piriqiT, meorea maTi gansxvaveba
damamtkicebeli Zalis mixedviT – erTs axasiaTebs
apodiqtikuroba, meores albaToba (amaze naTlad ufro
is ,,logikur meTodologiaSi” msjelobs).
s. dodaSvilis logikuri Sexedulebebis Seswavli-
sas ,,logikuri meTodologiis” gaTvaliswineba aucile-
belia miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra adgili ukavia mas s.
dodaSvilis Sromebis struqturaSi. am naSromis sagania
codnis (Semecnebis) logikuri srulyofis meTodebi.
Semecnebis srulyofa SesaZlebelia raodenobis, Tviseb-
93
riobis, mimarTebisa da modalobis mixedviT. pirveli
gulisxmobs codnis eqstensiur zrda-gafarToebas, meo-
re _ cnebaTa sicxadis miRwevas, romlis umaRlesi safe-
xuria cnebaTa gansazRvreba. s. dodaSvili gadmoscems
moZRvrebas gansazRvrebis saxeebze, romelTagan zogier-
Ti saerTod ar aris ganxiluli ,,logikaSi”. esaa gan-
sazRvrebis analizuri da sinTezuri, sityvieri (nomina-
luri), saxeldebiTi (ostensiuri) da nivTieri (realu-
ri), Teoriuli da genetikuri saxeebi, agreTve, umaRlesi
da martivi cnebebis gansazRvrebis sakiTxebi. mimarTebis
mixedviT Semecnebis logikuri srulyofa WeSmaritebis
miRwevis garantiebis Seqmnaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT s.
dodaSvili ganasxvavebs logikur (formalur) da niv-
Tier (materialur) WeSmaritebas, cdilobs azrovnebis
kanonebidan gamoiyvanos formaluri WeSmaritebis piro-
bebi. modalobis mixedviT codnis srulyofasTan dakav-
SirebiT gaanalizebulia, Tanamedrove terminebiT rom
vTqvaT, epistemikuri logikis cnebebiT – varaudi, rwme-
na, codna, crurwmena, hipoTezi da a.S. ,,logikur meTo-
dologiaSi” ufro dawvrilebiTaa garCeuli cnebis
gayofa, masSi gadmocemulia Sesabamisi tradiciuli
Teoriis yvela detali. ,,logikasTan” SedarebiT sxva
kuTxidan aris danaxuli aq dasabuTebac da meTodic;
saxeldobr, gaanalizebulia dasabuTebis struqtura
(argumentebi, demonstracia da a.S), Secdomebi dasabuTe-
baSi, meTodebis saxeebi. ,,logikur meTodologias” erT-
vis mcire traqtati ,,gamoyenebiTi logika”, romelSic
daxasiaTebulia Semecnebis SezRudulobebi da maTi
gadalaxvis gzebi.
s. dodaSvili kargad icnobs logikis mecnierebis
Tanadroul mdgomareobas, Tavisuflad flobs logikur
masalas, aqvs istoriuli xedva. yovelive es Semoqmede-
biTi Ziebis sawindaria. marTlac, mis SromebSi vnaxu-
lobT bevr iseT raimes, rac mxolod erTxel naswavlis
94
dalagebis miseuli manerebidan ki ar modis, aramed
damoukidebeli Ziebisa da gansjis nayofia. am Tval-
sazrisiT zogierTi ram zemoT ukve aRvniSneT. magram
konkretuli problemebis axleburi gadawyvetebisken
swrafva srulad ar gamoxatavs s. dodaSvilis lo-
gikuri Semoqmedebis specifikas.
s. dodaSvilis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, rom igi
iziarebs logikis Tanadrouli mdgomareobis im gagebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac tradiciuli formaluri logika
(zogadi logika, i. kantis terminologiiT) Sinaarsob-
rivad dasrulebuli mecnierebaa da amitom SesaZlebeli
da saWiroa mxolod misi, rogorc mTlianobis, dafuZ-
nebis srulyofa, gamoyenebis sazRvrebis garkveva,
struqturuli sicxadis Zieba. i. kantis mier gamoTqmu-
li es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara germanuli klasikuri
idealizmis yvela warmomadgenelma. s. dodaSvilis, ro-
gorc mecnieris, SemoqmedebiTi interesis ZiriTadi saga-
nic logikis struquturuli mTlianoba, misi sistemati-
zaciis principia. amis safuZvels ki logikis mdgoma-
reoba marTlac iZleoda.
tradiciul formalur logikas aklda maorganize-
beli principi, romlis irgvliv Tu mixedviTac erT sis-
temad dalagdeboda logikuri codnis calkeuli frag-
mentebi. sqema cneba-msjeloba-daskvna (an dodaSvili-
seuli msjeloba-cneba-daskvna) ufro pedagogiur rols
asrulebda, vidre sistemurs. Tanamedrove logikaSi
aseT funqcias asrulebs gamomdinareobis bolcano-
tarskis Teoria da logikis formalur-deduqciuri age-
bis principi. s. dodaSvilma erT-erT umTavres miznad
am xarvezis kompensireba daisaxa.
garda aRniSnuli uzogadesi sqemisa, tradiciul
logikaSi cnobili iyo sistematizaciis sxva saSualebe-
bic. erTi maTgania logikis yoveli kanonzomierebis,
yoveli logikuri faqtis daqvemdebareba azrovnebis
95
kanonebisadmi, am faqtebis marTebulobisaTvis maTze
,,pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba”, azrovnebis kanonebze ma-
Ti dayvana. s. dodaSvilma logikuri codnis subordina-
ciis es principi miiRo. masTan raodenobis, Tvisebrio-
bisa da mimarTebis cnebebi, romlebic safuZvlad uZevs
msjelobaTa da cnebaTa, agreTve, maT Soris arsebul
damokidebulebaTa klasifikacias, erTmaneTs ise See-
fardebian, rogorc winaaRmdegobis, gamoricxuli mesa-
misa da sakmao mizezis principebi; igiveobis principi,
romelic yovelgvari tolfasobis safuZvelia, warmoad-
gens agreTve, azrovnebis danarCeni principebis urTi-
erTmimarTebis sqemas; yovelgvari daskvna eqvemdebareba
sakmao mizezis princips da a.S..
kidev erTi gamaerTiaenebeli principi, romelic,
vfiqrobT, i. kantis ,,logikidan” iRebs saTaves da ro-
melsac s. dodaSvilma uzogadesi saxe misca, aris kla-
sifikaciis sqema – logikuri obieqtebis an mimarTebebis
gayofa jer materia-formis mixedviT, xolo Semdeg
gayofis TiToeul klasSi gayofa raodenobis, Tviseb-
riobis, mimarTebisa da modalobis niSnebiT. s. doda-
Svili TiTqmis mTel logikur masalas ,,logikaSic” da
,,logikur meTodologiaSic” am orsafexurovani klasi-
fikaciis meSeveobiT alagebs.
magram, s. dodaSvili amaze ar Cerdeba. man sistema-
tizaciis kidev erTi principi daamata logikur aparats.
erT-erTi mizani, romlis realizaciasac cdilobs s.
dodaSvili Tavis ,,logikaSi”, aris imis Cveneba, Tu
rogor vlindeba yovel logikur aqtSi, logikis yvela
cnebasa, wessa da kanonSi Tezisi-antiTezisi-sinTezis
urTierTdamokidebuleba. am damokidebulebis codnis
amgeb umaRles principad gamocxadeba i. g. fixtesTan
gvxdeba, romlis Semdegac igi procesTa dialeqtikuri
aRweris aucilebel saSualebad iqca. s. dodaSvilsac
igi gonebis sayovelTao da garduvali aucileblobis
96
mqone kanonad miaCnia. igi masSi xedavs princips,
romelic saSualebas iZleva, warmovadginoT sistemur
mTelad erTi SexedviT wesrigsa da erTianobas mokle-
buli logikuri problematika. masTan dialeqtikuri
triadis xasiaTi aqvs saerTod Semecnebis aqts, azrov-
nebis kanonebis urTierTmimarTebas, msjelobisa da
daskvnis struqturas, msjelobisa da cnebis klasifi-
kaciis jgufebs, maT qvejgufebs da a.S. principis aseTi
universalizacia s. dodaSvils siZneleebis winaSec aye-
nebs. vfiqrobT, amiT unda aixsnas Semdegi faqtic.
daskvnis Teoria, rac logikis amocanebis mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebdiT, ZiriTadi unda yofiliyo logikur naS-
romSi, radgan SedarebiT nakleb masalas iZleva “tria-
duli” interpretacisaTvis, gacilebiT ufro eskizurad
aris gadmocemuli, vidre msjelobisa da cnebis Teo-
riebi.
is, rasac s. dodaSvilma logikis erT struquturul
mTlianobad sistematizaciis cdiT miaRwia da aq, uwi-
nares yovlisa, fixteanuri triadis principis logiku-
ri universalizacia gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi, marTalia ar
aRmoCnda formaluri logikis ganviTarebis magist-
ralur gzaze, magram mainc misi avtoris did monapov-
rad unda CaiTvalos. saqme isaa, rom man igrZno germanu-
li klasikuri idealizmis Sinagani orientacia logikis
dialeqtikur dafuZnebaze da scada misi xorcSesxma
sakuTar logikur sistemaSi.
s. dodaSvilma Tavisi SromebiT sxva wvlilic Sei-
tana qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi.
am wvlilze Rirs yuradRebis SeCereba. mas axalgazrda
mecnieris nebisa da gonebis aranaklebi Zalixmeva
sWirdeboda, aranaklebi imasTan SedarebiT, rac man
logikis struqturul sistematizacias moandoma. saqme
exeba s. dodaSvilis TxzulebaTa samecniero stilisa
97
da ideaTa im axal nakads, romelic s. dodaSvilis Sro-
maTa meSveobiT Semovda qarTul filosofiaSi.
bekonisa da galileis Semdeg me-17 me-18 saukuneebSi
evropuli mecniereba da filosofia mkveTrad Tavi-
sufldeba sqolastikuri CarCoebisgan; azrovnebis yvela
sfero iZens damoukidebel, mxolod misTvis damaxasia-
Tebel Rirebulebas miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogoria misi
uSualo mimarTeba religiasTan. es iyo gadasvla az-
rovnebis axal stilze da ara rwmenidan urwmunoebaze.
samecniero da filosofiuri azrovnebis stilis Secv-
la dogmatizmisagan gaTavisuflebas niSnavda.
farTo da Rrma kontaqtebma evropasTan xeli Seuwyo
me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sekularistuli tenden-
ciebis gavrcelebas ruseTSic, rasac ar SeiZleba gav-
lena ar moaxdina axalgazrda s. dodaSvilzec. filo-
sofiuri azrovnebis sqolastikuri CarCoebisgan gaTavi-
suflebis es procesi saqarTveloSi arsebiTad s.
dodaSvilis SromebiT Semovida. qarTvel filosofosTa
Soris s. dodaSvili erT-erTi pirvelia, vis SromebSic
filosofiuri da samecniero problemebis Rirebuleba
misi Teologiur-religiuri mniSvnelobiT ar izomeba;
maTSi mTavari yuradReba gadatanilia gansaxilveli
sakiTxebis TavisTavad Rirebulebasa da Sinaarsze. s.
dodaSvilis zogierTma komentatorma, albaT, sabWoTa
aTeisturi epoqis gavleniT es arasworad gaigo. azrov-
nebis axali stili niSnavs uaris Tqmas samecniero
problemis aucilebel religiur interpretaciaze, mag-
ram ara uaris Tqmas rwmenaze.
magram, samecniero stili saqmis erTi mxarea. s.
dodaSvilis axali stiliT Sesrulebuli Txzulebani
qarTuli filosofiisaTvis axali SinaarsiT iyo Sevse-
buli. misma Sromebma, uwinares yovlisa, ,,logikam’, qar-
Tul filosofiaSi gza gauxnes germanul-klasikur
98
idealizms, kantis, fixtes, Selingis Sexedulebebs. es
misi waruvali damsaxurebaa qarTuli kulturis winaSe.
s. dodaSvilis msoflmxedvelobisa da logikuri
Sexedulebebis analizisa da SefasebisaTvis didi mniSv-
neloba aqvs maTi ideuri wyaroebis gamovlenas. es sa-
kiTxi ukve me-19 s-Si moeqca mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
areSi. dReisaTvis miRebulia, rom s. dodaSvilis filo-
sofiuri da logikuri Sexedulebebis SemuSavebaSi ga-
damwyveti roli Sasrula germanulma klasikurma idea-
lizmma. amiT ar gamoricxeba qarTuli filosofiuri
memkvidreobis gavlena s. dodaSvilis, rogorc moazrov-
nis – filosofisisa da logikosis – Camoyalibebaze.
amis kargi sabuTia misi ,,mokle ganxilva qarTuli li-
teraturisa anu sityvierebisa” da mimowera i. xela-
SvilTan.
am sakiTxze pasuxis Ziebisas ar SeiZleba ar ga-
viTvaliswinoT, rogori filosofiuri atmosfero iyo
am dros ruseTSi da vin iyvnen dodaSvilis maswavleb-
lebi? me-18 saukunis bolos ruseTSi farTod vrcelde-
ba germanuli idealizmis ideebi. me-19 saukunis dasaw-
yisSi Cndeba kantis Sromebis xelnaweri Targmanebi.
axalgazrdebi qmnian filosofiur wreebs, romlebSic
batonobs germanuli filosofia – kanti, fixte, Se-
lingi, okeni da sxv. me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi ruseTis
universitetebSi aswavlian evropul filosofias, ro-
melSic TandaTan matulobda germanuli filosofiis
wili9. amave periodSi filosofiuri problemebis mi-
marT interesis gaRvivebaSi, filosofiuri kulturis
zrdaSi didi wvlili SehqondaT ucxoeTidan mowveul
profesorebs, romelTa Soris v. zenkovskis gamorCeuli
hyavs germaneli profesorebi bule (Buhle) moskovSi da Sadi (Schad) xarkovSi. peterburgis univversitetis fi-
losofiur-iuridiul fakultetze aswavlidnen cnobi-
li filosofosebi p. d. lodii (1764-1829) da a. i. galiCi
99
(1783-1848), lodiis mowafe, romelic swavlobda ger-
maniaSic. galiCis Sromebi iseve, rogorc TviTon gali-
Ci, Zalian popularuli iyo. ruseTSi germanuli filo-
sofiiT gatacebam me-19 saukunis dasawyisSi Selingia-
nelobis saxe miiRo. galiCi Selingis mimdevari iyo da
misi gavleniT yuradRebis centrSi eqceva Selingis
esTetikuri idealizmi, moZRvreba xelovnebaze, romelic
romantizmis filosofiur safuZvlad moiazreboda. es
ukuqmedebas iwvevda – Zalian mkacrad moqmedebdnen cen-
zura da marTmadideblobisa da monarqiis brma Tayva-
nismcemlebi akademiuri wreebidan, imdenad mkacrad, rom
sajarod daTanxmeba kantis, fixtes, Selingis da sxv.
koncefciebze an maT mimdevrad Tavis gamocxadeba
TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo. yovelive aman gamoiwvia adap-
taciis garkveuli meqanizmis SemuSaveba, es meqanizmi
iyo eklektizmi: me-18 saukunis bolosa da me-19 saukunis
dasawyisSi rusuli filosofia ekleqtikuri iyo10.
aTeizmis, an mavne filosofiuri sistemebis ukritiko
swavlebis braldebiT xdeboda darbevebi. darbevebis
erT-erTi pirveli msxverpli iyo i. b. Sadi – 1816 w. is
moulodnelad gaaTavisufles xarkovis universitetidan
da gaaZeves ruseTidan. reaqcias ver gadaurCa verc ga-
liCi, mas bralad sdebdnen imas, rom izRudeboda fi-
losofiuri sistemebis gadmocemiT, ar akritikebda maT11
da eweoda Selingianelobis propagandas12. lodii fi-
losofiis kaTedridan samarTlis kaTedraze gadaiyva-
nes, galiCi ki saerTod gauSves universtetidan da
leqciebis kiTxva aukrZales. axalgazrdebis TxovniT
galiCma saxlSi moawyo filosofiis moyvarulTa wre
(10-12 kaci iyrida xolme Tavs)13. es dodaSvilis peter-
burgSi yofnisas xdeba. Aam ambebs sxva gagrZelebac
hqonda: 1822 wlis martSi peterburgis universitetis 59
studentidan 29 garicxes universitetidan.
100
germanuli klasikuri idealizmis gadamwyvet rolze
miTiTeba sakiTxis mxolod zogadi gadawyvetaa. saWiroa
s. dodaSvilis mimarTebis garkveva germanuli klasiku-
ri idealizmis calkeul warmomadgenlebTan. yvelaze
ufro gavrcelebulia azri s. dodaSvilis kantianelo-
baze. pirvelad es azri gamoTqves i. kolubovskim, e. f.
leikveldma da e. radlovma. ,,logika” (,,logikuri me-
Todologiisa” da ,,gamoyenebiTi logikis” CaTvliT,
romlebic, savaraudoa, rom ,,logikis” pirvel variantSi
Sesatanad ganzraxuli Tavebis monaxazia) s. dodaSvi-
lis mxolod pirveli daumTavrebeli nawarmoebia; am
isedac mcire moculobis nawarmoebSi sakuTvriv filo-
sofiur sakiTxebs kidev ufro mcire adgili ukaviaT,
rac albaT, sakmarisi araa misi Tanamimdevruli kantia-
nelobisTvis dasamtkiceblad. amave dros, Tu mxedvelo-
baSi miviRebT s. dodaSvilis damokidebulebas germanu-
li klasikuri idealizmis sxva warmomadgenlebTan, uf-
ro adekvaturi iqneba, Tuki mis damokidebulebas i. kan-
tis mimarT ufro zusti saxiT CamovayalibebT: s. doda-
Svils bevri sakiTxi kantiseburad esmis, maTi gadawyve-
tisas (uSualod Tu sxvaTa Sromebis meSveobiT), eyrd-
noba i. kantis Sexedulebebs, kerZod, am gavlenaze msje-
lobisas s. dodaSvilis teqstis mixedviT mxedvelobaSi
unda gvqondes mxolod e.w. kanti-ieSes ,,logika”.
sailustraciod ramdenime sakiTxs davasaxelebT. fi-
losofiis anTropologiuri gageba, romelic mocemulia
s. dodaSvilis ,,logikis” sawyis nawilSi (,,filosofiis
zogadi Sesavali”), nawilobriv eyrdnoba i. kantis ,,lo-
gikis” Sesavlis III Tavs, romelSic, agreTve, filoso-
fiis cnebaa ganxiluli. logikis sagnis daxasiaTebaSi
(Sesavlis Tavi I) s. dodaSvils Setanili aqvs gansjisa
da gonebis damokidebuleba Semecnebis procesSi,
gansjis kerZo-mecnieruli wesebis safuZvlad gansjis
erTiani zogadi kanonebis arsebobis postulireba, lo-
101
gikis kanonebis cdisgan damokidebuli, aprioruli da
aucilebeli xasiaTi, logika rogorc gansjis TviTSe-
mecneba, logika rogorc formaluri mecniereba, lo-
gikis propedevtikuli xasiaTi sxva mecnierebaTa mimarT;
yvela es sakiTxi ganxilulia, agreTve, i. kantis ,,lo-
gikis” Sesavlis I TavSi, romelic logikis cnebas exeba;
arsebiTad mas mihyveba s. dodaSvili. msjelobaTa da
cnebaTa formebis klasifikaciis, kategoriebis cxri-
lis, logikuri aqtebisa da codnis logikuri srul-
yofis jgufebis da agreTve, zogierTi sxva sakiTxis i.
kantidan warmomavlobaze zemoTac visaubreT. dawvrile-
biTi teqstualuri Sepirispireba s. dodaSvilis ,,logi-
kis” Sesavlis I Tavisa (,,logikis cneba da gansazRv-
reba”) da mTeli wignis dasawyisisa (,,filosofiis zoga-
di Sesavali”) kanti-ieSes ,,logikis” Sesabamisad Sesav-
lis analogiur I TavTan (,,logikur cnebaze”) da Sesav-
lis III TavTan (,,saerTod filosofiis cneba”) kidev
ufro ganamtkicebs am azrs14.
s. dodaSvilis ,,logikis” SesavlSi (Tavi II [4, gv.
10-22]) mocemulia logikis istoriis mokle mimoxilva.
analogiuri qveparagrafi kantis ,logikaSic” gvaqvs [10,
gv. 328-329], magram dodaSvilis mimoxilva ufro vrcelia
da met masalas mocavs, amasTan, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniS-
nos sworad dasmuli aqcentebi logikaSi aristotelesa
da misi mowafeebis miRwevebis da, saerTod, antikuri da
sqolastikuri logikis, agreTve, fr. bekonis induqciis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebis ganxilvisas. am monaxazidan irkveva,
rom s. dodaSvilis damokidebuleba i. kantTan ideuri
naTesaobiT ar amoiwureba. s. dodaSvili kritikul
filosofias miiCnevs logikis istoriis bolo, meeqvse
periodad, xolo im maRal Sefasebas, romelsac is aZ-
levs i. kants mxolod aristotelesTvis mis mier mice-
muli Sefaseba Tu Seedreba: ,,kantis gamWriaxma geniam
axali saxe misca gonebismetyvelebas da mtkice sazRv-
102
rebi daudo mas; man daamtkica logikis kanonebis
warmoSoba gonebiseuli da ara cdiseuli wyaroebidan;
aRmoaCina logikis WeSmariti Rirseba da misi wesebis
gamoyenebis sazRvrebi”.
miuxedavad mravali ideuri da verbaluri damTxve-
visa, SesaZlebelia s. dodaSvilis wignis zogierTi
adgilis iseTi interpretacia, romelic ar eTanxmeba i.
kantis Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, k. kacitaZis Tanaxmad,
dodaSvili ,,1. ar iziarebs movlenebis miRma myof arse-
bulTa Seumecnebadobas da, Sesabamisad, ar uaryofs me-
tafizikas rogorc mecnierebas; 2. ar iziarebs azrov-
nebisa da Wvretis dualizms; 3. gansjas, rogorc grZno-
badis Semecnebis unars, principulad ganasxvavebs gone-
bisagan, rogorc zegrZnobadis Semecnebis formisagan; 4.
gansjis (formalur-logikur) kanonebs principulad ga-
nasxvavebs gonebis kanonebisagan; 5. gonebas aniWebs ara
mxolod regulatorul (gansjis formebis momwesri-
gebel funqcias), aramed konstituciur funqciasac”15.
arqimandritma gabrielma (voskresenskim) pirvelad
SeamCnia kavSiri s. dodaSvilis ,,logikisa” da xarkovis
universitetis profesoris i. Sadis logikur Txzule-
bas Soris16. is iyo ienis (1802 wlidan fixtes Semdeg) da
xarkovis (1804 wlidan) universitetebis profesori; e.
radlovis Tanaxmad, Sadis filosofia arsebiTad imeo-
rebs jer fixtes, xolo Semdeg Selingis filosofiis
ZiriTad principebs. e. f. leikfeldma gaanaliza ra
Sadis miTiTebuli logikuri Sroma, daaskvna, rom masSi
Zlieria fixtes metafizikis gavlena da rom Sadi ara
mxolod fixtes doqtrinis komentatori, aramed gamgr-
Zelebelic aris17. Sadma “SesamCnevi kvali datova ruse-
Tis filosofiuri kulturis istoriaSi”18. amitom bu-
nebrivia, s. dodaSvilis naazrevSi fixteanuri elemente-
bic iyos. s. dodaSvilis ,,logikis” sakuTvriv i. Sadis
SromasTan kavSiri kargad aCvena S. nucubiZem.Emisi
103
analizi teqstualuri Sepirispirebebi adasturebs, rom
s. dodaSvilisTvis i. Sadis Sroma iyo logikis sakiT-
xebze informaciis erT-erTi wyaro19.
fixteanuli elementi (amaze zemoT ukve vilapara-
koT) s. dodaSvilis ,,logikaSi” logikuri codnis maor-
ganizebeli dialeqtikuri sqemaa – s. dodaSvili cdi-
lobs yovel logikur aqtSi, logikis yvela cnebas,
wessa da kanonSi gamoavlinos dialeqtikuri triadis
moqmedeba. savaraudoa, rom es sqema s. dodaSvilma i.
Sadis Sromis meSveobiT miiRo20. S. nucubiZe cdilobs
ufro farTo kavSirebi dainaxos s. dodaSvilsa da i. g.
fixtes Soris, magram amasTan dakavSirebuli interpre-
tacia s. dodaSvilis teqstisa damajerebeli ar aris21.
S. nucubiZis mier SemCneul paralelebs k. kacitaZe
afarToebs axali debulebebiT, misi varaudiT, fixtesa
da dodaSvilisTvis saerToa agreTve, gansjisa da
gonebis SemecnebiTi sazRvrebis da, amis Sesabamisad,
,,ideisa da cnebis principuli gansxvaveba”; ,,logikisa
da mtafizikis ...analogiuri ,,gageba”, ,,kategoriebis de-
duqciis erTnairi principi”22. es kidev ufro met dama-
jereblobas aniWebs aRniSnul daskvnebs. magram citire-
bul statiaSi k. kacitaZes moaqvs debulebebic, romle-
bic dodaSvils ganasxvavebs fixtesagan: 1. azrovnebis
kanonebi fixtesTvis gansjisa da gonebis kanonebia,
dodaSvilisTvis mxolod gansjisa, 2. azrovnebis prin-
cipebis deduqcia maTTan sxvadasxva TanamimdevrobiT
xdeba, 3. fixtes sapirispirod, dodaSvili erTmaneTis-
gan ganasxvavebs cnebasa da ideas, 4. maTTan sxvadasxvaa
kategoriebis jgufebis Tanamimdevroba maTi deduqcii-
sas, 5. logika dodaSvilisTvis filosofiuri mecniere-
baa, fixtesTvis – ara23.
k. kacitaZem dodaSvilis ideuri wyaroebis Zieba
fixtes aqeTac gaagrZela. misi azriT, s. dodaSvili
obieqturi idealistia da germanuli klasikuri idea-
104
lizmis warmomadgenelTagan yvelaze axlos SelingTan
idga, romlis filosofias icnobda an uSualod origi-
nalidan, an Selingis mimdevar Sadis meSveobiT24. (Cven
davumatebdiT: an a. galiCis wignebidan da, SesaZloa,
masTan saubrebidan); sailustraciod is CamoTvlis sa-
kiTxebs, romelTa gadaWraSic es ori moazrovne erT-
maneTs uaxlovdeba; es sakiTxebi exeba gansjis gagebas
da cnebisa da ideis gansxvavebas SelingTan da doda-
SvilTan, Tumca, vfiqrobT, es ukanaskneli kantTanac
mkafiod aris moniSnuli da SesaZlebelia am viTarebis
dasamowmeblad motanili adgilebi dodaSvilidan kan-
tianurad iqnes interpretirebuli (es SeniSvna exeba
dodaSvilis SadTan msagavsebis analogiur aspeqtsac).
Tumca k. kacitaZe ufro mets amtkicebs: ,,rigi faqtore-
bi metyveleben imaze, rom s. dodaSvili mWidrod miuax-
lovda hegels”25.
sabWoTa periodSi s. dodaSvilze Sesrulebul ga-
mokvlevebSi imis gamo, rom zogierTi adgili ,,logika-
Si” SeiZleba gagebuli iqnes rogorc bunebis adamia-
nuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arsebobis daSveba,
misi ueWveli materialistoba mtkicdeboda. sruliad
marTebulia k. kacitaZis reagireba am mtkicebaze – amas-
ve uSvebda Selingic, magram aseTi daSveba ar aris
sakmarisi materialistobisaTvis, radgan masSi adamianis
cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli arseboba miewereba go-
niT sinamdviles26. dodaSvilis am azris kantianuri in-
terpretaciac SeiZleba, Tuki vigulisxmebT, rom bune-
bas empiriuli adamianuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebe-
li arseboba miewereba.
105
$2. s. dodaSvili da qarTuli kultura
s. dodaSvili filosofosi iyo mowodebiT da es
misi ,,logikidanac” TvalnaTliv Cans. mas miznad hqonda
dasaxuli – daewera filosofiis sruli kursi. magram
saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli s. dodaSvili xedavs, rom
qarTvel xalxs ganaTleba aklia, uwignuria da evropa-
Sic araferi ician mis kulturaze. yvelafer amiT igi
erTob dafiqrebulia da seriozul wuxils gamoTqvams.
s. dodaSvili mTeli arsebiT CaerTo erovnul moRva-
weobaSi. marTebulad aRniSnavs g. abzianiZe: ,,s. dodaSvi-
li ufro did mizans isaxavda: aReZra qarTul sazoga-
doebaSi survili, erovnuli kulturis gatanisa msof-
lio, evropul asparezze. mas istoriul usamarTlobad
miaCnda, rom qarTuli literatura, romelmac kacob-
riobas misca SemoqmedebiTi azris genialuri qmnileba
,,vefxistyaosani”, naklebad iyo cnobili msoflioSi”27.
amasTan, da es aq mTavaria, s. dodaSvils Rrmad swamda
qarTuli kulturis xelaxali aRorZineba. swored am
saqmeebSi Cabma iyo imis mizezi, rom s. dodaSvilma ver
ganaxorciela Tavisi Canafiqri _ filosofiis sruli
kursis Seqmna.
es iyo imis umTavresi mizezi, rom s. dodaSvili 1828
wels daarsebuli gazeTis _ ,,tfilisis uwyebani” (ru-
sulad da qarTulad) redaqciaSi aRmoCnda. jer mTargm-
nelad, 1829 wels redaqtorad, xolo 1830 wlidan ki
ukve gamomcemlad. misi uSualo mecadineobiT, 1832 wli-
dan daiwyo aRniSnuli gazeTis damatebis, Jurnal – ,,sa-
literaturoni nawilni tfilisis uwyebaTani”-s gamosv-
la, romlis redaqtori da mimarTulebis mimcemi iyo s.
dodaSvili. Tuki gavixsenebT s. dodaSvilis fiqrisa da
gansjis sagans, maSin Zneli ar unda iyos imis danaxva,
rom misi saqmianoba gazeTSi kanonzomieri movlena iyo.
amisTvis s. dodaSvili didi xania mzad iyo. s. doda-
106
Svilis mxridan gazeTSi TanamSromlobis dawyeba iyo
pirveli etapi, romelic man jer kidev peterburgSi
swavlis periodSi daisaxa miznad. es faqtic aris ga-
saTvaliswinebeli, roca qarTul kulturaSi s. doda-
Svilis damsaxurebaze iqneba saubari.
gazeTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki mis literaturul dama-
tebaSi, gamomJRavnda, s. dodaSvilis didi zrunva qar-
Tul kulturaze. am mxriv gamorCeul yuradRebas imsa-
xurebs s. dodaSvilis statia – ,,mokle ganxilva qar-
Tulisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa”, romelic
JurnalSi gamoqveynda. statiaSi kargad Cans ,,logikis”
avtoris saerTo azri. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ,,logikis”
Sesaval nawilSi s. dodaSvili sul ramdenime gverdze
mokled, lakoniurad da RrmasafuZvlianad alagebs da
gadmoscems filosofiuri azris istoriis ganviTarebis
ZiriTad mimarTulebebsa da tendenciebs, logikis mok-
le istorias. aRniSnul werilSi ki s. dodaSvili aCve-
nebs qarTuli literaturis, filosofiisa da saerTod
qarTuli kulturis ganviTarebis arsebiT momentebs.
s. dodaSvili wuxils gamoTqvams imis gamo, rom qar-
Tuli enis namdvili Rirseba ar icis bevrma da mas Ca-
morCenilad miiCnevs. ,,Cven SegvemTxva smena damtkice-
biTTa sjaTa mravalTa keTilmzraxvelTa kacTagan qar-
Tulisa enisaTvis, romel igi glaxak ars TxzulebaTa
mier saliteraturoTa, ara ganviTarebul ars da Sesa-
xebeladca garmoniisadmi araviTarisame meqon ars
siamovnisa”28. s. dodaSvilis am gamonaTqvamidan cxadia
isic, rom qarTul enas uimedod uyurebdnen sakuTvriv
qarTvelebic. aqedan naTelia is siZneleebi, rac Tan
axlda yvela iseT wadils, rac qarTuli enis Zveli
didebis aRdgenas gulisxmobda.
s. dodaSvilis zrunva qarTuli kulturis aRorZine-
bisTvis emyareboda maRal azrs qarTul enaze. s. doda-
Svili aRniSnavs: ,,qarTulsa enasa zeda arian mravalni
107
Svenierni Txzulebani da Targmnilnica wignni sxva da
sxva ZvelTa da uaxlesTa enaTagan“28. saintereso azri
aqvs gamoTqmuli z. WiWinaZes, romlis Tanaxmadac s. do-
daSvilis mizani iyo ,,im dros, tfilisis ors saswav-
lebelSi da sxvaganac qarTvelTa Svilebis swavla-
ganaTleba samSoblo enazed yofiliyos, radganac eseni
im enis saSualebiT ufro advilad ganviTardebian da
wavlen winao”29.
s. dodaSvilma miznad daisaxa im droisTvis Crdil-
Si moqceuli qarTuli literaturis ganaTlebuli sa-
zogadoebisTvis gacnoba. yvelaferi es axalgazrda qar-
Tvelma filosofosma garkveul samoqmedo programmad
daisaxa da es kargad Cans mimoxilvis Semdegi adgili-
dan: ,,...xolo Semdgomad aRvricxoT werilni da Tvinier
pirmoTneobisa fasdebul vhyoT qmnilebiTurT TviTeul-
ni avqsonni Rirsebisamebr maTisa, romelTaganca moyva-
reni sazogadoebis ganviTarebisani ixilven Zvelsa ad-
gilsa Sina kavkasiis amier mcxovrebTasa mdidarsa niv-
Tierebasa saliteraturosasa, romelica aqamomde
wyvdiadsa Sina sibnelisasa dafarul iyo mxedvelobaTa-
gan ganaTlebulis evropiisaTa”30. imis miuxedavad, rom
s. dodaSvilma Tavisi Canafiqri bolomde ver gana-
xorciela, qarTuli enis miseuli Sefaseba da qarTuli
enis Zveli didebis aRorZinebis wadili kuTvnil ad-
gils daikavebs qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi.
sainteresod da mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia s. doda-
Svilis Tvalsazrisi qarTuli da somxuri enis mimar-
Tebaze. marTalia, am sakiTxs mimoxilvaSi mcire adgili
ukavia, magram aqac naTlad Cans dodaSvilis didi
erudicia, saqmeSi Caxeduloba da, rac mTavaria, obieq-
turoba. igi, Tuki, erTi mxriv, samarTlian gulgri-
lobas iCens imaT mimarT, vinc zereled ekideba amgvar
sakiTxebs, meore mxriv, amJRavnebs did pativiscemas
mezobeli xalxis kulturisadmi da jerovnad miuzRavs
108
rogorc somxur, ise qarTul enas: ,,winaparTa CvenTa
SemoiRes leqsni qarTuli enisani maSin, rodesac som-
xuri ena myofobda TavisTavad, egreTve qarTvelnica
iyvnen ganyofiT da pirsa Sina erisasa gamoixata”31. s.
dodaSvili damajereblad aCvenebs qarTuli enis
damoukidebulebas da Tavis Tvalsazriss qarTuli enis
raobasa da TviTmyofadobaze ase ayalibebs: ,,Ziri enisa
Cvenisa unda iyos sakuTari. ese hsCans yovelTa ZvelTa
werilTagan. Cven ver vhxedavT verca asoTa, verca xmaTa
da gamoRebaTa, ara Tu oden leqsTan, romelTa aqvndeT
mkveTri msgavseba sulsa Sina somxurisa enisa”32.
zemoaRniSnuli mokle Sesavlebis Semdeg, sadac
qarTuli enis istoriaze da mis did SesaZleblobebzea
msjeloba, s. dodaSvili iwyebs qarTuli literaturis
istoriis mimoxilvas. am mimoxilvisas ki avtori xel-
mZRvanelobs imave meTodiT, rogoriTac ,,logikaSi”, fi-
losofiis Sesavlisa da logikis mokle istoriis
gadmocemisas. kerZod, s. dodaSvili qarTuli kulturis
moRvaweTagan gamoarCevs imaT, visi wvlilic Cveni eris
cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebulia. am principiT xelmZRvane-
lobs igi, roca IX saukunis moRvaweebSi gamoyofs
ilarion qarTvels; X saukuneSi – wmida mama ioanes; XI
saukuneSi – wmida mama eqvTimes, ioane petriwsa da
stefanes; XII saukunis Sesaxeb ki s. dodaSvili xazgas-
miT aRniSnavs: ,,sakuTrad meTormetesa saukunesa Sina
qarTvelni idgnen umaRlessa xarisxsa zeda Zlierebisa
da ganaTlebisasa” da am epoqis qarTveli swavlulebi
gamorCeuli da gansxvavebulni iyvnen sxvebisgan ,,simxni-
Ta, sibrZniTa, saTnoebiTa da poeziiTa”33.
s. dodaSvili aseve maRal Sefasebas aZlevs efrem
mcires, Teofiles, arsen iyalToelsa da ioane tariWis
Zes, romelTa upirveles damsaxurebad miaCnia elinuri-
dan qarTul enaze filosofiuri da RvTismetyveluri
Txzulebebis gadmoTargmna.
109
unda iTqvas, rom s. dodaSvilis mier Sua saukunee-
bis qarTuli sinamdvilis Sefaseba Tanamedrove kultu-
risa da istoriis filosofiis moTxovnebis dones See-
sabameba. mas kargad aqvs SeniSnuli, rom Sua saukuneeb-
Si qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis aRzevebas Tan sdevda
kulturuli aRzevebac. es iyo epoqa, roca qarTveli me-
feebi didad iyvnen dainteresebulni ucxouri, im dro-
isTvis mowinave, berZnuli kulturis aTvisebiT da amas
praqtikuladac axorcielebdnen: agzavnidnen axalgazr-
debs saberZneTSi – imdroindeli msoflio kulturis
centrSi, mowinave ideebis Sesaswavlad da SemdgomSi am
ideebis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis mizniT, ,,mimdinao-
reobasa Sina maT droTasa mefeni Cveni hzrunavdnen ra
keTilmsdgomareobisaTvis ymaTa TvisTa, warhgzavnidnen
yovelsa welsa aTinasa Sina TormetTa yrmaTa swavla-
TaTvis”34.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, s. dodaSvili yovel epoqaSi
gamoarCevs im qarTvel moRvaweebs, romelTa wvlili
gansakuTrebiT didia qarTuli kulturisTvis. magram s.
dodaSvili amiT ar kmayofildeba da rCeulTa Soris
rCeulebze sagangebod Cerdeba. misTvis erTi aseTi
rCeuli rCeulTa Soris aris ioane petriwi, qarTveli
xalxis upirvelesi filosofosi. s. dodaSvilis azriT,
qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis aRmavloba ioane
petriwiT iwyeba, ,,garna elvarebiTa epoxa mWevrmeTqveo-
bisa Cvenisa iwyo ioane petriwman”35. ioane petriwis da-
xasiaTebisas igi epiTetebs ar erideba: ,,petriwi ese iyo
WeSmariti filosofosi, friad sayvareli moleqse sa-
qarTvelosa Sina, srulis azriT didi da Cinebuli kaci
droisa Tvisisa”. amasTan, _ s. dodaSvilis Tanaxmad, _
petriwis Rvawli aRiarebuli iyo ara mxolod mis Tana-
medroveTa mier, aramed qveynis ganaTlebuli STamomav-
lobisganac, ,,man wera yovelTa gvarTa Sina sityvie-
rebisaTa da yovelTa gvarTa Sina hpova Cinebuleba da
110
pativiscema ara mxolod TanamedroveTa TvisTa, aramed
yovelTa ganaTlebulTa STamoebaTa Tvisisa mamulisa-
Ta”36. aRniSnulis dasadastureblad mimarTavs aseve sa-
xelovan eriskacsa da swavluls, anton pirvels, ro-
melsac Tavisi siamaye da aRtaceba ioane petriwis
azrovnebis siRrmiT poeziis enaze aqvs gadmocemuli:
,,cnoben werilni Senni, samyaroeben,
winadadeba yovlad daurRvevloben,
aRmoCineba yovlad miuaxlebel,
damtkicebani Zliereben yovliTurT,
xolo ukuTqma veravin daamtkicos.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sen filosofosT saqme monasminani,
Sen stoikebri sityviT spekal-minani
Sen peripatos cnobani salxinani.
moaqarTulen, qarTli hqmen aTinani,
Wirni wargvxaden, umecar sawyinani”.
s. dodaSvili iziarebs ioane petriwis antoniseul
Sefasebas da, amasTan, sakuTriv anton pirvelzec didi
warmodgenisaa. es Cans xsenebuli damowmebidan da Sem-
degi sityvebidanac: ,,Rirseba didisa mis mwerlisa ioane
petriwisa SesaZlebel ars vhscnoT antoni kaTalikosis
mier Tqmulsa leqssa Sina, romelic aRtrfobili Txzu-
lebaTa mier misTa hswers Semdgomsa”37.
Tamar mefis epoqas s. dodaSvili ,,oqrovans sauku-
ned” uwodebs, sakuTriv mefe-dedoflis Sesaxeb ki aR-
niSnavs, rom is didad zrunavda da xels uwyobda qar-
Tuli kulturis aRorZinebas. am epoqaSi s. dodaSvili
gamoarCevs mose xonelsa da sargis Tmogvels, rusTa-
velsa da CaxruxaZes. xolo misi mosazrebani ,,vefxist-
yaosanze” mravlismetyveli, Rrma Sinaarsis Semcveli da
rusTavelisadmi udidesi pativiscemis gamomxatvelia:
,,dasamtkiceblad missa, romel sityviereba Cveni yofila
maRalsa xarisxsa zeda srulebisasa, sakmao ars war-
111
vudginoT ganaTlebulsa sjasa leqsni rusTavelisani
,,vefxistyaosani”38.
Tamaris epoqis Semdeg qarTuli literaturis dace-
mis upirveles mizezad s. dodaSvili miiCnevs dampy-
robTa Semosevebs, roca, qarTvel xalxs yofna-aryofnis
sakiTxi daudga da ,,yovelsa Jamsa moelodnen tyvenvasa
da aravin saqarTvelos mcxovrebTagani iyo darwmune-
buli Tvissa uSiSroebasa zeda”.39 werilis dasasruls
avtori, anton pirvelis garda, qebiT ixseniebs vaxuSti
batoniSvils, sulxan-saba orbelians, vaxtang da
dimitri orbelianebs, vaxtang meeqvses.
s. dodaSvilis werilidan ,,mokle ganxilva qarTu-
lisa literaturisa anu sityvierebisa” naTlad Cans,
rom mis avtors ZiriTadad swored hqonda gagebuli
qarTuli enis warmoSobis, TviTmyofadobis, qarTuli
literaturis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis, qar-
Tuli filosofiuri azris Taviseburebisa da, saerTod
qarTuli kulturis arsebiTi sakiTxebi. amasTan, roca
saqme qarTuli kulturis ganxilvaze midgeba, mas gar-
kveuli meTodi aqvs momarjvebuli – esaa filosofiis
poziciidan qarTveli xalxis sulieri moRvaweobis Se-
faseba. amgvarma poziciam ki s. dodaSvils saSualeba
misca, Rrmad Caswvdomoda Cvens kulturul warsuls,
daenaxa mTeli misi sidiade da Taviseburebani, ganviTa-
rebis ZiriTadi tendenciebi da misi gamorCeuli moRva-
weebi. misi azriT, vinc ki yuradRebiT gaecnoba saqarT-
velos istorias, darwmundeba, rom ,,...mcired cnobili
saqarTvelo ars kerZo, Rirsi yuradRebisa da romel
yovelTa vaebaTa da aoxrebiTa Tana, sxva da sxvaTa
droTa Sina SemTxveulTa, aqvnda mas saunje swavlaTa
da sityvierebisa, eseodenve mdidari, viTarca sxvaTa
mxareTa mis droÁsaTa”40.
qarTuli mwerlobis leqsikon-cnobarSi aRniSnulia,
rom s. dodaSvilis es werili ,,...Zveli qarTuli lite-
112
raturis periodizaciis pirveli cdaa da warmoadgens
qarTuli literaturis mimoxilvas dasabamidan XVIII
saukunis CaTvliT. werilSi dasabuTebulia qarTuli
enis siZvele da qarTuli anbanis adgilobrivi kul-
turis niadagze warmoSoba, qarTuli mwerlobis TviT-
myofadoba, mimoxilulia qarTvel mweralTa, mTargm-
nelTa da filosofosTa moRvaweoba”41; es werili “...
Zveli qarTuli literaturis periodizaciis pirveli
cdaa”. aRniSnuls SeiZleba davamatoT, rom es werili
saqarTvelos kulturuli warsulis filosofiis pozo-
ciidan Sefasebis aseve pirveli cdaa.
zemoaRniSnuliT rodi amoiwureba s. dodaSvilis
moRvaweoba. igi qarTveli xalxis, kulturisa da misi
tradiciebis didi qomagia, namdvili moRvawea am sityvis
pirdapiri gagebiT. am mxriv or faqts gavixsenebT. 1832
wels Jurnalistma gr. Gordeevma rusulad gamouqveyna
werili, sadac damaxinjebuladaa gadmocemuli
damarxvis qarTuli wesebi. sapasuxo werilSi ,,SeniSvna
damarxvis wessa zeda ukanasknelTa mefeTa
saqarTveloisaTa” s. dodaSvili mkacrad akritikebs gr.
Gordeevis Sexedulebas da damajereblad aCvenebs misi
werilis usafuZvlobas.
kidev erTi aseTi faqti: 1833 wlis 23 ianvars mice-
mul CvenebaSi s. dodaSvili miuTiTebs im usamarTlo-
baze, rasac carizmis moxeleebi adgilobrivi mosaxleo-
bis mimarT Cadiodnen saqarTveloSi. igi aRniSnavs, rom
adgilebze rusi moxeleebi saqmes ixilaven erTob ga-
WianurebiT, ar iTvaliswineben adgilobrivTa Cvevebs,
tradiciebs da a.S. momCivanebs, iqnebian eseni marTalni
Tu aramarTalni, axdevineben imaze mets, vidre es saqme
Rirs saerTod. qarTvelebs ubralo rameze sjian,
romelTa qceva am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba nakarnaxevi iyos
ara boroti ganzraxviT, aramed saqmis arcodniT. Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom am droisTvis s. dodaSvili ukve
113
SeTqmulebis monawiled iyo cnobili, maSin ufro cxadi
gaxdeba misi kritikuli gamosvlis fasi.
saqarTvelos bedze Cafiqrebam da qarTuli kultu-
ris xelaxali aRorZinebis udidesma wadilma daakav-
Sira s. dodaSvili 1832 wlis SeTqmulebasTan da aqcia
am SeTqmulebis erT-erT xelmZRvanelad. savaraudoa,
rom respublikuri ideebis momxre s. dodaSvili am
ideebis Sesabamisad mowyobil saqarTveloze ocnebobda,
riTac igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda SeTqmulebis im mo-
nawileebisagan, romlebic monarqiuli wyobilebis
aRdgenisTvis ibrZodnen.
SeTqmulebis monawileTagan yvelaze mkacri sasjeli
s. dodaSvils ergo, raSic mTavari roli misma erov-
nulma mrwamsma da politikurma Sexedulebebma Seasru-
la.
s. dodaSvili Soreul da mkacri klimatis viatkis
guberniaSi gadaasaxles, sadac igi mkacr meTvalyu-
rebaSi iyo. es kargad Cans ruseTis maSindeli Sinagan
saqmeTa ministris – d. bludovis saidumlo werilidan
viatkis samoqalaqo gubernatorisadmi: ,,imperatorma
Semdgom imisa, rac ganixila erTi metad mniSvnelovani
samxedro-sasamarTlo saqme, romelic garCeuli iyo
TbilisSi da romelSic sxvebTan erTad gadioda me-10
klasis moxele, Tbilisis gimnaziis yofili maswavlebe-
li solomon dodaevi, brZana: CamoerTvas mas maswav-
leblis wodeba, daniSnul iqnes dabal sakancelario
mosamsaxured CrdiloeTis erT-erT guberniaSi damsaxu-
rebamde, magram ara nakleb 10 wlis gasvlisa, amasTan,
samudamod aekrZalos saqarTveloSi dabruneba...
gacnobebT ra amas Tqvens udidebulesobas, gTxovT
mowyale xelmwife, rom solomon dodaSvili Tbilisi-
dan q. viatkaSi CamosvlisTanave Tqveni gadawyvetilebis
Sesabamisad daniSnoT samsaxurSi dabal sakancelario
mosamsaxured da mis yovel moqmedebas saidumlod, mag-
114
ram frTxilad adevnoT Tvalyuri, drodadro ki momax-
senoT misi moqmedebisa da cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb”42.
qarTuli kulturisTvis SeTqmulebis mniSvnelobaze
saintereso mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli istorikoss
maqsime berZniSvils: ,,SeTqmulebam”, anu ,,yazarmelebma”
gavlena iqonies Cvens mwerlobaze, literaturaze,
Teatrze, yazarmelebis aqtivi cdilobs samSoblos war-
matebisaTvis rogorc kulturis dargSi, ise praqtikul
sferoSi, yazarmelTa wreSi daibada idea daqsaqsuli
qarTvelebis gaerTianebisa da igive wre iyo damaar-
sebeli CvenSi pirveli sazogadoebisa”43. Tuki miviRebT
am Tvalsazriss da, amasTan, gaviTvaliswinebT, rom s.
dodaSvili SeTqmulebis ideuri xelmZRvaneli iyo,
maSin cxadi gaxdeba axalgazrda qarTveli swavlulis
moRvaweobis kidev erTi mxare. es ki s. dodaSvils bevr
sakiTxSi warmogvidgens ilia WavWavaZisa da ivane java-
xiSvilis arc Tu ise Soreul winaprad.
zemoaRniSnulis garda, s. dodaSvilma gamoaqveyna
,,Semoklebuli qarTuli gramatika”, dawera ,,ritorika”,
romelSic gamoTqmulia saintereso azrebi litera-
turasa da esTetikaze. masve ekuTvnis werili ,,mefoba
irakli meorisa”, moTxroba ,,elena anu Rirssaxsovari
SemTxveuleba aTvrametsa saukunesa”, Seudgenia ,,rusul-
qarTuli ,,rozRovoris” wigni, werilebi sxvadasxva
sakiTxebze.
dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom s. dodaSvilis
Rvawli da damsaxureba qarTuli kulturis winaSe
sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli, misi Semoqmedeba
mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa, rogorc wminda
filosofiuri, ise saerTod qarTuli kulturis
istoriis filosofiuri poziciidan Sefasebis
TvalsazrisiT.
115
meoTxe Tavi
filosofiuri ideebi qarTul
romantizmSi
XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelo romantizmis ideaTa zia-
rebiT gaxda monawile im axali aRmavlobisa da sulie-
ri swrafvisa, romelmac moicva imdroindeli progresu-
lad moazrovne kacobrioba. am periodis qarTuli li-
teratura evropeizmis niadagze mtkiced dgeba da sabo-
lood emijneba aRmosavlur-sparsul literaturul
tradiciebs.
calkeuli qveynebis romantizms, saerTo niSnebTan
erTad, garkveuli Taviseburebebic axasiaTebs. am Tavi-
seburebebis gansazRvrisa da qarTuli romantizmis
msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlebis gaanalizebisas, ga-
saTvaliswinebelia is konkretuli pirobebi, obieqturi
da subieqturi faqtorebi, romelTa safuZvelzec sa-
qarTveloSi Seiqmna es mimdinareoba Tavisi ZiriTadi
motivebiT. sayuradReboa is socialur-politikuri faq-
tori, istoriuli garemo, ra viTarebaSic Seiqmna qar-
Tuli romantizmi; qarTuli romantizmic, germanuli
romantizmis msgavsad, erovnuli literaturis ganviTa-
rebis kanonzomieri Sedegia. mas didi tradiciebi aqvs:
qarTuli zepirsityviereba, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero
poezia, aRorZinebisa da gardamavali periodebis qarTu-
li mwerloba da erovnuli eTikur-esTetikuri tradi-
cia. qarTuli mwerlobis warmomadgenlebi Semoqmedebi-
Tad iTvisebdnen sxvadasxva literaturul Tu filoso-
fiur tradiciaTa miRwevebs – sakuTar istoriul war-
sulze dayrdnobiT. msoflmxedvelobrivi azris Sinaar-
si ganpirobebuli iyo qarTveli xalxis sulieri moT-
xovnilebiTa da interesebiT. qarTuli romantizmi prin-
116
cipuli siaxle iyo qarTul kulturaSi, rac dakavSire-
buli iyo msoflio kulturis mraval movlenasTan.
zogadromantikuli msoflmxedvelobisadmi interesi
CvenSi SemTxveviTi ar yofila, radgan interkulturuli
faqtori qarTuli romantizmis CamoyalibebaSi udavoa:
am mxriv, sayuradReboa is faqti, rom grigol or-
beliani icnobda romantizmis erT-erTi Teoretikosis,
fridrix Slegelis naSroms – `Zveli da axali
literaturis istoria~, xolo nikoloz baraTaSvilis
msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonia pirvelma qarTvelma
kantianelma filosofosma1 – solomon dodaSvilma. am
subieqturi Tu obieqturi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis
gareSe, qarTuli romantizmis Taviseburebebze saubari
safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda. qarTuli romantizmis,
rogorc mniSvnelovani literaturuli da erovnuli
movlenis kvleva, vfiqrobT, saintereso daskvnis gake-
Tebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. kerZod, saqarTvelos is
socialur-politikuri, istoriuli viTareba, ra piro-
bebSic Camoyalibda qarTuli romantizmi, kidev erTxel
xazs usvams qarTuli kulturisa da azrovnebis evro-
pulTan siaxloves, mis evropul warmomavlobas.
is istoriuli periodi, roca cxovrobdnen da moRva-
weobdnen qarTveli romantikosebi, kacobriobis isto-
riaSi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi xanaa. es udidesi re-
voluciuri gardaqmnebisa da socialur-politikuri
Zvrebis epoqaa – erebis da erovnul saxelmwifoTa for-
mirebis, erovnuli konsolidaciis epoqa; am epoqis
qarTveli romantikosebi Sesabamisi drois globaluri
masStabebis moTxovnaTa doneze azrovnebdnen, riTac
qarTuli erovnul-inteleqtualuri Zalebis aRmavlobas
uwyobdnen xels; am tipis moazrovneebi iyvnen: aleqsand-
re WavWavaZe, grigolOorbeliani da nikoloz baraTaSvi-
li; isini uSurveli energiiTa da gulwrfelobiT did
mamuliSvilur saqmes akeTebdnen.
117
$1. aleqsandre WavWavaZe (1786-1846)
qarTuli romantizmis, rogorc literaturuli mi-
marTulebis, saTaveebi al. WavWavaZis saxels ukavSir-
deba. ilia WavWavaZis azriT, al. WavWavaZis Semoqmedeba
`moqalaquri gulistkiviliT~ ganmsWvaluli `siyvaru-
lisa da trfialebis poeziaa~2; vfiqrobT, didi ilias
es Sefaseba arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa. al. WavWavaZis
poezia, uwinares yovlisa, qarTveli eris wylulTa
gankurnebis saimedo saSualebac aRmoCnda.
al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi sxvadasxva siZlieriT gamo-
ikveTa is motivebi, romelic Tavs iCens zogadad ro-
mantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi; swored masTan gamoikveTa is
literaturul-stilisturi siaxleni, rac Zveli qarTu-
li poeziis dasrulebasa da axali romantikuli poe-
ziis dasawyisad miiCneva; aq umTavresi motivi, zogad-
romantikuli msoflmxedvelobis konteqstSi, gansakuT-
rebiT ki, adreuli romantizmis ideebis Sesabamisad,
warsulis kvlavgancda, erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRvi-
Zeba da inteligenciis rolis axali gansazRvraa.
al. WavWavaZe leqsSi `gogCa~ saubrobs yovelives
cvalebadobasa da warmavlobaze. poetis azriT, sicocx-
le warmavalia da es adamianSi amaoebis, araraobis
gancdas badebs. aq SeiZleba visaubroT sicocxlis saz-
risis filosofiur gansjaze: warmavalia da droebiTia
ara mxolod adamianTa xeliT Seqmnili, aramed TviT
adamianTa cxovrebac; avtors konkretuli qalaqis bedi
mTeli kacobriobis `namdvil xatad~ miaCnia.
sinamdvile ki sakmaod mwarea! didebuli palatebi
nangrevebad iqca. es aris awmyo, magram igi momavlis
maniSnebelic aris. sad aris am SemTxvevaSi gamosavali?
sad unda ipovos adamianis sulma navsayudeli?
118
al. WavWavaZe aqac romantikuli principebis erTgu-
li rCeba. misi azriT, adamianis xsna isev da isev war-
sulis aRdgena da mogonebaa `Zveli didebis dReebze~.
warsulisadmi romantikuli trfialeba, magram, amas-
Tanave, mebrZoli ganwyobileba, momavlis rwmena al.
WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi (Semdgom ki n. baraTaSvilTan),
Tavisi epoqis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis uaryofasTan
erTad, Tavganwiruli brZolisa da `mziani momavlis~
rwmenaSi gadadis.
zemoaRniSnul leqsSi (`gogCa~) amaoebis tragizmi
Zalze daxvewili formiT aris warmodgenili. yvela-
feri, rac iyo, aRar aris! gaqra, drois sastiki xeliT
moispo da ganadgurda. aseTia bedi da dasasruli ada-
mianuri arsebobisa, brwyinvalebisa, didebisa. filo-
sofiuri gansja da mxatvruli sityvis Zala am leqsSi
saocar erTianobaSia. Zveleburad aRelvebs talRebs
gogCa, awydeba napirs, imave mTebSi CaZiruli da imave
cis qveS ireklavs bunebis marad warmtac suraTs da ex-
mianeba droTa brunvas; e.i. adamianis warmavali cxov-
reba araferia bunebis silamazesTan SedarebiT; maS,
adamianur yofierebas azri ara aqvs?
poetis azriT, adamianis qmediTunarianoba, cxovrebi-
seul kanonTa Secvla, maTi sazRvrebis gadalaxva da-
angrevs amaoebis saxes. al. WavWavaZe miiCnevs, rom ar
unda dasruldes adamianis SemecnebiTi survili da
miswrafeba.
warsuli cxovrebis romantikuli gancda al. WavWava-
Zis ramdenime maRalmxatvrul leqsSi gamoixata: `uwya-
lo senman~, `visac gsurT~, `pyroblisagan Tanapyrobil-
Ta mimarT~, `ismineT, msmenno~, `eha, Cemo ocnebav~ da
sxva.
al. WavWavaZesTan mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia pi-
rovnebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs. es problema adamianis
individualur `mes~ ukavSirdeba. yoveli calkeuli ada-
119
miani grZnobisa da gonebis nazavia3. qarTveli poetis
romantizmi, cnobilia, rom did gasaqans aZlevs grZno-
bebs. aq swored grZnobaa gamocxadebuli adamianis
upirveles sawyisad. adamiani Tavisufali arsebaa,
amitom igi SeuzRudavi unda iyos. igi marto gonebiT ki
ara, grZnobebiTac unda moqmedebdes. aq pirovnebis Seuz-
Rudavi Tavisuflebis realur moTxovnasTan gvaqvs
saqme. grZnobasa da gonebas Soris didi Widilia. xSi-
rad goneba ewinaaRmdegeba grZnobebs (es adamianis, ro-
gorc goniTi arsebis, moTxovnacaa), magram al. WavWavaZe
amgvari Widilisas mainc mgrZnobelobisken gadaixara,
radgan poetma mas – Semecnebis Teoriuli perspeqti-
vidan gamomdinare – upiratesi statusi mianiWa: `mgrZno-
beloba sjobs yovlT TvisebaT, ciT movlenilTa, Svene-
basac da gonebasac is asuldgmulebs!~ (`Senis gonebis~).
adamiani rTuli da mravalmxrivi arsebaa. misi ndoma
usazRvroa, xolo cxovreba `sawyauli aRuvsebeli~. ro-
mantikosisaTvis, am SemTxvevaSi, kulti bunebrivi ada-
miania, mTeli misi winaaRmdegobebiT – tanjviT, sixa-
ruliT da a. S. qarTul romantizmSi Tavisufali grZno-
ba upirispirdeba civ gonebas. romantikosTa azriT,
goneba imorCilebs da ylapavs adamianis mTel cxovre-
bas, goneba ver itevs adamianis bunebrivi moqmedebebis
yvela SesaZleblobas. gonieri adamiani Tavis arsebaSi
Trgunavs bunebriv miswrafebebs, radgan is gonebis mier
winaswar dadgenili kanonebiT moqmedebs. adamiani mudam
TviTon irCevs gzas, romliTac unda iaros, TviTon
wyvets raimes miRebas an armiRebas, irCevs imas, rac
gonebis TvaliT ukeTesad eCveneba; adamianis instinqte-
bi, vnebebi xSirad SezRudulia Cveni gonebiT.
romantikosebis azriT, pirovnebis Tavisufleba
grZnobebis sferoSi vlindeba. civ gonebas guli upi-
rispirdeba, mecnierebas – poezia, gaazrebul qmedebas –
gataceba Tu instinqturi qmedeba (`Senis gonebis~).
120
grZnobebis gareSe adamiani ver eziareba silamazisa
da siyvarulis srulyofil gancdas. siyvarulis adgi-
li gulia, guli ki xSirad konfliqtSia gonebasTan.
goneba krZalavs, TavSekavebisagan mouwodebs; guli
mainc Tavisas karnaxobs: `ixare siyvaruliTa mtkba-
riTa!~ (`mikvirs rad hsZraxven~). magram siyvaruli cxov-
rebaSi yovelTvis idealuri ar aris. kerZod, idealuri
siyvaruli xSirad ar uigivdeba realur siyvaruls.
aqedan gamomdinare, siyvaruli es aris sixaruli, tkivi-
li, tanjva da, amave dros, didi SemoqmedebiTi, gar-
damqmneli sawyisi.Ggacruebuli siyvaruliT gamowveuli
sevda ki Semdgom iseT xasiaTs iZens, rom poeti `si-
cocxlis Zafis Sewyvetazec~ Tanaxmaa (`uwyalo siyvaru-
lo~). Tumca poeti garkveul TavSekavebasac sTavazobs
mkiTxvels. adamianma guli Tavis nebaze ar unda miuS-
vas, raTa Semdeg ufro tkbili iyos lxini. igi saub-
robs `gonier lxinze~, romelsac Rirseba da Sno eniWe-
ba. sadac ar arsebobs survili, siamovnebac ugemuria.
cxovrebis sazriss, cxovrebis sixaruls al. WavWa-
vaZe isev da isev siyvarulSi xedavs. siyvaruls SeuZlia
saganSi warmoSvas sicocxle da yovel sicocxleSi
poets SeuZlia dainaxos siyvaruli. sicocxles ukavSir-
deba silamazec. is mxolod sicocxlis maxasiaTebelia
da masve ekuTvnis. silamaze arsebobs da mas azri aqvs
imdenad, ramdenadac mas cocxali adamianebi aRiqvamen.
siyvaruli, iseve, rogorc mSveniereba, al. WavWavaZisaT-
vis, amqveyniuri cxovrebis Rirsebis, yofierebis sisru-
lisa da srulyofilebis ganxorcieleba-gamoxatulebaa.
sicocxlisa da sikvdilis problematika mniSvelo-
vani iyo germanuli romantizmis TeoriaSi. novalisTan
am Tematikam gansakuTrebiT `Rrma asaxva hpova~ (fric
martini). mas sicocxle da sikvdili esmis, rogorc
mTliani, erTiani fenomeni. swored novalisi ambobs,
rom `sicocxle sikvdilis dasawyisia. sicocxle sikv-
121
dilisTvis arsebobs. sikvdili dasasruli da dasawyi-
sia erTdroulad [...] sikvdilis meSveobiT reduqcia
xorcieldeba~4.
al. WavWavaZe saintereso mosazrebebs gamoTqvams
adamianuri yofnis maradiuli problemebis Sesaxeb.
Sesabamisad, igi yuradRebas aqcevs sikvdil-sicocxlis
Tematikasac (`raa sikvdili~, `ymawvili qalis saflavze
warweriloba~).
sicocxliT gamowveuli sixaruli da sikvdiliT ga-
mowveuli tkivili, siamaye da sevda originalurad dau-
kavSira poetma erTmaneTs. rad tiris adamiani dabade-
bisas, iqneb, winaswar icis da grZnobs gardauval sikv-
dils. aq erTgvari pesimizmi igrZnoba, magram igi sikv-
dilis SiSiT da sibnelis gamo iCens Tavs.
sikvdili gardauvalia da saSinelia. magram kidev
ufro mZimea is tanjva, romelsac adamiani ganicdis
mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze. adamianis mTeli
cxovreba faqtobrivad mzadebaa sikvdilisaTvis da ar
arsebobs gamosavali am saSineli cxovrebis wesidan.
igi hgavs zRvaSi Sesul kacs, romelsac ukan dasabru-
nebeli gza moWrili aqvs (`raa sikvdili~).
al. WavWavaZe qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-
riisTvis sxva mxrivac aris saintereso. cnobilia, rom
XVIII saukune universaluri interesebis epoqaa; am dros
xdeba tradiciebisa da RirebulebaTa gadafaseba. es
moZraoba volteris saxels ukavSirdeba. saqarTveloSi
volteris da frangi enciklopedistebis ideebiT gata-
cebas masobrivi xasiaTi ar hqonda (mag., iseTi, rogorc
ruseTSi), magram volters Targmnidnen al. WavWavaZe da
iese garsevaniSvili, romlebic amzadebdnen niadags gan-
manaTleblur ideaTa SemosvlisaTvis. al. WavWavaZes
saukunis Semdeg Semoaqvs qarTul literaturasa da
azrovnebaSi volteris ideebi.
122
al. WavWavaZis socialur-filosofiuri Sexedulebe-
bis SeswavlisaTvis sainteresoa 1804 wels Targmnili
`axloiT ganCxrekili kaci~ (ucnobi frangi avtori)6. am
Targmans Tan erTvis mTargmnelis miZRvna mefe erekle
meorisadmi, sadac al. WavWavaZe xazs usvams am Txzu-
lebis mniSvnelobas: is Seicavs brZnul da WeSmarit
azrebs da miznad isaxavs gaarkvios adamianis arsi da
misi sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba (`cnoba kacTa bune-
bisa, romelsaca cxadyofs wignaki ese~)7. am naSromis
Tematika mravalferovania: adamianis bedniereba-ubedu-
rebis problema, adamianTa socialuri Tanasworobisa8
da Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, adamianis yofnis sazrisis
gansazRvra, adamianTa Soris omis sazrisianobis eWvqveS
dayeneba9 da a.S. vfiqrobT, rom al. WavWavaZes am Txzu-
lebis TargmaniT qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi Semoaqvs
`ganaTlebuli barbarosobis~10, anu `kulturuli barba-
rosobis~ vikoseuli gageba.
adamiani sazogadoebrivi arsebaa da bunebis mier
gankuTvnilia bednierebisaTvis. magram aris ki adamiani
bednieri? bunebaSi yvelaferi harmoniulia da keTil-
Sobili. xolo iq, sadac adamiania, tanjva da ubedureba
gamefebula: `[...] vxedav kacsa gabmulsa ubedurebisa
badeTa Sina [...]~11.
am TxzulebaSi ismeba kiTxva, Tu sadaa SesaZlebeli
adamianis Tavisufali, bednieri, jansaRi cxovreba; mag-
ram aseTi adgili arsad moipoveba, radgan `sruliad
qveyana dafarul ars codvisa qveSe!~ aq Cans adamianisa
da bunebis mimarTebis kulturfilosofiuri xedva, is
xedva, romelic XVIII saukunis rig filosofiur mimdi-
nareobebSi faqtobrivad rusos deviziT SeiZleba Sejam-
des – `ukan bunebisaken~; radgan racionalizmma da kul-
turam adamiani daaSora bunebas, daikarga WeSmariti
adamianoba da harmoniuloba, adamiani ubeduri da gauc-
xoebulia. ufro Sors Tu wavalT, am azrTa Zirebs
123
J. b. vikos kulturis filosofiamde mivyavarT. `kultu-
ruli barbarosobis~ vikoseuli cneba ucnobi avtoris
Txzulebis al. WavWavaZiseul TargmanSi aRiniSneba ro-
gorc `ganaTlebuli barbarosoba~.
rogorc vxedavT, garda poeturi moRvaweobisa, al.
WavWavaZis praqtikul-mTargmnelobiTi saqmianoba xazs
usvams im garemoebas, rom igi indiferentuli ar iyo
Tavisi epoqis mowinave Sexedulebebisadmi, ufro metic,
arc Tavisi qveynisa da erovnuli kulturis mdgoma-
reobisadmi da, qarTvel mowinave inteligenciasTan
erTad, aqtiurad iRwvoda erovnuli kulturis aRorZi-
nebisaTvis. am faqts adasturebs misi moxseneba niko-
loz pirvelisadmi12, romelSic is mkveTrad gadmoscem-
da moqalaqeobriv ukmayofilebas qarTveli xalxis so-
cialuri da erovnuli Cagvris gamo. `axloiT ganCxreki-
li kacis~ miseuli Targmanic, savaraudod, am ukmayofi-
lebis niSania.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom al. WavWavaZis romantizmi sakuTar filoso-
fiur-esTetikur xedvas efuZneba: mis SemoqmedebaSi ma-
Ralmxatvrul donezea gamoxatuli romantizmis arse-
biTi motivebi. amasTan erTad, misi poezia refleqsiu-
robis niSniTaa aRbeWdili. al. WavWavaZis mTeli Semoq-
medeba imis naTeli dasturia, rom poezias udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs adamianisa da sazogadoebis formi-
rebis procesSi. cnobilia, rom germanuli romantizmis
Teoretikosebi poezias umaRles daniSnulebas aniWebd-
nen: `Tuki poezia ar arsebobs, maSin sinamdvilec ar
iarsebebs~13.
124
$2. grigol orbeliani (1804-1883)
romantizmis filosofiuri ideebi originaluri
saxiT warmoCnda grigol orbelianis SemoqmedebaSi. gr.
orbelianisTvis cnobili iyo romantizmis Teoretikos-
Ta Sexedulebani. romantizmis Camoyalibebaze gansakuT-
rebuli gavlena iqonia august da fridrix Slegelebis
filosofiurma Sexedulebebma. Tavis mxriv, Zmebi
Slegelebis romantikul Teoriaze gavlena moaxdina
Selingis `xelovnebis filosofiam~.
gr. orbeliani icnobda fr. Slegelis naSroms `Zve-
li da axali literaturis istoria~, romelic 1812
wels venaSi wakiTxuli leqciebis kurss warmoadgens.
igi maleve iTargmna rusulad da orjer gamoica
(1826 w., 1834 w.)14. fr. Slegeli am naSromSi msoflio
literaturas ganmartavda, rogorc nacionalur indivi-
dualobaTa gamoxatvas, gansxvavebul xalxTa cxovrebis
asaxvas. am naSromiT – napoleonis politikis sawinaaRm-
degod – ganxorcielda romantikuli mobruneba xalxis
Sinagani bunebisken; fr. Slegelis Tanaxmad, romanti-
kuli cxovrebis gancdis Sinagani saWiroeba cxadi
gaxda, radgan saxezea dapirispireba momZlavrebul in-
teleqtualur `mes~ cnobierebasa da urTierTsawinaaRm-
dego ZalTa moTxovnilebebs Soris.
grigol orbeliani imowmebs kidec Slegelis naS-
roms `Zveli da axali literaturis istoria~, kerZod,
mis azrs fsalmunTa Sesaxeb: `fsalmuni ars Tavisuf-
lebiTi amaRleba sulisa RvTisadmi. naxe istoria li-
teraturisa SleRelis mier~15. fsalmunTa Slegeliseu-
li interpretacia ajamebs poetis zneobriv da humanur
Sexedulebebs; kiTxvas – `ra aris Cveni sicocxle, Tu
ara saqme keTili?~ – leqsSi `fsalmuni~ aseTi pasuxi
mosdevs: `vinc Zlierebas xmaTa maRliT amcno simarTle
125
da Zmas dacemuls mihsca xeli da aRadgina!...~16. grigol
orbelianma Targmna Slegelis zemoT moyvanili azri
da mSvenieri poeturi formiT gamoxata. metic, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom qarTveli romantikosis interesi romantiz-
mis Teoretikosebisadmi, kerZod, fr. Slegelis naSromi-
sadmi (`Zveli da axali literaturis istoria~) SemTxve-
viTi ar yofila. es azri mtkicdeba ilia orbeliani-
sadmi miwerili ori weriliT (1834 w. 16 maisis weri-
liTa da 1835 w. erT-erTi weriliT)17. fr. Slegelis am
naSromis ZiriTadi Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebis sa-
fuZvelze, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is koncefcia, romelic
safuZvlad uZevs `sadRegrZelos~ – patriotuli sulis-
kveTeba, eris istoriuli warsulis gandideba, bunebis
mSvenierebis aRqma, TanamedroveTa sulieri aqtivizaciis
moTxovna – mxolod wminda literaturuli simpaTiiT
ganpirobebuli ar aris. gr. orbelianis romantikuli
poeziisaTvis arsebiTia warsulis gandideba da es swo-
red romantizmis filosofiuri safuZvlebiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli. istoriuli warsulis maRalmxatvrul rekonst-
ruirebas qarTul literaturaSi pirvelad swored ro-
mantikosebTan vxdebiT (`sadRegrZelo~, `bedi qarTli-
sa~). eris istoriuli warsulis gandideba damaxasiaTe-
belia zogadad romantikuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis.
es Tema Tavs iCens romantizmis TeoretikosTa (Selingi,
Zmebi Slegelebi, tiki, novalisi da a.S.) SemoqmedebaSi18.
adamiani istoriuli arsebaa. misTvis warsuli
mxolod sworxazobrivi cneba ar aris, ar aris is, rac
iyo. warsuli mniSvnelobs, mas aqvs `aq yofnis pre-
tenzia~ (v. dilTai). amitom misi cxadyofa filosofiis
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa19.
fridrix Slegeli mecnierebisa da xelovnebis, ag-
reTve, poeziis daniSnulebas da Rirsebas eris isto-
riulis warsuli gandidebasa da gacnobaSi xedavs.
romantikuli poeziis Sinaarsis gasagebad istoriul
126
warsuls unda davemyaroT. es ki udidesi ZaliT moqme-
debs erovnul grZnobebze. eris Semdgomi ganviTarebi-
saTvis, misi sulieri yofierebisaTvis udidesi mniSvne-
loba eniWeba eris uZveles, nacionalur mogonebebs.
`msgavsi erovnuli mogonebebi – yvelaze mSvenieri
memkvidreoba, rac SeiZleba ers gaaCndes – warmoadgens
yovlad Seucvlel upiratesobas, da Tu eri sakuTar
grZnobaSi amaRldeba, gonebisagan gakeTilSobildeba
imiT, rom moepoveba esoden didi mogoneba, gadarCenili
sakuTari warsulidan, erTi sityviT poezia, maSin is
Cvens TvalSi da msjelobaSi ufro maRal safexurze
dgeba~20. eris suli Rirebuli rom gaxdes, eri unda
amaRldes Tavisi gmiruli warsulis da Tavisi bedis
naTel cnobierebamde. es aris eris TviTSemecneba, es
aris istoria. fr. Slegelis zemoT moyvanil Sexedule-
bebs filosofiuri safuZveli aqvs Selingis filoso-
fiaSi, sadac poeziis masalad gamocxadebulia ara
mxolod miTosi, aramed Tqmuleba, legenda da, saerTod,
eris istoriul warsulTan dakavSirebuli yvela
gadmocema. amasTan, SlegelisTvis `istoriis erTaderTi
sistema, romelic mTlianad daakmayofilebda Teoriul
gonebas [...] aris wriuli sistema~21.
sicariele da wyveta istoriaSi, `Zvel kulturasa
da axali drois ganaTlebas Soris~ Rupavs Tavdapirve-
lad xelovnebas da mecnierebas, `raTa Semdgom ufro
brwyinvaled warmoadginon TiTqos arafrisagan, grZeli
aTaswlovani Ramis Semdeg, maTi uecari aRmoceneba~22.
Slegelis azriT, yoveli cda warsulTan kavSiris gasa-
nadgureblad aris barbarosoba da veluroba. Tumca
isic naTelia, rom poetebi miiswrafvian sinamdvili-
sadmi da bunebisadmi, anu uSualod ukavSirdebian awm-
yos. aq, amdenad, aqcenti gare samyaroze da bunebis
usazRvro Zalazea gadatanili. SelingisaTvis yoveli
xiluli aris absolutis sxvadasxvagvari manifestacia,
127
yvelaferi aris `me~, absoluturi `me~ yvelaferSi ra-
Rac formiT vlindeba (aq gvaqvs msgavseba neoplato-
nizmTan). Tu davazustebT, SelingTan wina planze wa-
moweulia bunebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebis aqtiu-
ri mxare. `xelovnebis filosofiaSi~ buneba aris abso-
lutis gaxsna-gamovlineba adamianis cnobierebis mier.
es aris subieqtivizmi klasikuri germanuli filoso-
fiisa da es aris is xazi filosofiis istoriaSi, rome-
lic platonis filosofiidan – fixtesa da Selingis
gavliT – hegelis filosofiamde midis23. ufro metic,
Selingma racionalizms daupirispira romantizmi. amo-
savali mxatvruli cnobierebaa, cxovrebis yvelaze
ufro sarwmuno forma.Aamosavali aris ara Semecnebis
obieqti, aramed subieqtis TviTSemecneba. inteleqtua-
luri Wvretidan xdeba gadasvla esTetikur Wvretaze,
subieqturi codnidan – obieqturze, idealizmidan rea-
lizmze.
buneba amaRlebulia misi sidiadis, qaoturobis,
mSvenierebis gamo. qaosis ganWvreta absolutisken midis,
qaosis WvretiT goneba aRwevs absolutis sayovelTao
Semecnebas, iqneba es mecnierebasa Tu xelovnebaSi. war-
sulis garda, poeziisaTvis gansakuTrebul `masalad~
SeiZleba warmosdges buneba, an individis yofierebis
siRrmeTa Zieba. fr. SlegelTanac xdeba poeziis Semob-
runeba bunebisadmi, sinamdvilisadmi da am miwier grZ-
nobebSi tanjvac ki feriscvalebis saSualebaa.
maSasadame, romantizmi Tavis sawyisebSi vlindeba,
rogorc refleqsiurad struqturirebuli movlena, rac
imas niSnavs, rom is Zveli sinamdvilis restavrirebas,
kvlav aRdgenas eswrafvis; e.i. romantizmi aq warmoCnde-
ba, rogorc warsulisken ukumimarTuli inteleqtualu-
ri moZraoba. amis Sesabamisad, august Slegeli xazgas-
miT aRniSnavs `ganaTlebis universalurobas~, rogorc
CvenTvis erTaderT SesaZlebel `ukugzas bunebisaken~.
128
unda aRiniSnos, rom es azri erTgvari rusoizmis gamo-
xatulebaa.
Slegelisa da Selingianuri filosofiis zemoT aR-
niSnuli ideebis erTgvar mxatvrul transformacias
warmoadgens grigol orbelianis Semoqmedeba. amasTan,
Selingis filosofiis Sesaxeb vrceli msjeloba aris
romantikuli dramaturgiis udidesi warmomadgenlis,
hainrix cSokes (1771-1848) moTxrobis `macduneblis~ gri-
gol orbelianiseul qarTul TargmanSi24. aRsaniSnavia,
rom es moTxroba originalSi sxva saxels atarebs –
`valpurgis Rame~. grigol orbelianma is 1833 gad-
moaqarTula25.
swored romantizmis germanel TeoretikosTa mTa-
varma principebma misces biZgi gr. orbelians, bunebis
mravalferovneba da wesrigi Tavisi mxatvruli sityvis
refleqsiis sagnad eqcia.
gr. orbelianisTvis bunebis mSvenierebis gancda uci-
loblad dakavSirebulia samSoblos aRqmasTan. buneba
da samSoblo qmnis poetis filosofiur-esTetikuri
mrwamsis umniSvnelovanes kategoriebs (,,sadRegrZelo”).
samSoblos uimedobiT gamowveuli sevda arasdros
tovebda gr. orbelians. swored amiT iyo gamowveuli
misi romantikul-patriotuli Ziebebic (`he, iveriav!
vidre iyo qedmodrekili, vidremdis sxvaTa yvedrebiTa
gfarvides Zali...~). dro ulmobelia. mas moaqvs yovelive
– sicocxlis sitkboeba, sixaruli, yovelgvari bednie-
reba Tu ubedoba. cxovreba fuWia da warmavali, amitom,
poetis azriT, unda miiRo is, risi miRebac misgan –
sicocxlisgan – SeiZleba. `imxiarule vidre sicocxle,
Seni mSvenivrebs, viT yvavilT jaWvi~ (`ekaterina WavWa-
vaZisas~).
adamiani da misi Tavisufleba poetisaTvis yvelaze
Zvirfasia. mkacri da ulmobeli sinamdvilis daviwyebis
mizniT, poeti simTvralis qebasac ki ar erideba. gr.
129
orbelianis romantikuli ganwyoba erovnuli Tavisuf-
lebis motivTanaa Serwymuli (`Tavisufleba ganqra Cven-
Tvis, raRa gvaxarebs!~). am mxriv, sainteresoa `sadRegr-
Zelo~, `iaralis~, `Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis eklesia-
Si~. es motivi gansakuTrebuli siZlieriTaa gamoxatuli
`sadRegrZeloSi~. rogorc literaturis kritikosebi
aRniSnaven, aq aris gr. orbelianis romantizmis Tavi da
bolo. istoriul gmirTa saxeebi poetma simboloebad
aqcia; TviT bunebac da misi warmtaci suraTebis aRwera
am motivs emsaxureba.
Tavisuflebis problemis romantikuli gageba gr.
orbelianis Semoqmedebis umniSvnelovanes motivs war-
moadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom poeti am problemas filo-
sofiur WrilSi gaiazrebs. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
gr. orbelianTan Tavisuflebis filosofiuri katego-
riis transformacia xdeba: upirates mniSvnelobas iZens
erovnuli Tavisuflebis sakiTxi! misi Semoqmedebis
bolo periodi xom erovnuli Tavisuflebis dakargviT
gamowveuli udidesi sevdiTaa daRdasmuli: `davberdi,
beds ver moveswar, daemxo Cemi samSoblo, guls miklavs
uimedoba, saflavs Cavdivar simwariT...~ (`davberdi, beds
ver moveswar~).
Tuki aq fr. Slegelis azrTa mdinarebas mivyvebiT,
savsebiT gamarTlebulia vikiTxoT: romeli filosofia
rCeba did qarTvel romantikoss? da Tu Slegelisve
sityvebiT vupasuxebT _ `Semoqmedi, romelic Tavisuf-
lebidan da TavisTavis rwmenidan gamodis da aCvenebs,
Tu rogor aRbeWdavs adamianuri goneba Tavis kanons
yoveliveze, Tu rogor aris samyaro Tavisi xelovnebis
qmnileba~. sakuTari universaluri poeturi koncefciiT,
romelic Rrma filosofiur Zirebze dgas, gr. orbe-
liani qmnis Tavis maRalmxatvrul xelovnebas, erovnu-
li Tavisuflebis models da samSoblos xats.
130
bunebis suraTi misTvis cocxalia. gaSlili sufra
igivea, rac yabaxi, sadac iyo `cxenTa Tqriali, SubTa
triali~, es yabaxi ki samSobloa, warsulis niSani da
simbolo. calke kvlevis sagania `iaralis~ patriotuli
simbolikac. am leqsSi imdenad farTodaa gaSlili
erovnuli motivebi, rom gaurkvevelia, Tu ratom akri-
tikebda k. abaSiZe gr. orbelians (es leqsi Jandarmeria-
sac ar darCa SeumCneveli).
sainteresoa is momenti, rom gr. orbelianis sevdana-
revi patriotizmi poetisaTvis ubedurebad iqceva. si-
cocxle azrs kargavs, risTvisac igi `zenas~ sayve-
durobs (,,mibaZva puSkinisa”).
aq avtori, SeiZleba iTqvas, faustur inteleqtua-
lur sevdas aaSkaravebs da es aris misi patriotizmis,
SeiZleba iTqvas, dasasrulic.
calke kvlevis sagania gr. orbelianis mier enis
siRrmeebis filosofiuri gaazreba da mis mier gamoTq-
muli mosazrebebis pirvelwyaroTa Zieba. am sakiTxze
sainteresoa misi leqsebi _ `pasuxi SvilTa~ da `gan-
xilva~, anu `sityvisaTvis~, romlebic daibeWda 1874
wels, Jurnal `ciskarSi~, Zveli seminaristis xelmo-
weriT26.
gr. orbelianis aRniSvniT, `idea, hazri dabadebuli
gonebaSi, aris jer viTarca ara arsi... sityva mihfens
aTassa msmenelTa gasawmedelad, gasanaTleblad sibne-
lisagan gonebisa da zneobisa maTisa! sityva gamomTqme-
li WeSmaritebisa, aris ukudavi da moqmed marad Jams~.
egvipte da babiloni STanTqa miwam, magram sityva Tqmu-
li mosesagan isev cocxlobs. sityva RvTaebrivi Zalaa,
romlis SemweobiTac `kaci Seiqmna mefed queynisa~. av-
tori exeba axal sityvas. kerZod, is ver Secvlis enis
arsebiT Tvisebas. `enis Tviseba myofobs maradis
Seuryevelad~. rac metad mdidari da mSvenieria ena, miT
ufro naTelia xalxis goneba, `miT metad avicilebT
131
fexebiT sakuTar azrze dgomis safrTxes~. gr. orbelia-
ni xazs usvams enis udides mniSvnelobas eris TviT-
SegnebisTvis. qarTuli ena aris is ena, romelic ase
didebulad brwyinavs `saRmrTos werilSi~, `vefxistyao-
sanSi~, ZuelTa da axal leqsebSi da TviT svanis
simReraSiaca [...]~ Selingis mier mxatvruli cnobierebis
Sesaxeb gamoTqmul azrTa gamoZaxils vxvdebiT Semdeg
msjelobaSic: `[...] gamoCenilia mweralni gvixataven
hazrsa, ara Tu mxolod naTlad, aramed lamazis for-
miTaca, da sityuaca maTi momdinareobs, viTarca wyali,
xan mZimed didebulebis siamayiTa [...] xan mquxared, vi-
Tarca SemaZrwunebeli risxua! maSin, msmenelica uneb-
lieT mishsdevs sityvisa mis mdinarebis Zalsa, guliT
gaxarebuli, gonebiT moziduli, Rone-mitacebuli
damonebuli!~
$3. nikoloz baraTaSvili (1817-1845)
adreuli romantizmi germaniaSi Tavis Tavs aRiqvam-
da, rogorc kulturul revolucias, im mizniT, rom
poezia aris nimuSi da, uwinares yovlisa, adgili `Ta-
visufali organizaciis~ SeqmnisTvis. `aTeneumis~ 116-e
fragmentSi am TvalsazrisiT, fr. Slegelis mier, axali
idea _ poeziisa da sazogadoebis, xelovnebisa da
cxovrebis axleburi Serigeba _ iqna SeTavazebuli:
`romantikuli poezia progresuli, universaluri poe-
ziaa. misi amocana mxolod is ki ar aris, rom poeziis
gansxvavebuli gvarebi kvlav Searigos da is filo-
sofiasTan da ritorikasTan daaaxlovos. man [...] poezia
da proza, genialoba da kritika, xelovnebis poezia da
bunebis poezia erTmaneTs unda SeaduRabos. poezia coc-
132
xali unda gaxados, cxovreba da sazogadoeba ki
poeturi~. sainteresoa, rom swored am kuTxiT dainaxa
da Seafasa n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedeba n. nikolaZem
Tavis recenziaSi `nikoloz baraTaSvili~27.
imis miuxedavad, rom n. baraTaSvili qarTvel ro-
mantikosTa Soris yvelaze gamorCeuli da mniSvnelo-
vani figuraa, romantikuli poeziis miseuli motivebiT,
misi poeziis evropuli masStabebiT28, Rrma filosofiu-
ri da socialurad aqtualuri Sinaarsis poeziiT, n.
nikolaZe n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebas romelime lite-
raturul mimdinareobas mainc ar miakuTvnebs, Tavis
recenziaSi romantizmis cnebas saerTod ar axsenebs,
Tumca araerTgzis avlebs paralels m. lermontovis
poeziasTan, rac `intuiciurad~ n. baraTaSvilis `roman-
tikul tradiciaSi~ danaxvas niSnavs29. n. nikolaZe xazs
usvams baraTaSvilis `novatorobas~ da mas did qarT-
vel ganmanaTlebel poets, daviT guramiSvils adarebs:
`iSviaTi iyo iseTi mwerali, romelic Tavis leqsebSi
dro-Jamis viTarebasa da siaves Sexeboda da arc erTs,
garda d. guramiSvilisa, ar gaubedavs gamoeTqva leqse-
biT cxoveli azri Tavisi drois cxovrebis sxvadasxva
sagnebze [...]. cxadia, aseTY mwerlobaSi ra didi mniSvne-
loba aqvs iseT niWier poets, romelmac pirvelad
gabeda gaemsWvala Tavisi leqsebi dro-Jamis cocxali
motiviT da gamoeTqva maSindeli saukeTeso kacTa guma-
ni, gulis nadebi da miswrafebani~30. baraTaSvilis poe-
ziaSi gansakuTrebiT naTeli xdeba xalxuri poeziisad-
mi dabruneba; es ki gviani romantizmis erT-erTi ZiriTa-
di moTxovna iyo. Rrma filosofiur ganazrebebTan
erTad, misi Semoqmedeba axlosaa qarTul zepirsityvie-
rebasTan. n. nikolaZe baraTaSvilis leqss `madli Sens
gamCens~ xalxuri poeziisa da geniosobis nimuSs uwo-
debs da Tvlis, rom am leqsiT SeiTvisa qarTvelma
xalxma xalxuri sasaubro ena, xalxuri gamoTqma, xal-
133
xuri kilo: `[...] qarTulma saxalxo poeziam am leqsSi
hpova Tavisi WeSmariti saxe~31.
qarTul romantizmSi filosofiuri ideebis warmosa-
Cenad sainteresod gveCveneba nikoloz baraTaSvilis
poeturi msoflmxedvelobis Zirebis kvleva solomon
dodaSvilis filosofiuri Sexedulebebis analizis
fonze. imis miuxedavad, rom qarTul samecniero lite-
raturaSi am sakiTxze erTmniSvnelovani azri ar arse-
bobs (da amis safuZveli TviT solomon dodaSvilis
filosofiis araerTgvarovani Sefasebac SeiZleba iyos).
zogierTi qarTveli mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom s. dodaSvi-
lis `xelmZRvanelobiT aRizarda cnobil romantikosTa
mTeli Taoba (mix. TumaniSvili, n. baraTaSvili da
sxv.)~32; is, rac davis sagans ar warmoadgens, aris Sem-
degi: qarTuli romantizmis Camoyalibebis xana daemTxva
solomon dodaSvilis (1805-1836) moRvaweobas; dodaSvi-
lis filosofiurma da filologiurma Sromebma didi
gavlena moaxdina imdroindel qarTul kulturasa da
mecnierebaze33, man SemoqmedebiTad aiTvisa klasikuri
germanuli filosofia da qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi
misi Rrma da originaluri interpretacia mogvca, ri-
Tac `Tanamedrove evropuli azrovnebis simaRleze aR-
moCnda [...]~34; amasTan 30-ian wlebSi saxeze gvaqvs doda-
Svilis umniSvnelovanesi naSromebi: `Курс философии, часть первая. Логика~ (СПб, 1827), `mokle ganxilva qarTulisa
literaturisa anu sityvierebisa~ (1832 w.) da `ritori-
ka~; am periodisaTvis dodaSvili popularulia rogorc
CvenSi, ise ruseTSi35 (iwereba recenziebi mis Sesaxeb,
xdeba misi citireba); am fonze sruliad safuZvlianad
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom n. baraTaSvili icnobda s.
dodaSvilis filosofiur Sexedulebebs da klasikuri
germanuli filosofiis ideebi baraTaSvilis msofl-
mxedvelobaSi swored dodaSvilis SromebiT xdeba cno-
134
bili. Tu n. baraTaSvilisa da gr. orbelianis urTier-
Tobebsac gaviTvaliswinebT da gr. orbelianis36 did
interess germanuli romantizmis Teoretikosebisadmi,
maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom baraTaSvilis poetur
msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonia ienis wris adreul-
ma romantizmma.
aRsaniSnavia, rom s. dodaSvilis filosofiuri wya-
ro iyo klasikuri germanuli filosofia37. misi ideebi
uaxlovdeba romantikuli filosofiis udidesi warmo-
madgenlis – Selingis naazrevs. solomon dodaSvilis
kargad hqonda gaTavisebuli germanuli klasikuri fi-
losofiis principebi: subieqturobis principi, yofie-
rebis dayofa movlenaTa da cdis miRma arsebul `nivTi
TavisTavadis~ samyarod, moZRvreba gansjasa da goneba-
ze, adamianis, rogorc sasruli arsebis gageba, adamiani,
rogorc mikrokosmosi, moZRvreba produqtiul warmo-
saxvaze da a.S.
am ideebis da, ufro metic, samyaros romantikuli
modelis kvali Cans baraTaSvilis poetur xedvaSi. ada-
mianuri `me~ aqtiuri xasiaTisaa. `mes~ aqtiuri xasiaTisa
da zegrZnobadi samyaros zemoqmedebis urTierTobis
Sedegia is, rasac Cven movlenaTa samyaros vuwodebT. es
ori sfero – movlenaTa da zegrZnobadi – upirispir-
deba erTmaneTs. `ciuris~ wvdomasTan dakavSirebuli
romantikuli gancda gvxdeba n. baraTaSvilTan leqsSi
`SemoRameba mTawmindaze~ (1836):
`he, cao, cao, xateba Seni jer kidev gulzed maqvs
damCneuli!
aw ca ra Tvalni laJvards gixilven, myis fiqrni
Senda moiswrafian,
magram Senamdin ver moaRweven da haerSive ganibne-
vian!~38
SevniSnavT, rom am leqsis adrindel variantSi39 (1833
w.) `ciuri~ garkveulwilad miiwvdomeba.
135
solomon dodaSvilis mixedviT, zegrZnobadi Semec-
nebadia. am azrs, Tavdapirvelad, aviTarebdnen Selingi,
Zmebi Slegelebi, xolo amis Semdeg TandaTan Zlierdeba
iracionaluri nakadi filosofiaSi (a. Sopenhaueri, fr.
nicSe). es ki XIX saukunis germanuli filosofiis gan-
viTarebis erT-erTi mTavari gzaa. romantizmSi adamiani
zegrZnobadi samyaros arsebiT nawilad ganixileba. es
azri kantis filosofiis safuZvelze Camoyalibda –
adamiani Tavisi arsiT metafizikuri, anu miRmuri samya-
rosadmi mswrafi arsebaa. rogor SeuZlia grZnobad
samyaroSi mcxovreb adamians zegrZnobadi sinamdvili-
saken swrafva? romantikul poeziaSi es swrafva xdeba
sakuTar subieqturobaSi CaRrmavebis gziT (`ciuri~ ada-
mianur `me~-Si amoicnoba), xolo filosofiaSi ki TviT-
SemecnebiT miiRweva, radgan adamianis sulieri yofa
miwier arsebobasTan kavSiris miuxedavad, yovelgvar
sagnobriobasa da sinamdvileze amaRlebulia. TviTSe-
mecnebis problema dgas solomon dodaSvilTan: `filo-
sofia rom viswavloT, saWiroa filosofosoba; filo-
sofosoba ki niSnavs yuradReba mivapyroT Tavis Tavs,
CavwdeT Tavis Tavs, raTa gamovicnoT da gavigoT TviT
Cveni Tavi, da am gziT davadginoT simSvide CvenSi da
Cvenda. yuradReba mivapyroT Tavis Tavs – niSnavs
ganvayenoT igi yovelive imisagan, rac Cven ar gvekuTv-
nis: es xdeba, roca gonebiT vtovebT yovelive gareg-
nuls da TviT Cvens Tavs warvmarTavT martooden Sina-
ganisaken. CavwvdeT Tavis Tavs – niSnavs guldasmiT vi-
fiqroT Sinagan movlenebze, romlebic CvenSi xdeba,
gavxadoT Cveni Tavi gamokvlevis uSualo sagani. Tavisi
Tavis Secnoba sxva araferia, Tu ara unari imisa, rom
swored vimsjeloT mTel qmediTs Cvens Zalaze; es ki
SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, roca CvenTvis cnobili
gaxdeba Cveni bunebis moqmedebis kanonebi, am moqmedebis
sazRvrebi da mizani. gavigebT Cvens Tavs, Tu SegviZlia
136
moviyvanoT Cveni azrebis, codnaTa da saqcielTa sakmao
mizezebi. dasasrul, davadgenT simSvides CvenSi da
CvenTan, roca vayalibebT CvenSi harmoniul moqmedebas,
warvmarTavT ra mas Cveni daniSnulebisaken. amrigad,
ganyeneba da gaazreba, Secnoba da gageba TviT Cveni
Tavisa, dakmayofileba Tavisi Tavisa aseTi TviTSemec-
nebiT – ai filosofiuri gamokvlevis sami sagani!~40.
aqve SevniSnavT, rom am problemis dodaSviliseuli
xedva fixtes gavlenas ganicdis. kerZod, TviTSemecnebis
moTxovna filosofosisTvis umTavresia fixtes Teo-
riul sistemaSi: Semmecnebelma subieqtma mzera unda mi-
marTos sakuTar Tavze da ara garemomcvel sagnebze.
amgvari (fixtes filosofiidan dawyebuli) subieqtiviz-
midan gamomdinare, s. dodaSvilis filosofiaSi Semmec-
nebeli subieqti da Semecnebis umTavresi sagani adamia-
nia. filosofia aris mecniereba mTeli Cveni moqmedebis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb. is unda iyos adamianis sulis
Semoqmedeba, romelic ar aris Tandayolili da SeZenil
unda iqnes sakuTari gonebis ZaliT. amitomac masSi
unda veZioT da vipovoT Cveni Semecnebisa da moqmedebis
is mizezebi, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianis gonebis
dakmayofileba.
TviTSemecnebis am process fixtesTan (agreTve, s.
dodaSvilTan) win uswrebs bunebisa da `mes~ dadgena,
xolo Semdeg azri miemarTeba sulier procesebze, ganc-
debze. Cven SeiZleba paraleli gavavloT am azrebsa da
n. baraTaSvilis leqss – `fiqrni mtkvris piras~ –
Soris. zegrZnobadisadmi swrafva da ltolva arsebul-
TaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sayovelTao Tvisebaa. nikoloz
baraTaSvilis lirikuli gmiri miiswrafvis miRmuri,
zegrZnobadi samyarosaken, raTa `daSTos aq amaoeba~
(`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~). es swrafva erTgvarad neop-
latonuri `trfialebis~ msgavsia, Tumca is ar aris
aracnobieri, is winaswaraa Cadebuli arsebebSi, iseve,
137
rogorc RmerTSi, aris RmerTidan momdinare da masSive
ukudamabrunebeli. romantizmSi ki aracnobieri swrafva
Tavis Tavs acnobierebs – `me~-s Tavis Tavis dadgenis
procesSi win aRudgeba `ara-me~.
`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ iwyeba swored poeturi `me~-s
da bunebis aRweriT (s. dodaSvilis terminiT rom
vTqvaT – `dadgeniT~):
`warved wyalis pirs sevdiani fiqrT gasarTvelad,
aq veZiebdi nacnobs adgils gansasveneblad;
aq lbils mdelozed sanugeSod viname cremliT,
aqac yoveli aremare iyo mowyeniT;
nelad moRelavs modudune mtkvari ankara
da mis zvirTebSi krTis laJvardi cisa kamara.~
Semdeg striqonSi poeti Sinagan xmas miubrundeba:
`idayv-dayrdnobil yurs vugdeb me missa Cxrialsa
da Tvalni rbian Sorad, Sorad, cis dasavalsa!~
n. baraTaSvili, Tavis sulier mdgomareobaze dakvir-
vebiT, kidev ufro uRrmavdeba Tavis Tavs:
`ar vici, am dros Cems winaSe Cveni cxovreba
rad iyo fuWi da mxoloda amaoeba?...
mainc ra aris Cveni yofa – wuTisofeli,
Tu ara oden sawyauli aRuvsebeli?
vin aris igi, vis Tvis guli erTxel aRevsos,
da rac mieRos erTxel natvriT, isi ekmaros?~
poeti, rogorc vxedavT, Tavdapirvelad bunebaze,
Semdeg ki sakuTar gancdebze dakvirvebiT, cdilobs
cxovrebis sazrisis dadgenas.Ees cxovreba misTvis war-
modgeba, rogorc `fuWi da amaoeba~; is cdilobs,
138
amaoebis safuZvlis garkvevas (`Cveni bunebis moqmedebis
kanonebi, am moqmedebis sazRvrebi da mizani~ – s. doda-
SvilTan), anu es aris refleqsia sakuTar Tavze. s.
dodaSvilis azriT, TviTCaRrmavebis bolo etapze am
refleqsiis mizania simSvidisa da harmoniis miRweva,
sakuTari Tavis gaazreba, Secnoba da gageba. `amaRleba
sulisa sakuTar TviTobamde~ _ es aris romantikuli xe-
lovnebis mTavari principi, romelsac hegeli `moder-
nizmis mTavar models~ uwodebs41. da es arsebiTia,
radgan sakuTari arsebis wvdomiT adamians gauadvilde-
ba pasuxi gasces kiTxvebs – vin var me? ra adgili
mikavia me am samyaroSi? ra moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeb-
loba mekisreba me? risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes me am
cxovrebaSi? amgvarad, individualizmisa da subieqti-
vizmis principebis gamovlenidan gamomdinare, saqme
gvaqvs romantizmis filosofiur dafuZnebasTan; adamia-
nis qcevis SesabamisobaSi moyvana adamianis raobasTan
safuZvelia pirovnebis aqtivizaciis moTxovnisa:
`magram radganac kacni gqvian – Svilni soflisa,
unda kideca mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa.
arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,
iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunvos!~ L
TviTCaRrmaveba-TviTSemecnebis procesis msgavsebas
s. dodaSvilis filosofiur SexedulebebTan amgvari
analogiebis safuZvelze davadgenT mxolod.
n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi didi adgili eTmoba ada-
mianuri yofierebis maradiul problemebs: erTi mxriv,
adamianuri survilebis daukmayofileblobas, meore
mxriv ki, yoveli asrulebuli survilis amaoebis ganc-
das. TviT xelmwifenic, umdidresni da umZlavresni,
arasodes kmayofildebian mopovebuli bednierebiT; isi-
ni gverds uvlian sikvdilis perspeqtivas. misi saTanado
139
gaazreba urTulesi problemaa yvela epoqis adamiani-
saTvis. amis mizezi adamianis warmavali arsebobaa. miR-
weuli wamieryofa da ganadgureba.
n. baraTaSvili bediswerasTan mosaubre poetia (`xma
idumali~). poeti grZnobs Tavis pirovnul, gansxvavebul
daniSnulebas; fiqrobs imis Sesaxeb, borotia Tu
keTili, bednieri Tu sevdiani momavali; magram igi mzad
aris win aRudges ucnob bedisweras. aq daismis ze-
ZalebiT STagonebuli pirovnebis xvedrisa da misi
yofierebis sazrisianobis sakiTxi; bedisweris ulmobe-
li Zala xom poetma Tavis Tavze gamoscada. amis Semdeg
igi mravaljer Caufiqrdeba adamianis warmavlobas da
mis xvedrs. ganmartoebuls, wylis talRaTa xmaSi, mas
warmoudgeba adamianuri yofierebis arseba, amao Sroma,
amao mcdelobebi. bedis mdinarebaSi, romelSic yoveli-
ves sakuTari gza da sakuTari dasasruli aqvs, war-
mavali dideba mtvriT ifareba. adamianis cxovrebas
bediswera ganagebs, – ase daaskvnis poeti leqsebSi
`fiqrni mtkvris piras~ da `napoleon~.
n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uka-
via martoobis problemas. is poetisTvis udidesi ube-
durebis mizezia. arsebiTi da Zlieria sulieri mar-
toobis grZnoba. is ver Seedreba axlobeli adamianis
dakargviT gamowveul martoobas, tkivils, radgan es ka-
nonzomieri movlenaa, samyaros kanonTa nebaa da
filosofiuri gansjiT miRebuli momavlis rwmena am
dros mxolod maSvelad gvevlineba. adamianisaTvis udi-
desi tragedia sulieri martoobaa; uimedo satkivari
anadgurebs adamians, is SemaZrwunebeli da damangre-
velia (`suli oboli~).
sulieri martoobiT gamowveuli tragizmi axal
aRTqmaSi sasoebas hpovebs, tkivili – daamebas. kacob-
riobam gamosavali, xsna Tavis dasamSvideblad `axali
religiis~ CamoyalibebaSi ipova. n. baraTaSvilmac Tavi-
140
si mzera irealuri samyarosken mimarTa. man amqveyniur
warmavlobas imqveyniuri maradiuloba daupirispira. igi
etrfis cas, cisfers (`cisa fers~), romelic zeciuris
saxea. aseTive amaRlebuli obieqtia poetisaTvis
mTawminda, romelic aviwyebs mas amqveyniur sawuTros
da movlenaTa cvalebadobiT daRlili poeti mxolod
iq axerxebs dasvenebas (`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~).
maSasadame, sicocxle amaoebaa, samyaroSi yovelives
wuTieri xangrZlivoba aqvs, xolo adamianis yofierebas
azri aqvs dakarguli. yovelive amas `ciuri gangeba~
upirispirdeba, romelsac Cveulebrivi mokvdavni ver
wvdebian da verc verafers Secvlian, TavianTi adamia-
nuri arsebobis SezRudulobis gamo. aq igrZnoba mis-
tikuri nakadis gavlena baraTaSvilis msoflmxedvelo-
baze.
n. baraTaSvilTan, novalisis msgavsad, poetis mis-
tikuri gamocdileba, misi SemoqmedebiTi saidumlo yo-
velTvis Sinaganisken, pirovnulisken iyo mimarTuli:
`Sinaganisken midis saidumloebiT mosili gza, mxolod
CvenSi _ da arsad sxvagan _ aris maradiuloba Tavis
samyarosTan erTad, warsuli da momavali~ (novalisi).
mistikuri ganwyoba udevs safuZvlad leqsebs –
`merani~ da `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~. `merani~ aris
mebrZoli pirovnebis rwmenis simbolo, rom adamianuri
arseboba, moZraoba istoriaSi mizandasaxuli da az-
riania. sicocxlis uaryofis filosofia yvela sasi-
cocxlo Zalis kolosaluri koncentraciiT mTavrdeba.
`merani~ adamianis bedis tradiciul gagebas Sordeba;
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq saxeze gvaqvs problemis
klasikur-berZnuli gageba _ stoikosTa filosofia be-
disweris gardauvlobaze. is sruliad sxvagvarad war-
moaCens adamianis arsebobisa da daniSnulebis sakiTxs,
kerZod, adamianis brZolas, mis optimizms ar aqvs
sazRvari:
141
`kvnesa gulisa, trfobis naSTi, mivce zRvis Relvas,
da Sens mSveniers, aRtacebuls, giJursa ltolvas!
gaswi, merano, Sens Wenebas ar aqvs samZRvari,
da niavs miec fiqri Cemi, Savad mRelvari!~
`cudad xom mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis sulis
kveTeba,
da gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc
darCeba;
da Cems Semdgomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa
gauadvildes,
da Seupovrad mas hune Tvisi Savis bedis win
gamouqroldes!~
am leqss did Sefasebas aZlevs m. gogiberiZe: `aseTi
maRali STagonebiT, aseTi mSvenieri formiT, goeTes
garda, jer arc erT poets ar eTqva himni socialuri
filosofiisa, [...] platonsac ki ar uTqvams am STa-
gonebiT sikeTis gamarjvebis himni da am gagebiT ar
udidebia subieqturis mimarT obieqturis amaRlebuloba
da upiratesoba~42. `meranis~ maRalideuri SinaarsiT
qarTveli filosofosi n. baraTaSvils msoflio ge-
niosTa rigs (dante, goeTe, Seqspiri, baironi, puSkini,
rusTaveli) miakuTvnebs.
es Sefaseba SemTxveviTi ar iyo. leqsiT `merani~ poe-
ti cxadyofs im Rirebulebas, rom Tavisuflebis gac-
nobiereba, samSoblosa da calkeuli pirovnebis bedis
gamoWedva da, sabolood ki, Tavisuflebis miRweva axa-
li epoqis da axali ideis matarebel adamians SeuZlia.
am TvalsazrisiT, baraTaSvilis msoflxedvis garkveu-
li periodis _ `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ _ sevdasa da
pesimizms `fiqri mtkvris piras~ optimizmi cvlis:
`magram radganac kacni gvqvian _ Svilni soflisa,
142
unda kideca mivdioT mas, gvesmas mSoblisa.
arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,
iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunvos!~
aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis romantikuli gageba
n. baraTaSvilis poeziaSi pirovnebis subieqturobis ana-
lizs emyareba. sakiTxi exeba adamianis sasrulobas. Se-
saZlebelia baraTaSvilis interesic adamianisadmi, ro-
gorc sasruli arsebisadmi, romantizmis Teoriuli wya-
roebiTac aris ganpirobebuli. es problema dgas
s. dodaSvilis `logikur meTodologiaSi~43; s. doda-
Svili aq filosofias, kantis msgavsad, sam umTavres
amocanas usaxavs: `ra unda vicodeT, ra SegviZlia
vicodeT...~44; am frazas aRar asrulebs avtori, radgan
aq swored kantis mier dasmuli sami kiTxva unda
vigulisxmoT – `ra SemiZlia vicode?~, `ra SemiZlia ga-
vakeTo?~ da `risi imedi SeiZleba mqondes?~. pirveli
kiTxva, rogorc cnobilia, adamianis Semecnebis sas-
rulobas exeba. `[...] adamiani SezRuduli arsebaa, mas ar
SeuZlia miaRwios srulyofilobas~45. `[...] misi codnis
fargali SezRudulia~46. `[...] raodenobis mixedviT Cveni
Semecnebis SezRuduloba damokidebulia: 1. saerTod
Cveni azris sazRvrebze; 2. kerZo adamianis Semecnebis
xarisxze; 3. Cvens xanmokle sicocxleze; 4. TviTeuli
kerZo adamianis garkveul mdgomareobaze~47. adamianis
sasrulobis gamovlenaa amqveyniuri warmavlobiT gamow-
veuli sevdac leqsSi `vpove taZari~ (1841 w.).
adamianis sasrulobis gagebidan gamomdinareobs
swrafva, ltolva zegrZnobadi samyarosaken. es azric
germanuli romantizmis filosofiaSi fuZndeba. kerZod,
adamianis sasrulobis gagebidan aucileblad gamomdi-
nareobs adamianis, rogorc usasrulobisaken mswrafi
arsebis gageba (Sdr. miRmuris, usasrulos, `ciuris~
wvdoma n. baraTaSvilTan).
143
qarTul romantizmSi zegrZnobadis, miRmuris moaz-
reba simboluri formiT aris gadmocemuli. am mxriv
sayuradReboa `taZris~ da `cis~ arqetipi, romelic ro-
mantikuli xasiaTisaa. `simboluris wvdomis upirvelesi
garantia imaSia, rom Tavad adamiania simboluri arseba;
sulierisa da sxeulebrivis Serwyma masSi, pirvel yov-
lisa, miRmuris primatiT xdeba. [...] simbolur sinamdvi-
leSi simboluri arseba Seicnobs simbolurs~48. am az-
ris naTelsayofad goeTes sityvebi SeiZleba gavix-
senoT: `Tvali rom ar iyos mziuri, rogor movaxer-
xebdiT sinaTlis aRqmas? CvenSi rom ar iyos RvTaebrivi
Zala, rogor aRgvafrTovanebda RvTaebrivi?~ Cveni az-
riT, aq neoplatonuri filosofiis gavlenazec SeiZ-
leba visaubroT. kerZod, samyaros qmnadobis da Rmer-
Tis (pirvelmizezis) wvdomis procesSi msgavsi msgavss
qmnis da msgavsi msgavss Seimecnebs; `taZari~ n. bara-
TaSvilTan mxolod pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT ar unda
gavigoT. es cneba romantizmSi aerTianebs miwiersa da
miRmurs, zegrZnobad samyaros. baraTaSvilis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, miwierSi (taZarSi) SesaZlebelia `ciuris~
maqsimaluri gamovlineba. am datvirTvis mqonea `cis~
arqetipic: `cisa fers, lurjsa fers, pirvelad qmnilsa
fers da ar am qveyniers, siyrmidgan vetrfodi~, – wers
poeti. da ganagrZobs `mosruli igi ciT gamokrTis
siamiT. fiqri me sanatri mimiwvevs cisa qeds, rom eSxiT
damdnari SeverTo lurjsa fers.~ cis feri, pirvelad
qmnili, miRmuri, zeciuri anu araamqveyniuria, poetis
azriT, da simboluric. `ciurisa~ da miwieris wminda
Sexvedris adgilia `mTawmindas~ poeturi saxe. mTaw-
mindis idumaleba daafiqrebs poets da aRuZravs fiq-
rebs zegrZnobadi, zeciuri samyarosadmi da amqveyniuri
amaoebis dasaZlevad, sawuTros dasaviwyeblad cdilobs
ganWvritos `zenaarT samyofT~.
144
qarTuli romantizmisa da germanuli romantizmis
Teoretikosebs Soris paralelebze saubrisas, k. kaci-
taZe gamoTqvams saintereso mosazrebas, romlis Tanax-
madac, SesaZloa s. dodaSvilis meSveobiT aixsnas `Cvi-
lis~ arqetipis baraTaSviliseuli interpretaciis
msgavseba germanel romantikos vilhelm vakenroderTan
(1773-1798), romelmac es aspeqti pirvelma gamoiyena
romantikosTa Soris. 1797 wels misma megobarma l. tikma
gamosca vakenroderis narkvevebis da moTxrobebis kre-
buli `xelovnebis moyvaruli beris gulisnadebi~, xo-
lo 1799 wels sakuTari damatebebiT meore naSromi –
`fantaziebi xelovnebis Taobaze xelovnebis megobrebi-
saTvis~. aRsaniSnavia, rom es nawarmoebi adreuli ger-
manuli romantizmis saprogramo nawarmoebad aris miC-
neuli. `xelovnebis moyvaruli beris gulisnadebi~ 1826
wels iTargmna rusulad v. p. titovis mier, romelsac,
Tavis mxriv, ekuTvnis recenzia s. dodaSvilis `lo-
gikaze~47. savaraudod, s. dodaSvilisaTvis ucnobi ar
iqneboda misi recenzentis mier Targmnili es Sroma.
vakenroderis azriT, `ase aRwevs Cvens gulebamde
ciuri umankoebis gaxseneba. [...] es eTeruli krToma,
angelozTa samyaros es gaxseneba srulqmnili cxov-
rebiT jer kidev myofobs bavSvis gulSi, miwier saganTa
muqi Crdili jer kidev ar Crdilavs maT brwyinvalebas,
miwieri sazrunavebi, aqauri vnebebi da ltolvebi, dune
siyvaruli da mZafri siZulvili es kidev moSorebiTaa.
[...] amitomac bavSvebi Cvens Soris dadian viTarca didi
winaswarmetyvelebi, romlebic qadageben CvenTvis gauge-
bari srulyofili eniT~49.
ase rom, qarTul romantizmSi samyaros filoso-
fiuri suraTi Zalze sainteresod aisaxa. saqarTvelos
socialur-politikuri mdgomareobiT gamowveuli sevda,
pirovnuli, erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio tkivili,
samyaro, RmerTi da adamianuri yofiereba maT Semoqme-
145
debaSi filosofiuri ganzogadebiT da poeturad daxve-
wili simbolur-alegoriuli formiT gamoisaxa. garda
amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvel romantikosTa
msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena iqonia germanuli roman-
tizmis TeoretikosTa da germanuli klasikuri filo-
sofiis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebma. amdenad, qarTu-
li romantizmi ar iyo izolirebuli Tanadrouli epo-
qis evropuli azrovnebisagan, ar iyo mxolod loka-
luri movlena. qarTveli romantikosebi TavianTi epoqis
filosofiuri ideebis produqtiuli recipirebiT da
mTargmnelobiTi saqmianobiT amarTleben romantizmis,
rogorc farTo, universaluri „kulturuli programis“,
miznebs. aq saxeze gvaqvs filosofiisa da poeziis
dialogi, rac dResac mimzidveli rCeba.
146
mexuTe Tavi
gerasime qiqoZe
gerasime maqsimes-Ze qiqoZe daibada 1825 w. guriis
sofel baxvSi, mRvdlis ojaxSi. swavlobda Tbilisis,
pskovisa da peterburgis sasuliero seminariebSi. 1849 w.
daamTavra peterburgis sasuliero akademia magistris
xarisxiT1; is gaamweses Tbilisis sasuliero seminariis
inspeqtorad, sadac male (1851 w.) xdeba fizikisa da
maTematikis profesori. 1856 w. didi ojaxuri ubedureba
daatyda Tavs (gardaecvala col_Svili); misma
sulierma tanjvam berad aRkvecaSi naxa gamosavali da
im wlidan dawyebuli gabrielis saxels atarebs. 1860
wlidan imereTis episkoposia. gardaicvala 1896 wels,
dakrZalulia gelaTis yovladwmida RvTismSoblis
Sobis saxelobis monasterSi.
g. qiqoZis naSromi ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safu-
Zvlebi” daiwera 1856 w., gamoica peterburgSi 1858 w.2
masve ekuTvnis mravali sityva da qadageba (qarTulsa
da rusul enebze), romlebic periodulad ibeWdeboda
gazeTebSi: ,,droeba” da ,,mwyemsi” da gamoica or tomad
quTaisSi 1885 wels saTauriT ,,qadagebani”. drois mokle
monakveTSi ,,qadagebani” gamoica inglisursa (1891) da
rusul (1893) enebze.3
1. g. qiqoZis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi. g. qiqoZis
,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi” ar warmoadgens
sakuTriv fsiqologiis kurss, fsiqologiuri mecnie-
rebis imdroindel monapovarTa gadmocemas. es wigni
warmoadgens fsiqologiuri codnis gverdiT filosofi-
ur disciplinaTa (logika, gnoseologia, eTika, reli-
giis filosofia, aRzrdis Teoria) problematikis ana-
lizsa da saintereso gadaWris cdas.
147
vinaidan g. qiqoZis Rrma rwmeniT, ,,fsiqologia fi-
losofiis nawilia”, is fsiqologiis problemebs,
rogorc wesi, filosofiuri kuTxiTac ganixilavs. ami-
tomaa, rom ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebi” imde-
nadvea filosofiuri naSromi, ramdenadac fsiqolo-
giuri; igi filosofiuri fsiqologiaa.
fsiqologiis filosofiuri problematikidan erT-
erTi pirvelTagania fsiqikis (sulis) raobisa da misi
sxeulTan (tvinTan) damokidebulebis garkveva. marTa-
lia, avtori Tavis fsiqologiis kurss miakuTvnebs cdi-
seuli fsiqologiis sferos, romlis meTodi bunebis-
metyveluria (WeSmaritad cdiseulia) da, amdenad, aqaa
msjeloba empiriulad mocemuli fsiqikur movlenebze,
fenomenebze, magram gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs
imis garkvevas, Tu ras warmoadgens fsiqikuri movle-
nebis (“Sinagani faqtebis”) safuZveli, ra substanciis
gamovlenaa isini da principulad rogor da ra SeuZlia
icodes Semmecnebelma subieqtma am substanciis Sesaxeb,
hqondes WeSmariti codna mis raobaze.
fsiqologia aris moZRvreba sulis Sesaxeb. adamianis
suli (igive fsiqika) araa Cveni gonebis raRac ganye-
nebuli warmodgena, romelic Seiswavleboda mxolod
gonebis WvretiT. suli iseTi substanciaa, romelsac
namdvili arseboba aqvs da vlindeba mravalnairad.
maSasadame, isic, sxva substanciis msgavsad, unda Seis-
wavlebodes da Seiswavleba kidevac cdiTa da dakvir-
vebiT. marTalia, suli uxilavi arsebaa, masze dakvir-
veba SeuZlebelia SegrZnebis organoebiT, magram vinai-
dan SegrZnebebi sulis nawarmoebia, maTi (sulis gamov-
lenis) SeswavliT Cven TviTon suls vswavlobT.
mTeli Cveni organizmi sulis iaraRia. suli uwyvet-
liv avlens Tavs organizmis cvlilebebSi da mdgoma-
reobebSi. organizmis mdgomareobaTa SeswavliT Cven
vimecnebT TviTon sulis Tvisebebsa da yoveli sulieri
148
movlena, yoveli Sinagani faqti (e.i. cnobierebis Sinaar-
si), aseve, SeiZleba gaxdes Sinagani dakvirvebis sagani,
radganac Cveni TviTcnobiereba xom mudmivi Sinagani
gamocdilebaa; dabolos: yvela sulier Zalasa da
unarze dakvirveba advilad SesaZlebelia funqciobis
dros.
Tuki yvelafer amas miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, sagnis
Seswavlis cdiseuli meTodi arsad ar gamoiyeneba ise
farTod, rogorc fsiqologiaSi. fsiqologia bevrs moi-
gebs, Tuki uaryofs unayofo gonebiT ganyenebul Wvre-
tas da mimarTavs miukerZoebeli dakvirvebis, faqtebis
analizis mkacr cdas. es is meTodia, romelic bunebis-
metyvelur mecnierebebs xdis zusts, safuZvliansa da
gamoyenebiTs.
es is mosazrebania, riTac xelmZRvanelobs g. qiqoZe
cdiseuli fsiqologiis agebis dros. is cdilobs
sulis Sesaxeb msjeloba daafuZnos fiziologiaSi da
fizikaSi damtkicebul da axsnil faqtebsa da
movlenebze.4
ra aris substancia? g. qiqoZis TvalsazrisiT, subs-
tancia aris is arsi, romelic moicavs da warmoSobs
arsebis yvela Tvisebasa da Zalas. magaliTad, qvaSi
arsebuli Tvisebebi: ganfeniloba, sidide, figura, simkv-
rive, simZime da a.S. qvis Sinagani arsis kuTvnilebaa,
romelic aris misi substancia. TviTon substancia,
rogorc aseTi, CvenTvis miuwvdomelia. cnobierebaSi
gveZleva mxolod substanciis Zalebi da gamovlenani.
SegrZnebani, nebisyofa da a.S. sulieri substanciis mov-
lenebia mxolod da ara TviTon substancia.
adamians aqvs ori substanciis cneba _ materialuri
da sulieri. pirvelis Sesaxeb cneba man SeimuSava im
STabeWdilebaTa da SegrZnebaTa safuZvelze, rac mate-
rialurma gamoiwvia masSi. xolo sulis Sesaxeb cneba
man SeimuSava sakuTar moqmedebaze yuradRebis miqceviT.
149
sxeulebrivi substanciis Taobaze viciT mxolod
garegani da zedapiruli, viciT misi Zalebi, movlenebi
da urTierTzemoqmedebani. magram am Zalebis arss,
Sinagan yofierebas verasdros ver mivxvdebiT. zustad
asevea sulis mimarT: viciT ra Sinagani gamocdilebiT
sulieri Zalebis warmodgenis, msjelobis, daskvnebis,
nebisyofis, Tavisuflebisa da a.S. Sesaxeb, mis safu-
Zvelze vaskvniT raRac aramaterialuri substanciis
arsebobis Sesaxeb. magram am substanciebis Sinagani
yofierebis gageba ar SegviZlia. bunebis Semqmnelma
mogvca saSualeba, vicodeT qveyana da sakuTari Tavi
imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa Cveni cxovrebisa da ke-
TildReobisaTvis. Mmxolod erTi SeiZleba dabejiTebiT
iTqvas, rom adamians ar SeuZlia warmoidginos iseTi
substancia, romelic ar iqneboda arc materia (ganfe-
nili, nawilebisagan Semdgari, pasiuri) da arc suli
(aqtiuri, Semmecnebeli), iqneboda raRac saSualo5.
umaRlesi da aucilebeli cneba, rac adamianis
sulSia, g. qiqoZis azriT, esaa umaRlesi substanciis,
samyaros Semoqmedis cneba, yvela movlenis ukanaskneli
mizezi, anu RmerTi. RmerTis Semecnebisa da RmerTis
rwmenis niSniT gansxvavdeba adamiani sxva miwier
qmnilebaTagan, rac adamianis didi Sinagani Rirsebaa. es
cneba adamianebSi sayovelTaoa, adamianis gonebaSi ad-
reuli da advili, bunebrivi da aucilebeli warmo-
Sobisaa. misi warmoSobisTvis Rrma gaazreba ki ar aris
aucilebeli, aramed is TavisTavad aRmocendeba, TiTqos
gonebaSi winaswarve yofiliyos misi monaxazi da
SemTxvevam migvaqcevina masze yuradReba. amitom lapa-
rakoben RmerTis ideis sulSi TanSobilebis Sesaxeb.
TanSobileba RmerTis cnebas ki ar exeba, aramed misw-
rafebas-Seimecnos Tavisi Semoqmedi da mTeli samyaros
mizezi; gonebis aucilebeli moTxovnis saxiT aRiaro is
pirvelive SesaZleblobisas. RmerTis cneba TanSobilia
150
iseve, rogorc azrovnebis, msjelobis unari, romelic
ukve bavSvSia TanSobili ganuviTareblad dabadebisas.6
g. qoqiZes sulieri da materialuri substanciebis
urTierTobis problema Semdegnairad aqvs gaazrebuli:
gavrcelebuli azri, rom suli TviTon qmnis sxeuls,
mraval Seusabamobas Seicavs da mecniereba mas ver
miiRebs, vinaidan mas faqtis saxiT mocemuloba ar gaaC-
nia, mudam rCeba hipoTezis farglebSi. mecnieruli (fi-
ziologiuri) dakvirvebani safuZvels gvaZlevs da-
vaskvnaT, rom adamianis sxeulis SeqmnaSi batonobs
mxolod fizikuri, qimiuri da organuli kanonebi, rom
is iqneba mxolod organuli kanonebis mixedviT7. magram
es srulebiTac ar niSnavs imas, rom ar iyos araviTari
damokidebuleba da zemoqmedeba organizmis ganviTareba-
sa da sulis (fsiqikis) ganviTarebas Soris.
sulisa da sxeulis urTierToba imaSia, rom suli
da sxeuli ara mxolod Tanaarseboben, aramed urTierT-
ganpirobebulnic arian. maTi ganviTareba da srulyofa
xorcieldeba erTmaneTze uwyveti zegavleniT da Tanac
ise mWidrod, rom isini oriveni Seadgenen erT arsebas –
adamians. yvela movlena sxeulisa aisaxeba sulSi,
zemoqmedebs mis mdgomareobaze, ganwyobaze, warmodge-
naze, mTel mis sulier cxovrebaze da, piriqiTac, su-
lieri movlenebi aisaxebian organizmSi, masSi xSirad
gansakuTrebul mdgomareobas iwveven. magram mTavari
isaa, rom ar unda CaiTvalos suli organizmis (sxeu-
lis) arsad da sxeuli ki – sulis gamovlinebad8.
is, vinc tvinis STabeWdilebas aRiqvams, aris ara-
materialuri da daunawevrebeli arseba. faqtebi, rom-
lebic miuTiTeben tvinTan sulis moqmedebis mWidro
kavSirze. es materializmis dasayrdeni ki ar aris, ara-
med adamianis fsiqikis daunawevreblobis da suliero-
bis Seuryeveli da udavo sabuTia.
151
adamianSi, tvinis garda rom ar yofiliyo erTiani,
gaunawevrebeli arseba, maSin gamovidoda, rom adamianis
unarebi aris calkeuli substanciebi. ...magram vin ver
dainaxavs, rom tvinis burTulebi mxolod iaraRia erTi
da gaunawevrebeli substanciisa, sulieri monadisa,
romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs yvela unarsa da azrs.
igi gamoiyenebs tvins, rogorc musikalur instruments,
romlisganac garkveuli moqmedebisas aJRerdeba sasur-
veli bgerebi. yvela es faqti, avtoris gagebiT, gviCve-
nebs, Tu rogor damokidebulebaSia azrovneba organul
sistemebTan. aravin ar unda mivides im azramde, TiTqos
suli iyos raRac sxeulebrivi, esencia organizmisa.
piriqiT, ufro sarwmunoa sulis aranivTieroba9.
yvela fiziologiuri faqtis miukerZoebeli ganxil-
va gveubneba, rom ara TviTon tvinis burTulebia
SegrZnebebi da grZnobebi, rom CvenSi ara TviTon tvini
xedavs, ismensa da grZnobs, aramed amas akeTebs suli.
organoebSi da tvinSi xdeba mxolod qimiur_meqanikuri
cvlilebebi, romlebic jer kidev araa SegrZneba
(fsiqika)10.
im principul sakiTxze _ Tu rogor aisaxeba sabo-
lood sulSi organuli cvlilebi, meore mxriv ki, ro-
gor SeuZlia suls imoqmedos sxeulze _ g. qiqoZes
Tvalsazrisi aseTia: es viTareba ,,yovelTvis darCeba
bunebis gamoucnob saidumloebad”; “araa araviTari
SesaZlebloba, gamoicno sulis organizmTan mimarTe-
ba_damokidebulebis raoba”.11 “esaa yofierebis erT-erTi
gadauwyveteli saidumloebaTagani”.12
g. qiqoZe fsiqikis arsebobis wesze, fsiqikis ar-
sebobis formaze msjelobs azrovnebis magaliTze. az-
rovneba aucilebel kavSirSia tvinis agebulebasTan da
moqmedebasTan. ,,suli azrovnebs tvinis saSualebiT.
tvini sulis organoa”. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom
suli (fsiqika) tvinis produqtad warmovidginoT. suli
152
da sxeuli damoukidebeli substanciiebia. g. qiqoZis
gagebiT, fsiqikis empiriuli mocemuloba, sulieri sub-
stanciis gamovlenis erT-erTi saxe azrovnebis unaris
funqcioba warmoudgenelia arsebobdes cnobierebis niS-
nis gareSe. ,,azrovneba cnobierebaa da cnobiereba _
azrovneba; sxvagvari azrovneba araa da ar SeiZleba
arsebobdes”.13 aracnobieri azrovnebis daSveba igive
iqneboda, rom gvemtkicebina SeugrZnobeli SegrZnebis,
anda uZravi moZraobis arseboba. ,,aracnobieri azrov-
neba sakvirveli hipoTezaa”14 da Tavis TavSi Seicavs
winaaRmdegobas15. gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tuki vinme ara
cnobier azrovnebas uwodebs im cvlilebebs organizmSi
(tvinSi), romlebic sulSi ar aisaxeba, anda bnel
SegrZnebebs, romlebsac intesivobis (sicxadis) dabali
xarisxi aqvT.
maSasadame, g. qiqoZisTvis aracnobieri fsiqikis
problema esaa problema cnobierebis Sinaarsebis arac-
nobierad (cnobierebisagan damoukideblad) arsebobis
SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, rac, misi azriT, SeuZlebelia,
rom arsebobdes.
sulis ukvdaveba araa iseTi ram, rac SeiZleboda
Seswavliliyo cdiTa da dakvirvebiT. miuxedavad amisa,
swored cdiseuli fsiqologia gvTavazobs im mtkice
safuZvels, risganac vaskvniT mis WeSmaritebas. cdi-
seuli fsiqologia asabuTebs or WeSmarit debulebas,
rac safuZvlad edeba sulis ukdavebis moZRvrebas. am
debulebaTagan erTia: suli organizmisagan gansxvavebu-
li substancia, romelic vlindeba cnobierebasa da
nebaSi; meorea: suli ganuwyvetliv srulyofili xdeba.
am ori debulebidan daskvnis gziT miiReba adamianis
sulis ukvdavebis Tezisi.
Tuki suli TviTmyofi substanciaa, maSin misi sikv-
dili ornairi SeiZleba iyos: is an unda ganadgurdes
ise, rogorc sxeuli, daiSalos Semadgenel nawilad an
153
moispos sxva substanciis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. magram
misTvis ar arsebobs arc pirveli da arc meore saxis
mospoba. jer erTi, suli ar Sedgeba nawilebisagan (is
xom martivi substanciaa), masSi araferia materialu-
risa, piriqiT, materialuris sapirispiroa; maSasadame,
is dauSlelia, meorec, Tu materialuri atomi ar
ispoba saerTod (dedamiwaze materiis masa erTi da
igivea, igi mxolod saxecvlilebas ganicdis), es miT
ufro iTqmis sulis Sesaxeb. masze zegavlenas ver
moaxdens samyaros stiqia. mxolod RmerTs SeuZlia
waarTvas suls yofiereba. magram, cxadia, RmerTi amas
ar gaakeTebs.
suli rom ganuwyvetliv srulyofs Tavis Tavs (am
gzaze rom mas zRvari ar edeba), amiT is upirispirdeba
yvelafer materialurs. materialuri substanciisTvis
damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebis garkveuli forma, rom-
lis miRma gasvla mas ar ZaluZs (mcenare, cxoveli).
adamianTan yoveli axali Semecneba mas xdis sul ufro
daukmayofilebels; yoveli axali SenaZeni xdeba mec-
nierebis sferoSi sul axal-axali aRmoCenis, monapov-
ris safuZveli da safexuric. adamianis warmosaxvam ar
icis sazRvrebi; misi mexsiereba ar sustdeba da ar
iTrguneba informaciis simravliT. yvelaferi imas
amtkicebs, rom suli Tavis unarebsa da ZalebSi Seicavs
sawindarsa da SesaZleblobas mudmivi yofisTvis, mudmi-
vi moRvaweobisTvis.
ufro mniSvnelovania adamianis mudmivi zneobrivi
srulyofis unari. adamianis suls SeuZlia uwyvetliv
gaxdes ufro ukeTesi da ufro maRali zneobriv mimar-
TebaSi.
umaRlesi dasabuTeba sulis ukvdavebisa _ esaa misi
zneobrivi dasabuTeba, e.i. adamianis miwieri cxovrebis
ganxilva RvTiuri samaradiso simarTlis mimarTebaSi;
unda dadges dro, roca zneobrivi simarTle savsebiT
154
unda gabatondes, es ki SesaZlebelia mxolod Cveni su-
lis ukvdavebis SemTxvevaSi.
Tuki fizikuri samyaros ganxilvas mivyavarT Rmer-
Tis Sesaxeb azramde (ubrZnes Semoqmedamde) da
gvimtkicebs, rom fizikur samyaros is marTavs, miT
ufro unda davuSvaT, rom zneobriv samyarosac unda
gaaCndes aseTive mmarTveli, vinaidan zneobrivi samyaro
maRalia fizikurTan SedarebiT. vaRiareT ra es, xom un-
da daveTanxmoT imasac, rom zneobrivi samyaros Semoq-
medma da mmarTvelma miwieri cxovrebis zneobriv Seu-
sabamoba unda gaasworosa da daajildovos momavali
qmedebiT (воздеяние)16.
sulis ukvdavebis gagebidan, rom is uwyveti srulyo-
filebis unaris mqonea, vaskvniT adamianis daniSnulebis
Sesaxeb. es daniSnuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom uwyvet-
liv da usasrulod xdebodes srulyofa, rogorc
gonebrivi, ise zneobrivi ganzomilebiT17.
g. qiqoZes miaCnia, rom cdiseulma fiziologiam ueW-
velad daamtkica SegrZnebis mWidro kavSiri SegrZnebis
organoebTan da tvinTan. magram SegrZneba tvinSi xdeba
da ara TviTon SegrZnebis organoSi (gamRizianeblis
mimRebSi) an gamRizianeblis tvinSi gadamcem Tu gamtar
nervSi. roca vambobT – ,,SegrZneba tvinSi xdebao”, ar
unda vifiqroT, rom SegrZneba tvinis Tviseba iyos,
tvini aCendes, warmoSobdes mas. kiTxvaze – aris Tu ara
tvini SegrZnebis warmomSobi, - g. qoqiZe ase pasuxobs:
,,saRi da miukerZoebeli gaazreba yvela faqtisa gvar-
wmunebs, rom tvini mxolod iaraRia smeniTi STabeWdi-
lebis (gamRizianeblis – v.k.) sabolood gadasacemad
raRac uCinari arsebisTvis, rom Tumca bgeris SegrZne-
bebi masSi xdeba, magram ara TviTon tvinis rbilobi
aris SegrZnebis substancia”18. ,,TviTon tvini STabeWdi-
lebis (gamRizianeblis – v.k.) oden gadamcemi wertilia
da ara is arseba, romelic SeigrZnobs”19. “tvinsa da,
155
saerTod, materias ar SeuZlia iazrovnos”20. “materia-
lizmiT daavadebuli adamianebis dasayrdeni wertilia
is, rom SegrZnebis unari ekuTvnis organizms”21.
materialur organizms ar SeuZlia SegrZnebis (su-
lieris) warmoSoba: ,,adamianSi ar SeiZleba ar davuSvaT
raRac arseba, romelic savsebiT ar emsgavseba mis
organizms, aramaterialuri nivTiereba, winaaRmdeg Sem-
TxvevaSi araa SesaZlebloba avxsnaT, rogor xdeba
masSi SegrZneba”22.
me-18 saukunis materializmis warmomadgenlebis:
volteris, didros, helveciusis, dalamberis, da sxva
filosofosTa mcdari rwmeniT, SegrZnebis unari orga-
nizms miekuTvneboda, rom tvinia erTaderTi arseba,
romelic xedavs, ismens, Sexebis SegrZneba aqvs. zustad
aseve meordeba Tanamedrove materializmSi. Tuki da-
vumtkicebT am adamianebs – miuTiTebs g. qiqoZe – fizio-
logiis safuZvelze, rom organizms ar gaaCnia SegrZ-
nebis unari, es niSnavs maT damarcxebas maTi sakuTarive
iaraRiT23.
g. qiqoZis Tvalsazrisi adamianSi SegrZnebis gene-
zisis Taobaze aseTia: sarwmuno WeSmaritebaa, rom Cveni
SegrZnebebi sulieri samyaros movlenebia, rom xedva,
smena, sunis, gemos, tkivilis, sicivisa da siTbos
SegrZnebani SeuZlia mxolod sulier, aramaterialur
arsebas24. SegrZneba da nebismieri moZraoba is ori niSa-
nia, rac aucileblobiT gulisxmobs adamianSi aramate-
rialuri, sulieri sawyisis arsebobas.
ra gansxvavebaa cxovelsa da adamians Soris?
gansxvaveba araa imaSi, rom adamianma meti icis, vidre
cxovelma, anda adamianis suli aramaterialuria, xolo
cxovels suli saerTod ar gaaCnia. adamians principuli
upiratesoba, rac mas xdis maRalfaseulad, esaa misi
rwmena, misi erToba samyaros SemoqmedTan. RmerTma Tavi-
156
si Tavi aRmoaCina mxolod adamianSi; adamiani RmerTma
TavisTan SeaerTa. ai, ras ahyavs adamiani simaRleze.
g. qiqoZis mixedviT, sulSia ori ZiriTadi unari:
SemecnebiTi da qmediTi. magram am oridan upiratesoba
unda mieniWos mainc SegrZnebis unars. qmediToba mainc
Sedegia SegrZnebisa: suli ar aamoqmedebda Tavis nawi-
lebs, rom ar yofiliyo aRZruli SegrZnebiT. maSasa-
dame, SegrZnebis unari, SegrZnebadoba safuZveli da
Canasaxia sulis yvela Zalisa da unarisa. jer erTi,
SegrZneba upirvelesia aRmocenebis mixedviT, yvela da-
narCeni mas mosdevs. meorec, misgan, rogorc pirvel-
wyarosagan, miiReba adamianis sulis yvela sxva unari25.
cnobiereba yvela sulieri moqmedebis (SemecnebiTi
unarebisa: yuradReba, azrovneba, warmosaxva, mexsiereba;
da qmediTi unarebis: saWiroeba, anu moTxovnileba,
survili, neba) Tanmxlebia. cnobiereba raimes
SegrZnebaa, e.i. gancdaa; TviT cnobiereba ki sakuTari
Tavis SegrZnebaa, e.i. gancdaa, sakuTar yofierebaze
azria. bavSvs aqvs cnobiereba, vinaidan mas SegrZneba
aqvs, magram mas ar aqvs TviTcnobiereba, ramdenadac mas
ar aqvs sakuTari yofierebis cneba (gageba).
analogiurad, cxovelebs aqvT cnobiereba, vinaidan
ganicdian saWiroebebs (moTxovnilebebs), magram maT ar
gaaCniaT TviTcnobiereba, ar SeuZliaT sakuTar Tavze
azrovneba, ver warmoidgenen sakuTar ,,me”-s26.
sulis unarebis dayofa maRal da dabal saxeebad, g.
qiqoZis azriT, gaumarTlebelia, mas safuZveli ar gaaC-
nia. jer erTi, sulis yvela unari ise mWidro kavSirSia
erTmaneTTan, moqmedebs ganuyoflad da erTdroulad,
rom erT-erTis CamoSoreba aferxebs sulis aqtivobas
saerTod. meorec, Tumca sulis unarebi iyofa Semecnebi-
Tad da qmediTad, magram maTi gaTiSva uflebas ar
gvaZlevs, ganvixiloT, magaliTad, neba damoukideblad
sxva unarisa, vinaidan igi Sedegia sxva unarebisa da
157
maTgan gamocalkevebiT ar arsebobs. mesamec, sulis
unarebi TviTon sulis gamovlenaa. sadac ki suli moq-
medebs erTi romelime Tavisi ZaliT, iq aucilebladaa
sxva unarebi da Zalebi, iqaa mTeli suli. ver vnaxavT
SemTxvevas, rom suli moqmedebdes gansakuTrebiT erTi
unariT misi sxva Zalebis monawileobis gareSe27.
rogoria g. qiqoZis gnoseologiuri Tvalsazrisi?
igi sakiTxs ase ayenebs: ra mimarTebaa Cven SegrZnebebsa
da bunebis movlenebsa da sagnebis yofierebas Soris.
sakiTxis amgvarad dayeneba gulisxmobs, rom SegrZneba
Tavis gnoseologiur raobas avlens ara cnobierebiT
Seqmnil sinamdvilis mimarT, aramed TavisTavad da
obieqturad arsebul garkveulobis mimarT. sakiTxis
aseT gaazrebaSi xedaven g. qiqoZis TvalsazrisSi mate-
rialistur elements. aRniSnaven imas, rom igi avtoris
mier sakiTxis materialisturad dayenebis pirveli da
mniSvnelovani safexuria. Cvengan damoukidebeli gare
sinamdvilis aRiarebis Semdeg ismis meore principuli
sakiTxi – gare sinamdvilis Semecnebis SesaZleblobis
Taobaze. pirdapir unda aRiniSnos, rom g. qiqoZe sru-
liad Tavisufalia skeptikuri da agnostikuri elemen-
tebisgan. misi SemecnebiTi optimizmi aris ara brma
dogmaturi rwmena, aramed emyareba SemecnebiTi aparatis
detalur analizs. SegrZnebis yvela modalobis raobis
garCevis Semdeg, gamoaqvs daskvna, rom calke aRebuli
SegrZnebebi ar aris yovelTvis sando da zogjer isini
Cveni Secdomebis mizezs warmoadgens. gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs Sexebis SegrZnebas, igi ar cdeba. mniSv-
nelovania is viTareba, rom Cveni SegrZnebebi urTierT
kontrolis rolSi gamodian, da rom SegrZnebis garda
Cven gvaqvs goneba, msjelobis unari, romelsac SeuZlia
Seamowmos grZnobis organoebis Cveneba. ,,yvela Cveni
SegrZneba saucxoo saSualebaa sagnis namdvili Tvisebe-
bis Sesaswavlad”28. ,,feris SegrZneba ar hgavs im fizi-
158
kur mizezs, romelic mas iwvevs. SegrZnebis gamomwvevi
gare mizezi namdvilad arsebobs bunebaSi. is gansxvaebu-
lia TviTon SegrZnebisagan. magram yvela sxva Tviseba:
figura, sidide, manZili, eWvi araa iseTive bunebaSi,
rogoric Cveni SegrZnebebi... Sexeba gviCvenebs sagnebs
savsebiT iseTs, rogoric aris isini namdvilad. roca me
xeliT vexebi sxeulis simkvrives anda figuras, aq araa
araviTari gansxvaveba movlenasa da mis SegrZnebas
Soris. amitomac amboben, rom mxolod Sexeba gvaZlevs
Seumcdar codnas nivTebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, xolo
sxva SegrZnebebis STabeWdilebani yovelTvis unda
iyvnen Semowmebuli da gaanalizebuli gonebis mier”29.
g. qiqoZe iziarebs j. lokis Tvalsazriss Semecne-
baSi saganTa pirveladi (obieqturi) da meoradi (subieq-
turi) niSnebis asaxvasTan dakavSirebiT. pirveladi niS-
nebi TavisTavad, sagnebSi arsebul Tvisebebs gviTvalis-
wineben, xolo meoradi niSnebi sagnebs daerTvian Cveni
grZnobis organoebis moqmedebis Sedegad. ra Tqma unda,
subieqturi danarTi xels uSlis obieqtis Semecnebas,
mas aZnelebs, magram mas ver xdis miuwvdomels. saganTa
Semecneba araa moklebuli siZneleebs, winaaRmdegobebs,
magram sabolood SesaZlebelia am dabrkolebaTa gaZ-
leba gonebis gziT. g. qiqoZis gnoseologiuri Sexedu-
leba racionalizmisken ixreba – man gadalaxa brma em-
pirizmi da xazi gausva gonebis mniSvnelobas Semecne-
baSi.
g. qiqoZe, rogorc aRiniSna, uaryofs Tandayolili
ideebis arsebobas. is ase ayenebs kiTxvas: saidan iZens
adamiani Semecnebas? pasuxi aseTia: “adamiani mTel Tavis
Semecnebas iZens an cdiT an gonebiT”, “aravis ar SeuZ-
lia Tqvas, rom adamians aqvs ramenairi gza Semecne-
bis”30. aRniSnuli exeba aramarto rTul mecnierul
codnas, aramed iseTsac, romelic aqsiomis xasiaTs
atarebs da sulis Sinagani resursebidan gamoyvanilad
159
iTvleba. azrovnebis ZiriTadi kanonebi imitom ki ar
sargeblobs saerTo aRiarebiT, rom isini Tandayoli-
lia da maTTvis Cven gonebaSi moipoveba mzamzareuli
formebi, aramed imitom, rom isini igiveobrivni arian.
maT Sinaarsi ar gaaCniaT31. ar arsebobs Tandayolili
codna. adamianis goneba dauwerelia dabadebisas, magram
is mainc adamianis gonebaa, e.i. iseTi ram, rasac gansa-
kuTrebuli SesaZlebloba aqvs. gamocdileba, cda aris
am SesaZleblobebis gaSlis safuZveli. sulSi, winas-
war, e.i. ganviTarebamde, aris garkveuli ganviTarebis
mxolod unari, anu SesaZlebloba. sulic viTardeba
aucileblobiT ase da ara sxvagvarad32. ratom xdeba
azrovneba yvela adamianSi erTnairi kanonebis mixedviT?
azrovneba sulis moqmedebaa, xolo suli, bunebrivia,
moqmedebs imnairad, rac misca mas Semoqmedma.
warmodgena, mkacri azriT, jer kidev araa Semecneba.
Semecneba igi xdeba maSin, roca Cveni suli mas anawi-
lebs Semadgenel nawilebze msjelobaTa saSualebiT,
roca Wkua naTlad da cnobierad gamoxatavs yvela mis
Sinaarss msjelobis formiT.
g. qiqoZe cnebis gagebis sakiTxSi nominalisturi
Teoriis warmomadgenelia. zogadi misTvis carieli
sityvaa, realurad sinamdvileSi arsebobs mxolod in-
dividualuri movlena. Tu gvgonia, miuTiTebs g. qiqoZe,
rom sityvebs bunebaSi Seesatyviseba garkveuli sagnebi.
bunebaSi ar arsebobs xe zogadi azriT, aryis xec ki ar
arsebobs saerTod, aramed arsebobs simravle calkeuli
xeebisa, romelsac vuwodebT aryis xes. bunebaSi aris
ara adamiani zogadi mniSvnelobiT, aramed aris petre,
ivane, aleqsi, nikolozi. magram ra gonebrivi warmodge-
nebi Seesatyviseba gvarovnul da saxeobiT sityvebs? maT
Seesatyviseba yvela sagnis saerTo niSnebi da Tvisebebi.
sityva _ ,,mcenare” niSnavs im niSanTa SeerTebas, rome-
lic ekuTvnis mraval erTeuls33.
160
g. qiqoZem principuli pozicia daikava i. kantis
Tvalsazrisis mimarT Semecnebis warmoSobaze. saxel-
dobr, rom i. kantis gageba sinTezuri msjelobis bune-
bis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivia.
adamians aqvs msjelobebi apriori (msjelobebi, rom-
lebic ar momdinareobs gamocdilebidan). gamocdileba
mxolod imas gviCvenebs, rom nivTi arsebobs, igi ara-
fers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu nivTi aucileblad ase-
Ti unda iyos da ara sxvagvari. apriori Semecnebas ori
niSani aqvs: aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba. adamianis
SemecnebaSi namdvilad aris aucilebloba da sayovel-
Taoba (mag., maTematikuri aqsiomebi). magram, g. qiqoZis
gagebiT, sayovelTao da aucilebeli msjelobebi momdi-
nareobs gamocdilebidan, mag., yinuli civia, cecxli
wvavs. ratomaa, rom moyvanili msjelobebi sayovelTao-
basa da aucileblobas Seicaven? imitom, rom es momdi-
nareobs enis Tvisebidan. ,,yinuli” mxolod civ sxeuls
exeba, is Tavis TavSi Seicavs sicivis niSans; ase rom,
adamianebma TiTqosda piroba dades, rom sityva –
,,yinulma” aRniSnos iseTi sagani, romlis niSanTa Soris
aucileblad aris ,,civis” niSani. ratom iyo saWiro
aseTi SeTanxmeba? imisTvis, rom sxvagvarad SeuZlebeli
iqneboda azrebis gadacema erTmaneTisTvis. saWiro sity-
vebs miecaT mudmivi da ucvleli mniSvneloba. sxvagva-
rad ar iqneboda arc ena da arc enobrivi urTierToba.
TviTon i. kantis mier moyvanili magaliTis – ,,yove-
li cvlileba xdeba raime mizeziT”, anda ,,yovelgvari
mizezi iwvevs cvlilebas” – analizi aCvenebs, rom am
msjelobaTa aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba damokide-
bulia mxolod sityvebze – ,,mizezi” da ,,cvlileba”
mniSvnelobebze. sityva – ,,mizezi” aRniSnavs imas, rac
iwvevs Sedegs; xolo is, rac gamowveulia mizeziT,
vuwodebT Sedegs. amitom Cven TiTqosda SevTanxmdiT,
vuwodoT mizezi, saxeldobr, mas, rac aucileblobiT
161
iwvevs Sedegs, xolo Sedegi – mas, rac gamowveulia
mizeziT. vambobT ra, yoveli mizezi iwvevs Sedegso, Cven
amiT vambobT: raRac, rac iwvevs Sedegs, yovelTvis
iwvevs Sedegs. anda – yovel Sedegs aqvs mizezio, rom
vambobT, amiT vambobT: is, rac gamowveulia mizeziT,
aqvs mudam mizezi.
sayovelTaoba da aucilebloba aqvs mxolod igi-
veobriv msjelobebs. igiveobrivia msjeloba, romelSi-
dac predikati arafers imaze mets ar gamoTqvams, rac
aris subieqtSi. msjeloba – ,,mizezi” Seicavs Sinaarss –
,,Sedegs”. maSasadame, msjeloba – ,,yovel Sedegs aqvs
mizezi”, kacma rom Tqvas, ar Seicavs araviTar mtkice-
bas, masSi predikati TiTqosda ganmeorebaa subieqtisa.
aqedan cxadia, Tu es msjelobebi ratom Seicaven
aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobas34.
msjeloba, sadac predikati sruliad ucxoa subieq-
tisadmi, e.i. araviTari mimarTeba ar gaaCnia masTan,
mcdari, SeuZlebeli msjelobaa. WeSmarit msjelobaSi
subieqtsa da predikats Soris yovelTvis unda iyos
namdvili mimarTeba (damokidebuleba), msgavseba, igiveo-
bac ki. i. kantis mier moyvanili sinTezuri msjelobis
magaliTi uaryofs missave Teorias. simZimis cneba ara
marto ucxo ar aris, sxeulis cnebisaTvis, aramed aris
misi erT-erTi moucilebeli Tviseba. veravin ver
warmoidgens fizikur sxeuls, qvas, simZimis gareSe.
mcdaria, rodesac msjelobaSi – ,,sxeuls aqvs simZime” –
predikati (simZime) ucxoa subieqtisTvis (sxeuli)35.
SeiZleba Tu ara maTematikur msjelobebs ewodos
sinTezuri? i. kantis magaliTis mixedviT, 7+5=12 predi-
kati ar igulisxmeba subieqtSi. 12 ar igulisxmeba arc
5-Si da arc 7-Si. magram, g. qiqoZis mixedviT, subieqtia
ara 7 da 5 cal-calke, aramed plusi (+). am niSanSi
igulisxmeba predikati 12: SeerTeba 7-isa da 5-isa aris
12. maSasadame, predikati 12 uSualod gamomdinareobs
162
Sekrebis cnebidan36. g. qiqoZis daskvna aseTia: sinTezuri
msjelobebi ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes37.
rogorc ar arsebobs sinTezuri msjeloba, aseve ar
arsebobs sinTezuri meTodi. erTaderTi meTodi, riTac
vamdidrebT, viZenT da vamowmebT Semecnebas, analizia.
Semoqmedma Seqmna manqana yvela mis nawilSi, man ukve
gaakeTa sinTezi, Cven isRa dagvrCenia, rom analizs
mivyoT xeli38.
2. nebis Tavisuflebis problema. nebis Tavisuflebis
filosofiur problemas g. qiqoZe ase svams: Tavisufa-
lia Tu ara neba Tavis moqmedebaSi? es debuleba sxva
sityvebiT niSnavs: neba asrulebs Tu ara Tavisuflad,
iZulebis gareSe raime moqmedebas, Tu igi aucileblo-
bis mixedviT unda moqmedebdes ase da ara sxvagvarad.
Tavisuflebis cneba gulisxmobs gonebas da gar-
kveuli moqmedebis SesaZleblobas. sadac araa goneba,
azrovneba, iq arc Tavisuflebaa. Tavisufleba mxolod
moazrovne arsebis xvedria da azrovnebis Sedegia.
ugunur arsebas ar SeuZlia iyos Tavisufali, vinaidan
ver acnobierebs Tavis moZraobebs da emorCileba gare-
gan Zalebs. arseba, romelic acnobierebs Tavis moqme-
debas, azrovnebas (msjelobas) masze, ganarCevs cuds
kargisgan da miiswrafvis ukanasknelisken, Tavisufalia.
gonebisa da Tavisuflebis kavSiris aucilebloba efuZ-
neba imas, rom mxolod gonebas SeuZlia ukeTesis arCe-
vani da masze nebis warmarTva. Tuki adamians eqneboda
goneba da ar eqneboda Tavisufleba, gamovidoda, rom
mas, marTalia, SeuZlia gaarCios cudi kargisgan, magram
ar Seswevs Zala arCevanis ganxorcielebisTvis e.i. ar
SeuZlia imoqmedos sakuTari gagebis mixedviT. am SemTx-
vevaSi TviTon gonebac usargeblo iqneboda39. Tuki avi-
RebdiT Tavisuflebas gonebis gareSe, maSin dagvekarge-
ba Tavisuflebis raoba. Tavisufleba niSnavs imis keTeb-
is SesasZleblobas, rac migvaCnia ukeTesad, rac meti
163
Rirebulebisaa. gonebis gareSe TviTon Tavisufleba ver
gansazRvravda moqmedebis mimarTulebas. maSasadame, Ta-
visufleba ganuyrel kavSirSia gonebasTan. gonebis
gareSe Tavisufleba araraa40.
Tavisufleba aucileblobiT gulisxmobs moqmedebis
SesaZleblobas. iq, sadac araa moqmedebis SesaZleblo-
ba, araa Tavisuflebac. Tuki adamians ar SeuZlia
ukeTesisken (Rirebulebisken) swrafva da misi miRweva,
mas arc Tavisufleba gaaCnia. adamianis Tavisufleba
vrceldeba mxolod im sazRvrebamde, sanamdec aRwevs
adamianis Zalebi; adamianis Tavisufleba, am azriT, Sez-
Rudulia – sivrceSi vardnis dros adamiani araa Tavi-
sufali, rom vardna SeaCeros. adamianis Tavisufleba
damokidebulia im saSualebebsa da moqmedebis iaraReb-
ze, rac mas uboZa Semoqmedma. maSasadame, Tavisuflebis
garkveuloba aucilebel kavSirSia or arsebiT niSanTan
– gonebasa da gonebiT gadawyvetis SesrulebasTan.
neba aris gadawyveta, daiwyos esa Tu is moqmedeba.
neba, anu gadawyveta yovelTvisaa sxvadasxva aRmZvrelis
Sedegi. SeiZleba SeveWvdeT nebis TavisuflebaSi maSin,
rodesac aqtiuroba warmarTulia sxeulis bunebis saWi-
roebiT an qceva arCeulia siamovnebis zegavleniT. mag-
ram maSin, rodesac adamiani emorCileba rwmenas,
mrwamss, moqmedebs grZnobebisa da survilebis sapiris-
pirod, aq SeuZlebelia uarvyoT Tavisufleba, am SemTx-
vevaSi suli yuradRebas aqcevs ara imas, Tu ra aris
sasiamovno Cveni grZnobebisTvis, aramed imas, rac Seesa-
bameba WeSmaritebas, rac nivTTa Rirebulebis Sesaty-
visia. Cven nebas vuqvemdebarebT nebismierad kanonebis
avtoritets, veswrafviT maRal zneobis qcevebs, Tumca
wamieri grZnoba ufro sasiamovno SeiZleba yofiliyo
CvenTvis41.
aRmZvrelebi, romlebic nebis moqmedebas gansazRv-
ravs, ver qmnis adamians araTavisufal arsebad.Ees maSin
164
iqneboda, Tuki kavSiri aRmZvrelsa da moqmedebas Soris
aucilebeli bunebis iqneboda e.i. roca garkveuli
aRmZvreli aucileblobiT waiyvanda nebas garkveuli
konkretuli mimarTulebiT ise, rogorc simZime sxeuls
ubiZgebs centrisken da ara piriqiT. aRmZvreli yovel-
Tvisaa, magram misi kavSiri moqmedebasTan aucilebeli
araa, e. i. nebas SeuZlia mas ar mihyves. neba rom mihyo-
loda gonebis miTiTebas aucileblobiT, is araTa-
visufali iqneboda. gansxvavebuli sawyisebia msjeloba
(azri) da moqmedeba. Tavisufleba moqmedebaSia. msje-
loba pasiuri sawyisia, moqmedeba – Tavisufali da
aqtiuri42.
adamianis nebis Tavisuflebis arsebobas naTlad
amtkicebs grZnobaTa Widili gonebasTan, Sinagani gao-
reba, romelic SesamCnevia sakuTar TavSi yoveli Cvenga-
nisTvis. iq, sadac moqmedeba eqvemdebareba aucilebel
fizikur kanons, araviTari brZola araa. Tuki neba
uciloblad unda mihyves aucileblobis kanons, is
arCevans ar mimarTavs, yvelafers gaakeTebs gadauwyvet-
lad. sadac aris SesaZlebloba moqmedebis arCevisa, mra-
valTa Soris erTi qcevis ganxorcielebis Sansi, iq
safuZvelsaa moklebuli, vilaparakoT araTavisufal
nebaze. CvenSi sindisis Sinagani xma Semfasebelia qce-
visa (unda gvekeTebina da ar gavakeTeT, an piriqiT),
imaze mimTiTebelia, rom nebam gaimarjva. neba ibrZoda
da ar daukargavs Tavisufleba, ar gaxda mona. esaa
Sinagani brZola43.
umaRlesi Tavisufleba WeSmarit qristianSia, rome-
lic Tavis nebas uqvemdebarebs zneobriv kanons da
cxovrobs qristianuli rwmenis Sesatyvisad. WeSmaritad
Tavisufalia is, visi survilic ar eqvemdebareba Sinagan
an garegan iZulebas, ganaxorcielebs Tavis ganzraxvas
ara marto iZulebis gareSe, aramed sixaruliT, siyvaru-
liT, Sinagani tkbobiT. WeSmariti qristianis survili
165
srulebiTac araa iZulebiTi, vinaidan is araa gansazRv-
ruli SiSiT, sircxviliT da garegani ZalebiT. misi
survili Tavisufali rwmenidan momdinareobs. keTili
survili arasdros ar SeiZleba warmoiSvas iZulebiT.
dasaSvebia, aiZulo adamiani garegani moqmedebisTvis
raime akeTos, magram mas ver aiZuleb hqondes raRac
survilebi. maSasadame, Tuki adamians gulwrfelad, pi-
ruTvnelad surs sikeTe, is mas surs savsebiT Tavisu-
falad44.
qristianuli zneobrivi kanoni imiT gansxvavdeba
yvela danarCenisagan, rom is gamoricxavs gadaWriT
yovelgvar iZulebasa da Zaladobas, Zalmomreobas; igi
Sinagani midrekilebis Tu ganwyobilebis gamovlenaa. Tu
qristiani Tavisufalia survilebSi, miT ufro Tavisu-
falia moqmedebaSi. WeSmariti qristiani siamovnebas
naxulobs sikeTis qmnaSi, zneobrivi kanoni misi Sinagani
ltolva gamxdara. didi brZola da Zalisxmevaa saWiro
imisaTvis, rom miiyvano sakuTari Tavi am mdgomareo-
bamde. magram vinc miva aqamde, is SeiZens WeSmarit
qristianul Tavisuflebas45.
am gagebas xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba is faqtobrivi vi-
Tareba, rom aseTivea sapirispiro mdgomareobac, magali-
Tad, vnebebSi gaxveuli adamiani? isic moqmedebs Sinaga-
ni ltolvis mixedviT da moqmedebs siamovnebiTac da
siyvaruliTac. ra Tqma unda, aqac Tavisufali moqmede-
baa (amitomaa is codvis Camdeni, damnaSave). magram maT
Soris gansxvavebac didia. misi gatacebis Sinaarss aqvs
sulis Sinagan cxovrebaze mZime zegavlena. vneba imonebs
nebas, axdens Sinagan ganxeTqilebas, usiamovnebas, gul-
gatexilobas; vnebis dakmayofileba gvaRelvebs, magram
igi ar awynarebs, amSvidebs adamians. erTi sityviT,
arazneobrivi cxovreba sulis aranormaluri mdgoma-
reobaa, misi darRvevaa46.
166
g. qiqoZe episkoposi iyo da mTeli misi Teoriuli da
praqtikuli saqmianoba mimarTuli iyo adamianis raobis
gagebisa da zrunvisaken, rom igi religiis daxmarebiT
zneobrivad aRemaRlebina. amis Cinebuli magaliTia
qadagebanis ortomeuli.
religiuri grZnobis fsiqologiuri da eTikuri
analizis saukeTeso nimuSia mocemuli g. qiqoZis ,,cdi-
seuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebsa” da ,,qadagebani”-Si.
aqaa garCeuli religiuri grZnobebis TiTqmis yvela
ZiriTadi kategoriis daxasiaTeba, rogoricaa: religiu-
ri siyvaruli, religiuri sixaruli, religiuri mwuxa-
reba (sindisis qenjna, sinanuli, gulis aCvileba), loc-
vis grZnoba, gulmowyaleba, qritianuli eWvianoba,
sulis Sinagani brZola, aRsareba da a.S.
religiuri grZnoba sulSi uRrmes fenebamde aRwevs,
is zegavlenas axdens adamianis mTel bunebaze, aqvs
mravalnairi elferi da safexurebi.
religiuri sixaruli kmayofilebis, siwynaris da
sulieri siCumis mdgomareobaa, gamowveuli qristianuli
gmirobis saqcielis CadeniT, isaa mowoneba sindisis Si-
nagani xmiT. vinc aRwevs srulyofilebasa da simtkices
sikeTeSi, masSi sulieri simSvide ar irRveva sindisis
sayvedurebiT da sulSi araa brZola sapirispiro
grZnobebisa, piriqiT, aris religiuri ganwyobilebis
siWarbe, misi sixaruli, siwynare gabatonebuli da xan-
grZlivi grZnoba. es sixaruli gansxvavebulia yovel-
dRiuri, Cveulebrivi sixarulisgan. e.w. miwier sixarul-
Si aris raRac daukmayofilebeli, is xangrZlivad ver
awynarebs suls. piriqiT, mas ufro aRelvebs, vidre
acxrobs mis survilebs. religiuri sixaruli sulis
damakmayofilebelia, survilis damacxrobelia47.
religiuri siyvaruli zogadi religiuri sasiamovno
romelobis ganwyobilebaa. religiuri siyvarulis feno-
meni masSia, vinc damSvidebas poulobs sikeTis qmnaSi,
167
moyvasTan TanagrZnobaSi, locvaSi, gulmowyalebaSi.
esaa aRfrTovanebis mdgomareoba, romlis gareSe Rmer-
Tis siyvaruli SeuZlebelia, RmerTis siyvaruli uwmin-
desia da uangaro. RmerTis siyvaruli esaa siyvaruli
srulyofilebisa, sikeTisa, sibrZnisa, lmobierebisa,
TviTon siyvarulisa. amdenad RmerTis siyvaruli gan-
wmends adamians, aamaRlebs mis suls. amis gamo reli-
giuri siyvaruli uangaroa, vtkbebiT TviTon sikeTiT,
TviTon srulyofilebiT48. aRniSnuli grZnoba ucxoa
egoizmisTvis. egoizmi siyvarulia xorcieli sakuTari
Tavisa; Tavis TavSi mas uyvars vnebani da biwi. qris-
tians ki Tavis TavSi uyvars RvTiuri, Rirseuli, wminda
sindisi, sikeTe, miswrafeba RmerTisken. miwieri misi
sinanulis sagania49.
religiuri mwuxareba iwyeba pirveli safexuriT –
sindisis qenjniT. sindisis qenjnasTan axlos dgas sir-
cxvilis gancda, magram es ukanaskneli mainc angariS-
miucemeli grZnobaa, xolo pirveli Secdomisa Tu
danaSaulis naTeli cnobierebiTaa TandarTuli. esaa
sulis wvaleba, sevda sakuTari Tavisadmi mkacri sas-
jelis gamotanisTvis. religiuri sindisis qenjna aRmo-
cendeba warmodgenidan, rom dairRva RvTis mcneba;
suli wuxs da rcxvenia, stanjavs imis cnobiereba, rom
aRmoCnda RvTis winaSe uRirsi. aq saxeze gvaqvs dam-
naSaveobisa da codvis Cadenis cnobiereba.
religiuri mwuxarebis ufro maRali safexuria sina-
nuli. am fenomenis niSani isaa, rom gamosworebis, uke-
Tesad gaxdomis mtkice rwmena geufleba. sinanulSi
adamiani savsebiT acnobierebs Cadenili qcevis bralsa
da uRirsobas, cdilobs azris doneze gaTiSos sakuTa-
ri Tavi misgan, codvis mimarT zizRma gaiRviZos da
momavalSi mas Tavi daaRwios. sinanulTan ar gveqneba
saqme, Tuki adamians eSinia Tavisi codvis Sedegebisa,
rcxvenia TanamoZmeTa azrisa da amiT amoiwureba saqmis
168
viTareba. am sulier mdgomareobas unda aucileblad
daematos rwmena gamosworebisa50.
religiuri mwuxarebis saboloo safexuria gulis
aCvileba (ушиление). aqaa adamianis Rrma da wrfeli mwu-
xareba imiT gamowveuli, rom man Seuracxyo mama
RmerTi, sakuTar TavSi daCrdila RvTis xati, riTac
moispo misi siyvaruli da wyaloba. marTalia, aq cod-
vis Cadenis cnobiereba Rrmaa, magram es cnobiereba
suls ar agdebs mtanjvel sircxvilSi, piriqiT, mas Tan
sdevs warmodgena, rom codva ucxo gamxdara sulisaT-
vis. gulaCuyebis grZnoba adamians ganwmendsa da aum-
jobesebs, rameTu masSi aRaraferia egoisturi da
arawminda51.
locvis grZnoba xSirad Sedegia momnanieblis gula-
Cuyebisa. locva aris RmerTis winaSe grZnobebis gamxe-
la sityvebiT. masSi gamoxatulia naRvelica da sixaru-
lic, sinanulica da RvTis mimarT madlobac. locviT
gulaCuyeba yvelasTan erTnairad ar vlindeba. erTni
grZnoben srulyofil da dasrulebul TviTdakninebas;
meoreni – siyvaruls, RmerTisken swrafvas; sxvebs guli
evsebaT aRrTovanebiT. yvela am SemTxvevas erTi saerTo
niSani aqvs, rac locviT gulaCuyebas aucileblobiT
gahyveba – gulidan gaqroba yvelaferi zneobrivad cu-
dis, arawminda azrebisaca da miwieri midrekilebebisac
im drois ganmavlobaSi mainc, sanam grZeldeba gulaCu-
yeba. Sedegi isaa, rom mlocveli adamiani ukeTes pirov-
nul ganwyobilebas grZnobs, mzad aris daiviwyos yo-
velgvari wyena52.
gulmowyaleba dadebiTi emociuri viTarebaa, siamov-
nebaa, romelic aRZrulia mowyalebis aqtiT. Aara yvela
sasikeTo saqmea gulmowyaleba; mTavaria mowyalebis
gamoRebis damokidebuleba-mimarTeba Tavisi qcevisadmi,
is unda guliTadad monawileobdes am aqtSi, es aqti
mas unda siamovnebdes; aRelvebis gareSe ver unda uyu-
169
rebdes siRaribes, mwuxarebas da cremls Rvrides maTi
danaxvisas53.
g. qiqoZe qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis damcvelia,
misTvis sulieri cxovreba ori sawyisis _ sikeTisa da
borotebis _ brZolis asparezia. dabadebidan sikvdi-
lamde grZeldeba es Sinagani brZola, sakvirveli gao-
reba erTiani sulisa. qristianulma rwmenam axsna am
brZolis wyaro da safuZveli. man ar icis qristianuli
zneobis pirveli safuZveli, vinc ver Caswvdomia
grZnobaTa Sinagan brZolas, romelic unda gadaitanos
yvelam TavianT sulSi. aRzrdis mTeli simZime am Sina-
gani brZolis gadatanisken unda iyos warmarTuli. am
Sinagani gaorebis cnobierebis gareSe adamiani SeuZle-
belia, iyos WeSmaritad keTili.
grZnobebi sulis cxovrebaa. Aadamians ar SeuZlia ar
iswrafvodes siamovnebisken. siamovnebisken swrafva da
usiamovnebisgan ganSoreba ucilobeli faqtia, igi su-
lis bunebis gamovlenaa. qristianuli zneobis faqti aR-
niSnuli sawyisiT unda aixsnas. misi moTxovnaa, raTa
Cven aucileblad vcdilobdeT, SeviyvaroT sikeTe, vcdi-
lobdeT, rom sikeTe gaxdes Cveni sulis tkbobis sagani.
WeSmariti qristiani ver gavxdebiT manam, sanam sakuTar
Tavs ar vaswavliT siamovnebis naxvas locvaSi, gulmow-
yalebaSi, TviTganwirvasa da RmerTisa da moyvasis
siyvarulSi; `RvTis da moyvasis siyvaruliT ganizomeba
Cveni sulieri Rirseba~. imitom eZneleba bevrs qris-
tianuli wesis aRsruleba, rom maT ver igrZnes sikeTis
sitkbo. aqedan gamomdinareobs imis moTxovna, rom
adamianis mTeli Zalisxmeva warimarTos iqiTken, raTa
qristianuli sikeTe gaxdes moTxovnuleba _ sulma
sikeTis aRsrulebaSi hpovos siamovneba. miwieri sia-
movneba mxolod maSin ganidevneba, roca mas daupiris-
pirdeba religiuri siamovneba; mxolod maSin SeiZuleba
biwiereba, roca igrZnoben sikeTis sitkbos. sikeTiT
170
tkboba TviTon nebis saTnoebaa, igi aris qristianuli
zneobis arsi54.
gabriel-mRdelmTavris moRvaweoba zneobis ara mar-
to qadagebaa, aramed samwyosTvis piradi magaliTis Cve-
nebaa. misi moqmedebis maqsima iyo ,,viTarc sanTeli,
anTebuli da dadgmuli maRalsa adgilsa zeda, hnaTobs
garSemo Tvissa da sCans Soridganve, egreTve ars
cxovreba keTilisa episkoposisa~55. ilia WavWavaZem
gabriel qiqoZis dasaflavebis dRes gelaTis monas-
terSi ase Seafasa misi amqveyniuri cxovreba: ,,TiToeu-
li wami misi cxovrebisa moZRvrebaa, magaliTia, ander-
Zia CvenTvis Cvenis qveynisTvis. erTad ki mTeli misi
cxovreba erTi didi skolaa maRal-saTnoebisa da
siyvarulisa, marTlisa da WeSmaritebisa, madlisa da
mowyalebisa”. ,,igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da mecnie-
rebas asarwmunoebda... da mTeli sibrZne misi amaSia
gamosaxuli”. ,,misi bagiT swored TviT RmerTi metyve-
lebda”. “igi qristes jvariT xelSi TavgamodebiT idga
Cveni enis mwed da mfarvelad”56.
3. adamianis daniSnulebis sakiTxi g. qiqoZis qadage-
bebSi. g. qiqoZe qadagebebSi, romlebic arsebiTad saxa-
rebaSi mocemuli azrebis vrceli da originaluri
ganmartebebia, xSirad exeba RmerTan adamianis mimarTe-
bis sakiTxs. RmerTi TviTonaa WeSmariteba, uwmidesi da
umaRlesi arseba, ,,RmerTi aris uwmidesi arseba, ro-
melsa Sina ar aris arca erTi naklulevaneba”: ,,RmerTi
aris TviT WeSmariteba, mis Soris umaRlesi simarTle,
da marTlmsajuleba....” wers g. qiqoZe. saerTod Sua
saukuneebis filosofiasa da religiur msoflmxedve-
lobaSi amgvarad gagebuli RmerTi adamianis siyvaru-
lisa da miswrafebis sagania. es azri msWvalavda neop-
latonur filosofias, areopagitul moZRvrebas da
ioane petriwis msoflmxedvelobas. ase rom, Sua sau-
kuneebis qarTul azrovnebaSi umaRlesi arsebis –
171
RvTisadmi adamianis miswrafebas mTavari adgili ekava.
g. qiqoZe Tavis SemoqmedebaSi am tradiciebs agrZelebs.
RmerTi, rogorc umaRlesi srulyofileba, adamianis
miswrafebis upirvelesi sagania. g. qiqoZe sam moments
gamoyofs, ris gamoc unda gviyvardes RmerTi. upirve-
lesad, RmerTi imis gamo unda gviyvardes, rom is ,,aris
umjobesi, umSvenieresi da usanatrelesi arseba da erTi
mxolod Rirsi srulisa Cvenisa siyvarulisa. mxolod
RmerTi Seicavs Tavis Soris yovelTa umaRlesTa Tvi-
sebaTa, romelTa ZaluZT dakmayofileba Cveni gulis
survilisa”57. aqve g. qiqoZe ganmartavs, rom adamianis
goneba da Wkua marad eZiebs sibrZnesa da WeSmaritebas,
rasac mxolod RmerTSi hpovebs is, rac Seexeba ada-
mianis suls, g. qiqoZis SeniSvniT, swored RmerTma da-
nerga masSi miswrafeba umaRlesi bednierebisadmi da
amitomac mxolod RmerTSi (,,RvTisa Soris”) netarebs
da ganisvenebs. aq sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom g.
qiqoZesTan RmerTsa da adamians Soris damokidebuleba
aucilebeli kavSiriTaa gamoxatuli – RmerTi adamianis
sulSi umaRlesi Rirebulebebisadmi swrafvas nergavs
da amis Sesabamisad adamiani miiswrafis misken. es ki,
vimeorebT, Sua saukuneebis qarTul religiur-filoso-
fiuri azris erT-erTi ZiriTadi momentia da saTaves
neoplatonuri filosofiidan iRebs.
,,meored, RmerTi misTvis unda gviyvardes, romel bu-
neba Cveni RvTis siyvaruliTa Seiqmneba umjobes da
umaRles. RvTis-siyvaruli gaswmends gonebasa missa.
ganmtkiceba sulsa missa, gaabednierebs mas”. rogorc
gerasime qiqoZis am mosazrebidan vxedavT, RmerTisadmi
siyvarulis meore momenti TviT adamianis ganwmendas,
kaTarziss emsaxureba.
,,mesamed, RmerTi misTvis unda gviyvardes Cven, ro-
mel man pirvelad Segviyvara Cven; RmerTman Cven mogvca
umjobesi da umaRlesi buneba, vidre sxva qmnilebaTa
172
TvisTa; Cven Segvamko mzgavsebiTa xatebiTa TvisiTa;
Cagvabara yoveli qveyana, dagvimorCila frinveli cisani
da Tevzi zRvisani”58. RvTisadmi adamianis siyvarulis
mesame momenti arsebiTad bibliuri wanamZRvrebidan amo-
dis. swored bibliaSia naTqvami, rom yvelaferi sauke-
Teso adamianisTvis Seqmna RmerTma. amitomac SeuZlebe-
lia, adamians RmerTi ar uyvardes. bibliuria g. qiqoZis
azri imis Taobaze, rom adamianma ver Seifera RvTis es
boZebuli da daamdabla xateba da msgavseba RvTisa –
,,codviTa da usjuloebiT”. magram RmerTma rodi gawira
adamiani. piriqiT, yvelaferi gaakeTa, raTa adamianSi
aRedgina misi xati da es daagvirgvina Ze Tvisis
gardmovlinebiT – ,,aRsadgineblad kacobrivisa naTesa-
visa”. Ag. qiqoZe ioane mociquls imowmebs: `da es ars
siyvaruli, ara rameTu Cven SeviyvareT RmerTi, aramed,
rameTu man Cven Segviyvarna da moavlina Zei Tvisi
mxinebelad codvaTa CvenTa”59.
RmerTisadmi adamianis siyvarulis pirveli ori mo-
menti g. qiqoZesTan ufro RmerTis filosofiur gagebas
emyareba, mesame momenti ki bibliuria, romlis Tanaxma-
dac, RmerTi yvelafris wyaroa, yvelaferi saukeTeso
RmerTma adamianisaTvis Seqmna da a.S. imis miuxedavad,
rom adamianma RvTis es madli ver Seifera, RmerTma
yvelferi iRona adamianis xsnisTvis. rogorc cnobilia,
adamiani eSmakma acduna, magram RmerTma qristes movli-
nebiT mas dausaxa gza xsnisTvis. ZiriTadad es azri
uZevs safuZvlad g. qiqoZis Tvalsazriss RvTisadmi
adamianis siyvarulis Sesaxeb.
rogorc ukve iTqva, g. qiqoZe amodis im azridan, rom
RmerTi da adamiani kavSirSia. igi aRniSnavs, rom ,,kacs
RmerTman misca orni umTavresni niWni, romelni mas
daamsgavseben TiTqmis RvTaebasa; e.i., pirvelad Wkua an
goneba, da meored neba, anu Tavisufleba”60. RvTis
boZebuli es ori unari adamianis specifikurobas qmnis,
173
romlis meSveobiT adamiani Seicnobs TavisTavs, RmerT-
sa da bunebas; nebiT anu nebelobis unariT ki adamiani
Tavisuflad iwyebs yovelgvari saqmis gadawyvetas,
daemorCileba an piriqiT, urCi iqneba RvTis sjulisa da
nebisadmi.
goneba da neba adamianis moqmedebaTa warmmarTvelia,
romelTac upirispirdeba codva. codvas SeuZlia am ori
umaRlesi boZebulis ise gafuWeba, rom xSirad adamianma
SeiZleba dakargos es unarebi da pirutyvs daemsgavsos.
g. qiqoZes mohyavs imis magaliTebi, rom gacxarebul
gulze adamians iseTi ram gaukeTebia, razedac damSvi-
debuls Zlier unania. codva vnebs ara mxolod calke-
ul adamians, gadadis Svilebsa da momavalze ,,viTarca
Tesli boroti, gamoiRebs mravalTa borotTa nayof-
Ta”61. gamomdinare aqedan, g. qiqoZe mouwodebs msmenels,
rom ganeridon codvas, rogorc uborotes mters.
adamianis buneba, g. qiqoZis azriT, midrekilia cod-
visken da is Zala, romelic adamians ganaridebs codvas,
sarwmunoebaa: ,,sarwmunoeba unda iyos, viTarca aRviri
nebaTa misTa; yoveli aso unda emorCilebodes sarwmu-
noebasa missa. mxolod maSin cxovel ars sarwmunoeba
kacisa, odes marTavs svlaTa misTa, viTarca aRviri
cxenis svlasa”62. sarwmunoebam unda daTrgunos codva.
magram gana yovelgvar sarwmunoebas SeuZlia es? g. qi-
qoZis azriT, aseTi ram SeuZlia mxolod namdvil aq-
tiur rwmenas (,,sarwmunoeba cxoveli”) da ara pasiursa
da umoqmedos (,,sarwmunoeba mkvdari”).
g. qiqoZis aRniSvniT, saRvTo werili gvaswavlis,
rom aris ,,sarwmunoeba cxoveli” da ,,sarwmunoeba mkvda-
ri”. aq igi sanimuSod ixilavs ramdenime magaliTs,
romlidanac naTlad Cans, rom arc Tu iSviaTad
adamianebi zustad asruleben religiur wes-Cveulebebs,
magram cxovrebaSi amis Sesabamisad ar iqcevian (ase,
magaliTad, mdidari kaci dadis eklesiaSi, asrulebs
174
religiur wes-Cveulebebs da a.S. aseve iqceva Cinovnikic,
magram cxovrebaSi zogi mdidari kaci ymebsa da mosam-
saxureebs yvelafers arTmevs, rac ki SeuZlia, Cinovniki
qrTams iRebs, bralians gaamarTlebs da udanaSaulos
dasjis). amgvarad Sesrulebul religiur ganawess ara-
feri aqvs saerTo WeSmarit sarwmunoebasTan. esaa moCve-
nebiTi, zedapiruli sarwmunoeba _ ,,sarwmunoeba mkvda-
ri”. amis sapirispirod ki, warmovidginoT vinme sawyali
kaci, Raribi, magram amiT daRonebuli ki araa, aramed
mxneobs, muxlCaudreklad Sromobs da ar kargavs mok-
rZalebas uflisadmi. igi ,,aravis awuxebs, aramed xeli-
Ta TvisiTa hzrdis Tavsa Tvissa da kmayofili aris
TvisiTa mdgomareobiTa”. ai amgvari adamianis sarw-
munoebaa namdvili anu ,,sarwmunoeba cxoveli”.
g. qiqoZe CamoTvlis namdvili rwmenis arsebiT
niSnebs, romelTagan upirvelesia siyvaruli da erToba,
xolo meore _ simarTle da marTl-msajulebisadmi
siyvaruli. samwuxarod, Cven pirvel niSans moklebulni
varT, xolo, rac Seexeba meores, am SemTxvevaSic vaqebT
moyvares, romelic SeiZleba, ar iyos qebis Rirsi da
vaZagebT mters, Tumca SeiZleba, is qebis Rirsi iyos.
g. qiqoZis qadagebebSi rwmenaze msjeloba mxolod aq
aRniSnuliT ar amoiwureba. rodesac g. qiqoZe ganixi-
lavs adamianis ZiriTad daniSnulebas _ srulyofi-
lebisken miswrafebas, rac gulisxmobs sikeTis keTebas,
samarTlianobasa da swori gziT siaruls, mxolod
rwmenas miiCnevs igi yvelaferi amis warmatebiT ga-
dawyvetis garantad. yovelgvari saqmis warmatebiT gas-
rulebis safuZvels, g. qiqoZis azriT, namdvili rwmena
warmoadgens: ,,garna sarwmunoebasa vityvi ara uqmsa da
mkvdarsa, aramed cxovelsa, ara im sarwmunoebasa, rome-
li gulsa Sina umravlesTa awindelTa qristianeTasa
samwuxarod ars unayofo da uZravi, aramed im sarw-
munoebasa, romeli maradis moqmedebs da muSaobs kacis
175
gulSi, romeli ar daaZinebs kacs, ar moasvenebs. marad
is afrTxilebs mas, Tan Seawuxebs sindisis mxilebiTa,
xan gaaxarebs maradis ebrZvis. aRviZebs, anaTlebs,
aswavlis, elaparakeba”63.
g. qiqoZes rwmenis mixedviT cxovreba adamianis erT-
erT mTavar daniSnulebad miaCnia. rwmena unda
asuldgmulebdes adamians da misiT unda xelmZRvane-
lobdes igi, wers igi: ,,qristes sjuli, didi da maRali
Seni sulieri movaleoba ara Tu maSin unda gaxsovdes,
rodesac Sen sdgexar eklesiaSi, aramed umetesad maSin,
rodesac Sen xar Sens saxlSi da sofelSi da aRasru-
leb niadagTa SenTa saqmeTa”64. magram Tuki adamiani
RmerTs mxolod eklesiaSi gaixsenebs, xolo, roca
iqidan gamova, daiviwyebs, maSin is rwmenis mixedviT ki
ar iqceva, aramed garkveuli miznebiT. aseTi adamianis
gulSi RvTis madli araa Sesuli, mas ar ainteresebs da
ar ganikiTxavs, uaxlovdeba Tu Sordeba RvTis sasufe-
vels65.
adamianis daniSnulebaze Tavisi azris gansamtkiceb-
lad g. qiqoZe ixilavs aseT magaliTs: simdidris dagro-
vebis Semdeg mdidari kaci gancxromas mieca. aseTia
mokle Sinaarsi ambavisa. g. qiqoZe ayenebs sakiTxs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu raSia Secdoma am SemTxvevaSi mdidari kaci-
sa? pirveli Secdoma is aris, rom mas arasworad aqvs
warmodgenili simdidris sakiTxi, ese igi, araswori
warmodgena aqvs simdidreze. Secdomaa is, rom TiTqosda
simdidre aTavisuflebs adamians Sromisgan da mosve-
nebis nebas rTavs. es swori araa, radganac am SemTxve-
vaSi adamiani gazarmacdeba, rac mravali codvis safu-
Zveli gaxdeba: ,,rac ginda mdidari iyos kaci, mainc ar
unda dautevos Sroma. winaaRmdeg amisa, Tu man ganis-
vena, igi zarmacdeba, mieCveva uqmobasa, da uqmoba STaag-
debs mas mravalTa codvaTa Sina da bolos simdid-
resac dahkargavs igi da yovelsa suliersaca Rirseba-
176
sa”66. aq urigo ar iqneba kidev erTxel davimowmoT i.
WavWavaZis sityvebi g. qiqoZis misamarTiT mis dakrZal-
vaze: ,,qebaTa-qeba Sromisa SesaZloa mxolod imisaTvis,
romlis bagiTac TviTon RmerTi metyvelebs”.
mdidari kacis meore Secdoma, g. qiqoZis azriT,
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mas simdidre miaCnia mxolod
gancxromisTvis gamosayeneblad. aqedan gamomdinare,
mdidar kacs srulad ar adardebs is, rom qveynad
mravlada arian mSieri-mwyurvalni, Raribni, romelnic
Semweobas iTxoven. am SemTxvevaSi namdvil qristians
eWvic ki ar Seepareboda imaSi, rom RmerTma mas es
simdidre misca imisaTvis, raTa sawyalTa Seewios: ,,im
saxiT, romel Seewios RaribTa, sawyalTa kacTa,
romelTa akliaT saWmeli, sasmeli, tansacmeli, swavla,
nugeSi da yovelni sulierni da xorcielni nivTni”67.
mesame Secdoma mdidari kacisa isaa, rom igi etyoda
TavisTavs: yvelaferi gaqvs da mzada xar didxans
sicocxlisaTvis. g. qiqoZe SeniSnavs, rom Wkviani kaci
ase ar ifiqrebs da Tavis sicocxlesa da simdidres
miiCnevs, rogorc RvTisgan droebiT moniWebuls: ,,ro-
desac mdidarsa da SemZlebel kacs aqvs esreTi hazri,
maSin igi veRar gahbedavs, rom simdidre moixmaros
Wamisa, smisa da lxinisaTvis; aramed hcdilobs, rom
moixmaros igi, rogoradac iameba mas, vinc miabara igi
droebiT, ese igi, zeciersa mamas Cvensa”68.
am igavis analizis safuZvelze g. qiqoZe aseT
daskvnas akeTebs: adamians yovelTvis unda axsovdes
RmerTi, adamianis sikvdil-sicocxle RmerTzea damoki-
debuli; adamians mudam unda axsovdes Raribni da saw-
yalni. Bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom g. qiqoZesTan
adamianis erT-erTi ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa RmerTisadmi
mosmena da mis mixedviT moqmedeba.
adamianis daniSnulebaze g. qiqoZis pozicia kargadaa
gamJRavnebuli qadagebebSi, sadac saubari Seexeba
177
monaniebasa da farisevlobas. SeiZleba adamianma mTeli
cxovreba uqmad gaataros, magram mimwuxris Jams Seignos
Tavisi codvebi da moinanios isini. amiT ki mas SeuZlia
Tavisi cxovreba keTilad daagvirgvinos69. farisevlo-
basTan dakavSirebiT g. qiqoZe aseT magaliTs ixilavs:
eklesiaSi Sesuli fariseveli aqebs Tavis Tavs, mas
araferi awuxebs da gaxarebulia Tavisa ,,kargi kaco-
biT”. marTalia, fariseveli yvela religiuri moTxov-
nebs icavs, riTac Tavis sindiss imSvidebs, magram mas
aviwydeba, rom arseboben ufro udidesni mcnebani, ro-
gorebicaa simarTle, siwminde, RvTisa da moyvasis
siyvaruli.
adamiani ar unda iyos TviTkmayofili, aRniSnavs g.
qiqoZe. samagaliTod wminda mamebis cxovrebas asaxe-
lebs, romlebmac yvelaferi gaiRes, magram TviTkmayo-
filni ar yofilan.
dasasruls, SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom g. qiqoZesTan
adamianis umaRlesi daniSnulebaa srulyofilebisken
miswrafeba, risTvisac aucilebelia RmerTis siyvaruli,
sikeTis qmedeba da WeSmaritebis gziT siaruli. g. qiqo-
Zis damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom mas es urTu-
lesi sakiTxebi mrevlis enaze gadaaqvs da mrevlisTvis
advilad gasagebad xdis. amasTan, am dros misi kon-
cefciis principebi ar zaraldeba.
g. qiqoZis SemoqmedebaSi qristianoba, qristianuli
msoflmxedveloba umaRlsi instanciaa, romelic amave
dros, aris umaRles rangSi ayvanil zogadsakacobrio
ideebTan Serwymuli. amitomac g. qiqoZis Tvalsazrisi
adamianis daniSnulebaze yvela eris SvilTa da yvela
rjulis mimdevarTa maxlobeli da misaRebi unda iyos.
swored amiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli is gare-
moeba, rom misi qadagebani qarTul enaze gamoqveynebidan
male gamoica inglisursa da rusul enebzec.
178
meeqvse Tavi
msoflmxedvelobrivi sakiTxebi qarTul
mwerlobaSi
$1. ilia WavWavaZe
qarTveli eris cxovrebasa da qarTuli azrovnebis
istoriaSi ilia WavWavaZis udidesi roli dRes mtki-
cebas aRar saWiroebs. magram isic faqtia, rom ilia
WavWavaZe ver gadaurCa misi Sexedulebebis yalb gaSu-
qebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva, xSirad diamet-
rulad gansxvavebul, Sefasebas. ilias mimarT aseTi
damokidebuleba iyo ara mxolod sabWoTa mecnierebaSi,
sadac gansakuTrebuli ,,simartiviT” da siadviliT yal-
bdeboda warsuli Tu Tanamedrove kulturis warmomad-
genelTa Sefasebis stereotipebi, aramed XIX saukunis
bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSic, rodesac brZola
ilias winaaRmdeg misi fizikuri ganadgurebiT damTavr-
da.
ilias filosofiuri Sexedulebebis ganxilvamde Se-
vexoT sakiTxs, - rogor, ratom da sazogadoebis romel
wreebSi maxinjdeboda misi msoflxedvelobis namdvili
azri da ra mizans isaxavda igi.
ilias mkvlelobis Semdeg gamovida krebuli ,,ilia
WavWavaZis sikvdili da dasaflaveba”, romelsac epig-
rafad wamZRvarebuli QAhqonda striqonebi:
,,sul gadamwvara mdelo,
mTebi daburvilia,
mamulo ubeduro,
rad mohkali ilia?”
es sityvebi qarTveli eris, misi saukeTeso nawilis
da inteligenciis didi umravlesobis tragikul fiqreb-
179
sa da guliscemas gamoxatavda im moRvawis tragikuli
dasasrulis gamo, romelzedac iakob gogebaSvili
werda: ,,iqneba arc erTs msoflio genioss ar hqondes
imodena mniSvneloba Tavisi erisaTvis, ramdenic aqvs
ilia WavWavaZes saqarTvelosaTvis”.
samwuxarod, iliaze sxvagvari Sexedulebanic arse-
bobda, romlebic jer kidev XIX saukunis bolos da XX
saukunis dasawyisSi warmoiqmna da marqsistuli mimdina-
reobis or cnobil warmomadgenels – noe Jordaniasa
da filipe maxaraZes ekuTvnodaT. pirveli amaTagani uf-
ro adre Camoscilda politikur cxovrebas saqarTve-
loSi da mis Sexedulebebs iliaze praqtikulad iseTi
Sedegi ar gamouRia, rogorc _ meorisas. f. maxaraZem
iliasadmi mkveTrad uaryofiTi pozicia gamoxata jer
1905 wels da Semdeg – 1931 wels.
1905 wels f. maxaraZe werda: ilia WavWavaZe aris
,,kerZo sakuTrebis ideologi,.... memamule, romelic yove-
li fexis gadadgmaze mzad aris, iaraRiT xelSi daicvas
Tavisi interesebi”; memamule, ,,romelsac mTeli Tavisi
sicocxle mxolod imisaTvis moundomebia, rom glexebi
eyvlifa da etyavebia. Cven ara gvgonia, saqarTvelos
miwaze moipovebodes cxovrebaSi glexebis gayvlefis
sistema”1; man ,,ar icis, ras qvia gaWirvebuli kacis Seb-
raleba.... igi mzadaa maT (Tavis memamulur interesebs)
anacvalos yovelive, dahkargos sindisi, patiosneba da
princips ki ar uRalatos”2; igi ,,yoveli fexis nabijze
adamianis pirovnebas (SeiZleba Tavad WavWavaZes glexi
adamianad ar miaCnia!) fex qveS Telavs da jijgnis”3.
rac Seexeba f. maxaraZis meore werils da masSi
mocemul azrs, is iseT viTarebaSi iyo gamoTqmuli, rom
mas aucileblad unda gamosCenoda (da gamouCnda kidec)
mimdevrebi. ilia WavWavaZe, aq mocemuli Sefasebis mi-
xedviT, ,,iyo warCinebuli TavadiSvili, memamule da
glexebis mebatone. igi iyo muSebisa da glexebis
180
eqsploatatori. rogorc mwerali, ilia WavWavaZe iyo
reaqcioneri, memamuleebis interesebis damcveli, feo-
daluri saqarTvelos maTayvanebeli da monarqisti”4.
Semdeg dro imdenad paradoqsuli da, ufro metic,
imdenad kuriozuli aRmoCnda, rom es ,,feodaluri
saqarTvelos maTayvanebeli da monarqisti, reaqcioneri
da kontrrevolucioneri” f. maxaraZis memkvidreebis
xelSi ,,revolucioner-demokratad” da ,,marqsizmis wina-
morbedadac~ ki gadaiqca. magram sanam Cveni oficialuri
sazogadoebrivi azri da azrovnebis istoria aqamde
mividoda, 1934 wlis 24 agvistos – sabWoTa mwerlebis
pirveli sakavSiro yrilobis sxdomaze ilias erTgvar
,,reabilitacias” hqonda adgili.
malaqia toroSeliZis moxsenebaSi – ,,qarTuli lite-
ratura”, romelic sxvadasxva avtoris (maT Soris-pavle
ingoroyvas) mier iyo dawerili da Semdeg, gadmocemis
mixedviT, umaRles instanciebSi redaqtirebuli, iliaze
naTqvami iyo, rom ,,misi Semoqmedebis Sefaseba uaRresad
gacxovelebul polemikas iwvevs sxvadasxva politikur
da literaturul mimarTulebebs Soris”; rom xSirad
upirispireben mis publicistur nawarmoebebsa da mxatv-
rul Semoqmedebas. magram, am azrTa sxvadasxvaobis miu-
xedavad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is aris namdvili ,,nova-
tori” da amdidrebda qarTul literaturas ,,rogorc
axali ideebiT, ise mxatvruli Semoqmedebis namdvili
SedegebiT”5. moxsenebaSi naTqvami iyo isic, rom ilia
,,nacionalistia da, rogorc aseTi, opoziciaSi udgas
mTavrobas, romelic ar scnobs arafers nacionalurs.
igi dastiris daRupvis gzaze damdgar Tavadaznau-
robas” da a.S.
ilia ,,gadaWriT uaryofda” princips ,,xelovneba
xelovnebisaTvis”6, ,,xalisianad sargeblobda socialis-
turi ideebiT, magram adgilobriv pirobebTan Sefar-
debiT uxvad azavebda maT qristianobis elementebiT da
181
fiqrobda, rom jvarcmuli ivno socializmis saqmisaT-
vis”7.
moxsenebaSi xazi hqonda gasmuli ilias optimistur
ganwyobilebas, mis rwmenas, rom ,,dadgeba ,,Sromis sufe-
va”, romelic aamaRlebs mSromelebs ise, rom aravis
daamcirebs da, maSasadame, arc aravis gaawbilebs”8.
sayuradReboa, rom moxsenebaSive, romelic saerTod
dadebiT Sefasebas aZlevda ilias moRvaweobas, pir-
dapir iyo laparaki mis SemoqmedebaSi ,,Warbad mocemul
nacionalur motivebze”9, ,,dakarguli damoukideblobis
dabrunebaze” da sakmaod mkveTrad gamoxatul antiru-
sul suliskveTebaze: “moxeve ambobs, rac ruseTis xel-
Si varT, yvelaferi waxda da yvelaferi moispoo”10.
ilias arsebiTad gansxvavebuli Sefaseba, romelze-
dac zemoT gakvriT iyo naTqvami, da ilia WavWavaZis
Semoqmedebis SeswavlaSi ,,axali etapi” omis damTavre-
bis Semdeg dgeba. davimowmeb or avtors, romelTa Sexe-
dulebani uaxloes warsulSi gazeT “komunistis” furc-
lebze iyo gamoTqmuli.
prokofi ratianis sityviT, ,,Tavisi filosofiuri
msoflmxedvelobiT i. WavWavaZe marqsamdeli periodis
yvelaze mowinave azrovnebis simaRleze idga. igi mate-
rialisturad wyvetda filosofiis ZiriTad sakiTxs da
Tavis umTavres naSromebSi iZleoda bunebisa da sazoga-
doebis movlenaTa materialistur axsnas”11 (xazi Cemia,
S. x.). ilia WavWavaZes kargad hqonda Segnebuli, rom
sazogadoebis ,,materialuri cxovreba aris obieqturi
realoba”, romelic ,,arsebobs adamianTa nebisyofisagan
damoukideblad, sulieri cxovreba ki materialuri
cxovrebis asaxvaa, misi anareklia”. ilias, ra Tqma unda,
isic ,,esmoda”, rom ,,sulieri cxovreba, Tavis mxriv,
ukumoqmedebas axdens sazogadoebis materialuri cxov-
rebis ganviTarebaze”.
182
am striqonebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxvels, cxadia,
aRar Seepareba eWvi imaSi, rom ilia WavWavaZe gamovac-
xadoT moRvaweTa im jgufis warmomadgenlad, romlebic
,,saqarTveloSi social-demokratiuli moZraobis Rir-
seuli winamorbedebi iyvnen”.
aq ilias msoflmxedveloba iseTi kategoriebiT da
sakvanZo cnebebiT aris gadmocemuli, rom mkiTxvelma
igi SeiZleba miiCnios ara mxolod marqsist materia-
listad, aramed leninuri tipis materialistad; yvela
sakvanZo cneba, romelTa aspeqtSic ilias msoflmxedve-
lobaa ganxiluli, leninis formulirebebs warmoad-
gens, Tumca avtoris mier Segnebulad araa zusti saxiT
damowmebuli da brWyalebSi aRebuli. aq materializmis
leninuri ganmartebis yvela niuansia gaTvaliswinebuli,
raTa ilias Sexeduleba avtorisTvis sasurveli saxiT
warmosdges da saTanado CarCoebSi Caetios. magram sak-
marisia ilias namdvil SexedulebaTa pirveli Sepiris-
pireba avtoris formulirebebTan, rom mkiTxveli mixv-
des, ramdenad isini daSorebulia erTmaneTisgan.
leonide gorgilaZis statia ki iwyeba sityvebiT:
,,ilia WavWavaZis msoflmxedvelobis problemas Tvalsa-
Cino adgili uWiravs Cvens istoriografiaSi. ilias
msoflmxedvelobis gansxvavebul Sefasebas xSirad ga-
mouwvevia mwvave dava mis nacionalisturad da nihilis-
turad ganwyobil SemfasebelTa Soris. Tanamedrove li-
teraturaTmcodneobaSic gvxvdeba xolme zogjer ilias
msoflmxedvelobis Taobaze meTodologiurad mcdari
mosazrebani”12.
aqve unda iTqvas erTi Tanamedrove avtoris ,,meTo-
dologiur” poziciaze, romelic Cveni warsulis, samwu-
xarod, araswor da, sabednierod, ukve dagvianebul re-
cidivs warmoadgens. avtori winaswar cdilobs Seamza-
dos mkiTxveli imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari misgan gan-
sxvavebuli Sexeduleba ilia WavWavaZeze iqneba ,,nacio-
183
nalisturad da nihilisturad ganwyobili” da ,,meTodo-
logiurad mcdari”. erTaderTi swori, ara ,,nacionalis-
turad da nihilisturad ganwyobili” da, amave dros,
,,meTodologiurad” swori Sexeduleba isaa, rom ,,ilias
socialur-politikuri Sexedulebani revoluciur-uto-
piuri socializmis qarTul saxeobas qmnis. igi aris
CvenSi socializmis utopiidan mecnierebisaken ganviTa-
rebis Taviseburi etapi, romelic yvelaze axlos mivi-
da marqsis socializmTan da misi istoriuli wina-
morbedi gaxda saqarTveloSi”13 (xazi Cemia _ S. x.).
iliam ,,Seqmna qarTuli kritikuli realizmi, filo-
sofiuri materializmi da erovnuli ganTavisuflebis
kritikul-utopiuri socializmi”, ,,Camoayaliba Tavisi
materialistur-dialeqtikuri Sexedulebani”14 (xazi
Cemia _ S. x.). ufro sayuradRebo is debulebaa, romlis
mixedviT, ilia ,,cxovrebis” gagebis sakiTxSic ,,mate-
rialisti” yofila da mis ,,revoliciur-demokratiul
aTeizms” safuZvlad ,,cxovrebis materialisturi gageba”
sdebia!
es miT ufro xazgasasmelia, rom, ramdenadac
marqsistul literaturaSia cnobili, materializmi
cxovrebis (cxadia, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis)
sakiTxebSi mxolod marqsisa da engelsis (da maTi
mimdevrebis) kuTvnilebaa da mxolod maTiT miiRweva.
Cvens marqsistul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli sityviT
rom vTqvaT, veravin sxva ,,ver amaRlda” ,,cxovrebis
materialistur gagebamde”. axla ganxiluli statiis
Semdeg ki unda vaRiaroT, rom ilia ,,amaRlebula”
istoriis materialisturad gagebamde da am
gansakuTrebul moazrovneTa ricxvs axla ilia
WavWavaZe unda miematos. Tu gercenmac ki, am ,,yvelaze
brwyinvale moazrovnem, ruseTis materializmis
istoriaSi”, moaxerxa mxolod is, rom, leninis sityviT,
,,axlo misuliyo dialeqtikur materializmamde da
184
SeCerebuliyo istoriuli materializmis win”, ilia
,,cxovrebis materialistur gagebamdec” misula da ,,ma-
terialistur-dileqtikuri Sexedulebanic” Camouyalibe-
bia.
es im zomis hiperbolaa, romelic arc raime ,,meTo-
dologiuri” mosazrebiT SeiZleba gamarTldes da, rac
mTavaria, arc ilias Semoqmedebas sWirdeba.
marTalia, amgvari Sexedulebani Cvens mecnierebaSi
Tumca sakmaodaa gavrcelebuli, magram erTaderTi
sulac ar aris.
giorgi meliqiSvilis mixedviT, Tergdaleulebi da,
kerZod, ilia WavWavaZe ,,SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc
erTi razmi carizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli ganmaTavi-
suflebeli moZraobisa. epoqa, romelSic ilia WavWava-
Zes mouxda moRvaweoba, metad rTul amocanebs ayenebda
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis winaSe – batonymobisa
da misi naSTebis likvidacia, brZola carizmis winaaRm-
deg socialuri Tavisuflebis mosapoveblad, Cagvrisa
da eqsploataciis winaaRmdeg, dabolos, aseve metad
saZnelo saqmianoba erovnuli saxis SesanarCuneblad da
gansamtkiceblad”15. Semdeg: ,,Tavisi, rogorc erovnuli,
ise socialuri idealebis misaRwevad Tergdaleulebi,
ilia WavWavaZis jgufi, uaryofdnen Zalmomreobis, revo-
luciis gzas (amitom Secdomaa, rodesac maT revolu-
ciur-demokratebs uwodeben)”16 (xazi Cemia _ S. x.).
g. meliqiSvili imave wels sxva publikaciaSi ramde-
nime ganmartebas gamoTqvamda im debulebis gamo, romle-
bic ilia WavWavaZis revoluciur-demokratad aRiarebas
exeba da, avtoris samarTliani mtkicebiT, istoriul
sinamdviles ar Seefereba17.
rogorc am werilidan irkveva, g. meliqiSvils ,,jer
kidev” 1968 wels gamouTqvams Sexeduleba, rom ,,Tergda-
leulTa SefasebaSi xSirad Warbobs romelime kargad
cnobili sqemaSi maTi moTavsebis survili”18. avtori
185
fiqrobs, rom ,,es sqemebi” naklovania, arc ilias Sefa-
sebis SemTxvevaSi marTldeba, da rom ,,TergdaleulTa
ideologiis sworad gagebisaTvis” aucilebelia, ,,pir-
vel yovlisa, swored qarTuli da masTan
tipologiurad axlo myofi sinamdvilis Rrma codna”19.
aseTi midgoma, samarTlianad fiqrobs avtori,-
,,saeWvod xdis ilia WavWavaZis da misi Tanamoazrovnee-
bis n. CerniSevskisa da t. SevCenkos tipis revoluciur-
demokratobis azrs” da SeuZlebelia ilias da Ter-
gdaleulebs ,,sul sxva niadagze aRmocenebuli marq-
sistuli social-demokratiuli mimdinareobis winapre-
bad gamocxadeba”20 (xazi Cemia, S. x.)
axali mosazrebebi, romlebic motanilia g. meliqi-
Svilis 1978 wlis miTiTebul ,,macneSi”, mokled SeiZ-
leba ase gadmoices:
1. ,,ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad erovnuli da socialu-
ri Tavisuflebis idealebisaTvis brZola TiTqos ar
unda ewinaaRmdegebodes erTmaneTs, magram praqtikulad
imaT Soris, vinc erovnuli Tavisuflebis primatobas
iziarebs da imaT Soris, vinc socialuri Tavisuflebis
idealisaTvis primatobas aRiarebs, garkveul situacia-
Si aucileblobis ZaliT iqmneba dapirispireba”21.
2. ,,ilia WavWavaZe da misi mimdevrebi ar iyvnen revo-
lucionerebi, maT ar SeiZleba revolucioneri-demokra-
tebi vuwodoT, maT msoflmxedvelobaSi da praqtikul
moRvaweobaSi upirvelesi adgili erovnul sakiTxs
ekava”22.
3. ,,WeSmaritad revoluciasa da revolucionerobaze
realur warmodgenas unda iyos moklebuli adamiani,
romelic moindomebs ilia WavWavaZisa da misi dasis
revolucionerad gamocxadebas. maT TavianTi saqme hqon-
daT, TavianTi didi roli Seasrules – amas obieqturi
Sefaseba da Cveneba sWirdeba”23 (xazi Cemia _ S. x.).
186
4. ,,yvela Cvengani didi pativiscemiTaa gamsWvaluli
rogorc Tergdaleulebisadmi – qarTveli xalxis
erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli demokratiuli moZraobis
moRvaweebisadmi, ise ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
reoluciuri frTis (revolucioneri xalxosnebi, revo-
luciuri social-demokratia) warmomadgenlebisadmi,
romlebic saboloo jamSi erT did saqmes – mSromeli
xalxis socialuri da erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideals
emsaxurebodnen, marTalia, xSirad gansxvavebuli formi-
Ta da gziT. am gansxvavebis ar danaxvas, saeWvoa, mec-
nierebasTan rame saerTo hqondes da dRes CvenTvis sa-
zogadoebrivad raime saWiroebas warmoadgendes”24 (xazi
Cemia _ S. x.).
detalurad ganvixiloT sakiTxi – ras niSnavs ,,revo-
luciuri demokratoba”, saerTod, da ruseTis revolu-
ciur-demokratiuli moZraoba, kerZod?
rusuli ,,revoluciur-ganmaTavisuflebeli” moZrao-
ba socialuri moZraobaa da warmoadgens ,,glexTa de-
mokratiis ideologias”25. am moZraobis socialur safu-
Zvels e. w. ,,raznoCincebi” warmoadgendnen, romlebmac
Secvales ,,aznauri revolucionerebi” (maTSi dekabris-
tebi igulisxmebian). TviT saxelwodeba ,,revoluciuri-
demokratoba” imiTaa gamowveuli, rom misi warmo-
madgenlebi “mouwodebdnen revoluciuri brZolisaken”
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis maTi koncefcia arsebi-
Tad gansxvavdeba ,,reformistuli gzisagan”. es moZRvre-
ba mouwodebda, v. leninis sityviT, ,,feodalizmis gar-
damwyveti likvidaciisaken”26.
rac Seexeba ruseTis revoluciur-demokratebs, rom-
lebTanac zogierTi qarTveli mecnieri ilias da sxvebs
akavSirebs, sabWoTa mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli da, SeiZ-
leba iTqvas, gabatonebuli SexedulebiT – ,,rusi revo-
luciuri demokratebi bevrad ufro maRla idgnen dasav-
leTevropul socialist-utopistebze”, maTi ,,materia-
187
lizmi warmoadgens marqsamdeli materialisturi filo-
sofiis mwvervals” da aqvs ,,qmediTi, mebrZoli xasiaTi”.
mebrZoli da qmediTi xasiaTi imaSi vlindeba, rom isini
,,daundoblad amxeldnen rusuli da dasavleT-evropuli
liberalizmis kontrrevoluciur arsebas”, da bolos,
rogorc lenini werda, iyvnen ruseTis social-
demokratiis winamorbedebi27.
sando da, SeiZleba iTqvas, oficialuri wyaroze
damyarebuli ,,revoluciuri demokratizmis” es daxasia-
Teba sakmarisia SevadaroT ilias Sexedulebebs da
cxadi gaxdeba maT Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba.
moZraoba, romelsac ilia meTaurobda, ar iyo mxo-
lod socialuri da, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro metic: is,
pirvel yovlisa, erovnul moZraobas warmoadgenda; igi
emyareboda ara mxolod socialurs da ara imdenad
socialur princips, ramdenadac erovnuls. ,,Cveni saqme
saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa, misi gaumjobeseba, -
Cveni pirveli da ukanaskneli amocanaa” (1863 w.); ,,marad
da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana” (1881 w.). ,,sa-
xelmwifo sabWoSi, – ganucxada iliam peterburgis
korespondents 1906 wlis martSi, – me amomirCia Tava-
daznaurobam. es imas ar niSnavs, rom sabWoSi me marto
TavadaznaurTa saWiroebebze vilaparakeb.... ar davfarav
da vityvi: sabWoSi mTeli saqarTvelos da qarTvelTa
interesebis damcveli viqnebi”28.
ase rom, arc ilia da arc vinme misi jgufidan “raz-
noCincebi” ar yofilan.
Zalian Znelia, ilias SemoqmedebaSi gamoiZebnos
striqonebi, romlebic ,,mouwodebdnen revoluciuri
brZolisaken” da, miT umetes, ,,feodalizmis gardamwyve-
ti likvidaciisaken”. piriqiT, ,,oTaraanT qvrivis”
avtorisaTvis socialuri uTanasworobis problema eTi-
kuri problemaa, xolo misi gauqmebisa da ,,Catexili
xidis” gamTelebis gza – zneobrivi kaTarzisia.
188
rac Seexeba imas, rom ,,rusi revoluciuri-demokra-
tebi bevrad ufro maRla idgnen dasavleTevropul so-
cialistebze” da maTi materializmi marqsamdeli mate-
rializmis umaRlesi mwvervalia, am debulebas mxolod
is ,,analogia” moeZebneba iliasTan, rom gasagebs xdis
Cvens mier zemoT citirebuli orive avtoris dauokebel
miswrafebas, ilia kidev ufro ,,met” materialistad
warmoadginon. rogorc cnobilia da rogorc iyo aR-
niSnuli, gerceni, leninis sityviT, ,,axlo mivida dia-
leqtikur materializmTan da SeCerda istoriuli mate-
rializmis win”. ilia, Cven mier citirebuli qarTveli
mecnierebis sityviT, iqamdec midis, rom ,,sazogadoebis
movlenaTa materialistur axsnasac” iZleva da
“cxovrebis materialistur gagebasac”.
rac Seexeba rus revolucioner-demokratebs da maT
,,qmediT da mebrZol materializms” da ,,ruseTisa da
dasavleTevropuli liberalizmis kontrrevoluciuri
arsebis” daundoblad mxilebas maT mxriv, - ara mgonia,
rom am TvalsazrisiT mainc hqondes safuZveli ana-
logebs iliasa da maT Soris.
sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili uWiravs ilia
WavWavaZes qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi da ramdenad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos materialistad, revolucioner de-
mokratad da marqsizmis winamorbedad saqarTveloSi –
imdenad naTelia, rom ar unda iwvevdes amden kamaTs da
diametrulad sapirispiro Sexedulebebs mecnierebaSi.
ramdenadac ilias msoflmxedvelobis araswori da,
SeiZleba iTqvas, tendenciuri gaSuqeba faqtia da
sakmaod myari faqtic, amdenad mis warmoqmnasa da Sem-
deg gavrcelebas Tavisi mizezebi Tu motivebi unda
hqondes da am motivebis sakiTxis garkveva saWiro xdeba.
Jurnal ,,iveriaSi” 1887 wels gamoqveynebul or sta-
tiaSi saTauriT – ,,ra mizezia, rom kritikac ara
gvaqvs”, - ilia WavWavaZe amodis im garemoebis gaTvalis-
189
winebidan, rom kritikis uqonloba maSindel qarTul
sinamdvileSi ,,Cveni literaturis uSinaarsobiT” ar iyo
gamowveuli da amis mizezi sxvagan iyo saZebni. am sam-
wuxaro faqtis mizezi, ilias sityviT, Cveni ,,inteli-
genciis “TviTmoqmedebis” sisusteSia. ,,Cveni” swavlulni,
ganaTlebulni,” _ werda ilia, _ darvinis Teorias
zedmiwevniT gacodineben, hegelis esTetikas, lesingisa
da tenis filosofias xelovnebisas Tavis xelis-
gulisaviT gadagiSlian; Seqspirzed, getezed (goeTeze-
S. x.), baironzed da Tundac homiroszedac, romelnic, -
CvenSi ki iTqvas – aTasSi erTs Tu waukiTxavs, unda
mTels uzarmazar wignebs dasweren.... da erTs pawia
leqss – Cvenis romelsame poetisas ver gauZRvebian,
rogorc rigia”29.
am movlenis axsnas ilia imaSi xedavs, rom goeTe,
baironi da sxvebi ,,didi xania gamorCeulia” msoflio
mecnierebaSi, garCeulia kargad da ,,mravalgvarad” da
maTze garkveuli ,,azris Sedgena” did siZneles ar
warmoadgens. cnobebi da Sexedulebani maTze – ,,ujra-
ujra awyvia evropis literaturis salaroSi mzareu-
lad”. ,,imdeni Ronec ki sakmarisia, rom am ,,salaroSi
Sesvla” moaxerxo, ,,xelis gawvdenis” unari gamoiCinoT,
“ujra gamoswioT da, rac gsurT, is gamoiRoT”. gasake-
Tebeli isRa rCeba, rom ujridan amoRebuli cnobebi
,,erTmaneTs SeufardoT, SeuwonoT... SehkriboT, erT Znad
SehkraT da ise miarTvaT mkiTxvelsa”30.
ilia samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom aseT moqmedebasac
,,Wkuacodna”, garkveuli ,,xelovnebac” sWirdeba. magram
es Seudareblad ufro advilia, vidre damoukidebeli
azrovneba da sakvlevi sakiTxebisadmi midgomisTvis
aucilebeli, ilias sityviT rom vTqvaT, - ,,TviTmsjelo-
bis” da ,,TviTmoqmedebis” unari. amitom ,,ujrebiT”
sargeblobis amgvar SemTxvevebSi ,,TviTmoqmedeba ufro
xelisaa, vidre sulieri ZalRonisa, romelic TiTon
190
hqmnis, TiTon sjis, TiTon swlavs, TiTon sWris da
TiTon hkeravs”.
ra Tqma unda, am ,,ujrebiT” sargeblobis gareSe
dRes mecniereba saerTod SeuZlebelia. amgvari “ujre-
bis” meSveobiT vsargeblobT Cven (xSirad Seucnobla-
dac) pirvel yovlisa, sakvanZo cnebebis, kategoriebis
gamoyenebis dros, romlebic aucileblad aqvs (da unda
hqondes) yovel mecnierebas, da romelTa gareSe mecnie-
rebani ar arsebobs. am ujrebis gareSe SeuZlebelia
erovnuli kulturis calkeuli movlenebis zogadsaka-
cobrio TvalsazrisiT ganxilva da maTi Seswavlis
ayvana msoflio mecnierebis donemde.
kulturuli Semoqmedebis progresi afarToebs da
amravlebs am ,,ujrebis” ricxvs da afarToebs mecniere-
bis masStabebs. magram, amave dros, maTi dogmatikuri,
calmxrivi da SezRuduli gamoyeneba iwvevs mecnieruli
Tvalsawieris daviwroebas, damoukidebeli ,,qmnis, sjis”,
swavlebis ,,gamoWris da Sekervis” unaris dakargvas,
stereotipebis tyveobaSi moqcevas.
SeiZleba paradoqsad JRerdes, magram Zneli warmo-
sadgenia ,,ujrebiT” sargeblobis da, Sesabamisad, kvle-
vis Tvalsawieris imgvari daviwroeba, rogorsac adgi-
li hqonda sabWoTa mecnierebaSi, saerTod, saistorio
mecnierebaSi, kerZod, da azrovnebis Seswavlis sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT.
,,faustis” vagneri, - vkiTxulobT iqve iliasTan, -
,,swored zedgamoWrili saxea imgvaris kacebisa, romel-
Tac codna aqvT da sakuTaris WkuiT tarebis unari ki
RmerTs, Tu beds, imaTTvis ar miumadlebia. nu gagviwy-
rebian, Tu vityviT, rom Cvens inteligencias swored eg
unari TviTmsjelobisa, TviTmxedvelobisa ara aqvs
gaxsnili da gadaSlili. eg naklia mizezi, rom Cvens
sakuTars saqmeSi, Cvens sakuTars av-kargianobaSi vera-
feri gagvigonia....”31.
191
Cvens pirobebSi amas kidev “meTodologiuri siwmin-
dis” saxelwodebiT SeniRbuli iZuleba daemata, romel-
mac zedmeti da xSirad arasasurveli gaxada sazoga-
doebriv mecnierebaTa dargebSi momuSave uSvelebeli
armia ,,sakuTars av-kargianobaSi” garkveuliyo. marTa-
lia, kiTxvebze pasuxis stereotipebi ,,ujrebSi” mzam-
zareuli saxiT iyo mocemuli, magram ilias drosTan
SedarebiT im gansxvavebiT, rom ,,ujrebis” raodenoba
uCveulod Semcirda da avtoritetebis ricxvi uCveulod
daviwrovda....
ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweobis Taviseburebas sityvisa
da saqmis organuli erTianoba Seadgenda. ,,ara viqm,
codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa” da gasage-
bia yuradReba, romelsac is sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
sxvadasxva mxareebs uTmobda. amave dros, gansacvifre-
belia is titanuri energia da Zalebi, romlebic man
Tavisi praqtikuli saqmianobis dros gamoavlina – niko-
loz baraTaSvilis neStis gadmosvenebiT dawyebuli,
gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis redaqtorobiTa da qarTuli
bankis daarsebiT, wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-
doebis ganmgeblobiT da mravali sxvaTi damTavrebuli.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli misi cxovrebisa da moR-
vaweobis manZilze ar yofila cotad Tu bevrad
mniSvnelovani erovnuli saqme, romlis meTauri Tu ara,
misi monawile mainc is ar yofiliyos.
ilias mTeli Semoqmedeba da giganturi gonis saoc-
rad mravalferovani moRvaweoba did Zalisxmevas moiT-
xovda da erTi ZiriTadi motiviT – eris siyvaruliTa
da mis keTildReobaze fiqriT, masze zrunviT iyo gan-
sazRvruli: ,,Cveni saqme saqarTvelos xalxis cxovrebaa,
misi gaumjobineba – Cveni pirveli da ukanaskneli amo-
canaa”. “marad da yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana”
– es amocana da miznebi arasodes ar Secvlila da maTi
ganxorcielebisken swrafva arasodes Senelebula.
192
ilias mZime pirobebSi uxdeboda moRvaweoba da
aseTi farTod mofiqrebuli da masStaburi amocanebi
SeiZleboda daesaxa didsa da mTlian pirovnebas, ro-
melsac cxovreba SeeZlo gonebiTac Seecno da guliTac
ganecada. mas SeeZlo elaparaka ,,Tavisa da gulis
erTianobaze” da misi ,,mTliani kacobiT”, maRali zneob-
rivi SegnebiT da dauZleveli siyvaruliTaa gansazRv-
ruli, rom am didi gonebis da movlenaTa siRrmeebSi
Cawvdomis saocari unariT dajildoebulma moazrovnem
Tavisi fiqrisa da moqmedebis are sakuTari eriT,
qarTveli xalxiT, masze zrunviT Semofargla da, amave
dros, bolomde Seupovari da ukompromiso darCa Tavisi
miznebis ganxorcielebaSi.
ilias msoflmxedveloba ara mxolod mWidro kav-
SirSia mis moqmedebasa da moRvaweobasTan, aramed misi
moRvaweobis Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens da yo-
veli misi am mimarTulebiT warmarTuli moqmedeba cxov-
rebis ganviTarebis Taviseburad gagebul kanonzomiere-
bas emyareba.
ilia WavWavaZe, rogorc yoveli didi moazrovne, ra
Tqma unda, iseT sakiTxebsac exeboda, romlebic mTeli
kacobriobis yuradRebis sagans warmoadgens, ilias
sityviT, ,,zogad-kacobriuli” kiTxvebi iyo da romelTa
Sesaxeb sakacobrio salaros “ujrebSi” didi da mniSv-
nelovani codnaa dagrovili. magram aseT SemTxvevaSic
ilia sxvebze metad sakuTar gonebas endoboda da
yovel sakiTxs, didsa Tu pataras, ,,sakuTaris WkuiT
hzidavda” da ,,sakuTari gonebis” SuqiT aSuqebda. ilia
arasodes ar sargeblobs `ujrebiT~. iseT SemTxvevebSic
ki, rodesac is msoflio azrovnebis warmomadgenlebsa
da filosofosebs imowmebs, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom
ilia maT metad imisTvis mimarTavda, rom sakuTar, ukve
Camoyalibebul azrs kidev erTi mowme mouZebnos, vidre
imisTvis, rom am azris wyaroze miuTiTos.
193
amiTaa gansazRvruli ilias enis, rogorc azrebis
gamoTqmis saSualebis, Taviseburebani. ilias Seswevs
unari sakuTari da savsebiT swori azrebi, romlebic
mkiTxvelis gancvifrebas iwvevs Tavisi siRrmiT, gamoxa-
tos martivi da TvalnaTlivi saSualebebiT, romlebic
ar eteva im ,,izmebSi”, romelSic maT Catevas xSirad
naZaladevad cdiloben.
ilias msoflmxedveloba cxovrebis Taviseburi fi-
losofiaa, ufro sworad, filosofia ara, rogorc
,,sibrZnis siyvaruli” da sinamdvilis Teoriuli axsna,
aramed Tavad sibrZne, samyarosadmi goniTi mimarTebis
Sedegi, romlis ZiriTad mizans cxovrebis gardaqmna da
srulyofa Seadgens. aq WeSmariteba sikeTes emsaxureba
da filosofia mxolod am didi miznis ganxorcielebis
saSualebas warmoadgens. amgvari msoflmxedveloba, ro-
melic rusTavelma Taviseburad gamoxata – ,,sjobs
sicocxlisa gaZleba, misTvis Tavisa dadeba” – katego-
riulad upirispirdeba cxovrebisagan yovelgvar gand-
gomas, ra saxiTac ar unda vlindebodes is. amgvarma
poziciam, romelic ilias axalgazrdobaSive SeumuSavda
da sicocxlis bolomde gahyva, aTqmevina mas emociurad
datvirTuli sityvebi: ,,droa xelovnebam Tavi daanebos
,,RrublebSi curvasa”, `varskvlavebis caSi bolTis
cemasa”, mTvaris xvewnasa: cxra mTas iqiT erTi ubeduri
poetia, romelsac Sens gamo ,,oxvris kvamli” Tvalebsa
swvams da cremlsa adenso; ,,droa xelovnebam Tavi
daanebos ugemur RmeWasa da Tvalebis sresasa”.
amave poziciis gamoxatulebaa ilias SesaniSnavi
striqonebi, romlebic myinvarisa da Tergis Sedarebas
exeba – ,,aba rad minda misi dideba? qveynis yayani, qvey-
nis qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis avkargi mis maRal
Sublzed erT ZarRvsac ar atokebs.... ganzed damdgara,
miukarebelia. ar miyvars arc magisTana simaRle, arc
194
magisTana ganzed gadgoma, arc magisTana miukarebloba”
(,,mgzavris werilebi”).
sul sxvaa ,,TavzexelaRebuli, giJi, gadareuli,
Seupovari da daumonavi” mRvrie Tergi, romelSic ilia
adamianis ,,gaRviZebuli”, mRelvare cxovrebis saxes xe-
davs. Tergi, romelic ,,Savis kldis gulidan gadmomsk-
dari modis da mobRavis da abRavlebs Tavis gareSe-
mosa”, magram imiTaa kargi, rom ,,mousvenaria”, ,,moZraoba
da marto moZraoba aris, Cemo Tergo, qveynis Ronisa da
sicocxlis mimcemi”.
ramdenad Zlieri iyo ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi
cxovrebis aRiarebisa da misgan yovelgvari gandgomis
uarismyofeli ideebi, Cans, rogorc misi mRelvare cxov-
rebidan, agreTve, misi erT-erTi brwyinvale poeturi
nawarmoebidan, romelic zemoT damowmebuli sityvebidan
TiTqmis meoTxedi saukunis Semdeg daiwera. ,,gandegi-
lis” Seqmna adasturebs cxovrebidan gandgomis uaryo-
fis aqtualobas ilias SemoqmedebaSi da misi poziciis
Seuryevlobas problemisadmi.
cxovreba gandegilis senakSi mSvenieri qalis saxiT
iWreba da, Tu ilia WavWavaZe Sua saukuneebis litera-
turisa da azrovnebisTvis tipur siuJetsa da saxeebs
mimarTavs, aq misTvis problemis simZime cxovrebidan
gandgomaSia da ara maincdamainc siyvarulis grZnobis
niadagze warmoqmnil koliziaSi doqtriniT damZimebul
bersa da axalgazrda qals Soris.
amgvarad, cxovreba, masSi yofna, masSi moqmedeba,
misi gardaqmna da gaumjobeseba, ilias mixedviT, adamia-
nuri arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani da amocanaa.
cxovreba, ilias mixedviT, rTuli movlenaa, cocxa-
li organizmia, adamianTa sazogadoebaa, romelic gar-
kveuli kanonzomierebiT arsebobs da viTardeba. erT-
erT werilSi (1892 w.), romelic qarTul literaturas
exeba, ilia wers cxovrebis ,,orkeca” mdinarebaze da mis
195
,,or Stoze”, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ,,buneb-
riv” mdgomareobasa da arsebaze. ori Sto, ilias sity-
viT, cxovrebis or mxares – ,,moazre” da ,,mosaqme” cxov-
rebas gamoxatavs da, misive ganmartebiT, am gamoTqmebSi
,,ideuri” da ,,praqtikuli” cxovreba igulisxmeba.32 maT
Soris ganuyreli kavSiri, organuli erTianobaa –
,,TviT azric sxva ara aris ra garda imisa, rom saqmea
jer ganuxorcielebeli, da saqmec – azria, ukve ganxor-
cielebuli”33.
imave xanebSi ilia werda: ,,dRes TiToeuli Cvengani
hgrZnobs, rom aqamomde miviwyebuls ekonomiur mxares
Cvenis cxovrebisas pirveli adgili unda daeTmos sxva
sazrunavTa Soris; rom ekonomiuri cxovrebis moedanze
unda veZioT done Cvenis gaZlierebisa, tanSi gamarT-
visa”34. magram ekonomiuri faqtorisa da ideologiuri
cxovrebis mimarTebis sakiTxi aRar gauRrmavebia da
pasuxi am kiTxvaze ilias ar moupovebia SeiZleba imis
gamoc, rom, rac Tqva, savsebiT sakmarisad miiCnia da
misi gaRrmaveba aucileblad ar eCveneboda.
ilias saboloo SexedulebiT, cxovrebis ideuri da
praqtikuli mxareebi urTierTzemoqmedeben da ,,ise arian
erTmaneTze damokidebulni, rom xan erTia meorisagan
warmodgenili, xan meore - pirvelisagan”35. anda ,,qveyana,
romelsac an erTi aklia, an, meore, calfexa kacsa
hgavs.... qveyana verasa gaxdeba, Tu Tavisi warmatebis sa-
yevarSi es ori uRladi, yovelT-SemZlebeli Zal-Rone
ar eyoleba Sebmuli, erTad da ganuyrelad”.
cxovreba amgvarad gagebuli da gaazrebuli “TviTr-
julia” im mniSvnelobiT, rom is ,,TviTon.... aRmoSobavs
xolme TavisaTvis wessa, gansazRvravs xolme Tavis
sjulsa da kanonsa”36. yoveli axali movlena, an, ro-
gorc ilia wers, yoveli axali “saWiroeba cxovrebidan
warmodgeba” da gamoTqvams SesaniSnav azrs – ,,Tu
196
cxovrebas ar unda, verafers ver miamynobT ise, rom im
namynobma ixeiros da nayofi moitanos”37.
cxovrebis ideur mxareSi ilia WavWavaZe ZiriTadad
xelovnebasa da mecnierebas gulisxmobs. adamianuri
moRvaweobis es orive dargi ,,cxovrebis Zirze” amosuli
Stoebia, romlebic isxamen nayofs da ,,iseve miwas
gadmoscemen”. analogiuria mecnierebisa da xelovnebis,-
romlebic ilias miaCnia ,,sakvirvel salarod kacis
gonebisa,” – mimarTeba cxovrebisadmi. orive maTgani aq-
tiur zemoqmedebas axdens cxovrebaze da warmoadgens
,,cxovrebis gasamjobinebel” saSualebas. gansxvaveba maT
Soris gansazRvrulia, rogorc dRes vityodiT,
cxovrebis asaxvis formebiT. mecniereba cxovrebis
gacnobiereba da ,,cnobaSi moyvanaa”, xelovneba saxeebiT
azrovnebaa da ideis ,,saxeSi ganxorcielebas” warmoad-
gens. misi dargebi – musika, mxatvroba da poezia – ,,sa-
xeSi gamoTqvaven ideas” da ,,ganiyofebian” erTmaneTi-
sagan imiT, rom ideas ,,sxvadasxva masaliT” gamoTqvamen:
musika – bgeriT (,,xmiT”), mxatvroba – ,,xaziT” da poezia
– sityviT.
mecniereba, rogorc ,,zogadi kanonebis” da ,,gamoc-
nobili WeSmaritebis” erToblioba, iZleva ,,cxovrebis
axsnasa da gagebas”, ,,pirdapir pasuxs” wamoWril kiTx-
vaze. xelovnebas ,,sarkesaviT gadmoaqvs” da ,,momxiblavi
kalmiT cocxlad” warmoadgens mas. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, ilia gmobs iseT xelovnebas, romelic oxv-
rasa da ,,ugemur RmeWas” warmoadgens; xelovnebis maRa-
li daniSnuleba isaa, rom SeZlos ,,Cavides cxovrebis
mdinaris ZirSi” da ,,iq monaxos Sig-mdebare azri Tavisi
cxoveli suraTebisaTvis”.
cxovrebis gaumjobesebisa da gardaqmnis idea or
wanamZRvarzea dafuZnebuli – cxovrebis mudmiv ganviTa-
rebasa da cvalebadobaze, pirovnebis aqtiur rolze
sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da mis ganviTarebaSi. zemoT
197
aRniSnuli iyo, rom, ilias mixedviT ,,moZraoba da
marto moZraoba aris.... qveynis Ronisa da sicocxlis
mimcemi”. ,,yoveli kaci, _ vkiTxulobT iqve, _ romelsac
ki Tvalebzed Camofarebuli ara aqvs ra, xedavs, rom
cxovreba, rac guSin iyo, dRes aRar aris, rom igi
icvleba, midis win da moaqvs ganaxleba yovelivesi”.
cxovreba mudmivi wrebrunvaa, is izrdeba, ,,rogorc
yoveli mzardi”, ,,hyvavis, moaqvs nayofi da mere Wkneba”,
magram es Wknoba ar niSnavs mospobasa da sikvdils.
Teslze axali, ,,nedli cxovreba” amodis, romelic isev
axal wesze unda wavides. amaSia ukvdaveba, adamianuri
arsebobis maradiuloba.
icvleba yvelaferi da, maT Soris, TviT adamiani,
misi wesebi, Cveulebebi, azrebi, grZnobebi, ena, rogorc
gamomxatveli sulis yovelgvari moZraobisa da a. S.
icvleba sazogadoebrivi Sexedulebanic: ,,rac adamians
hgonebia daurRvevel WeSmaritebad, risTvisac ucia pa-
tivi, rogorc moucilebeli WeSmaritebisaTvis, xSirad
xdeba xolme, rom is dRes gauTlel Secdomad migvaC-
nia”.
ilia optimisturad ganwyobili moazrovnea; mas
sjera da swams ukeTesi momavlis, fiqrobs, rom sazoga-
doebrivi cxovreba progresis, winsvlis gziT viTardeba
da did warmatebas aRwevs. erT-erT werilSi, romelic
qarTveli xalxosnis, ivane jabadaris, ruseTSi
gamoqveynebuli da erovnuli nihilizmiT gamsWvaluli
statiebis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli, ilia werda:
,,progresio, - ambobs filosofosi bekoni, - aris
gauTavebeli Sors gadadgma ar-SesaZlebelis
sazRvrebisao. marTalic aris”38. bekonis sityvebis
aRiarebisTvis ilias safuZvels aZlevs XIX saukuneSi
momxdari cvlilebebi, didi progresi, romelsac
kacobriobam miaRwia am saukuneSi, rogorc warsulis
amocnobis, agreTve, momavlis ganWvretis TvalsazrisiT.
198
sayuradReboa, rom ilia kritikulad afasebs Sexe-
dulebebs, romlebic cxovrebis ganviTarebis asaxsne-
lad gare-faqtorebs mimarTaven da misi winsvlis mize-
zad geografiuli garemo miaCniaT. geografiuli faq-
toris mniSvneloba da, saxeldobr, monteskies Sexedu-
lebani saqarTveloSi XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan
iyo cnobili. XIX saukunis qarTul azrovnebaSi amgvari
Sexedulebebi kvlav vrceldeba da sakiTxi aqtualuri
xdeba.
Tavisi cnobili politikur-ekonomikuri narkvevis –
,,cxovreba da kanoni” pirvel werilSi ilia werda:
,,bunebam, rac unda simdidriT morTos romelime mxare,
anu qveyana, rac unda mTeli hava misces adamians sac-
xovreblad da nayofieri miwa sazrdoebisaTvis”, sakmar-
isi piroba araa ,,xalxTa keTildReobisaTvis”. mTavari
adamianis cxovrebaSi ,,kacTa Soris keTilad dadgenili
da cxadad gansazRvruli.... urTierTSorisi movaleo-
baa”, rogorc sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris, agreTve,
politikur da ekonomikur dawesebulebaTa Soris. ori
eris – mkacri bunebis pirobebSi mcxovrebi Sotlandie-
lebisa da saukeTeso bunebriv pirobebSi myofi sparse-
lebis _ Sedarebis safuZvelze ilias gamoaqvs Tavisi
daskvnebi. Sotlandiels ,,gars axvevia guldaxuruli,
Raribi buneba”. didi Sroma, mZime, ,,TavgadadebiT da
TavgamometebiT” brZolaa saWiro, rom saarsebo saSua-
lebebi moipovos; sparselisaTvis ,,beds Semoufarglavs
saukeTeso qveyana kacTa sacxovreblad”. magram pirveli
ufro “bednieria da kmayofili”, ,,Tavmomwonea, gambedavi,
Tavisufali.... guldaguli”, meore – ,,sasowarkveTili”
da uimedobiT moculi39.
ufro mniSvnelovania ilias Sexedulebani, romlebic
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da azrovnebis ganviTarebis
Sinagan mizezebs exaba.
199
statiaSi “uarmyofeloba CvenSi” (1888 w.) ilia Wav-
WavaZe wers sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis erT-erT mimar-
Tulebaze, romelic nihilizmis saxelwodebiT aris
cnobili, ruseTSi 50-60-ian wlebSi aRmocenda da Semdeg
garkveul fenebs Soris saqarTveloSic moipova gavr-
celeba.
es statia imdenadaa sayuradRebo, ramdenadac ilia
am mimarTulebas zogadi TvalsazrisiT ixilavs, uar-
yofa ainteresebs, rogorc “myofobisa da ar myofobis”
problema da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da azrovnebis
ganviTarebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
,,uarmyofelobis” mimdinareobaSi uaryofis calmxrivi,
abstraqtuli gagebis sawinaaRmdegod, ilia fiqrobs,
rom ,,aras” mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac raimes
uaryofa hoyofasa da dadgenasTan aris erTianobaSi.
,,aras” mxolod maSin aqvs mniSvneloba, rodesac ,,marto
,,ara” ki ar moqmedebs, ,,ho”-sac iseTive Rvawli miuZRvis,
rogorc ,,arasa”40.
mxolod am gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “mTeli
istoria kacobriobisa yovel-gvars sferoSi, saca-ki
adamians warmatebis Zlevamosileba miuZRvis da ar
miuZRvis, sxva ara aris-ra, garda gauTavebelis Widili-
sa ,,hosa da aras” Soris”; ,,hosa da aras Soris Widilia
erTad-erTi gza WeSmaritebis aRmoCenisa da povnisa”.
yovelive, risTvisac kacobriobas miuRwevia WeSmarite-
bis Ziebisa Tu moqmedebisa da saqmis gzaze, adamianis
gonebis gankargebisa, gaZlierebisa da warmatebis, Tu
,,cxovrebis.... ganwyobisa da garigebis” sferoSi, - ,,ho-
araobis Widilsa da qarcecxlSia gamotarebuli”41.
amgvari gagebiT da mxolod amgvari gagebiT iyo
sqolastika ,,gonebis Tavisuflad msjelobis” uaryofa,
raSic ilia antikurobas gulisxmobs; ,,epoqa ganaxle-
bisa”, raSic renesansisa da reformaciis epoqa
igulisxmeba _ sqolastikis uaryofa iyo. mTavari isaa,
200
rom, ilias mixedviT, TiToeuli am epoqaTagani uarmyo-
felic iyo da homyofelic (,,erTsaca da meoresac
erTsa da imave dros Tavisi ho hqonda”) da amaSia
cxovrebis ganviTarebaSi uaryofis didi azri: “uaryofa
calke, hosTan ar-dapirispirebuli, ar-SeWidebuli, ise-
ve, rogorc ,,ho” ,,aras” gareSe, uZlurni arian WeSmari-
tebis dadgenis gareSe”42.
iliasTvis pirovneba moazrovne da moqmedi subieq-
tia; azrovneba da moqmedeba ganuyrelia da mxolod
erT mTlianobaSi warmoadgens pirovnebis arsebiT
Taviseburebas. adamiani Sig cxovrebaSi dgas, misi ,,swav-
la da gamocdileba” cxovrebasTan mWidro kavSirSi
viTardeba da yovelTvis moqmedebasTan aris dakavSire-
buli. visac surs curva iswavlos, aucileblad unda
Sevides wyalSi, visac surs gza gaiaros, aucileblad
unda gamovides Sinidan gareT.
rogorc vnaxeT, ilias mixedviT, TviTon cxovreba
qmnis Tavis kanonzomierebas; ,,gansazRvravs xolme Tavis
rjulsa da kanonsa”. es niSnavs, rom pirovnebis moqme-
deba determinirebulia cxovrebaSi da amasTan dakav-
SirebiT werda ilia: “RmerTma gvixsnas im suleluri
TamaSobisagan, romelica fiqrobs gadaasxvaferos cxov-
reba Taviseburad. Cven ise ar gavbriyvdebiT, rom Cven
sakuTar wesze movindomoT cxovrebis gatareba”. ilias-
Tvis, rogorc is 1862 wels erT daumTavrebel werilSi
werda, miuRebelia ,,ciskris” furclebze gamoqveynebuli
Sexedulebani, rom ,,garegani buneba” rbilia sanTeli-
viT da adamiani masze imas gamosaxavs, ,,rac TviTon
ugrZvnia da ara imas, rac TviT bunebaSia, rogorc
aucilebeli Tviseba misi”.
meore mxriv, oTaraanT qvrivis sityviT, ,,RmerTma
adamiani gaaCina da ubrZana: wadi Sens Tavs mouareo; Sen
ici da Senma wuTisofelmao; rac wagekidos, Seni brali
iqneba, me nuras damabralebo”. amgvari Sexeduleba ne-
201
bisyofis garkveul Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs da
gasagebsa xdis im rols, romelic iliam mecnierebas,
xelovnebas, eTikas da saerTod pirovnebas miuCnia.
cnobierebis cxovrebasTan mimarTebis rTuli da
saukunovani sakiTxi, kerZod, pirovnebis rolisa sazoga-
doebaSi yovelTvis mtkivneuli iyo; man gansakuTrebuli
xasiaTi miiRo XIX saukunis azrovnebasa da qarTveli
xalxosnebisa da ruseTis narodnikebis subieqtivistu-
rad da voluntaristulad ganwyobil moZraobaSi. unda
iTqvas, rom iliam Zalian kargad gaigo sakiTxis sir-
Tule, SeiZleba iTqvas, winaswar gansWvrita misi
simwvave da SesaniSnavad gadawyvita pirovnebis rolis
sakiTxi istoriaSi jer kidev TiTqmis saukunenaxevaris
win da ufro adre, vidre narodnikebis Sexedulebani
marqsistuli kritikis sagani gaxdeboda.
cxovreba TviTrjulia, magram adamianebic cxovrebis
Svilebi arian da did pirovnebebs, romlebsac ilia
,,gmirebs, saxelovan kacebs, didebul moRvaweebs” uwo-
debs, cxovreba da misi ,,SemoqmedebiTi” Zalebi badeben.
cxovrebis talRa, werda ilia Tavis SesaniSnav weril-
Si “saqarTvelos moambezed” (1863 w.), imdenad Zlieria
da ,,Cveulebrivi kaci” imdenad susti, rom ar SeiZleba
am talRam is ,,Tan ar waiyolios”. magram did pirov-
nebas SeuZlian Tavisi mkerdiT ,,gaapos da Semusros” es
talRa, Tavisi ,,SorsmxedvelobiT” daeuflos droebas,
,,guluSiSrad” wavides win, Tavisi WkuiT gaunaTos
xalxs gza.43
ilias azriT, nuravin nu ifiqrebs, ,,viTomc geniosi
cidam iyos Camosuli”. geniosic Tavisi drois nayofia.
arc erTi geniosi axals arafers ambobs, is “mxolod
gvixsnis imas, rac TiTon cxovrebas amouriyavs Tavis
mdinarebaSi, rac Tavis daudgromel duRilSi moudgia
zedapirzeda”. didi pirovneba imiT gansxvadeba sxvebisa-
gan, rom “Tavisi Zlieri mxrebiT amoitans, amozidavs
202
xolme imas, rac TviTon cxovrebaSia, e. i. cxovrebis
Sig-mdebaresa”. am SigmdebareSia cxovrebis awymoc da
misi momavalic, an, ilias sityviT rom vTqvaT, “mTeli
awmyo Tavis droebisa da Teslic momavlisa”44.
mniSvnelovani da, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadamwyveti
roli adamianis moqmedebasa da cxovrebis gardaqmnaSi,
ilias azriT, zneobriv sawyiss ekuTvnis.
qveynis imdroindeli mdgomareoba muq ferebSia gad-
mocemuli ilias nawerebSi. arc didsa da arc pataras,
vkiTxulobT ,,aCrdilSi”,- sadac ,,Sromis axsnis” prob-
lemaa dasmuli, ,,qveynis tkiviliT ar stkiva guli”, ar
axsovs, rom cas adamianebisTvis mxolod ,,mamuli” mou-
cia sazrunavad da safiqrelad. yvela undoblobiTa da
SuriTaa ganwyobili erTmaneTisadmi.
striqonebi, romlebic socialur usamarTlobas exe-
ba (,,ager ufali da misi mona”!) emociuradaa datvirTu-
li, - laparakia “batonis qva gulze”, Seubraleblobaze;
daxatulia socialur fenaTa urTierTobis mZime sura-
Ti. naTqvamia, rom ,,Sromis Svils” awevs kisrad ,,mZime
uReli qveynis codvisa” da a.S., magram, amgvari viTare-
bis miuxedavad, ilia gamsWvalulia optimizmiT da mtki-
ce rwmeniT:
,,Sromisa axsna – eg aris tvirTi
Zleva mosilis am saukunis!”
momaval cxovrebaSi, sadac ilia WavWavaZis rwmeniT,
orive amocana unda gadawydes, - erovnulic da socia-
luric, parizis komunis mowodeba – ,,Zmoba, erToba,
Tavisufleba” – uqmi sityvebi aRar iqneba, wers ilia.
momavali cxovreba ilias esaxeba, rogorc zneobriv Ri-
rebulebaTa ganxorcieleba, sadac ,,kacTmoyvareoba da
saTnoeba” eklis gvirgviniT aRar ivlian, maSvrali
,,gankacdeba” da moipovebs warTmeul Rirsebasa da niWs;
adamiani amaRldeba, magram ise, rom ,,sxvas Zirs ar
dascems” da ar daimonebs.
203
sikeTis rwmena sruli garkveulobiT gasdevs qar-
Tul azrovnebas, dawyebuli xalxuri TviTSegnebiT da
damTavrebuli Cveni dRevandeli mwerlobiT. sikeTis
borotebaze gamarjvebis ideam brwyinvale gansaxiereba
,,vefxistyaosanSi” moipova, magram ucxo ar yofila
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva formebisaTvisac. es
idea vlindeba Zvel qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSic
da filosofiaSic, romelic rusTavelis epoqis saqarT-
veloSi renesansuli da humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis
Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgenda.
sikeTis idea, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis da
misi gardaqmnis zneobrivi safuZveli, asaxulia ilias
mTel SemoqmedebaSi, magram gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
imsaxurebs am mxriv ,,oTaraanT qvrivi”, SesaniSnavi
nawarmoebi, romelic mxatvruli Semoqmedebis msoflio
Sedevrebis doneze dgas. ,,oTaraanT qvrivi” rTuli
nawarmoebia da SeiZleba zogierT sakiTxSi davas da
azrTa sxvadaxvaobasac iwvevdes, mgram ,,Catexili xidis”
problema sikeTisa da borotebis zogadi problemis
sibrtyeSi dgas da misi daZlevis, misi ,,gamrTelebis”
safuZvels zneobrivi sawyisi warmoadgens.
,,oTaraanT qvrivSi” xalxis wiaRidan gamosuli da am
wiaRSi Camoyalibebuli xasiaTis gansaxierebuli mxatv-
ruli saxe mkveTrad gamoxatuli individualobaa. sxve-
bisgan gansxvavebuli, gansakuTrebuli da xSirad
maTTan dapirispirebuli esaa pirovneba. mis moqmedebas
yovelTvis didi gulisa da didi gonebis kvali amCnevia
da amitom gaugebaria im garemoSi, romelSic cxovrobs
da moqmedebs. mxolod brZenisa da didi gulisTvis
SeiZleba iyos damaxasiaTebeli ,,pilpil moyrili mad-
li” – sikeTe, romelsac is axorcielebs, magram ise,
rom adamiani darCes Tavis Tavze mzrunvelad da saku-
Tari cxovrebis sakuTari moqmedebiT warmmarTvel
pirovnebad.
204
,, _ rao, oTaraanT qvrivo, gemarTa magisi, Tu ra
aris? – hkiTxa qosmansaviT gaTxvirulma meqalamnem,
romlisganac oTaraanT qvrivma saqalamne tyavi SeiZina,
rom maTxovrisaTvis mieca.”
,, _ maS ara-da, magis Tavis mzem, Cems Tavs davakleb-
di da magis qalamanSi mivcemdi, - icrua oTaraanT
qvrivma”.
magram tragedia, romelic oTaraanT qvrivis garSemo
datrialda da es Zlieri pirovneba gaanadgura, _ sazo-
gadoebis maRal fenebTan dapirispirebiT aris gamowveu-
li da amaSia misi simwvave. erT mxares arian oTaraanT
qvrivi da giorgi, meore mxares – arCili da keso.
tragikuli faqti iyo saWiro, rom arCilis gulSi
mTeli gadatrialeba momxdariyo da cxovrebiseuli
sibrZne wignebSi ki ara, uSualod cocxal sinamdvi-
leSi eZebna; sinamdvileSi, romlisganac arCilic da
kesoc gaTiSulni arian.
,, ... ukadrisobad migvaCnia Wkua uwigno tyapuW-qveSac
vigulvoT, Cven vTakilobT da ara gvjera, rom yvela
gonieri kaci igive wignia. yvela gonieri kaci, Tundac
uwignoc, zogjer mwignobarisaTvisac ki ostatia”. tra-
gikuli SemTxveva iyo saWiro, rom arCils uSualod
ganecada cxovreba da gaecnobierebina ufskruli socia-
lur fenebs Soris:
,, _ Cveni keTili ara swamT, ara sjeraT, erTica da
meorec Cvengan ukvirT, eucxovebaT.... Cven vina da isini
vin! ori sxva da sxva qveyanaa, Sori Sorsa varT.... guli
guls veRar migvikarebia, veRar migvixvedrebia. da rad
unda gvikvirdes, rom erTmaneTisa aRara gvesmis ra!”
undobloba da erTmaneTis gaugebroba msWvalavs
gaRma-gamoRma mdgar socialur fenebs, radgan darRveu-
lia maT Soris uSualo kavSiri da maT Sua, rogorc
ilia wers, dgas mxolod ,,brtyeli ena mwignobarisa” da
,,xarbi xeli gaumaZRarisa”. es ki uvargisi ,,mociqulebi”
205
arian adamianTa Soris adamianuri urTierTobis damya-
rebisTvis.
,,oTaraanT qvrivSi” didi damajerebelobiTaa war-
modgenili socialur fenaTa Soris ufskruli da es
dadasturebulia ilia WavWavaZis mTeli SemoqmedebiT.
ufro mniSvnelovania ilias Sexedulebani im gzebis
Sesaxeb, romelTa meSveobiTac unda iqnes igi gadala-
xuli. aq iliasTan dgeba zneobrivi faqtorisa da misi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxi:
,,_ maS, giorgis ar SeirTavdi? _ hkiTxa uecrad
arCilma...
_ ar miyvarda da imitom.
_ Cveni vaic magaSia; sCans CvenTvis wigni sxva
yofila da saqme sxva. ar giyvarda imave mizeziT, ra
mizeziTac ar SeirTavdi: glexkaci iyo. sad aris aq
,,Tayvanis cema Rirsebisa”, romelic Cven ase mogvwonda?
wignSia da ara saqmeSi, enazea da ara gulSi”. kesos
Tvalebi cremlebiT aevseba da dialogi da-Zmas Soris
zneobrivi kaTarsis simaRlemde adis. am kaTarsisSi un-
da veZioT, ilias mixedviT, ufskrulis amovsebisa da
,,Catexili xidis” gamTelebis gzebi. SeiZleba zedmeti
ar iyos gavixsenoT, rom tragediis mniSvnelobas da
mizans aristotele swored kaTarsisSi xedavda.
,, _ Seni tirili mixarian – mimarTavs arCili kesos,
_ mec vitirebdi, rom marto ukan-Ra viyurebode, ro-
gorc exla Sen”.
da Tu arCili ukan ar ixedeba, imitom rom ,,iq, ukan
bnela.... Ramea” da da-Zmis Sexedulebis mixedviT – ,,xi-
dia Catexili, xidi”!
,,Catexili xidi” misi gamTelebis amocanis winaSe
ayanebs avtorsac, mis gmirebsac da moiTxovs gadau-
debel pasuxs.
206
,,_ arCil, win raRaa, win! – SehbRavla uecrad kesom
da orsave xelis TiTebi erTmaneTSi Caiwna da fSvneta
da mtvreva daiwyo”.
pasuxi am kiTxvaze exeba XIX saukunis mwvave prob-
lemas da amave dros naTels hfens ilia WavWavaZis
mTel cxovrebasa da moRvaweobas, mis pozicias, proble-
mis daZlevis safuZvels da amosaval zneobriv sawyi-
sebs.
win ,,eg cremliani codnaa”, romelic ,,ukana swvavs,
wina hnamavs da amwvanebs”, romelic ,,gabevrdeba, mdinare
wylad iqceva da mTels tivs miitans, rom Cvens Soris
Catexili xidi gaamTelos da egre orsav napirs gaaer-
Tianebs”. eg ,,cremliani codna, codniani cremli” aris
“Suqi winasi” da ,,dasawyisi ganTiadisa”.
ilia WavWavaZe 1906 wlis aprilSi airCies saxel-
mwifo sabWos wevrad. swored am wels moxda didi xnis
daarsebul saxelmwifo organoSi mniSvnelovani cvli-
lebebi, miiRo umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo uflebebi. Tum-
ca umaRlesi xelisufleba mefis kuTvnilebad darCa,
magram saxelmwifo sabWoSi moRvaweoba mainc iZleoda
saSualebas sazogadoebisa da xalxisTvis mniSvnelo-
vani kanonmdeblobis winadadebisTvis.
aq, peterburgSi gaisma ilias mZlavri xma 1905 wlis
revoluciis Semdgomi droisa da, rogorc ilia ambob-
da, ,,Cveni xalxis cxovrebis jojoxeTad gardaqmnis”
Taobaze: ,,saxelmwifo sabWoSi, - ganucxada iliam ko-
respondentebs, - me amomirCia Tavadaznaurobam. es imas
ar niSnavs, rom sabWoSi me marto TavadaznaurobaTa
saWiroebebze vilaparakeb. Tu amas hfiqroben zogni
Cemni amomrCevelni, es didi Secdomaa”45.
ilia sicocxlis bolomde rCeba erTguli axalgazr-
dobidanve naTlad gamokveTili rwmenisa – marad da
yvelgan, saqarTvelov, me var SenTana - da es arc
saxelmwifo sabWoSi muSaobis dros aviwydeba: ,,sabWoSi
207
mTel saqarTvelos da qarTvelTa interesebis damcveli
viqnebi. saerTo kiTxvebsac Sevwirav Cems Rones”.
mravalferovan moRvaweobis gverdiT saxelmwifo
sabWos saxiT ilias sikeTisa da maRali zneobrivi idea-
lebis ganxorcielebaze zrunvis saSualebac mieca.
saxelmwifo sabWos wevrTa Soris igi iyo pirvelTagani,
romelmac waradgina moxseneba sikvdiliT dasjis kano-
nis gauqmebis Sesaxeb. gamoCenili rusi mecnieri maqsime
kovalevski, romelic imave wels airCies saxelmwifo
sabWos wevrad, ilia WavWavaZis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil
krebaze ambobda: ,,Cven SevikribeT, raTa pativi vceT
didi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri moRvawis xsovnas”.
ilias moRvaweobis sxva mxareebTan erTad m. kovalevski
aRniSnavda imasac, rom ilia ekuTvnoda sabWos mcire-
ricxovan wevrTa ricxvs, romelic moiTxovda farTo
agrarul reformas da glexTa miwismflobelobis
gafarToebas da imasac, rom iliam mxari dauWira sab-
WoSi sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebas. n. bolqvaZe, romelic
am dros peterburgSi korespondentad muSaobda da
saxelmwifo sabWos sxdomebs eswreboda, werda: saxel-
mwifo sabWoSi ,,sikvdiliT dasjis mospobis Sesaxeb
vrceli moxsenebis Sedgena iliam ikisra”. ilias Tana-
medroveni da misi saxelmwifo sabWos TanamoRvaweni
gadmoqvcemen, rom progresuli politikuri RonisZiebe-
bis ganxorcielebisTvis brZolaSi ilia yovelTvis
umciresobaSi imyofeboda.
pavle ingoroyva werda: ,,ilias kargad esmoda, rom
misi sityva sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg darCeboda
,,xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa Sina”, _ da asec moxda, –
ilia umciresobaSi aRmoCnda am SemTxvevaSic. magram
ilias mTeli moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo sikeTis gan-
xorcielebisken, maRali zneobrivi idealebisken, rom-
lebic SeiZleba Sesustdes kidec garkveul pirobebsa
da drois calkeul monakveTebSi, SeiZleba gauCinardes
208
kidec, magram yvela pirobebSi rCeba maradiul Rirebu-
lebad da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da progresis
mamoZravebel Zalad.
$2. iakob gogebaSvili
XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris isto-
riaSi kuTvnil adgils imsaxurebs pedagogikis qarTve-
li klasikosi, saqarTveloSi pedagogiuri skolis
damfuZnebeli, iakob gogebaSvili /1840-1912/.
i. gogebaSvili i. WavWavaZis, a. wereTlis, n. nikola-
Zis da, saerTod, XIX saukunis meore naxevris progre-
sulad moazrovne qarTvel moRvaweTa Tanamedrove da
Tanamoazrea. misi Semoqmedeba, upirvelesad, mniSvnelo-
vania pedagogikis mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT, magram i.
gogebaSvilis mravalmxrivi Semoqmedeba safuZvels
iZleva, rom igi Seswavlili da Sefasebuli iqnas qar-
Tuli filosofiuri azris istoriis poziciidanac.
i. gogebaSvilis Semoqmedebaze saubrisas aucileb-
lad unda gaesvas xazi misi pirovnebis zneobriv mxares,
rac Cans mis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi. aq mxolod
pedagogikis sferoSi Seqmnili naSromebi ar igulisx-
meba, romlebSic umaRlesi humanizmi gamosWvivis da ro-
melTa avtoric msoflio pedagogikis doneze dgas.
humanizmi gamosWvivis mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi (mag.
,,iavnanam ra hqna”), publicistur werilebSi, polemikur
gamosvlebSi (mag., misi polemika zaqaria faliaSvilTan).
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriis Tvalsazri-
siT, i. gogebaSvilis Semoqmedebis is nawilia sayurad-
Rebo, sadac misi gansjis sagania qveynis istoria, misi
av-kargi da gansakuTrebiT ki misi mosazrebebi mSob-
liuri enis rolze erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Camoya-
209
libebaSi. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. gogebaSvilis
pozicias mSobliuri enis rolze, eris saerTo gan-
wyobisa da pirovnebis formirebaze dResac ar daukar-
gavs mniSvneloba.
i. gogebaSvili erovnuli TviTcnobierebis Camoyali-
bebaSi mSobliuri enis gadamwyvet rols exeba ara
mxolod specialur naSromSi (mag. ,,burji erovnebisa”),
aramed sxva statiebSic, magaliTad, batonymobis gauqme-
baze kritikuli gamosvlisas, vostorgovis proeqtis
kritikisas, saqarTvelos warsulsa da awmyoze msjelo-
bisas da a.S.
saqarTveloSi batonymobis gauqmebaze i. gogebaSvil-
ma saintereso paraleli gaakeTa ruseTis sinamdvilesa
da saqarTvelos Soris. kerZod, misi aRniSvniT, ruseTSi
arsebobda mudmivi jari, romelic batonebs icavda gle-
xebisgan. saqarTveloSi mudmivi jari ar yofila da
bunebrivia mravalricxovani glexebisgan damcavi meqa-
nizmic ar arsebobda. amitomac batonsa da glexs Soris
,,xaTri-jamaTiani” damokidebuleba iyo46.
mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma saqarTvelo SeierTa, viTa-
reba CvenSic Seicvala. kerZod, ruseTis jarma saqarTve-
loSic imave funqciis Sesruleba daiwyo, rasac manamde
ruseTSi asrulebda. Tuki damoukideblobis dros qarT-
vel Tavadsa da glexs xelSi iaraRi ekavaT, ruseTis
Semosvlis Semdeg qveynis usafrTxoeba garantirebuli
gaxda da glexma Tof-iaraRs xeli gauSva, xolo Tava-
daznauroba gancxromas mieca, daiwyo mamulebis dagi-
raveba, Semdeg gayidva da a.S.47 yovelive amis safu-
Zvelze, rogorc SeniSnavs i. gogebaSvili, TandaTa-
nobiT gaqra qarTvel batonsa da ymas Soris adrindeli
,,xaTri-jamaTiani” damokidebuleba.
aseve, sayuradReboa i. gogebaSvilis statia “erov-
nuli Savi Wiri imier da amier saqarTveloSi”, sadac
saubaria mSobliur enaze saRvTo rjulis swavlebis
210
aucileblobaze. es, i. gogebaSvilis azriT, ganpirobe-
bulia im garemoebiT, rom mSobliur enaze saRvTo
rjulis swavleba bavSvs religiur grZnobas unergavs.
,,religia sferoa grZnobisa da grZnoba ki mxolod
dedaenaze SeiZleba Cainergos, ganviTardes da gaZ-
lierdes”48, aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili.
sarwmunoebis principebs, i. gogebaSvilis azriT,
mozardi mSobliur enaze unda eziaros, radganac, jer-
erTi, gulwrfeli sarwmunoeba ucxo enaze ver gavr-
celdeba, rac kargad aCvenes mociqulebma. isini saxa-
rebas qadagebdnen ara mSobliur ebraul, aramed erov-
nul, ese igi, romel xalxSic vrceldeboda saxareba, im
xalxis enaze; meore: saRvTo rjulis swavleba
dedaenaze bavSvebs avarjiSebs metyvelebaSi, uRviZebs
interess kiTxvisadmi, saerTod, wignisadmi da a.S. mesame:
saRvTo rjuls mSobliur enaze aswavlian mSobliuri
eris Svilebi49.
i. gogebaSvilis am statiis daweris mizezi gaxda is
garemoeba, rom, rogorc dasavleT, ise aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi bavSvebs saRvTo rjuls rusul enaze
aswavlidnen. i. gogebaSvili am faqtiT didad Sewuxebu-
lia, rac mas eris gadagvarebis mauwyeblad miaCnia.
Tavis azrs igi Sesabamisi magaliTebiT amagrebs: bagra-
tionTa saxelovani gvaris gadagvareba da genialuri
berZeni eri, romelmac uRalata Tavis klasikur enas da
sabolood gadaSenda50. aqedan gamosavals igi inteli-
genciis aqtiurobaSi xedavs.
i. gogebaSvili aq ganxilul Temas agrZelebs weril-
Si – ,,xe nayofiT icnobebis”, sadac igi kategoriulad
im azrs atarebs, rom skola, gansakuTrebiT, saxalxo,
dedaenaze unda iyos dafuZnebuli ,,deda ena sulia
skolisa”51.
mSobliuri enis rolisa da mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs
i. gogebaSvili sagangebod Seexo da Rrmad, safuZvlia-
211
nad ganixila or naSromSi-,,rani viyaviT guSin” da,
gansakuTrebiT, ,,burji erovnebisa”-Si.
pirvel naSromSi i. gogebaSvili saubrobs saqarTve-
los istoriis sakvanZo sakiTxebze, batonisa da ymis
Tavisebur damokidebulebaze saqarTveloSi, Semdeg qvey-
nis bedis Carxis ukuRma datrialebasa da amiT gamow-
veul damangrevel Sedegebze.
saerTod, i. gogebaSvili yvelgan xazgasmiT saub-
robs qveynis damoukideblobis udides mniSvnelobaze
rogorc saero, ise sasuliero sferoSi. qveynis damou-
kideblobis dros saqarTveloSi mwyemsmTavrad ucxo
qveynis Svili ar ijda. es ki qarTvel sasuliero pirs
kaTolikosad aRsaydrebis perspeqtivas usaxavda, rac
Tavis mxriv, sasuliero pirTa keTilSobilursa da
spetak saqmianobas ganapirobebda52.
i. gogebaSvili paralels avlebs ruseTis mefis-
ekaterinesa da erekle mefis qmedebebs Soris. maSin,
roca rusTa dedofali manamde Tavisufal xalxebs
Tavis favoritebs urigebda, erekle mefem gankarguleba
gasca tyveobidan dabrunebuli glexebis ymobidan
ganTavisuflebaze. aq mTavaria i. gogebaSvilis daskvna,
romelSic kargad Cans avtoriseuli xedva im trage-
diisa, rac mohyva saqarTvelos damoukideblobis da-
kargvas, ,,es faqti, _ wers gogebaSvili, _ sruls sa-
buTs gvaZlevs, vTqvaT, rom, Tu Cveni istoriuli msvle-
loba Tavis nacionaluris kalapotidan ar gadavard-
niliyo, vin icis, iqneb baton-ymobis gauqmebas bevrad
adre moveswrebodiT samocdameoTxe weliwadzed da es
gauqmeba momxdariyo bevrad ufro sasargeblo safu-
Zvelzed”53.
Tu ras niSnavs i. gogebaSvilisTvis qveynisa da eris
damoukidebloba, kargad Cans amave nawarmoebSi, sadac
aRniSnulia, rom ruseTTan keTilSobiluri urTierTo-
ba aucilebelia, magram damoukidebloba ar unda
212
davkargoT, radganac Tu erma sruli damoukidebloba,
TviTmmarTveloba ar moipova, maSin ,,...usaTuod gamobir-
deba, gafuqsavatdeba, daecema, dahkargavs gonebisa da
zneobis Zalas, moakldeba Tavisufleba, dedul-mamu-
lidgan dajdeba calieri da gadaiqceva boganoTa naxi-
rad, romlis saxsenebelic ki, adre Tu gvian, amoifxv-
reba dedamiwis zurgidgan”54.
bevris mTqmelia nawarmoebis finali, sadac i. goge-
baSvili mraval eWvnarev kiTxvas svams. kerZod, is, rom
ruseTma Cveni qveynis usafrTxoeba uzrunvelyo, sasike-
Tod gamoviyeneT Tu visargebleT sasikeTod, Tu avayva-
veT Cveni ena, mecniereba, xalxs Soris, xalxsa da inte-
ligencias Soris kavSiri ganmtkicda Tu, piriqiT –
xalxi gavelurebis, xolo inteligencia gafuqsavatebis
gzas daadga?55
i. gogebaSvilis saboloo kiTxva aseTia: Cveni opti-
mistebis imedebi gamarTlda Tu gamarTlda patriotebis
SiSi, romelic nikoloz baraTaSvilmac Tavis poemaSi
solomon leoniZis piriT ganacxada?
i. gogebaSvili Tavis eWvnarev kiTxvebs aseve eWvnare-
vi kiTxviT – ,,rani varT dResa?” amTavrebs. Tuki nawar-
moebis saTaurSi gatanil kiTxvas – ,,rani viyaviT gu-
Sin?~ met-naklebad damaimedebeli pasuxi aqvs gacemuli,
xolo finaluri kiTxva – ,,rani varT dResa?” lakonu-
rad gamoxatavs im viTarebas, romelSic iyo XIX sau-
kunis miwurulis saqarTvelo. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gar-
kveuli politikuri xedvac aris da swored am kuTxiT
exmareba igi gansaxilveli epoqis qarTuli filosofiu-
ri azris istorias.
amave nawarmoebSi i. gogebaSvili exeba qarTuli enis
Rirsebebs, mis umaRles gamomxatvelobiT unarebs da
sisadaves: ,,simdidresa Cvenis enisa iyo imisTana, rom
TviT uRrmesni WeSmaritebani yovel gvar mecnierebisa
213
daubrkolebliv da yvelasaTvis gasagebad ixatebod-
nen”56.
adamianis cxovrebaSi mSobliuri enis rolsa da
mniSvnelobas i. gogebaSvilma miuZRvna specialuri naS-
romi – ,,burji erovnebisa”, romelic pirvelad 1890
wels gamoqveynda57 da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis nawar-
moebTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania qarTuli filo-
sofiuri azris istoriisTvis.
i. gogebaSvili CamoTvlis qarTuli enis Rirsebebs,
saxeldobr, gveubneba, rom Cveni mSobliuri ena iseve
srulyofilia, rogorc Cveni miwa-wyali da Cveni isto-
ria. i. gogebaSviliseul daxasiaTebaSi qarTuli ena
warmodgenilia im fenomenad, romelSic gamJRavnebulia
eris istoria Tavisi sixaruliTa da mwuxarebiT, masSi
daleqilia eris istoria, azrovneba, grZnoba da a.S.
,,qarTuli ena iseTive mravalferovania, rogorc aris
Cveni eris istoria, warsuli cxovreba, savse mraval-
gvaris moqmedebiTa, TvisebiTa, azrovnebiTa, grZnobiTa,
didi sixaruliTa, Zlieri mwuxarebiTa da romelic
warmoadgens imgvars Rrmas da dausrulebels dramas,
rom asi Seqspiric ver amoswuravda Ziramdis, erTi
rusuli mwerlis ar iyos”58. amasTan, igi Sewuxebulia
imiT, rom Cveni sazogadoebis maRalsa Tu dabal
fenebSi, ganaTlebulsa Tu gaunaTleblebSi, mSobliuri
ena abuCad aris agdebuli da xSirad masze arc
metyveleben.
i. gogebaSvilis fiqrisa da gansjis sagania dedaena-
ze aRzrdis mniSvneloba. mSobliuri ena adamians Zval-
sa da rbilSi aqvs gamjdari, mas fesvebi aqvs tvinSi,
nervebSi, mTels mis bunebaSi: ,,amasTan dedaena aris
Zvirfasi salaro, dausrulebeli rveuli, romelSiac
daculia mTeli simdidre xalxis gonebisa, fantaziisa
da gulisa, nafiqrisa, nagrZnobisa da namoqmedarisa da
romlis Seswavla bavSvs akavSirebs mTeli eris sulTan
214
da gulTan, mis xangrZliv istoriuli cxovrebasTan da
avsebs mas sulieris RoniT da mxneobiT”59.
i. gogebaSvili mSobliur enaze aRzrdisa da ganaT-
lebis miRebis mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis saCve-
neblad ucxo enebis swavlebas mimarTavs. misi azriT,
ucxo enaze aRzrda, sabolood raRac mTavars arTmevs
adamians. amasTan, viRacis mier ucxo enebis zedmiwevniT
kargad swavla ar niSnavs dedaenis rolis dakninebas.
rogorc uxelo adamianis mier fexebiT Sesrulebuli
moqmedeba ar amcirebs xelis rols, funqcias, aseve
unda iyos ucxo enis swavla da damokidebuleba
mSobliuri enisadmi.
i. gogebaSvili mSobliuri enis rols gansakuTre-
bul mniSvnelobas aniWebs sarwmunoebasTan mimarTebaSi.
am sferoSi mJRavndeba dedaenis arsi da mniSvneloba.
ufals mxolod mSobliur enaze unda mimarTo, radgan
TviT ufalia meufe Cveni gulisa, ,,mxolod deda-enazed
SeiZleba ilocos adamianma... diaR, mxolod dedaena
aris ena sulisa da gulisa, - yvela ucxo enani ki arian
enani mexsierebisa”60.
ucxo enaze aRzrda-ganaTlebis miRebis uaryofiT
mxares i. gogebaSvili xedavs imaSi, rom igi adamianSi
amdablebs da klavs mis unarebs, miT umetes, roca
adamiani samSoblodan wasulia. am uaryofiTi movlenis
i. gogebaSviliseuli axsna aris met-naklebad mniSvne-
lovani qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriisTvis.
kerZod, i. gogebaSvilis azriT, ucxo enaze aRzrda-ga-
naTlebis miRebiT gamowveuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi (una-
rebis daknineba, Cakvla, gadagvareba) adamianis agebule-
basa da metyvelebas Soris winaaRmdegobis mizezia (es
maSin, roca aRzrda-ganaTleba ucxo enaze xdeba). ada-
mianis agebulebaSi, rogorc es i. gogebaSvilis Sexe-
dulebebidan Cans, igulisxmeba is fiziko-fiziologiu-
ri Taviseburebani, riTac erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
215
sxvadasxva eris Svilebi. amasTan, adamianis aRniSnul
agebulebasTan mWidro kavSirSia mSobliuri ena, isini
rogorRac erTmaneTs ganapirobeben da gamomdinare aqe-
dan, gasagebi unda iyos, Tu ratom iwvevs adamianebis
unarebis daknineba-Cakvlas ucxo enaze aRzrda-ganaT-
lebis miReba. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom aq i. gogebaSvi-
li iziarebs uSinskis Tvalsazriss, romlis Tanaxmadac,
adamianis agebulebasTan kavSirSia misi mSobliuri ena
da amdenad, fesvebidan misi mowyveta uaryofiT Sedegebs
iZleva61.
SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos i. gogebaSvilis es mosaz-
rebebi, gansakuTrebiT misi kategoriuli msjeloba ada-
mianis fiziko-fiziologiur agebulebasa da masTan
mSobliuri enis aseT kavSirze, magram misi ZiriTadi
azri da daskvnebi, arsebiTad WeSmaritebasTan axlos
unda iyos. amis dasturad davimowmoT erTi adgili am
nawarmoebidan: ,,rodesac vaxuSti, ioseb samebeli da
maTni TanaSemweni, aRzrdilni da dasrulebulni erov-
nuls niadagze, ruseTSi nayofierad Sromobdnen qveyni-
saTvis, miuxedavad didis gaWirvebis, Rrma kvali
dastoves Cvens cxovrebaSi, axlandeli ruseTis qarTve-
lebi, im gadaxvewilTa Camomavalni, yovlad gamousade-
garni arian saqarTvelosTvisac da ruseTisTvisac”62.
aseT qarTvelebs i. gogebaSvili adarebs CrdiloeTSi
moyvanil kaxur vazs, romelic Tavis niadags mowyveti-
li tkbili aRar aris, mJave da wyalwyalaa.
i. gogebaSvili kategoriulad winaaRmdegia, rom
bavSvs erTbaSad ramdenime ena vaswavloT. am dros mas
xan erTi aviwydeba, xan meore, rac xels uSlis enis
SeTvisebas. ai ras ambobs igi amis Taobaze: ,,enis SeT-
visebis Seyenebas moucileblad mosdevs azrisa da
grZnobis Seferxeba da amitom am gvarad aRzrdilni
bavSvni ukan rCebian rogorc metyvelebaSi, ise azrovne-
baSi”63.
216
yoveli ena Taviseburad xasiaTdeba, rac misi geneti-
kuri warmomavlobiT aris ganpirobebuli. es problema
i. gogebaSvilma mTeli siRrmiT icis da roca am mimar-
TebiT qarTul enaze saubrobs, xazgasmiT aRniSnavs,
rom mSobliur enaze aRzrda-ganaTlebis upiratesobis
miniWebisas sagangebo SemTxveva gvaqvs qarTul enasTan
mimarTebaSi. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom qarTuli ena
miekuTvneba sul sxva ojaxs da arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
Turanuli da indo-evropuli enebis ojaxebisgan. amito-
mac, aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili, qarTul sinamdvileSi,
roca bavSvi aRzrda-ganaTlebas ucxo enaze miiRebs,
winaaRmdegoba ufro didia da es gamowveulia im arse-
biTi gansxvavebiT, rac qarTulsa da indo-evropul
enebs Soris aris64. Tu gavixsenebT, rom i. gogebaSvili
adamianis fiziko-fiziologiur agebulebasTan mSob-
liuri enis genetikur kavSirs aRiarebs, maSin ar iqneba
Zneli imis gageba, Tu ratom aris saziano qarTveli bav-
Svis aRzrda-ganaTlebis dawyeba romelime indo-evro-
puli eniT.
i. gogebaSvilis nawarmoebSi gansakuTrebiT unda ga-
moiyos misi Tvalsazrisi imis Taobaze, rom yovel enas
aqvs Taviseburi alRoianoba, ese igi, raRac mistikuri
unari. magaliTad, bavSvi iseT rames Txzavs, aRniSnavs i.
gogebaSvili, rac ar uswavlia, aravisgan gaugonia,
magram Seesabameba mSobliuri enis principebs. rogorc
xma _ sakravi instrumentidan, ise dedaena gamomdinare-
obs bavSvis bunebidan. i. gogebaSvilis azriT, – ,,bavSv-
Si Casaxulia dabadebidgan deda-ena, da mis garSemo
myofni Tavisianni ufro bebiis rols TamaSoben, vidre
maswavleblisas”65.
rogorc vxedavT, i. gogebaSvili enas, konkretulad,
mSobliur enas adamianis arsebasTan akavSirebs da mas
miiCnevs iseT fenomenad, romelic bavSvs Tan dahyveba
dabadebisTanave, rom ityvian, dedis rZesTan erTad.
217
swored amitomac, mSobliur enas ver Secvlis veraviTa-
ri ucxo ena, radganac igi bavSvis bunebidan ar gamom-
dinareobs.
i. gogebaSvilis mosazrebebSi sagangebod unda gamo-
iyos mis mier enis gayofa grZnobis (mSobliuri) da
mexsierebis (ucxo) enebad. misi azriT, ,,...bavSvi ucxo
enas swavlobs mxolod mexsierebaTa, ixsomebs yovels
sityvasa da frazas da mTlad moklebulia SeZlebas Se-
moqmedebiTi Zala amuSaos, alRo enisa avarjiSos da
ganaviTaros”66.
Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad i. gogebaSvili sani-
muSod ixilavs rusi literatorebis, kritikos belins-
kisa da mweral pleSCevis magaliTebs. belinski SesaniS-
navi kritikosi iyo, magram ucxo enebis swavlisadmi
midrekileba ar hqonia, ufro sworad, am unars mokle-
buli iyo. amis miuxedavad, am faqts araviTari gavlena
ar mouxdenia belinskize, rogorc literatorze. amis
sapirispiro magaliTia pleSCevis Semoqmedeba. mas,-
aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili,-aRzrda-ganaTleba frangulad
hqonda miRebuli da am enaze werda uxeiro moTxrobebs.
rac Seexeba leqss, pleSCevi mxolod rusul enaze
werda. yvelaferi amis mizezi ki, i. gogebaSvilis azriT,
iyo is, rom ucxo ena mexsierebis enaa, xolo mSobliuri
ena – grZnobis, leqsi ki grZnobiT iwereba. am leqsebma
ki, avad Tu kargad, pleSCevs, i. gogebaSvilis azriT,
mesame kategoriis rus poetebSi miuCina adgili67.
mSobliur enaze bavSvis aRzrda-ganaTleba sulac ar
niSnavs ucxo enebis swavlaze uaris Tqmas. piriqiT,
aRniSnavs i. gogebaSvili, es meore ukiduresoba iqnebo-
da. magram ucxo enis swavla mxolod mSobliuri enis
Seswavlis Semdeg unda moxdes68.
imis sailustraciod, Tu ra mimarTebiTa da Tana-
fardobiT unda iswavlebodes qarTuli, rusuli da
ucxo enebi, i. gogebaSvili aseT Sedarebas mimarTavs:
218
,,raTa taatiT ar iaros saqarTvelos erovnobis etlma,
ar gaCerdes erTs adgilas, saWiroa masSi SevabaT ZirSi
qarTuli ena da yevrad movubaT rusuli ena da sxva
enebi”69. mxolod am gziT ivlis Rirseulad Cveni erov-
nebis etli jerovani siswrafiT da miaRwevs daniSnul
adgilas, _ dasZens i. gogebaSvili.
Tu ra saSineleba mosdevs sakuTari enis upitivcem-
lobas, amis magaliTad i. gogebaSvils mohyavs slavebis,
ungrelebis, uelselebisa da sxvaTa magaliTebi. roca
am erebma uaryves mSobliuri ena da, Sesabamisad, upira-
tesoba mianiWes germanul, frangulsa da inglisur
enebs, amas maTi umecreba, dabriyveba da CarmorCena
mohyva. viTareba mxolod maSin Seicvala, roca es xal-
xebi gons moegnen da mSobliur enas jerovani yurad-
Reba miaqcies70.
qarTuli sinamdvilidan i. gogebaSvili ixsenebs did
mxedarTmTavars, petre bagrations da cnobil mecniers,
ivane TarxniSvils. misi azriT, petre bagrations Tav-
dapirvelad aRzrda-ganaTleba mSobliur enaze hqonda
miRebuli, Semdeg rusul enaze miiRo man samxedro
ganaTleba da swored amitomac iyo igi didi mxedarTm-
Tavari. rac Seexeba aseve cnobil pirovnebas da
gamoCenil mecniers, ivane TarxniSvils, marTalia, is
mTlad mowyvetili ar yofila mSobliur fesvebs da
didi mecnieric iyo, magram mas rom aRzrda-ganaTleba
srulad mieRo mSobliur enaze, maSin ufro mets miaR-
wevda71.
aqac SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos i. gogebaSvilis Sexedu-
lebebi, magram misi ZiriTadi azri saintereso da
angariSgasawevia.
i. gogebaSvili am nawarmoebSi dausaxeleblad akri-
tikebs qarTvel moRvaweebs (mag., niko mars), romelTac
erovnuli nihilizmi moeZalebaT maSin, roca sxvebi,
sxva qveynis Svilebi Cveni kulturis, kerZod, ,,vefxist-
219
yaosnis” Rirsebas xedaven. ucxoeli avtorebi Cveni
qveynis istoriaSi iseT movlenebs iZieben da maTSi iseT
momentebs aRmoaCenen xolme, rac sxva qveynebis isto-
riisTvis ucxoa. ra Tqma unda, aq i. gogebaSvils mxedve-
lobaSi aqvs dadebiTi momentebi Cveni eris da kul-
turis istoriaSi. Tavis mxriv, i. gogebaSvili miiCnevs,
rom Tuki Cven ,,mxned SevudgebiT Cvenis erovnobis
aRorZinebas, evropul ganaTlebas vadeninebiT erovnuls
milebSi, SevZlebT Taviseburi wvlili SevitanoT im di-
debul msoflio salaroSi, sadac ikribeba mTelis
kacobriobis Wkuis, gulis, fantaziis da xasiaTis nayo-
fi”72.
i. gogebaSvilis azriT, yoveli eri, kultura mniSv-
nelovania kacobriobisTvis da misi gaqroba gamouswo-
rebeli zianis momtani iqneba, ,,xolo eris gadagvareba
da gaqroba marto miss kerZo ubedurebas rodi Sead-
gens; igi namdvili danaklisia TviT kacobriobisTvisac,
romelsac amiT akldeba erTi Tavisi nawili, anu wevri,
uSreba erTi im wyaroTagani, romelnic avseben SeerTe-
bulad kulturis msoflio zRvasa. erTma warCinebulma
mweralma kacobrioba daadara mgalobelTa dids gunds,
xorosa, romlis harmonia mxolod maSin aris savse da
sruli, rodesac yvela xalxi, Tavisi Sesabamisi xmiT,
iRebs monawileobas msoflio RaRadisSi. Seswyda ro-
melime eris xma? gaRaribda kacobriobis xoros harmo-
nia, Sesustda msoflio RaRadisi, danaklulda zRva
Taviseburobisa, moaklda erTi Taviseburi lali kacob-
riobis kulturis didebul salarosa”73.
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom i. gogebaSvilis
Semoqmedebis gacnoba srul safuZvels iZleva imisTvis,
rom mas kuTvnili adgili mivuCinoT qarTuli filoso-
fiuri azris istoriaSi.
220
meSvide Tavi
Teoriuli filosofiis sakiTxebi
XIX saukunis meore naxevris
saqarTveloSi
$1. giorgi wereTeli
1. biografiuli cnobebi. XIX saukunis qarTvel
samocianelTa Soris giorgi wereTels yvelaze naTlad
aqvs Camoyalibebuli Tavisi Tvalsazrisi obieqturi
sinamdvilis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.1
XIX saukunis meore naxevris cnobili qarTveli mwe-
rali, publicisti da sazogado moRvawe giorgi were-
Teli daibada 1842 wels sof. gorisaSi im droisaTvis
sakmaod ganaTlebuli aznauris eqvTime wereTlis ojax-
Si. dawyebiTi ganaTleba saxlSi miiRo mamis xel-
mZRvanelobiT, xolo Semdeg swavla ganagrZo quTaisis
gimnaziaSi. gimnaziis damTavrebis Semdeg peterburgis
universitetis sabunebismetyvelo fakultetis studen-
tia. studentobis wlebSi, sxva qarTvel studentebTan
(n. nikolaZe, n. RoRoberiZe, i. isarliSvili da sxv.) er-
Tad, dauaxlovda n. g. CerniSevskis, romelic maSin
mTeli ruseTis revoluciur-demokratiuli moZraobis
beladad iTvleboda. literaturuli moRvaweoba daiwyo
jer kidev studentobis wlebSi. kerZod, 1862 wels
Jurnal ,,ciskarSi” daibeWda misi polemikuri statia
Zveli Taobis msoflmxedvelobis winaaRmdeg. 1864 wels
g. wereTeli saqarTveloSi dabrunda da farTo litera-
turul-publicisturi moRvaweoba gaaCaRa. 1866 wels
misi redaqtorobiT gamodis progresuli ideebis mata-
rebeli gazeTi ,,droeba”, 1868 wels – ,,sasoflo gaze-
221
Ti”, 1871 wels – Jurnali ,,krebuli”, 1893 wels – gazeTi
,,kvali”. igi avtoria romanebisa: ,,pirveli nabiji”,
,,gulqani”, ,,ruxi mgeli” da sxv., agreTve, mravalric-
xovani sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiebisa. eweoda
farTo sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, iZiebda navTobis
sabadoebs zemo imereTSi, awarmoebda arqeologiur
kvleva-Ziebas, muSaobda samxedro korespondentad ru-
seT-osmaleTis omSi da sxv. giorgi wereTeli gardaic-
vala 1900 wels. dasaflavebulia didubis qarTvel
mweralTa da sazogado moRvaweTa panTeonSi.
2. sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli materialisturi
msoflmxedveloba. giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri
msoflmxedveloba rusi revolucioner-demokratebis ma-
terialisturi ideebis gavleniT Camoyalibda, ramac
ganapiroba misi materialisturi Sexedulebani rogorc
araorganuli, ise organuli samyaros Sesaxeb. nebismie-
ri materialisturi Teoriis amosavals materiis cneba
warmoadgens. igive iTqmis giorgi wereTlis materialis-
turi msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb. amave dros materiis
cneba giorgi wereTels tradiciuli gagebiT esmis,
saxeldobr, rogorc nivTiereba, romelic materialuri
sagnebis qmnadobis masalas warmoadgens. sagnebi da
movlenebi, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT materialuria,
ganuwyvetlad icvleba, viTardeba; materia ki ucvleli
da maradiulia; igi ar warmoSobila da arc moispoba.
materia, misi azriT, aris moZravi da cvalebadi samya-
ros ucvleli safuZveli. ganicdis ra moleSotis, biux-
nerisa da sxva ultramaterialistebis gavlenas, igi
wers: ,,Zala da materia ukvdavi arian. igini arc Cnde-
bian, arc ispobian; igini yofilan, arian da iqnebian
ukuniTi ukunisamde”.2 aq igulisxmeba Zalisa da mate-
riis ganuyreloba, rasac giorgi wereTeli vulgarul
materialistebTan erTad iziarebda. misTvis warmoud-
genelia Zala materiis gareSe da materia Zalis gareSe.
222
giorgi wereTeli, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs moZraobisa
da cvalebadobis universalurobas, xolo, meore mxriv,
Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobas amtkicebs. ,,Tumca yo-
veli arseba icvleba, erTi kvdeba, meore ibadeba, magram
sazogadod buneba arasodes ar berdeba, arc kvdeba;
yovelTvis axali da mSvenieria”. da Semdeg: ,,yoveli
cxovelis gvari berdeba, kvdeba da imaT magivrad axali
STamomavloba daibadeba. mTeli tyeebi cot-cotaT lpe-
bian da hqrebian; imaT magieraT axali norCi tye amodis;
buneba ki sul erTnairad cxovrobs, rac cxovreba
aTasi wlis winaT hqonia, axlac imgvari aqvs”.3
bunebaSi arsebuli mravalgvari Zalebi: meqanikuri,
eleqtruli, magnituri, siTburi da sxv. giorgi wereT-
lis azriT, materiis Tandayolili am universaluri
Zalis sxvadasxva formiT gamovlenas warmoadgens. ,,is
mravalgvari Zalebi, – wers igi, – romelnic aTasnair
bunebis movlenebSi gveCvenebian sxvadasxva saxed, sul
erTi igive bunebis Zalisagan aris wamomdgari da am
Zalas ewodeba nivTierebis moZraoba”. da Semdeg: ,,yo-
velnairi moqmedeba, bunebis movlena, gimda Zlieri iyos,
ginda susti – moZraoba Tu siTbo, sinaTle Tu
xmovaneba (bgera – avt.) sul erTi da igive Zalisagan
warmoebs, romelsac mecnierebi uwodeben nivTierebis
moZraobas”.4 materiis moZraobis am sxvadasxva formas
giorgi wereTeli uwodebs ,,bunebis Zalebis
mravalsaxeobasa da erTarsebobas”.
materia, g. wereTlis azriT, ganuwyveteli qmnadobis
procesSi imyofeba. ,,sadac unda gaixedo, – wers igi, –
Tu axlos, Tu SigniT miwaSi, yovelgan gauwynarels
muSaobas hxedav, yovel wams erTi nivTidan meore keT-
deba; es kidev sxvas gaakeTebs da am miyolebas dasas-
ruli ara aqvs”5. amasTanave mas miaCnia, rom materias
aqvs Sinagani Zala, TviTmoqmedebis unari. materiisa da
Zalis maradiuloba swored amas niSnavs. yovelive aqe-
223
dan ki is gamomdinareobs, rom giorgi wereTeli mate-
rialuri substanciis arsebobas aRiarebda da mis erTa-
derTobas amtkicebda. am Tvalsazrisidan ki TavisTavad
gamomdinareobda misi aTeisturi ideebi. materialuri
substanciis imgvari gagebidan, romelsac igi iziarebda,
sxvagvari daskvnebis gakeTeba SeuZlebeli iyo.
giorgi wereTeli uaryofs carieli sivrcis arse-
bobas da Tvlis, rom mTeli samyaro materiiT aris sav-
se: ,,dedamiwaze odna adgilic ar ipoeba carieli.
yoveli alagi raime sxeuls uWiravs usaTuod. da saca
carieli alagebi gvgonia, iq yvelgan erTnairi wminda
da gamsWveri (gamWvirvale – avt.) sxeulia... am uxilav
sxeuls dauWeria bunebaSi yvela carieli alagebi”.6
,,uxilav sxeulSi” giorgi wereTeli haers gulisxmobs.
igi ganagrZobs: ,,rac qveyanaze carieli alagebia, marT-
lac carieli ki ar arian; isini gavsebuli arian an
haeriT an romelime haergvariT”.7
giorgi wereTeli moZraobis universalurobas amtki-
cebs. ,,yoveli arseba icvleba”, ,,qveyanaze ucvleli ara
rCeba ra”. buneba, misi azriT, ganuwyveteli cvaleba-
dobisa da Semoqmedebis procesSi imyofeba. ,,yoveli
icvleba da brunavs qveyanazeda... yovel cismare dRes
yvelafers cvlileba eZleva Tu haerSi, Tu miwazed”.8
statiaSi ,,moleSoti” igi amtkicebs, rom ,,cxovreba aris
gamudmebuli cvla sikvdilisa da sicocxlis... buneba
da qveyniereba aris erTi ganuwyveteli bawari cxovre-
bisa, saca yoveli warmoebuli, Semdgari an gaCenili
arseba icvleba. maSasadame, yoveli kerZo cxovreba cva-
lebadia”.
am ganuwyveteli cvalebadobis procesSi, giorgi
wereTlis azriT, materia yvelafers warmoSobs. Zala
da materia ,,erTmaneTis zemoqmedebiT warmoSoben yove-
lis tanisa da gvaris cxovrebas da arsebas – suliersa
224
da usulos”.9 TviTon materia ki TviTmizezia, mas
,,Tavisi kanonebi aqvs”.
giorgi wereTeli bunebis erTgvarobis princips
icavs, romelic j. s. milis Semdeg bevrma moazrovnem
gaiziara. bunebis kanonzomiereba, misi azriT, ,,erTnai-
rad moqmedebs rogorc kacze da yovel cxovelze,
agreTve haerze, miwaze, qvaze, wyalze da, erTi sityviT,
suyolisfer gaCenilzeda”. es, misi azriT, imiT aixsneba,
rom arsebobs ,,sazogado mizezi”, romelic yvelgan da
yovelTvis Tanabari ZaliT gamovlindeba. es erTi da
igive universaluri mizezi erTsa da imave Sedegs
warmoSobs. am ukanasknels igi ,,SedegobiT kavSirs”
uwodebs, romelic ,,warmosdgeba sazogado mizezisagan”.
giorgi wereTeli klasikuri (laplasis) deter-
minizmis poziciebze idga. misi azriT, bunebaSi mxolod
da mxolod mkacri aucilebloba batonobs, ,,yvelafers
Tavisi rigi da kanoni aqvs”, romelsac igi verasodes
ver gadalaxavs. bunebaSi yvelaferi kanonzomieria, ara-
feri ,,uangariSod ar Cndeba”, yvelafers aqvs mizezi da,
maSasadame, aucilebelia. SemTxveviToba ar arsebobs.
,,qveyanazed araferi ar moxdeba umizezod da SemTxve-
viT; imas mmarTaven mtkice da Seucvleli kanonebi”.10
ara marto calkeuli sagnebi da movlenebi, aramed TviT
bunebac mkacri aucileblobiT moqmedebs. ,,bunebas
Tavisi kanonebi aqvs. imas erT wamsac ar SeuZlia ga-
daaxtes am Tavis kanonebsa”.11 aq aSkarad Cans giorgi
wereTlis msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi xasiaTi, rac
materialisturi koncefciis Tanmdevi movlenaa. magram
giorgi wereTlis meqanisturi ideebi sisruliT maSin
gamovlindeba, rodesac igi sicocxlis movlenebs See-
xeba da adamianis qcevis axsnas Seecdeba.
giorgi wereTeli araorganul sxeulebs or jgufad
yofs: bunebrivsa da xelovnur sxeulebad. xelovnuri
sxeuli Seqmnilia adamianis mier bunebrivi sxeulebis
225
safuZvelze. sxeulebi Sedgenilia, rTulia. ,,yovel
sxeuls, rac unda pawawa iyos, Taviseburi Sedgeniloba
aqvs”. magram ,,Sedgeniloba sxvadasxvagvaria”. sxeuli
SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTgvarovani an erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli elementebisagan. erTgvarovani nawilebi-
sagan Sedgenil sxeuls giorgi wereTeli ,,martivs”
uwodebs, xolo mravalgvari nawilebisagan Sedgenils –
,,rTuls”. martivi sxeuli, giorgi wereTlis azriT,
Sedgenilia, magram igi nawilebad ar iSleba. martivi
,,sxeulebis darRveva arafrisagan ar SeiZleba; romelic
arasgziT ar irRveva, is sxeuli, albaT, TavisTavad
aris Semdgari da sxva ara urevia ra masSi”.
martivi sxeulebidan rTuli sxeulebis Sedgena xde-
ba xelovnuradac da bunebrivadac. ,,bunebaSi... xSirad
Tavis Tavad keTdebian rTuli sxeulebi”12 maSasadame,
martivi sxeulebi rTuli sxeulebis qmnadobis masalas
warmoadgens. amitom giorgi wereTeli zogjer maT ,,sa-
ganTa nawilebs” anu ,,elementebs” uwodebs. elementi,
misi azriT, aris rTuli sxeulis Sedgenis ,,masala” anu
,,Tavi-nivTi” – mTavari Semadgeneli nawili. yoveli saga-
ni am “Tavi-nivTebisagan” Sedgeba. sabolood irkveva,
rom giorgi wereTeli elementis cnebis qveS qimiur
elementebs gulisxmobs. igi d. i. mendeleevis Tanamed-
rove iyo, romelmac SeimuSava saxelganTqmuli ,,ele-
mentTa perioduli sistema”.
elementebisagan sagnis Sedgena SesaZlebelia imitom,
rom am elementebs Soris erTgvari msgavseba anu
,,mkvidroba” arsebobs. Tu isini erTmaneTisagan sruliad
gansxvavebuli iyos, maSin maTi gaerTianeba SeuZlebeli
iqneboda.
giorgi wereTeli gveubneba, rom, marTalia, elemen-
tebi martivi nivTierebania, ris gamoc isini ar iSleba,
magram isini mainc Seicaven mcire nawilakebs – atomebs,
- romlebic empiriuli dakvirvebisaTvis miuwvdomelia.
226
,,yoveli sxeuli bunebaSi... Semdgaria atomebisagan, ise
rogorc saxlia aSenebuli agurebisagan.”13 atomebi ar
SeiZleba elementebs gamoeTiSos anu elementebis daSla
atomebad SeuZlebelia. swored amitom elementebi mara-
diulia. elementebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba atomebis
saSualebiT xdeba. ,,rodesac ori, sami erTad Segrovi-
li elementisagan keTdeba axali sxeuli, maSin... erTi
elementis Zalian pawawina nawilebi Seerevian meore
elementis pawawina nawilebs... es nawilebi ueWvelad un-
da iyon yovel elementSi. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, er-
Ti elementi meoresTan arasodes ise mWidrod ar See-
reoda”.14
giorgi wereTeli, Zveli atomistebis kvaldakval,
Tvlis, rom atomebis ganlageba maTgan Sedgenili sag-
nebis ara marto formas, aramed Tvisebebsac gansazRv-
ravs. amis sailustraciod mas moaqvs almasisa da naxSi-
ris an wylisa da yinulis magaliTebi. ,,atomebi erTSi
erTgvarad dawyobilan da meoreSi sul sxvagvarad”.
yinulSi atomebi ufro mWidrod aris ganlagebuli,
vidre wyalSi.
sagnebis warmoSoba elementebisagan Sedgenas niS-
navs, xolo mospoba – elementebad daSlas. magram qmna-
doba mxolod sagnebs exeba da ara am sagnebis Semadge-
nel elementebs, romlebic ,,ukuniTi ukunisamde darCe-
nila Seucvlelad”. saganSi elementebis cvalebadoba
sagnis Secvlas iwvevs. ,,bunebaSi – wers giorgi were-
Teli – yoveli qmnileba ibadeba, cxovrobs, rogorc
Sexvdeba da Semdeg kvdeba – sCans daiSleba im nawile-
bad, romlisganac iyo Sedgenili. Cven viciT, rom am
nawilebs elementebi hqvia. am elementebisagan kidev rai-
me daibadeba bunebaSi, isev cxovrobs da xelmeored
daiSleba. maS, roca kaci an cxoveli mokvdeba, an mce-
nare daWkneba, ese igi imasac sikvdili mouva, amis Sem-
deg araferi ar ikargeba. rodesac raime aRar cxovrobs
227
– kvdeba – es imas niSnavs, rom elementebis Sedgenilo-
ba gadasxvaferda. yvelam viciT, rom igive elementebi
mkvdrisaTvis saWiro aRar arian; is daiSleba da yo-
veli elementi Tavis gzas mosZebnis, sxva saqmes moxmar-
deba”.15 rogorc vxedavT, qmnadobis procesi giorgi we-
reTels wminda meqanisturad esmis; igi raodenobriv
cvlilebebze dahyavs, xolo Tvisebrivs xSirad ugule-
belyofs an SeumCnevlad tovebs. es aris qmnadobis pro-
cesis sabunebismetyvelo mecnieruli gageba, rac sru-
liadac ar aris sakmarisi.
magram zogjer giorgi wereTeli laparakobs elemen-
tebis dakavSirebis Sedegad Tvisebrivi cvalebadobis
Sesaxeb. ,,elementi da Sedgeniloba.... SeiZleba erTma-
neTSi Seirion da gakeTden axali sxeulebi. maSin am
sxeulebs sruliad sxva saxe aqvT da sxva Tviseba. ase
rom elementebi am SedgenilobaSi sruliadac ar hgvanan
uwindelsa, roca gancalkevebulni iyvnen”.16 aq iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom TiTqos giorgi wereTeli
Tvisebriv cvlilebebzec laparakobs da, maSasadame,
meqanicizmis farglebidan gadis. ,,roca ori an sami
haergvari ramdensac buneba iTxovs, imdeni Seerevian
erTmaneTs, imaTgan keTdeba axali, magari an Txeli
sxeuli. maSin haergvarebi TiTqos sadRac gadimaleno
da imaTgan sul sxva sxeuli gakeTdao. amisTana sakvir-
veli da gasaocebeli kanonia bunebaSi”.17 aq TiTqos
laparakia raodenobrivi cvlilebebis Tvisebriv cvli-
lebebSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb. magram amgvari Tvalsazrisi
giorgi werTlis msoflmxedvelobisaTvis arsebiTi ar
aris. es ZiriTadad imiT aris gamowveuli, rom giorgi
wereTlis am wignis (,,saukeTeso codna”) pirvelwyaro
iyo sobolSCikovis Txzuleba ,,Какое уменъе нужней всего в обыденной жизни человека”, romelic giorgi wereTelma
msoflmxedvelobrivad Secvala, materialisturi elfe-
228
ri misca, magram misi sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli
Sinaarsi ucvleli darCa. sobolSCikovi ki qimiur
elementebze moZRvrebas emyareboda, raodenobrivi cvli-
lebebis safuZvelze qimiur procesebSi Tvisebrivi
cvlilebebis warmoSobas amtkicebda. magram giorgi
wereTlis msoflmxedvelobaSi mainc meqanicizmis prin-
cipi dominirebda, romelic moZraobasa da cvaleba-
dobas raodenobriobis kategoriaSi iazrebda.
giorgi wereTeli aRiarebs samyaros nivTebisa da
movlenebis urTierTkavSirsa da urTierTganpirobebu-
lobas, magram am SemTxvevaSic igi meqanicizmis farg-
lebs ver scildeba, vinaidan am urTierTkavSirisa da
urTierTganpirobebulobis erTaderT safuZvlad kvlav
mizezobriobis kanons Tvlis. samyaroSi kanonzomiere-
bisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis sailustraciod mas
aseTi magaliTebi moaqvs: ,,cxovrebaSi erTi damokidebu-
lebaa erTi meorisagan. erTi meores asazrdoebs da
hkvebavs, meore – mesames, mesame – meoTxes da sxva. Tu
pirveli sazrdo moispo, maSin meorec moispoba,
meorisagan – mesamec, mesamisagan – meoTxec da sxva.”18
an kidev: ,,wyali rom ar iyos, arc mcenare.... iqneba; Tu
mcenare ar iqneba, maSin arc cxoveli da frinveli rame
iqneba, Tu cxoveli da frinveli ar iqneba, maSin arc
kaci iqneba”.19 saganTa da movlenaTa msgavsad, giorgi
wereTeli laparakobs energiis formebis kavSirsa da
urTierTgardaqmnaze. ,,SeiZleba erT SemTxvevaSi andama-
turi, magnituri anu mitacebiTi Zali eleqtronul
Zalad gadaiqces, Semdeg ki eleqtronuli Zali sinaT-
lis Zalad Seiqmnes, sinaTle ki – xmovanebad, xolo
xmovanebiTi Zali ubralo nivTierebis moZraobad gada-
iqmnes”.20 energiis gardaqmna, misi azriT, imitom xdeba,
rom yvela saxis energia erTi da igive materialuri
Zalis gamovlenas warmoadgens.
229
bunebaSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba, giorgi wereTlis
azriT, materialuri warmomavlobisaa. samyaros marTavs
mxolod bunebrivi Zalebi, romelic am gasaocari ka-
nonzomierebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. teleologia
giorgi wereTlis samyaros mecnieruli suraTidan
gamoricxulia. swored am garemoebas igi meqanistur
msoflmxedvelobamde mihyavs. bunebis kanonzomierebis
axsna brma Zalebis safuZvelze sxva araferia, garda
meqanicizmisa. giorgi wereTeli ver amCnevs meqanicizmis
naklovanebebs da verc im siZneleebs, rasac meqanisturi
msoflmxedveloba samyaros kanonzomierebis axsnis
procesSi awydeba.
3. moZRvreba organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Se-
saxeb. axla ganvixiloT giorgi wereTlis Tvalsazrisi
organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom giorgi wereTeli iyo materia-
listi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, aTeistic (Tumca aTeisturi
ideebi specialurad arsad ar gamouTqvams). amave pozi-
ciebidan ganixilavs igi organuli samyaros kanonzo-
mierebas. igi im debulebidan amodis, rom organuli
samyaro aris araorganuli samyaros (materiis) ganviTa-
rebis Sedegi da, maSasadame, sicocxles materialuri
safuZvlebi aqvs da TviTonac materialur process
warmoadgens. aseTia misi amosavali pozicia organuli
samyaros kanonzomierebaze msjelobis dros.
giorgi wereTeli sxeulebs yofs or did jgufad:
organuli da araorganuli sxeulebi. pirveli maTgani
materialuri sxeulebia, romelTac igi zogjer ,,miwaT-
gvars” an ,,madneuls” uwodebs. ,,organosanni arsebani
arian mcenareT gvari da cxovelTa gvari, xolo
uorganosnoni arian madneulni”.21
ZiriTad gansxvavebas organulsa da araorganul
sxeulebs Soris giorgi wereTeli imaSi xedavs, rom
mcenareebsa da cxovelebs aqvT ,,organoebi” anu ,,iaraRe-
230
bi”, romelTac isini TavianTi arsebobis SenarCunebisa
da gaxangZlivebisaTvis xmaroben. swored am azriT
ewodeba maT ,,iaraRebi anu organoebi”. mcenareebSi aseT
organoebs fesvebi da foTlebi warmoadgens, romelTa
saSualebiT isini garemodan sakvebs iReben. cxovelebSi
ki organoebi ewodeba maTi sxeuli nawilebs. ,,yovels
ujredebis grovas an yovels sxeulis nawils hqvia
iaraRi, anu mowyobiloba.... am cocxal iaraRebs saxelad
ewodeba ,,organoebi”22.
giorgi wereTeli laparakobs organuli da araor-
ganuli sxeulebis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. ,,mcena-
reebsa da cxovelebs.... sul sxvagvari sicocxle aqvT”;
isini ikvebebian, izrdebian, mravldebian; erTi sityviT,
isini cocxloben. araorganul sxeulebSi araferi ase-
Ti ram ar xdeba, ris gamoc maT sicocxleze laparaki
SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, maT Soris,
giorgi wereTlis azriT, bevri msgavsebacaa. saxeldobr,
mcenareebi, romlebic organulia, erTgvar gardamaval
safexurs warmoadgens organulsa da araorganuls So-
ris. maT aqvT rogorc organuli, ise araorganuli
sxeulebis Tvisebebi, Tumca maTSi organuli samyaros
niSnebi dominirebs.
organuli samyaros struqturuli elementebia mce-
nareebi da cxovelebi. cxovelebis ZiriTad niSnad
giorgi wereTeli asaxelebs moZraobas (adgilgadanacv-
lebis azriT), organuli struqturis sirTules, nebe-
lobas, SegrZnebas. ,,cxoveli grZnobs.... mcenares ki ara-
viTari grZnoba ara aqvs”.23 igi moklebulia SegrZnebis
unars. ,,yovlad ugrZnobeloba marto usulo sagnebis
Tvisebaa”.24 am gansxvavebis gverdiT mcenareebi da cxo-
velebi garkveuli niSnebiT erTmaneTs enaTesaveba. es
msgavsi niSnebi, giorgi wereTlis azriT, gansakuTrebiT
aSkaraa zRvis cxovel-mcenaris Rrubelas magaliTze.
mas mcenaris niSnebic aqvs da cxovelisac, maSasadame,
231
mcenareTa samyarodan cxovelTa samyaroze gardamaval
safexurs warmoadgens.
giorgi wereTeli analogiurad msjelobs cxovelisa
da adamianis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. igi kargad
icnobda darvinis moZRvrebas saxeobaTa warmoSobis
Sesaxeb, agreTve adamianis qmnadobis procesze, rasac
igi TiTqmis dogmaturad iziarebda. adamiani, misi az-
riT ,,umaRlesi xarisxis cxovelebisagan”, e. i. maimuni-
sagan warmoiSva da, maSasadame, maT, rogorc biologiur
arsebebs, bevri saerTo niSnebi aqvT.
miuxedavad amisa, giorgi wereTeli laparakobs ada-
mianisa da cxovelis arsebiTi gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. aseT
arsebiT ganmasxvavebel niSanTa Soris giorgi wereTe-
li, uwinares yovlisa, suliers anu ,,fsiqikur cxov-
rebas” asaxelebs. ,,kacic egre cxovrobs, rogorc yove-
li sulieri qmnileba. is Wams, svams, sZinavs, sunTqavs
da moZraobs. amisTana cxovrebas cxovelis cxovrebas
eZaxian. magram kacs sxva gansakuTrebuli cxovrebac
aqvs. amisTana cxovreba arc erT cxovels ara aqvs. amis-
Tana cxovrebas eZaxian suliers anu psixiurs cxov-
rebas”25. sxva adilze giorgi wereTeli gveubneba, rom
adamians, cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT, ,,namdvili gonie-
reba da saukeTeso azri aqvs”, riTac igi gabatonebulia
bunebaSi. mas ,,bunebaSi pirveli adgili uWiravs Tavisi
WkuiT.... kaci Tavisi WkuiT Zalian maRla dgas yovels
cxovelze”26. giorgi wereTeli laparakobs, agreTve,
metyvelebis unarze, rogorc adamianis specifikur
niSanze, Tumca Tvlis, rom adamianis sulieri cxovreba
pirveladia metyvelebasTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan
metyveleba azrs gamoxatavs. miuxedavad amisa, giorgi
wereTeli arc azrovnebas Tvlis adamianisa da
cxovelis absoluturad ganmasxvavebel niSnad, vinaidan
mas miaCnia, rom azrovnebis elementebi cxovelebsac
aqvT. ,,adamiansa da cxovels aqvs azri, msjeloba, isini
232
grZnoben da fiqroben”27. rasakvirvelia, cxovelisaTvis
msjelobisa da azrovnebis miwera Secdomaa, magram unda
vivaraudoT, rom giorgi wereTeli am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod imas gulisxmobs, rom cnobierebis elementebis
arseboba cxovelebSic unda vivaraudoT.
azrovnebaSi giorgi wereTeli xedavs Zalas, romli-
Tac adamians bunebaze gabatoneba SeuZlia. zogierTi
cxoveli fizikuri Zlierebis TvalsazrisiT adamians
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba, magram goneba, azrovnebis
unari, romelic mxolod adamians aqvs, Crdilavs ada-
mianis mimarT cxovelTa fizikuri Zlierebis upira-
tesobas. ,,Cveni Wkua iseTi Ronea, rom yvelas magierobas
Svreba, rac Cven ara gvaqvs da cxovels aqvs.... kaci
Tavisi WkuiT bunebis mefea”28. es azri aSkarad
exmaureba bekonis Teziss: ,,codna Zalaa”.
giorgi wereTeli fsiqikisa da sxeulebrivi proce-
sebis urTierTobis gagebis sakiTxSi fsiqofizikuri pa-
ralelizmis poziciebze dgas. igi laparakobs fsiqikis
zemoqmedebaze adamianis somatur procesebze da, piri-
qiT, somaturi procesebis gavlenaze fsiqikaze. ,,SeiZle-
ba... Sinaganma suliskveTebam garegani moqmedeba ise
mosxlitos, rom veRarc xelebi ixmaros kacma, veRarc
fexebi. SeiZleba is im dros moeSvas, rogorc Tav-
zardacemuli”29. meore mxriv, sxeulsac SeuZlia fsiqi-
kaze arsebiTi zemoqmedebis moxdena. adamianis fizikuri
uZlureba xSirad fsiqikur uZlurebas iwvevs; organul-
ma daavadebam SeiZleba fsiqikuri daavadebac gamoiw-
vios. ,,zogjer sulieri avadmyofisagan kacs xorcielic
daematos – wers giorgi wereTeli – magaliTad, SiSi-
sagan an uecrad sixarulisagan SeiZleba kaci avad
gaxdes da kidec mokvdes. agreTve xorciel avadmyofi-
saganac SeiZleba sulieri gauCndes, magaliTad saxa-
disagan, rodesac Zalian bevri sisxli auvardeba TavSi
avadmyofs an Tu rame Tavis tvinSi dauSavda, daemar-
233
Teba bodva, mexsiereba daakldeba da kaci maSin.... Wkuaze
Secdeba”30.
fsiqofizikuri paralelizmis idea giorgi wereTels
xels ar uSlis, rom kvlav materializmis poziciaze
darCes – aRiaros fizikuris pirveladoba fsiqikuris
mimarT; es pirveladoba imaSi gamoixateba, rom fsiqika
gagebulia rogorc Tavis tvinis funqcia.
organuli samyaro, giorgi wereTlis azriT, ganuwy-
vetlad moZraobsa da cvalebadobs. organizmSi ganuwy-
vetlad warmoebs kvdomisa da aRdgenis procesebi. ,,or-
ganian sxeulSi.... yoveli nawili mudam moZraobs”. ada-
mianis organizmi ,,mudam icvlis Zvel ujredebs axalze;
maS, xuTi wuTic ar gava, rom kacis tani sul xelax-
laT Sedgeba, Tumca gvgonia, rom isev is ariso”. sikvdi-
li am ganuwyveteli moZraoba-cvalebadobis Sewyvetas
niSnavs. organizmi sikvdil-sicocxlis brZolis aspa-
rezs warmoadgens. ,,yovel saaTsa da yovel wams aris
tanis SigniT gausxleteli muSaoba; axali modis Zveli
kvdeba da tans Sordeba. am mudam cvlilebaSi Cveni Si-
nagani agebulebac cvTeba imave gvarad, rogorc yoveli
nivTi xdeba mudam bunebaSi. sicocxlis borbali Tanda-
Tan iklebs brunvas da bolos kidec gaCerdeba. tani
metis-meti gacveTis gamo veRar imuSavebs da saukunod
dadgeba. amas sikvdils veZaxiT”.
cocxali samyaros erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad giorgi
wereTeli TviTSenaxvas Tvlis, romelsac igi, evolu-
ciuri Teoriis gavleniT, arsebobisaTvis brZolas
uwodebs. es Tviseba, misi azriT, ,,ekuTvnis yovels
suliers mxares”; es niSnavs, ,,rom Tavis dacvas Cven
yvela suldgmulSi vpovebT”.31 TviTSenaxva anu TviTdac-
va cxovelebsac axasiaTebT. giorgi wereTels infuzo-
riis magaliTi moaqvs. ,,is ebrZvis sxvebs Tavisi sicocx-
lis dasacavad. roca Tevzi moindomebs mis Caylapvas,
is an gaeqceva imas da an moixmars im iaraRs, romelic
234
imisTvis bunebas miucia. is... daetakeba Tavis mters da
Tu SeZlo sasikvdilodac ar daindobs”.32
magram TviTSenaxvis instinqti cocxali organiz-
mebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze sxvadasxva
intensivobiT gamovlindeba. ,,ramdenadac cxoveli maRla
sdgas, imdenad es Tavis dacva Zlieria, imdenad cxove-
li srulad aris aRWurvili Tavis dasacveli iaraRe-
biT ....es kanoni yvela cxovelSi erTi da igivea Tavis
safuZvelSi, magram sxvadasxva cxovelSi sxvadasxvagva-
rad icvleba”33.
giorgi wereTeli laparakobs ,,Tavis dacvaze” anu
TviTSenaxvis instinqtze TviT adamianTa samyaroSic.
amasTanave, mas miaCnia, rom ,,Tavis dacva” adamianis
gonebrivi ganviTarebis mZlavr stimuls warmoadgens.
icavs ra Tavis Tavs, ikmayofilebs ra Tavis vitalur
moTxovnilebebs, amiT adamiani iZens axal codnas,
viTardeba gonebrivad. ,,ise araferi ar gazrdis da
gaavarjiSebs kacis tvins da imis Rones, rogorc Tavis
dacva, cxovrebis saSualebis Zieba”3. magram Tavis dacva,
rogorc adamianis Tandayolili Tviseba, martooden
,,cxovrebis saSualebebis Ziebas” niSnavs da ara sxvisi
sicocxlis ganadgurebas an, Tundac, sxvisi Sromis
eqsploatacias. sakuTari sicocxlis SenarCunebisaTvis
brZola, giorgi wereTlis azriT, sruliadac ar
moiTxovs sxvisi sicocxlis xelyofas. aq ukve Cans, rom
giorgi wereTeli ar iziarebs darvinis mier arsebobi-
saTvis brZolis universalur kanonad gamocxadebas, am
biologiuri kanonzomierebis gadatanas socialur
sferoSi.
marTalia, erTgan giorgi wereTeli imowmebs dar-
vins, romelmac arsebobisaTvis brZolis universaliza-
cia moaxdina, magram adamianTa sazogadoebaSi arsebo-
bisaTvis brZolis kanonis gadatana, misi azriT, sxvisi
sicocxlis xelyofas ki ar niSnavs, aramed martooden
235
saarsebo saSualebebis mopovebas. mxedvelobaSi hyavs ra
darvini, giorgi wereTeli wers: ,,erTma mecnierma didi
dakvirvebis Sedegad sTqva: ,,cxovreba aris brZola
suldgmulT Soris sazrdosaTviso”... ar SemiZlian mec
ar vTqva: ,,Cveni cxovreba dauwynarebeli brZolaa lukma
purisaTvis, da gamarjvebuli yovelTvis is aris, vinc
ufro xerxiania”35 amrigad, giorgi wereTels arsebobi-
saTvis brZolis kanoni esmis rogorc mxolod ,,brZola
suldgmulTa Soris sazrdosaTvis” anu ,,lukma puri-
saTvis” da ara rogorc antagonisturi urTierToba
adamianTa sazogadoebaSi. mas surs, rom arsebobisaTvis
brZola am farglebs ar gascdes, Tumca kargad xedavs,
rom es ase ar aris im sazogadoebaSi, sadac ,,erTi
mxriT mdidrebi da meores mxriT Raribebi” cxovroben.
araorganuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb
giorgi wereTlis Tvalsazrisis ganxilvisas aRniSnuli
iyo misi msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi xasiaTi. Tavisi
moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi giorgi wereTeli ase Tu
ise emijneba meqanicizms (Tumca ara sisruliT). igi
amtkicebs, rom adamiani, iseve rogorc nebismieri orga-
nuli da araorganuli sxeuli, bunebis uzogades kano-
nebs eqvemdebareba. am ,,kanonebs, – wers igi, – rogorc
yovel sxeulze, ise Cvenze aqvs moqmedeba”. magram,
garda am uzogadesi kanonebisa, organul samyaros spe-
cifikuri kanonebic aqvs; marTalia, isini ar upirispir-
deba bunebis uzogades kanonebs, magram maT SedarebiTi
damoukidebloba aqvT. es specifikuri kanonebi aCvenebs
cocxali samyaros aqtiurobas, misi damoukidebeli
moqmedebis unars. kerZod, giorgi wereTeli laparakobs
Tavisuflebaze, romelSic igi sicocxlis ZiriTad
kanonzomierebas xedavs.Aaraorganuli sxeulebi pasiu-
ria, moklebulia damoukidebeli moqmedebis unars; maT
ara aqvT araviTari Sinagani DZala, araviTari Tavisuf-
leba. swored amaSi xedavs giorgi wereTeli cocxalsa
236
da aracocxals Soris ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSans.
igi wers: ,,yvela suldgmuls bunebaSi Canergili aqvs
Tavisi kanonebi da moTxovnilebani. waarTviT mas es
moTxovnilebani, SeaCereT imisi bunebiTi kanonebis Ta-
visufali msvleloba da gaxsna _ es imis sikvdilis
Tanasworia. ginda mogiklavs es suldgmuli da ginda
SegiCerebia Tavisufali Sinagani sicocxle. rodis SeiZ-
leba vsTqvaT, rom vcocxlob? maSin, rodesac CemSi
Sinagani Zalebi aRmoSoben Tavis Sesaferis moqmedebas,
rodesac me warmovadgen ganmartovebuls qveyanas, sadac
erTi Zala meorezed Tavisuflad moqmedebs da imaTis
urTierTis zemoqmedebiT aRenTeba sicocxlis lampari.
ras veZaxiT usulo sagans? imas, romelsac Tavisi
Sinagani Zalani ara aqvs, romelsac amoZravebs garegani
Zala’’36.
XIX saukunis 70_iani wlebidan meqanisturi fizio-
logiis gavleniT giorgi wereTelma radikalurad Seic-
vala Tavisi winandeli Sexeduleba Tavisuflebis da,
saerTod, cocxalisa da aracocxalis gansxvavebis
Sesaxeb da ukiduresad meqanisturi Tvalsazrisi Seimu-
Sava.Aamis sababi gaxda axalgazrda qarTveli fiziolo-
gis, medicinis doqtoris, SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli
mecnieris ivane TarxniSvilis leqciebis cikli ,,ner-
vuli sistemis roli cxovelTa moZraobaSi’’, romelic
man 1871 wlis Semodgomaze qarTveli inteligenciis
TxovniT TbilisSi waikiTxa. leqciebis teqsti daibeWda
kavkasiis samedicino sazogadoebis JurnalSi damatebis
saxiT (,,Медицинский, сборник”, 1872, №14). ivane Tarxni-
Svili didi rusi fiziologis i. m. seCenovis mowafe
iyo, da iziarebda im ideebs, romelic Camoyalibebuli
iyo mis wignSi ,,Tavis tvinis refleqsebi” (1863). i. m.
seCenovis materialisturi koncefcia adamianis sulieri
cxovrebis Sesaxeb, romelic Camoyalibebuli iyo am
wignSi, im dros didi popularobiT sargebloba da
237
bunebrivia, rom axalgazrda mecnieri _ ivane Tarxni-
Svili _ misi gavlenis qveS yofiliyo. ivane TarxniSvi-
lis leqciebSi swored es materialisturi da amdenad
meqanistur-deterministuli ideebi iyo gadmocemuli da
nawilobriv kidec ganviTarebuli. ivane TarxniSvilis
am leqciebma didi gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia maSinel
qarTvel inteligenciaSi. gazeTSi ,,droeba”, romelsac
giorgi wereTeli redaqtorobda, araerTi werili
daibeWda ivane TarxiSvilis am leqciebis Sesaxeb. imave
wlis oqtomberSi gamoqveynda giorgi wereTlis anoni-
muri werili ,,ra unda gamoetana msmenels uf. i. Tarx-
niSvilis leqciebidam”? romelic erTdroulad warmo-
adgenda recenziasac da im ideebis interpretaciasac,
romelic gamoTqmuli iyo ivane TarxniSvilis leqcieb-
Si.
am recenzia-interpretaciaSi giorgi wereTelma
ukiduresobamde gaamwvava ivane TarxniSvilis leqciebSi
Camoyalibebuli ase Tu ise meqanisturi ideebi. man
kategoriulad uaryo adamianis nebelobis Tavisufleba,
dadga hipertrofirebuli determinizmis poziciebze da
waSala arsebiTi gansxvaveba cocxalsa da aracocxals
Soris, adamiansa da manqanas Soris, riTac igi
daupirispirda im ideebs Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, rasac
igi adre icavda. ganmartavda ra ivane TarxniSvilis
leqciebs, giorgi wereTeli werda: ,,kacis sxeulis rTu-
li agebuleba da imis yovelgvari moqmedeba da moZrao-
ba bevrad Camohgavs ubralo maSinis mowyobilobasa da
moqmedebas; rogorc ubralo maSinas sWiria romelime
gareSe Zala, romelmac is moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos,
agreTve amisTana gareSe Zala kacis sxeulis moZraobaSi
mosayvanaTac aucileblad saWiroa. rogorc yovel maSi-
nasa aqvs iseTi nawilebi, romelzedac es gareSe Zala
zemoqmedebs, amisTana nawilebi kacis sxeulsaca aqvs.
yoveli sxeulis moZraoba da moqmedeba gareSe myof
238
garemoebebzea damokidebuli. Tavisi nebiT umizezod da,
Tu gareSe myofi garemoebebi ar moiTxoven amas, kacs
ubralo Tvalis daxamxamebac ar SeuZlia. erTi sityviT,
kacis moqmedebaSi da moZraobaSi imis sakuTari neba,
imisi ufleba ar arsebobs; yoveli ese (kacis moZraoba
da moqmedeba) im garemoebebzea damokidebuli, romelnic
adamians gars artyian, romelnic kacis gareSe imyo-
febian”37.
es statia adasturebs, rom giorgi wereTelma meqani-
cizmi araorganuli bunebidan organulze gadaitana da
amdenad maT Soris gansxvaveba waSala. Tu mxolod am
statiis mixedviT vimsjelebT, maSin giorgi wereTlis
Tvalsazrisi arafriT ar gansxvavdeba frangi materia-
listisa da meqanistis lametris ideebisagan, romelic
gatarebulia mis wignSi ,,adamiani manqanaa”. adamians, am
koncefciis mixedviT, ara aqvs araviTari Sinagani Zala,
araviTari Tavisufali, damoukidebeli moqmedebis una-
ri; Turme adamians Tavisi nebiT ,,ubralo Tvalis
daxamxamebac ar SeuZlia”; amitom ,,adamiani monaa gareSe
myofi garemoebebisa” da a. S.
magram imis Tqmac ar SeiZleba, rom TiTqos giorgi
wereTelma bolomde SeinarCuna es meqanistur-determi-
nistuli Tvalsazrisi. ufro gviandeli periodis
nawerebSi igi kvlav ubrundeba nebelobis Tavisuflebis
im gagebas, romelic gamoTqmuli iyo misi winaperiodis
statiebSi. TxzulebaSi ,,saukeTeso codna”, romelic
warmoadgenda sobolSCikovis Txzulebis (,,ra codna
ufro saWiroa kacisaTvis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi”) ga-
damuSavebul meore gamocemas (1888)38, giorgi wereTeli
laparakobs nebelobaze, rasac igi aracocxali samyaro-
sagan cocxali samyaros erT-erT ZiriTad ganmasxvave-
bul niSnad Tvlis. ,,mxolod cxovelni moZraoben Tavi-
si nebisad; ise, rogorc hsurT”.39 maT ,,SeuZliaT Tavisi
nebiT adgilis gamocvla”. igi laparakobs, agreTve,
239
fsiqikaze, azrovnebis unarze, romelic adamians araor-
ganuli sxeulebisagan ganasxvavebs. yovelive es gvafiq-
rebinebs, rom giorgi wereTelma daZlia is meqanisturi
ideebi, romlebic gamoTqmuli iyo mis statiaSi ivane
TarxniSvilis leqciebis Sesaxeb.
sxvagvarad arc SeiZleboda yofiliyo, vinaidan
giorgi wereTeli cxovrobda im epoqaSi, rodesac
gamwvavebuli brZola warmoebda socialuri, erovnuli,
politikuri, pirovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis. giorgi
wereTeli ki Tavisuflebis mexotbe iyo. ,,Tavisufleba –
werda igi – miucileblad saWiroa xalxis warmatebi-
saTvis, amitom rom es Seadgens imisi bunebis moTxov-
nilebas”.40
4. gnoseologiuri ideebi. Semecnebis Teoriis sakiT-
xebis Sesaxeb garkveul refleqsias vxvdebiT giorgi
wereTlis msoflmxedvelobaSi.
giorgi wereTeli uaryofs codnis Tandayolilobis
koncefcias da Tvlis, rom adamianis goneba ,,sufTa da-
fas” warmoadgens, xolo cnobierebis mTeli Sinaarsi
miRebulia garegani cdis safuZvelze. magram Semecnebis
unaris Tandayolilobis mtkiceba mas dasaSvebad
miaCnia. ,,bunebam kacs hazri da goneba Tan daatana, rom
Tavisi WkuiT yovelfers mimxvdariyo; amisaTvis... rac
gars ertya yovelive male gaicno, sanamdisac hazri da
goneba miuwvdeboda yovelferi Seityo”41.
Semecnebis sagans garegani – materialuri sinamdvi-
le warmoadgens, saxeldobr, misi sagania am sinamdvi-
lis zogadi kanonzomiereba, bunebis kanonebi. ,,swavla
(Semecneba – avt.) aris bunebis kanonebis codna; swavla
aris gamokleva imisa, Tu ra mizezebidan ra Sedegebi
warmosdgeba, Tu ra kanonebi hmarTaven sxvadasxva mov-
linebaebs”42.
giorgi wereTeli ar eWvobs Semecnebis SesaZleblo-
baSi; igi dascinis skeptikosebs, romlebic yvelaferSi
240
eWvoben da mecnierebis safuZvlebs angreven. maT ,,ar
SeuZlianT gzadabneuli kaci swor gzaze daayenon,
amisaTvis, rom TviTonac gzadabneuli arian”43. giorgi
wereTeli ki Tvlis, rom bunebaSi araferi ar arsebobs
iseTi, rac principulad Seumecnebadia. amasTanave, si-
namdvilis Semecneba yvela adamians SeuZlia – filoso-
fossac da glexsac. ,,bunebis movlinebani ar arian
dafarulni arc filosofosisaTvis, arc xelosnisaTvis
da arc glexisaTvis. imaT SeuZliaT eseni gamoiyenon
Tavisi gonebis gaxsnisaTvis”44.
giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Semec-
nebis or safexurs – SegrZnebasa da azrovnebas. amasTa-
nave, igi tradiciulad Tvlis, rom Semecneba SegrZnebe-
bidan iwyeba da azrovnebiT mTavrdeba. SegrZneba masa-
las awvdis azrovnebas, romelsac cnebiseuli xasiaTi
aqvs.
SegrZneba cxovelTa samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi
niSania, magram yvela cxovels es unari Tanabrad
ganviTarebuli ara aqvs. arc is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
rac ufro ganviTarebulia cocxali arseba, miT ufro
ganviTarebulia misi SegrZnebis unari; magaliTad, zogi-
erT cxovels an frinvels adamianze ufro ganviTarebu-
li SegrZnebis unari aqvT. ,,arwivi sami-oTxi versis
simaRlidan arCevs Zirs pawawina frinvels”. adamianis
mxedveloba ki gacilebiT sustia.
giorgi wereTeli erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Sina-
gansa da garegan grZnobas. garegani grZnobis organoebi
Tavis tvins informacias awvdis nervuli sistemis sa-
SualebiT. Sinagani grZnoba ki imave informaciis miwo-
debas emsaxureba organizmis Sinagani mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb. ,,es xuTi grZnoba garegania, amitom, rom yovels
am xuT grZnobas Tavisi organo anu iaraRi aqvs; isini
sul gareT tanze arian mowyobilni da ara SigniT,
tanSi. gareT imisaTvis arian es organoebi, rom tvinis
241
Zafebis SemweobiT imaT acnobon tvins yovelive, rac
qveyanaze da kacis garSemo moxdeba da Tu kaci SigniT
tanSi hgrZnobs SimSils an wyurvils ...an sxva raime
Sinagans tkivils, amas eZaxian Sinagans grZnobas da ara
garegans”45.
marTalia, azrovneba SegrZnebebidan miRebuli masa-
lis safuZvelze muSaobs, magram mas erTgvari damouki-
debeli moqmedebis unaric aqvs, rac imaSi gamoixateba,
rom azrovnebis saSualebiT iseTi abstraqtuli cnebe-
bis SemuSavebac ki SegviZlia, ,,romelnic arc TvaliT
dainaxeba, arc ynosviT, arc smeniT, arc xelis SexebiT
icnoba”. aseTia, magaliTad, ,,sikeTe, boroteba, WeSmari-
teba, suli da sxva”46. sxva adgilze giorgi wereTeli
am azrs ufro vrclad gamoTqvams: ,,kaci iseTebs igebs,
rom arc TvaliT danaxva, arc yuriT gagoneba, arc xe-
liT Sexeba ar SeiZleba imaTi. Cven, magaliTad, gvesmis
ra aris patiosneba, an ra aris upatiosnoba, boroteba,
simtyuvne, gaumaZRroba, gulkeTiloba, siyvaruli, si-
Zulvili, megobroba, Cxubi, mtroba” da sxva47.
giorgi wereTeli abstraqtul azrovnebas bunebaze
gabatonebis erT-erT ZiriTad saSualebad Tvlis. misi
daxmarebiT adamians ,,bunebaSi pirveli adgili uWiravs”.
amasTanave, abstraqtuli azrovneba adamianis xangrZli-
vi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi Camoyalibda. ,,ka-
cobrioba roca dabla idga, mxolod konkretul sag-
nebs aqcevda yuradRebas; ganyenebul sagnebs jer misi
tvini ver swvdeboda”. abstraqtuli azrovnebis unari
adamians misi ganviTarebis gviandel periodSi Camou-
yalibda.
vinaidan adamiani ,,bunebis nawilia”, romelic bune-
bis kanonebs eqvemdebareba, amitom am kanonebis Semec-
neba sakuTari Tavis Semecnebasac niSnavs. ,,Tu kaci
namdvilad naswavli da ganaTlebulia, iman icis...
bunebis kanonebi, maSasadame, imas aqvs Tavisi Tavis cno-
242
bac... kargad cnobs Tavisi sicocxlis kanonebs”48. aq
sruliad aSkarad Cans giorgi wereTlis msoflmxed-
velobis meqanisturi xasiaTi. rasakvirvelia, marTalia,
rom adamiani bunebaSi cxovrobs da eqvemdebareba mis
kanonebs, magram giorgi wereTeli aqve arafers gveubne-
ba cocxali samyaros specifikaze, mis specifikur ka-
nonzomierebaze, miT umetes adamianze, romelic bunebis
kanonebs ara marto eqvemdebareba, aramed kidev upi-
rispirdeba. adamiani ar aris bunebis ubralo ,,mona”,
rogorc giorgi wereTels warmoudgenia.
giorgi wereTeli Semecnebis ganviTarebis aucile-
bel pirobad winaaRmdegobasa da dapirispirebas Tvlis.
,,daswyevlos RmerTma sul erTad da erTgvari arseba.
marTlac rom am erTgvarovnebaSi Cavardes kacobrioba,
ra uZraoba iqneba tvinisa, meTqi; rac erTs eqneba azr-
Si, is yvelas, rasac erTi ityvis, yvela imas gaimeorebs.
maS, aRarc axali azri iqneboda, aRarc axali ambavi,
aRarc axali movlena, axali garemoeba”49. igi mtkiced
icavs im Tvalsazriss, rom ,,mxolod mravalgvarovnebas
moaqvs erTmaneTis ganaxleba” da ganviTareba. igive iTq-
mis Semecnebis proceszec. ,,azrTa Seucileblad, Seuka-
maTeblad WeSmariteba ar gamorkveula”50.
giorgi wereTeli exeba azrovnebisa da metyvelebis
aucilebel kavSirs. mas miaCnia, rom ,,TiToeuli xalxis
ena mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli imis azrze”. azri
enaSi gamoixateba. ,,Wkua aris imisTana niWi, romelic
enaSi gamometyvelebs... soflis dasabamidan, rac azrsa
da Wkuas moumkia, ena aris imis warmomTqmeli da imis
gadamcemi erTi STamomavlobidan meore STamomavlobam-
de... ena xalxis Wkua-gonebis gamomxatvelia da vidre es
xalxi cxovrobs, rogorc Wkua-gonebis warTmeva ar
SeiZleba, ise arc enis warTmeva SeiZleba”51.
enisa da azrovnebis ganuyrelobas giorgi wereTeli
adamianis cnobierebis Camoyalibebis procesSi xedavs.
243
,,rodesac ymawvili karga didi Seiqmneba... TandaTan
Wkuis gaxsnas enis gaxsna da gamdidreba mosdevs... roca
ymawvili akvanSi iwva, misi Wkua jer srulebiT Seugne-
beli iyo, imisdagvarad enasac mobruneba da sityvis
gamoTqma ar SeeZlo... roca ar iyo WkuaTa gaxsnili, arc
enas hqonda Tavisi sityviereba. roca Wkua TandaTan
iwyebs gonebaSi Caxvdomas, maSin enac TandaTan iwyebs
laparaks da axali sityvis SeZenas”62. cxadia, giorgi
wereTlis msoflmxedvelobaSi ver vxvdebiT enisa da
azrovnebis urTierTkavSiris siRrmiseul analizs.
mTeli es msjeloba farTo masebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli
da, cxadia, problemebis ufro detaluri kvleva mas ar
esaWiroeboda.
giorgi wereTeli did mniSvnelobas aniWebs bunebis
Semecnebas. ,,ramdenaTac vrclad icis kacma buneba da
imisi arsebani, – gveubneba igi, – imdenaT ufro Zlieri
da amaRlebulia is am qveyanaSi”53. es azri bekonis de-
vizs mogvagonebs: ,,codna Zala”.
$2. anton furcelaZe
obieqturi sinamdvilis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb ana-
logiuri Sexedulebebi hqonda XIX saukunis meore na-
xevris cnobil qarTvel mweralsa da sazogado moRva-
wes anton furcelaZes.54
anton furcelaZe daibada 1839 wels sof. mereTSi
(goris r-ni), Raribi aznauris ojaxSi. pirveldawyebiTi
ganaTleba Sin miiRo, Semdeg ori wlis manZilze swav-
lobda oriolis kadetTa korpusSi. 1854 wlidan igi
TbilisSi cxovrobs. mwerlobisadmi interesi jer kidev
axalgazrdobis wlebSi gamoavlina. igi dauaxlovda
244
`ciskris~ redaqcias; beWdavda leqsebsa da publicis-
tur werilebs. 1867 wlidan igi iyo am Jurnalis faq-
tobrivi redaqtori. 1869 wlidan Jurnal `mnaTobSi~
moRvaweobs. 1911 wlidan igi sof. arboSi cxovrobs da
eweva literaturulsa da publicistur moRvaweobas.
1884 wels gamoqveynda misi Txzulebebis ortomeuli.
calke wignad daibeWda misi leqsebis krebuli. gar-
daicvala 1913 wels.
anton furcelaZis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis
Camoyalibebaze didi gavlena moaxdines qarTvelma samo-
cianelebma i. WavWavaZis meTaurobiT da rusma revolu-
cioner-demokratebma, gansakuTrebiT n. g. CerniSevskim
da a. gercenma. mis mxatvrul nawarmoebebs emCneva i.
turgenevis gavlenac.
anton furcelaZes zogadi warmodgena aqvs filo-
sofiasa da filosofosebze. igi – rusi revolucioner-
demokratebis tradiciebze aRzrdili – materialisti
moazrovnea da am poziciebidan akritikebs obieqtursa
da subieqtur idealizms. statiaSi `werilebi yasab Ra-
Rosi abragunesTan~ igi akritikebs kants, fixtes, Se-
lings, hegels da TviT spinozasac. igi maT bralad
sdebs obieqturi – materialuri – sinamdvilis uar-
yofas da subieqturi momentebis win wamowevas. anton
furcelaZe `bnelsa da usworo gamokvlevas~ uwodebs
fixtes subieqtur idealizms, romelic, misi azriT,
amtkicebs, rom ,,rac Cvens gareSe Zevs.... tyuili mogoni-
lia, ese igi Cvena varT, varsebobT da yvela, rac Cvens
gareT aris, is aris Cveni gonebis fiqriTa da ara marT-
la”. igi analogiuri poziciebidan akritikebs Selings,
kants, spinozas. aSkaraa rom igi ver amCnevs arsebiT
gansxvavebas subiqtursa da obieqtur idealizms Soris.
igi xom filosofosi ar iyo, aramed filosofiis moyva-
ruli. ,,Selingma aRiara.... _ wers anton furcelaZe –
bunebazed maRla azrovneba da sja niSnavs bunebis
245
Seqmnaso. maSasadame, am mecnierTa azriT Cvens gare
TavisTavad ki ar aris ra, aramed mxolod Cveni gonebis
fiqriT, Cveni gonebis warmodgeniT. bunebaSi marto
Cvens Tavs, Cvens azrovnebas, Cvens suls vxedavT, sxvas
arafersa... buneba aris qmnileba mxolod Cveni sulisa”
– ambobs igive Selingi... buneba ar ariso, buneba Cveni
gonebis qmnilebaao. ase rom Selingi ki ar aris bunebis
qmnileba, bunebaa Selingis qmnileba da isic ra qmnile-
ba! ocnebis qmnileba; sizmari.... sidam gaCnda Selingis,
hegelis, fixtes, spinozas, kantisa da sxva filoso-
fosTa me, Tu buneba aris cru zmaneba kacis gonebisa?”55
ra rig sustic ar unda iyos anton furcelaZis mier
zemoxsenebuli filosofosebis kritika, erTi ram
cxadia: masSi gamoTqmulia nebismieri materializmis
ZiriTadi argumenti idealizmis winaaRmdeg, miuxedavad
imisa, am arguments aqvs Tu ara mecnieruli Rirebuleba.
analogiur xasiaTs atarebs anton furcelaZis mier
hegelis obieqturi idealizmis kritika; ,,hegeli brZa-
nebs – wers igi – rom yovelive gonebis fiqria, garda
absolutisa anu dausabamosi”. Cveni msjeloba ramdenic
ufro miuaxlovdeba dausabamos, imdeni ufro da ufro
Seva sisruleSi, miva dausabamosTan da bolos SeuerT-
deba imas. dausabamosve SeuerTdeba yovelive buneba,
yovelive movlinebao.... axla uyure Tavis gasarkvevad ra
mecnierebebs hbodavs, romelzedac unda daamyaros
Tavisi samecniero sistema: 1. loRika, mecniereba idea-
zed Tavissave TavSi. 2. filosofia sulisa anu ideiasi,
romelic brundeba Tavissave TavSi Tavisis ucxodmyo-
fobidan.... yofna aris buneba, aryofna aris dausabamo
anu uzenaesi Zala. Tu uzenaesi Zala aris aryofna, riT
icnes ise, rac ar aris? riT Seityves imis raoba Selin-
gisa da hegelis gonebam? Amasac ar gvajerebs Cveni
hegeli da brZanebs: dausabamo suli, romelic Camdgara
ucxo gvamSi, Semdeg imisa, rodesac dausabamos moswyda
246
dasabamiani – ese igi buneba anu bunebis movlinebani –
hTavisufldeba da ubrundeba Tavissa Tvissa – ese igi
dausabamos – sami saRsariT: xelovnebiT, sarwmunoebiT
da filosofiiT. es samive – xelovnebac, sarwmunoebac
da filosofiac xom kacis gonebis qmnilebaa. minam kaci
ar gaCnda, nuTu buneba da uzenaesi Zala iyvnen uZravad
da elodnen Tavis moZraobaSi mosvlas da moqmedebas –
Selingi da hegeli rodis Seqmnoden xelovnebas, sar-
wmunoebas da filosofias, rom Cvenc viyoT moqmede-
bao”.56 es vrceli citata, romelsac, cxadia, mecnieruli
Rirebuleba ara aqvs, gancvifrebas iwvevs mxolod imiT,
Tu rogor SeZlo kacma, romelsac fundamenturi (sau-
niversiteto) ganaTleba ar hqonda, kadetTa korpusSi
swavlobda, ase Tu ise (Tundac Zalian zereled) gac-
noboda germanuli idealizmis korifeebis naazrevs da
ar moqceuliyo maTi gavlenis qveS.
anton furcelaZe akritikebs idealizms da materia-
luri samyaros maradiulobasa da absoluturobas am-
tkicebs. buneba, misi azriT, mxolod sakuTari kanonzo-
mierebis safuZvelze arsebobs; igi ,,emoneba mxolod
sakuTar kanonebs”. amave dros anton furcelaZe kla-
sikuri (laplasis) determinizmis poziciebze dgas. igi
amtkicebs bunebaSi mxolod aucileblobis arsebobas
da gamoricxavs SemTxveviTobas. bunebaSi, misi azriT,
araferi ar xdeba bunebrivi aucileblobis gareSe. ,,gana
raime moxdeba bunebaSi... rom bunebis kanonebs gareT
iyves?”. kanons daqvemdebareba, misi azriT, mxolod
aucileblobisadmi daqvemdebarebas niSnavs. maSasadame,
bunebaSi mxolod aucilebloba arsebobs. aseTia anton
furcelaZis msjelobis Tanamimdevroba, rac Tanamed-
rove warmodgenebis mixedviT sruliad gaumarTlebelia.
anton furcelaZe Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis
Tvalsazriss icavs, rac materialisturi msoflmxedve-
lobis erT-erT ZiriTad debulebas warmoadgens. buneb-
247
rivia, rom anton furcelaZis materialisturi msofl-
mxedveloba mWidro kavSirSia mis aTeistur ideebTan. am
SemTxvevaSi misi aTeisturi ideebi tradiciulisagan
arafriT gansxvavdeba.
msgavsad giorgi wereTlisa, anton furcelaZec
Tvlis, rom bunebaSi araferi ar ikargeba; sagnebis
mospoba niSnavs mis daSlas elementebad, xolo Seqmna
elementebis SeerTebaa. marTalia, am ideis dasabuTe-
bisaTvis anton furcelaZe qimias mimarTavs, magram es
ZiriTadi idea arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba berZnuli
(antikuri) atomistikisagan, romelsac saganTa qmnadoba
esmoda rogorc atomebis Seqmna an daSla. amasTanave,
kvlav klasikuri atomistikis kvaldakval, anton fur-
celaZe Tvlis, rom Semadgeneli elementebis ganlageba
anu saganTa struqtura gansazRvravs am sagnis Tvi-
sebriobas.
moZraoba anton furcelaZes esmis rogorc mxolod
meqanikuri procesi. TviT organul samyaroSi moZraoba,
misi azriT, meqanikur xasiaTs atarebs.
anton furcelaZes garkveuli Sexedulebani aqvs ga-
moTqmuli organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.
igi materialistia da, cxadia, organuli samyaros ka-
nonzomierebasac materialisturad xsnis. saxeldobr,
mas miaCnia, rom sicocxle materialuri samyaros gan-
viTarebis Sedegia. ,,bunebidan Cndeba is pirveli ujre-
di, romelic ubralo kristalidan arc ki irCeva”57.
anton furcelaZe ara marto icnobs darvinis evoluci-
ur Teorias, aramed mis propagandasac ki eweva. araor-
ganuli materiidan cocxali organizmebis warmoSobis
Semdeg, misi azriT, ZalaSi Sedis darvinis bunebrivi
gadarCevis kanoni, romelic cocxal organizmTa samya-
ros evolucias uzrunvelyofs. igi ZiriTadad iziarebs
darvinis saxeobaTa warmoSobis Teorias da uaryofs
Tvalsazriss saxeobaTa ucvlelobis Sesaxeb, rasac
248
darvinamde bevri moazrovne iziarebda. evoluciis
process arsebobisaTvis brZola ganapirobebs, romelic
bunebrivi gadarCevis safuZvelia. magram anton furce-
laZe ar iziarebs darvinis moZRvrebas Sidasaxeobrivi
brZolis Sesaxeb. mas miaCnia, rom erTi da igive
saxeobis organizmebi ara marto ar ebrZvis erTmaneTs,
aramed, piriqiT, urTierTarsebobas ganapirobeben. mxed-
velobaSi hyavs ra darvini da misi Tanamoazreni, anton
furcelaZe wers: ,,erTi unda vkiTxoT am didebul
mecnierTa, gana marTla asrea swored bunebaSi, rogorc
isini brZaneben?... aba, wabrZandiT tyeSi da naxeT, rogor
jguf-jgufad Tanaswor siSoreze aRzrdilan erTi
jiSis xeebi... rogor wyobisad, Tanabrad, saRad da
bednierad izrdebian... aramc Tu ar uSlian erTmaneTs
zrdasa da simrTeles, piriqiT, exmarebian erTmaneTs
nestis SenaxvaSi... aiReT frinvelni... gund-gundad da-
dian da erTmaneTs Soveben sazrdosa, erTad icaven ga-
reSe mtrisagan Tavsa... aiReT Tunda mxecebi, mgeli
mgels ar erCis, lomi-lomsa, vefxvi vefxvsa. yvela eseni
ebrZvian mxolod ucxo Teslsa”58. rogorc vxedavT,
anton furcelaZe akritikebs darvinis moZRvrebas Sida-
saxeobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb.
anton furcelaZe iziarebs darvinis im azrs, rom
organizmebis cvalebadobis ZiriTad mizezs garemo
pirobebi warmoadgens. misTvis, cxadia, ucnobi iyo
memkvidruli Tvisebebis Teoria – genetika – romelic
maSin ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze imyofeboda. amis
gareSe ki cocxali organizmebis cvalebadobis mTavar
mizezad garemos gamocxadeba arsebiTad meqanicizms
warmoadgenda.
garemo pirobebis Semoqmedebis Sedegad SeZenili
Tvisebebi, anton furcelaZis azriT, STamomavlobas mem-
kvidreobiT gadaecema. unda vivaraudoT, rom cocxali
organizmebis mier axali Tvisebebis SeZena mas darvinis
249
mixedviT esmoda, saxeldobr, rogor arsebobisaTvis
brZolis Sedegi.
igive darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis gavleniT anton
furcelaZe laparakobs adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxebac.
adamiani mas esmis rogorc organuli materiis ganviTa-
rebis Sedegi; igi iziarebs darvinis Tvalsazriss
adamianis cxoveluri warmoSobis Sesaxeb. cxovelisagan
adamianis gamoyofa moxda Sromis Sedegad. erTi sity-
viT, Sromam warmoSva adamiani. swored Sromis Sedegad
,,kacma aneba oTxze siaruls Tavi, wina fexebi ganTavi-
suflda fexebad xmarebidan da daiwyo maTi xelebad
xmareba”. Semdeg adamianma Seqmna Sromis iaraRebi, rasac
sabolood adamianis gonebrivi ganviTareba mohyva. ,,wina
fexebis xelebad gadaqcevas – wers anton furcelaZe –
mohyva SeZena yovelrigi im iaraRisa, riTac dRes kacob-
riobas Tavi moswons da riTac ebrZvis dRes bunebis
Zlierebas, bunebis dafaruls Tvisebas, bunebis saidum-
loebas. xeliT varjiSs mosdevs varjiSi gonisa, goniT
varjiSs mosdevda gonebis warmateba, gonebiT waratebas
mosdevda gaumjobeseba xelebisa, kacis agebulebisa. da
yvela amas mosdevda ucnauri warmateba kacobriobisa
da usazRvro daSoreba kacisa pirutyvisagan”59. rogor
vxedavT, aq saqme gvaqvs adamianis warmoSobisa da ka-
cobriobis ganviTarebis darvinistul-marqsistul Teo-
riasTan, romelic maSin Cvens qveyanaSi fexs ikidebda.
anton furcelaZisaTvis miuRebelia darvinis moZRv-
reba mTeli organuli samyaros evoluciis ZiriTad
faqtorad arsebobisaTvis brZolis gamocxadebis Sesa-
xeb. mas miaCnia, rom ,,swored es brZola aris mizezi,
rom progresic da evoluciac kacobriobaSi midis ase
sustad, ase naklebad”. brZola arsebobisaTvis, misi
azriT, unda gavigoT rogorc brZola sakuTari sicocx-
lis SenarCunebisaTvis da ara rogorc sxvisi sicocx-
lis ganadgureba.
250
anton furcelaZe meqanisturad da vulgarul-ma-
terialisturad xsnis azrovnebis process. ,,Wkua (igu-
lisxmeba azrovneba – avt.)... aris fiziologiuri proce-
si sxeulisa”. kidev metic, ,,Wkua aris moZraoba sazoga-
doT kacSi myofi tvinTao”. amgvari daskvna uSualod
gamomdinareobs misi materialisturi msoflmxedvelobi-
dan. materializmis poziciebidan xom SeuZlebelia fi-
zikurisa da fsiqikuris, materialurisa da idealuris
arsebiTi gansxvavebis dadgena. miT umetes amas ver
movTxovT anton furcelaZes, romelsac filosofiaze,
cxadia, mxolod warmodgenebi hqonda.
anton furcelaZe laparakobs enisa da azrovnebis
aucilebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb da Tvlis, rom enis
funqcias ara marto azris gamoxatva warmoadgens, ara-
med igi agreTve xels uwyobs azrovnebis ganviTarebas.
,,ena – wers igi – kacobriobam SeimuSava Tavisi azris
gamosaxatavad da gonebis gansaviTareblad. suldgmulT
Soris kaci aris umaRlesi arseba Tavis goniT. gonis
Zlierebas Seadgens ena. ena asazrdoebs gonebas. ena
aris puri gonebisa. ena zrdis Wkua-gonebas”60. am zogadi
mosazrebebidan anton furcelaZe praqtikul daskvnebs
akeTebs: ena eris aucilebeli atributia; misi mospoba
eris mospobis tolfasia, vinaidan eris mospobas
,,mosdevs Wkua-gonebis uZlureba, Wkua-gonebis uZlure-
bas xalxis bolos moRebac”. cxadia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
anton furcelaZes mxedvelobaSi hqonda carizmis anti-
qarTuli politika, romelic mimarTuli iyo qarTuli
enis mospobisaken da am gziT eris ganadgurebisaken.
amitom anton furcelaZe qarTvel xalxs mouwodebda,
rom ,,yoveli Rone unda vixmaroT gamdidrdes Cveni ena,
Cveni mwerloba. davamyaroT Cvens enaze mecniereba, rad-
gan enis simdidreze aris damokidebuli Cveni momavali
bedniereba. amiT unda wavwioT win Cveni zneoba, goneba,
gonebrivi Zala”61.
251
anton furcelaZe, rogorc materialisti moazrovne,
teleologiis winaaRmdegia. igi ekamaTeba drepers, rom-
lis mixedviT ,,umaRlesi mizani bunebisa aris SemuSa-
veba kacis Wkuisa”. es niSnavs, anton furcelaZis azriT,
imis mtkicebas, rom TiTqos buneba gonieri arsebaa da
garkveuli miznebi aqvs. misi azriT, bunebaSi mxolod
mizezobriobis kanoni sufevs da ara miznobrioba. orga-
nul bunebaSi arsebul mizanSewonilobas igi bunebrivi
gadarCevis Sedegad Tvlis. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi
auxsneli rCeba araorganul bunebaSi arsebuli kanon-
zomiereba, romlis asaxsnelad bunebrivi gadarCevis
Teoria ar gamodgeba.
bunebaSi mizezobriobis kanonis erTaderTobis aRia-
rebis safuZvelze anton furcelaZe uaryofs adamianis
TvisebaTa Tandayolilobas da, ivane TarxniSvilis
msgavsad, adamianis yvela Tvisebas garemos zemoqmedebis
Sedegad Tvlis. garemo (ZiriTdad socialuri) aiZulebs
adamians Camoyalibdes rogorc boroti an keTili,
sazogadoebisaTvis saziano an sasargeblo wevri. es
aris tipuri deterministuli Teoria, romelic auxs-
nels tovebs pasuxismgeblobisa da sasjelis SesaZleb-
lobas. Tu adamianis qceva mTlianad determinirebulia,
e. i. Tu ar arsebobs nebelobis Tavisufleba, maSin
adamiani ar SeiZleba misi qcevaze pasuxismgebeli iyos.
magram anton furcelaZe am problebis kursSi ase
Rrmad ar Sesula.
i. m. seCenovis Txzulebis ,,Tavis tvinis refleqsebi”
safuZvelze anton furcelaZe ara marto uaryofs nebe-
lobis Tavisuflebas, aramed adamianis qcevis manqanuri
(meqanisturi) Teoriis poziciebze dgeba. ,,kacs aqvs
Tavis tvini – wers igi – romelic aris ise momarTuli,
rogorc Carxi an rogorc maSina, romelTac rodesac
momarTavs, maSin dabrundeba da saiTac daabruneben,
iqiT datrialdeba... nervni aryeven Tavis tvins da is,
252
rogorc maSina anu Carxi, modis moZraobaSi da axdens
kacis warmoebas”62.
$3. ivane TarxniSvili
1. biografiuli cnobebi. ivane ramazis Ze TarxniSvi-
li – qarTlis didi mouravis giorgi saakaZis STamo-
mavali – daibada 1846 wels TbilisSi Tavad ramaz Tar-
xniSvilis ojaxSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba saxlSi
miiRo; bavSvobaSi srulyofilad Seiswavla rusuli da
franguli enebi. cnobili frangi mwerali aleqsandre
diuma (mama), romelic kavkasiaSi mogzaurobisas ramaz
TarxniSvilis ojaxs ewvia, gancvifrebuli darCa 11
wlis ivane TarxniSvilis franguli enis srulyofili
codniT. 1860 wels 14 wlis ivane TarxniSvili saswav-
leblad peterburgSi gaemgzavra, sadac man jer kla-
sikuri gimnazia daamTavra, xolo Semdeg samedicino-
qirurgiuli akademia (1869), romelsac ufro gvian sam-
xedro-samedicino akademia ewoda. studentobis wlebSi
igi dauaxlovda gamoCenil rus fiziologs i. m.
seCenovs, romlis wignma ,,Tavis tvinis refleqsebi”
(1863) didi gavlena moaxdina ivane TarxniSvilis deter-
ministuli da, nawilobriv (pirvel xanebSi) meqanisturi
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebaze. 1871 wels man
brwyinvaled daicva sadoqtoro disertacia. imave wels
axalgazrda mecnieri Camodis TbilisSi da kiTxulobs
leqciebis cikls Temaze ,,nervuli sistemis roli
cxovelTa moZraobaSi”, romelic gamsWvaluli iyo i. m.
seCenovis materialisturi da deterministuli ideebiT.
1873-75 wlebSi ivane TarxniSvili samecniero mivline-
baSia. strasburgsa da parizSi igi muSaobda msoflioSi
253
gamoCenil fiziologebTan hope-zeilerTan, golcTan,
SarkosTan, klod bernarTan da sxva. amave periodSi man
moinaxula venis, berlinis, oqsfordis, londonis, briu-
selis, Jenevis, ciurixisa da turinis samecniero cent-
rebi. dasavleTis samecniero JurnalebSi gamoaqveyna
ramdenime samecniero statia. 1877 wels igi airCies
samedicino-qirurgiuli akademiis fiziologiis kaTed-
ris gamged, romelic adre i. m. seCenovs ekava. am dros
ivane TarxniSvili ukve msoflioSi cnobili mecnieria.
misi samecniero gamokvlevebi, statiebi, monografiebi
zedized qveyndeba ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis gamom-
cemlobebSi. amasTanave igi iyo brwyinvale oratori,
romlis leqciebi mTeli peterburgis mowinave inteli-
genciis yuradRebis centrSi idga. 1892 wels airCies
akademikosad da samxedro-samedicino akademiis swav-
lul mdivnad. ivane TarxniSvilis didi mecnieruli
damsaxureba da aseve didi popularoba, misi progresu-
li ideebi reaqciulad ganwyobil ZalebSi Sursa da
mtrobas iwvevda. amis gamo ivane TarxniSvili iZulebu-
li gaxda daetovebina akademia (1894). mowinave rusma
inteligenciam da studentobam didi zeimiT aRniSnes
ivane TarxniSvilis samecniero da pedagogiuri moRva-
weobis ocdaxuTi wlis iubile. samxedro-samedicino
akademiis datovebis Semdeg igi erTxans leqciebs
kiTxulobs peterburgis universitetSi, xolo Semdeg
mogzaurobs evropis samecniero centrebSi da eweva
intensiur samecniero muSaobas. ivane TarxniSvili
arCeuli iyo londonis, parizis, berlinis, venis, romis
da niu-iorkis fiziologiuri sazogadoebebis wevrad an
sapatio wevrad. 1908 wlis 11 agvistos ivane Tarxni-
Svili gardaicvala krakovSi; dasaflavebulia sankt-
peterburgSi, aleqsandre nevelis lavraSi. 1946 wlis 27
ivniss qarTvelma inteligenciam didi zeimiT aRniSna
ivane TarxniSvilis dabadebidan 100 wlisTavi.
254
2. organuli samyaros filosofiuri problemebi. iva-
ne TarxniSvili, rogorc fiziologi, uwinares yovlisa,
sicocxlis movlenebs ikvlevda. specialuri proble-
mebis kvlevis procesSi igi, rogorc farTo diapazonis
mecnieri, sicocxlis zogad-Teoriul, filosofiur
problemebsac exeboda. axalgazrdobis wlebSi, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, i. m. seCenovis materialisturi da de-
terministuli ideebis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda, ris
gamoc igi sicocxlis problemasac materialisturi
poziciebidan aanalizebda.
ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs sicocxlis TviTCa-
saxvis Teorias, romelic, sul cota, aristoteles
droidan axal dromde mecnierebaSi farTod figuri-
rebda. mas miaCnia, rom harvisa da, gansakuTrebiT, pas-
teris gamokvlevebis Semdeg sicocxlis TviTCasaxvaze
laparaki SeuZlebelia. ,,Cvens droSi, – wers igi, – ueW-
velia, rom yoveli cocxali, rogorc mcenareuli, aseve
cxoveluri organizmebi umdablesidan dawyebuli umaR-
lesamde, winare arsebuli maTi msgavsi da monaTesave
formebisagan warmoiSoba da rom TviTneburi Casaxvis
Teoria Cvens epoqaSi yovelgvar faqtobriv safuZvels
moklebulia”.63
wignSi ,,fiziologiis kursi” (1879) ivane TarxniSvi-
li vrclad aanalizebs materialistebisa da idea-
listebis Tvalsazriss sicocxlis Sesaxeb da aCvenebs
TiToeuli maTganis naklovanebebs.
sicocxlis, rogorc materialisturi, aseve idealis-
turi gagebis mTavar naklovanebad ivane TarxniSvils
maTi spekulaciuri xasiaTi miaCnia. sicocxlis prob-
lemis gadawyveta, misi azriT, eqsperimentuli kvleva-
Ziebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom mis yuradRebas iq-
cevs galenosi, romelmac sicocxlis problemis gadawy-
veta eqsperimentuli meTodiT scada. ,,yvela misi naSro-
255
mis safuZvlad is gabatonebuli idea Zevs – wers ivane
TarxniSvili galenosis Sesaxeb – rom sulis yvela
gamovlineba sxeulis sxvadasxva nawilis agebulebas
eqvemdebareba”.64 magram Sua saukuneebSi galenosis eqs-
perimentuli kvleva daviwyebas mieca da kvlav spekula-
cia aRorZinda. alqimiam da astrologiam Secvala
bunebis kvlevis eqsperimentuli meTodi. es viTareba
mxolod XVIII saukuneSi gamosworda, roca galerma fi-
ziologiuri kvlevis ZiriTad meTodad kvlav eqspe-
rimenti airCia.
ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs vitalizmsa da neo-
vitalizms da sicocxlis movlenebis axsnas materia-
listuri poziciebidan cdilobs. igi uaryofs sasi-
cocxlo Zalis arsebobas da sicocxlis movlenebs fi-
zikisa da qimiis kanonebiT xsnis, rac uTuod meqanis-
turi msoflmxedvelobis gamoZaxils warmoadgens. ,,si-
cocxle ar SeiZleba aixsnas materiisagan damoukide-
beli gansakuTrebuli sasicocxlo Zalebis TamaSiT,
aramed, piriqiT, igi ganpirobebulia im elementebis
fizikur-qimiuri TvisebebiT, romlisganac cocxali
sxeuli Sedgeba”.65 udavoa, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme
gvaqvs sicocxlis bunebis meqanistur gagebasTan.
vitalizmisa da neovitalizmis damsaxurebas ivane
TarxniSvili imaSi xedavs, rom maT yuradReba miaqcies
sicocxlis movlenebis subieqtur mxares. ,,neovitalis-
tebis damsaxurebad is SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom isini
mogvagoneben subieqturi analizis aucileblobas obieq-
turTan erTad, romelsac cocxali sxeuli SeiZleba
eqvemdebarebodes; mogvagoneben adamianis qcevis yvela
Sinagan fsiqikur motivebs”.66
ivane TarxniSvili ganixilavs sicocxlis cnebis
gansazRvrebis cdebs (aristotele, demokrite, epikure,
kanti, miuleri) da aRniSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani da-
256
makmayofilebeli ar aris. amis safuZvelze igi eWvs ga-
moTqvams sicocxlis arsebis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba-
Si. ,,adamianis gonebis yvela cda, rom SeiWras sicocx-
lis arsebaSi da erTi martivi formuliT moicvas yve-
la misi ZiriTadi niSani, aradamakmayofilebeli aRmoCn-
da da SeiZleba uyoymanod vTqvaT, rom dRemde ar arse-
bobs arc erTi filosofiuri da zogad-biologiuri
gansazRvreba, romelic sayovelTao mowonebiT isargeb-
lebda.”67
amasTan dakavSirebiT ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs
sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss sicocxlis bunebis Sesaxeb da
aCvenebs maT ukmarobas. amis mizezad igi imas Tvlis,
rom ,,adamianis gonebisaTvis saerTod miuwvdomelia
raime movlenis, miT umetes sicocxlis arseba”68. mecnie-
reba, kerZod, biologia, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT,
swavlobs sicocxlis movlenebs da ara maT arsebas. am
SemTxvevaSi ivane TarxniSvili pozitivizmis gavlenis
qveS imyofeba, romelsac igi ,,Tavmdabal (скромный)
filosofiur mimarTulebas” uwodebs imis gamo, rom mas
ara aqvs arsebis Semecnebis pretenzia. pozitivistebidan
ivane TarxniSvili asaxelebs h. spensers, romelmac
mecnieruli Semecnebis sagnad movlenebi gamoacxada,
xolo arsebis Semecnebis SesaZlebloba uaryo.
pozitivizmis gavlenis miuxedavad, ivane TarxniSvi-
li sicocxlis warmoSobis materialistur Teziss
icavs da uaryofs vitalistur moZRvrebas sasicocxlo
Zalebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. cocxali organizmebi misi
azriT, iseve emorCileba bunebis uzogades kanonebs,
rogorc yvela danarCeni sagnebi da movlenebi. kerZod,
igi laparakobs fizikur-qimiur kanonebze, saxeldobr,
materiis maradiulobisa da energiis gardaqmnis kano-
nebze, romelTac Zala aqvT cocxali organizmebis sfe-
roSic. organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa gardaqmnis
257
procesi, misi azriT, warmoSobs sasicocxlo Zalas, ro-
melic isev am materialuri procesebis ganxorcielebas
xmardeba. ,,yvela cxovelur funqcias Tavis wyarod aqvs
cocxali Zalebi, romlebic warmoebulia nivTierebaTa
gardaqmniT, miRebulia garedan da is Zalebi TviTon
sxeulis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. materiis es gardaqmnebi
da ZalTa gadasvlebi eqvemdebareba iseT kanonebs,
romelsac bunebis yvela fizikur-qimiuri movlena
eqvemdebareba”69. es Tvalsazrisi uTuod sicocxlis
bunebis materialistur gagebas warmoadgens.
metic, ivane TarxniSvili dgas ra materializmis
poziciebze, xSirad Tavs ver aRwevs meqanicizms. igi
fizikisa da qimiis kanonebs ,,cocxali materiis” Ziri-
Tad kanonebad Tvlis. ,,fizikur-qimiuri ganaTleba, _
wers igi, – Cvens droSi adamianTa gonebrivi monapovre-
bis ZiriTadi safuZveli unda iyos.” amis safuZvelze
igi fizikasa da qimias ,,biologiis mTavar sayrdenebad”
Tvlis. igi laparakobs agreTve filosofiis,
fsiqologiisa da logikis did mniSvnelobaze
biologiuri procesebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.
rasakvirvelia, ivane TarxniSvili ar uaryofs bio-
logiuri kanonebis arsebobas da, maSasadame, biologia
ar dahyavs fizikasa da qimiaze, magram mis mier fizi-
kur-qimiuri kanonebis rolis gazviadeba sicocxlis
movlenebis Seswavlis saqmeSi uTuod adasturebs misi
msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi tendenciebis arsebobas,
rac kidev ufro naTlad gamovlindeba mis mier nebe-
lobis gagebis sakiTxSi.
am meqanisturi tendenciebis miuxedavad, ivane
TarxiSvilisaTvis miuRebelia klasikuri meqanisturi
moZRvreba, romelsac sicocxlis procesebi atomebis
moZraobaze dahyavda. ,,Tumca sicocxle dakavSirebulia
atomebis moZraobasa da misgan gamomdinare mocemuli
258
cocxali organizmis fizikur-qimiur pirobebTan, magram
am pirobebs mainc ar ZaluZT Sejgufdnen da Seqmnan
sicocxlis movlenebis mwyobri, Tanamimdevari rigi im
wesiT, rogorc isini cocxal organizmebSi mimdina-
reobs”70. maSasadame, ivane TarxniSvili ar eTanxmeba
arc vitalistebsa da arc im meqanistebs, romelTac
sicocxlis movlenebi atomebis moZraobaze dahyavT.
ivane TarxniSvilis msoflmxedvelobis meqanisturi
tendenciebi sruliad specifikuri da, Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas, ,,zomieri” iyo.
ivane TarxniSvili msjelobs adamianisa da manqanis
msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesaxeb. manqana asamoZraveblad
,,garegan biZgs” saWiroebs. aseve cocxali organizmebi
garemosTan mWidro kavSirSia. C. darvinis erT-erT dam-
saxurebad ivane TarxniSvili cocxali organizmebisa
da garemos aucilebeli kavSiris Cvenebas Tvlis. miu-
xedavad amisa, manqana da cocxali organizmi erTmane-
Tisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. manqana cvTeba, magram
TavisTavad ar aRdgeba, ar viTardeba adamianis zemoq-
medebis gareSe. cocxali organizmi ki ganuwyvetlad
icvleba da viTardeba. sicocxlis materialur subst-
rats nivTierebaTa cvla warmoadgens. sikvdili niSnavs
organizmSi mimdinare aRdgeniTi procesebis Sewyvetas.
cocxal organizmSi, kerZod, adamianSi mimdinareobs
ori erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli procesi:
fizikuri da fsiqikuri. pirveli garegan dakvirvebas
eqvemdebareba, meore ki garegani dakvirvebisaTvis miuwv-
domelia; igi adamianis subieqtur samyaros warmoadgens.
amave mizeziT organizmSi mimdinare fizikuri proce-
sebis Sesaswavlad fizikur-qimiuri meTodebi gamogvad-
geba; fsiqikuri movlenebis Seswavla ki am meTodiT
SeuZlebelia; maT ZiriTad Taviseburebas subieqturoba
warmoadgens, ris gamoc maTi Seswavlis ZiriTadi meTo-
259
dia TviTdakvirveba. organizmSi mimdinare fizikuri
procesebi ki ,,cnobierebis sferos gareSe” arsebobs da,
maSasadame, obieqtur dakvirvebas eqvemdebareba. TviTdak-
virveba fsiqikuri movlenebis Seswavlis mTavari meTo-
dia, magram ara erTaderTi. fsiqikuri gancdebi qcevebSi
gamovlindeba. amitom sxvisi fsiqikuris Sesaxeb SeiZ-
leba vimsjeloT sakuTari fsiqikuri gancdebis dros
Sesrulebuli qcevis analogiis mixedviT. roca vwuxvar
– vtiri, roca mixaria – vicini. amitom roca vxedav,
rom viRac tiris an icinis, SemiZlia daskvna gavakeTo
misi fsiqikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
fsiqikuri gancdebis kunTur moZraobaSi gamoxatvis
mixedviT xsnis ivane TarxniSvili telepatisa da spiri-
tualistur seansebs. igi uaryofs sivrceSi azrebis ga-
dacemis SesaZleblobas da Tvlis, rom ,,azrTa amokiTx-
va” sxva araferia, Tu ara kunTur moZraobaze dakvir-
veba. nervuli Zafebi, amtkicebs ivane TarxniSvili,
,,sruliad izolirebuli gamtarebia”. nervuli aRgzneba
ara marto sivrceSi ar gadadis, aramed TviT meore
nervSic ki; amitom sivrceSi azrTa gadacemis Sesaxeb
laparaki usafuZvloa. adamianis erT-erT ZiriTad upi-
ratesobas ivane TarxniSvili imaSi xedavs, rom ,,ada-
mianis azri sxvisTvis saidumloebas warmoadgens, vidre
igi ar gamovlindeba da samyaroSi veraviTar mkiTxavs
arasodes ar SeuZlia mas miswvdes, Tuki adamiani mis
saidumlod Senaxvas moisurvebs”.71
marTalia, adamianis fsiqikuri samyaros Seswavlis
ZiriTad meTods TviTdakvirveba warmoadgens, magram
martooden am meTods ,,ar SeuZlia arc erTi fizio-
logiuri amocanis gadawyveta, arc erTi fiziologiuri
funqciis axsna”. ivane TarxniSvili daaskvnis: ,,gamokv-
levis subieqturi da obieqturi meTodebis kombinacia
260
sasicocxlo movlenebis analizisa da axsnis erTaderT
swor gzas warmoadgens”72.
ivane TarxniSvili erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs cno-
biersa da aracnobier fsiqikur movlenebs. aracnobie-
rad sruldeba ara mxolod fizikuri (fiziologiuri)
procesebis umravlesoba, aramed aseve fsiqikuri proce-
sebis didi nawilic. amave dros aracnobieri fsiqikuris
sfero aranakleb farToa, vidre cnobieri fsiqikuri
movlenebisa. amasTanave ivane TarxniSvili amtkicebs
maT Soris mWidro kavSiris arsebobas. aracnobieri da
cnobieri fsiqikuri xSirad erTmaneTSi gadadis. cnobie-
ri aracnobieris sferoSi gadadis miCvevis, xSiri gan-
meorebis Sedegad.
cnobiereba sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens. ,,cno-
biereba... – wers igi – sxva araferia, garda rogorc ga-
regani, aseve Sinagani Cveni kuTvnili sagnebisa da mov-
lenebis Sesaxeb erTdroulad arsebuli warmodgenebi”73.
wignSi ,,suli da sxeuli” ivane TarxniSvili aCvenebs
,,gansakuTrebul intimursa da Zlier” kavSirs sulsa da
sxeuls Soris, rasac, misi azriT, adamianis cxovrebi-
saTvis umaRlesi Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba
aqvs, ,,vinaidan igi amtkicebs ra sulisa da sxeulis er-
Tianobas, igi safuZvlad unda daedos sworsa da ke-
TilSobilur msoflmxedvelobas adamianis organizmis
WeSmariti bunebis Sesaxeb”74. am ideis praqtikul mniSv-
nelobas ivane TarxniSvili gansakuTrebiT medicinaSi
xedavs; daavadebis mkurnaloba unda iyos kompleqsuri:
fizikuri da fsiqikuri, vinaidan erT-erTi maTganis
moSlas Tan sdevs meoris dazianebac.
miuxedavad fizikurisa da fsiqikuris mWidro kav-
Sirisa, ivane TarxniSvils miuReblad miaCnia fsiqo-
fizikuri paralelizmis Teoria, romelic cocxal or-
ganizmebSi ori – erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli – subs-
261
tanciis, sulisa da sxeulis arsebobas emyareba. am Teo-
rias, misi azriT, fsiqikis bunebis axsna ar ZaluZs,
raki igi fizikursa da fsiqikurs, sulsa da sxeuls
erTmaneTisagan wyvets.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs
rogorc materialistur, ise idealistur Tvalsazri-
sebs sulisa da sxeulis – fizikurisa da fsiqikuris –
urTierTobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, SeuZlebelia fizi-
kurisa da fsiqikuris erTmaneTisgan mowyveta an maTi
erTmaneTze dayvana. materialistebisa da idealistebis
warumatebeli cdebi fizikurisa da fsiqikuris urTier-
Tobis kvlevis saqmeSi, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, prob-
lemis sirTuliT aixsneba. igi wers: ,,amrigad, vakavSi-
rebT ra adamianis cnobier fsiqikur moRvaweobas gar-
kveuli materialuri tvinis masebis arsebobasTan, Cven,
rasakvirvelia, Cvens Tavs ar unda davumaloT, rom
dRemde Cven ara gvaqvs araviTari naTeli warmodgena
imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba Tavis tvinis naxevars-
feroebis ruxi qerqis centrebis sferoSi sxeulis
grZnobadi periferiebidan (zedapiridan) am centrebamde
momavali nervuli aRgznebis materialuri procesebi-
dan, warmoSvas raime, Tundac yvelaze martivi iseTi
elementaruli fsiqikuri movlenac ki, rogoricaa, maga-
liTad, yvelaze umartivesi sinaTlis an smenis Seg-
rZneba”75.
cnobilia, rom fizikuridan fsiqikurSi gardamavali
xidis arseboba kategoriulad uaryo diubua reimonma,
romelmac wamoayena cnobili Tezisi: ,,Ignorabimus” (,,Seu-mecnebadia”). ivane TarxniSvili am sakiTxSi solida-
robas ucxadebs diubua reimons da wers: ,,diubua rei-
moni imasac ki fiqrobs, rom is xidi, romliTac nervu-
li centrebis materialuri procesebi ama Tu imMformis
sulier moRvaweobaSi gadadis, adamianis gonebisaTvis
262
marad gadauwyvetadi darCeba. dRemde araviTari SesaZ-
lebloba ar arsebobs Tundac Soridan SevexoT am sa-
kiTxs”.76
cnobiereba, ivane TarxniSvilis mixedviT, mxolod
tvinis produqti rodia. mis Camoyalibebaze did gavle-
nas axdens garemo, romlis qveS ara mxolod fizikuri,
aramed socialuri garemoc igulisxmeba. garemosa da
Tavis tvins Soris mWidro kavSirSia. garemodan grZno-
bis organoebiT miRebuli gaRizianeba nervuli qsovi-
lebis saSualebiT Tavis tvinamde aRwevs da cnobie-
rebis Sinaarss warmoSobs.
ivane TarxniSvilis Sexeduleba fizikurisa da fsi-
qikuris (sulisa da sxeulis) urTierTobis Sesaxeb sa-
fuZvlad daedo mis koncefcias nebelobis Tavisuf-
lebis Sesaxeb. zemoT aRniSnuli iyo, rom 1871 wels
ivane TarxniSvilma TbilisSi waikiTxa leqciebis cikli
Temaze ,,nervuli sistemis roli cxovelTa moZraobaSi,”
romelSic man, seCenovis ideebis gavleniT, uaryo nebe-
lobis Tavisufleba da mkacri determinizmis pozi-
ciebze dadga.
deterministuli ideebis dafuZnebas ivane Tarxni-
Svili nebelobis Tavisuflebis voluntaristuli kon-
cefciis kritikis paralelurad awarmoebs. volunta-
rizmi, misi azriT, adamianis fizikuri da fsiqikuri
Tvisebebis Tandayolilobas amtkicebs, rac fizikuri
sinamdvilidan fsiqikuri movlenebis mowyvetis tol-
fasia. nebelobis Tavisuflebis qveS garegani sinamdvi-
lisagan misi damoukidebloba igulisxmeba, rac, ivane
TarxniSvilis azriT, ar marTldeba arc Teoriulad da
arc praqtikulad. voluntarizmi, misi azriT, ewinaaRm-
degeba mecnierebis monacemebs, kerZod, fiziologiur
moZRvrebas fizikurisa da fsiqikuris urTierTobis Se-
saxeb.
263
nebelobis Tavisuflebis koncefcias, ivane Tarxni-
Svilis azriT, didi ziani moaqvs sazogadoebis praqti-
kuli cxovrebisaTvis. amtkicebs ra fizikuri da fsiqi-
kuri Tvisebebis Tandayolilobas, igi adamianebs yofs
or jgufad: keTilebad da borotebad, gonierebad da
ugnurebad, damnaSaveebad da udanaSauloebad. AaseT
koncefciaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba
humanuri da demokratiuli iyos
Tu adamianis individualuri Taviseburebani Tanda-
yolilia, maSin, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, adamianis
aRzrda SeuZlebeli iqneba. Tu adamiani uzneo ibadeba,
maSin mas aRzrda zneobrivs ver gaxdis. es niSnavs, rom
voluntarizmis poziciebidan aRzrdaze laparaki SeuZ-
lebelia, rac arsebiTad pedagogikis uaryofas warmoad-
gens. aseve voluntarizmis poziciebidan SeuZlebelia
sasjelisa da danaSaulis arseboba. ,,magaliTad, rogor
unda SeuTavso mas sasjelis mTeli sistema, romlis
mizans cudad warmarTuli Tavisufali nebelobis
alagmva warmoadgens? nuTu SeiZleba erTdroulad iyo
momxre sasjelis sistemisa da moZRvrebisac ,,nebelobis
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb,” rom logikur winaaRmdegobaSi
ar Cavarde?” Tu adamiani damnaSaved ibadeba, maSin azri
aRar aqvs mis winaaRmdeg sasjelis sistemis gamoyenebas
da, piriqiT, damnaSavis dasja mxolod maSin SeiZleba,
Tu SesaZlebelia mis nebelobaze zemoqmedeba. ra azri
aqvs damnaSavis dasjas, Tu igi Tandayolili damnaSavea
da, maSasadame, misi aRzrda SeuZlebelia?
voluntarizmis winaaRmdeg ivane TarxniSvili amtki-
cebs, rom nebelobiTi aqtebi arsebiTad iseve mimdina-
reobs, rogorc refleqsuri aqtebi. cxoveli, romelic
sakvebs eZebs da TiTqos nebismier aqts asrulebs, iseve
ar aris Tavisufali, rogorc is cxoveli, romelic
laboratoriaSi simJaviT gaRizianebisas kunTur moZrao-
264
bas awarmoebs. e.w. nebismieri qcevis dros ,,movlenebi
iseve absoluturi (роковой) aucileblobiT mimdinareobs,
rogorc yvelaze rTuli saaTis meqanizmis Semadgeneli
rgolebi moZraobs”77. orive maTgani ,,garegan biZgs”
saWiroebs da, maSasadame, nebelobiTi aqtis saxiT saqme
gvaqvs wminda refleqsur aqtTan.
nebelobis Tavisuflebis gancda, ivane TarxniSvilis
azriT, TviTdakvirvebis Sedegia. adamiani irCevs mizans,
ibrZvis misi ganxorcielebisaTvis da hgonia, rom am
procesSi misi nebeloba Tavisufalia, akeTebs imas, rac
mas surs, anu misi moqmedebis mizezi masSia da ara mis
gareT. amas gveubneba Cveni cnobiereba, romelic Tavi-
suflebas ganicdis, hgonia rom Tavisufalia. magram
sul sxvas amtkicebs adamianis goneba; ar arsebobs
umizezo movlenebi; yvelafers aqvs Tavisi mizezi da,
maSasadame, determinirebulia. am gziT goneba nebelobis
Tavisuflebis uaryofamde midis. amrigad, nebelobis Ta-
visuflebis gagebis sakiTxSi ivane TarxniSvili erT-
maneTs upirispirebs cnobierebasa da gonebas. erTi nebe-
lobis Tavisuflebas amtkicebs, meore ki mis determini-
rebulobas78.
cnobierebisa da gonebis dapirispirebas nebelobis
Tavisuflebis sakiTxSi ivane TarxniSvili imiT xsnis,
rom bunebaSi nebismier movlenas, maT Soris adamianis
qcevas, ,,mizezTa usasrulo jaWvi” ganapirobebs. goneba
am usasrulo (mravali) mizezis Semecnebis Sedegad nebe-
lobis Tavisuflebis uaryofamde midis; cnobierebas ki
mizezTa am usasrulo rigis Semecneba ar SeuZlia, ris
gamoc adamianis qceva Tavisufali hgonia.
marTalia, TxzulebaSi ,,nervuli sistemis roli
cxovelTa moZraobaSi” ivane TarxniSvili uaryofs ara
saerTod nebelobis Tavisuflebas (nebelobis Tavisuf-
lebis sruli uaryofa nebelobis uaryofis tolfasia,
265
rasac ivane TarxniSvilze ver vityviT), aramed mxolod
moZRvrebas ,,nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb im farTo
azriT, rogorc igi esmoda gabatonebul moZRvrebas”, e.
i. voluntarizms, magram am periodSi (XIX saukunis 70-
iani wlebi) ivane TarxniSvilis msoflmxedvelobis meqa-
nisturi xasiaTi ZiriTadad mainc aSkaraa. magram igive
ar SeiZleba iTqvas mis Semdegdroindel nawerebze. maga-
liTad, TxzulebaSi ,,STagoneba, hipnotizmi da azrTa
kiTxva” (1905) ivane TarxniSvili miznad isaxavs ,,Tavi-
suflebis ideis” analizs, akritikebs voluntaristul
moZRvrebas nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, magram ar
uaryofs TviTon nebelobis Tavisuflebis ideas.
marTalia, nebelobis Tavisufleba cnobierebis iluzias
warmoadgens, amtkicebs ivane TarxniSvili, magram mas
adamianis sulieri cxovrebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs. Tavisuflebis gareSe adamians ,,sicocxlis war-
modgenac ki ar SeuZlia”. igi daaskvnis: ,,mospeT ada-
mianSi nebelobis Tavisuflebis cnobiereba, maSin war-
moudgeneli iqneba adamianis CaTvla cocxal, gonier
arsebad, aramed daemsgavseboda avtomats, romelic
garegani pirobebisagan damokidebulebaSi myofi ama Tu
im muSaobas fataluri aucileblobiT asrulebs”79.
amis miuxedavad, ivane TarxniSvili ar Ralatobs de-
terminizmis principebs da laparakobs nebelobis gan-
sazRvrulobaze, xolo, meore mxriv, nebelobis Tavi-
suflebis gancdaze, romelic mas cnobierebis dadebiT
iluziad miaCnia.
laparakobs ra adamianis nebelobis determinirebu-
lobis Sesaxeb garemo pirobebis mier, ivane Tarxni-
Svils am ukanasknelis qveS esmis rogorc bunebrivi,
aseve socialuri garemo. amave dros igi socialur ga-
remos aranakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebs adamianis qcevis
gansazRvrulobis saqmeSi. kidev metic, misi azriT,
266
adamianis aRmzrdels upiratesad is socialuri garemo
warmoadgens, romelSic igi cxovrobs. socialuri gare-
mo adamianis moqmedebas gansazRvravs. qorwinebaTa
ricxvi izrdeba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis pirobeb-
Si, xolo mcirdeba omebis, SimSilobis, mZime ekonomi-
kuri viTarebis dros; magram am pirobebSi izrdeba da-
naSaulobaTa ricxvi. es niSnavs, rom adamiani ara marto
biologiuri arsebaa, aramed socialuric. amitom misi
qceva ganisazRvreba rogorc bunebrivi, aseve socia-
luri pirobebiT. es viTareba, ivane TarxniSvilis az-
riT, mSvenivrad daasabuTa a. ketles statistikurma ga-
mokvlevebma. gamoirkva, rom TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi
garkveul kanonzomierebas eqvemdebareba. Tuki es aqtebi
Tavisufali nebelobis produqti iyos, maSin maTSi
SeuZlebeli iqneboda raime kanonzomierebis aRmoCena. es
niSnavs, rom adamianis qceva upiratesad garemo piro-
bebzea damokidebuli.
ivane TarxniSvili, rasakvirvelia, ar uaryofs sas-
jelisa da pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobas, magram
moiTxovs, rom iurisprudenciam mxedvelobaSi miiRos is
mizezebi, romlebic adamianis qcevas gansazRvravs. am
SemTxvevaSi ki damnaSaves sasjeli Seumsubuqdeba.
sasjels, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, aRmzrdelobiTi
funqcia unda hqondes. dasja TviTmizani ar unda iyos,
rogorc amas voluntarizmi gulisxmobs, aramed miznad
adamianis sulier gardaqmnas unda isaxavdes. danaSau-
lobasTan brZolis ZiriTad meTods aRzrda unda
warmoadgendes. TviTon sikvdiliT dasjis SemTxvevaSic
ki misi mizani swored sxva adamianebis danaSaulis aR-
kveTa, maSasadame, maTi aRzrda unda iyos. ar SeiZleba
danaSaulis gamocxadeba adamianTa Tandayolil Tvise-
bad. ,,yvela xalxs... – wers igi – erTnairi Sansi aqvT
iyvnen boroti da keTili, uvici, mcodne, sazogadoebis
267
uvargisi da vargisi wevrebi. saqme umTavresad imazea
damokidebuli, ra viTarebaSi izrdeba da viTardeba
subieqti”. Semdeg: ,,adamianTa Soris didi gansxvaveba um-
Tavresad ganpirobebulia maTi garemomcveli garemos
mier da ara maTi bunebis mier; am ukanasknels ara aqvs
iseTi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba pirovnebis ama Tu im
aRnagobaze, rogorc gareSe viTarebas”80.
danaSauls, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, socialuri
mizezebi aqvs. amitom misi aRmofxvra mxolod da mxo-
lod socialuri viTarebis gardaqmniT SeiZleba, im so-
cialuri viTarebisa, romelic adamians danaSaulisaken
ubiZgebs. am daskvnebs uTuod revoluciuri mniSvneloba
hqonda imdroindeli viTarebis pirobebSi.
igi am poziciidan aanalizebs maqsim gorkis Txzu-
lebas ,,fskerze” da amtkicebs, rom adamianTa mankiere-
bis mizezi socialur garemoSi imyofeba. cudi socia-
luri viTareba adamianis sulier mdgomareobas ryvnis
da moralur gaxrwnamde mihyavs.
ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, nebelobis Tavisuflebis
deterministul gagebas SeuZlia didi roli iTamaSos
socialuri viTarebis gardaqmnis saqmeSi. iurispruden-
ciam mxedvelobaSi unda miiRos is garemoeba, rom da-
naSaulis aRmofxvra SeuZlebelia martooden damsje-
lobiTi zomebis gatarebiT. damnaSaves ki ar unda dav-
cinoT, aramed igi unda moxvdes sazogadoebis yuradRe-
bis centrSi da gaxdes ,,sayovelTao TanagrZnobisa da
zrunvis sagani”.
3. gnoseologiuri Sexedulebebi. Semecnebis mTavar
obieqts, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, bunebaSi arsebuli
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri warmoadgens. ,,adamianis gone-
ba – wers igi _ yvelgan da yovelTvis, yvelaferSi mis
winaSe mimdinare movlenebis mizezis gamocnobas esw-
rafvis. es niSani ise mWidrod dakavSirebulia mis su-
268
lier cxovrebasTan, rom sakiTxebi ,,ratom”, ,,rogor” da
,,risgan” mas dauRlelad Tan sdevs adreuli bavSvobi-
dan saflavamde”81. am Ziebis Sedegs Semecnebis ganviTa-
reba warmoadgens.
Semecnebis amosavalia cda da eqsperimenti. igi akri-
tikebs maT, vinc empiriuli Semecnebis rols amcirebs
da Semecnebis erTaderT wyarod gonebas Tvlis.
grZnobadi cdis pirvel elements SegrZneba warmoad-
gens, romelic masalas aZlevs azrovnebas, xolo es
ukanaskneli mas cnebebis, azrebisa da fantaziis saxiT
ayalibebs. ,,SegrZnebebidan yalibdeba warmodgenebi; am
ukanasknelTa Serwymis Sedegad – azrebi, cnebebi, fan-
taziis saxeebi”. dgas ra Semecnebis empiristuli Teo-
riis poziciebze, ivane TarxniSvili Tvlis, rom nebis-
mieri abstraqtuli azri grZnobadi warmomavlobisaa.
,,yvela Cvens warmodgenas... Zirebi SegrZnebebSi aqvs, ro-
melic Cvens cnobierebas grZnobis organoebis saSua-
lebiT eZleva Cveni grZnobis organoebisaTvis misawv-
domi sagnebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb”. Semdeg: ,,SegrZne-
bani, romelTac sxvadasxva grZnobis organo gvaZlevs,
ZiriTadi elementebia, romelTa sxvadasxvagvari gaer-
Tianebis Sedegad warmodgenebi yalibdeba”82. am pozicias
ivane TarxniSvili mihyavs lokis cnobil debulebamde:
,,araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar SegrZ-
nebebSi ar iyos mocemuli”. am debulebas igi ,,swors”
uwodebs, magram mas miuReblad miaCnia misi gavrceleba
adamianis gonebaSi arsebul yvela warmodgenaze, vi-
naidan ,,Cvens cnobierebaSi warmoSobili warmodgenebi
azrovnebis garkveuli kanonebis mixedviT erTmaneTs
ukavSirdeba, ganzogaddeba da gadadis umaRlesad, uf-
ro ganyenebul warmodgenebsa da cnebebSi, romelTanac
Cveni grZnobis organoebis aRqmebs uSualo kavSiri ara
aqvT... lokis azri, rasakvirvelia, ise unda gavigoT,
269
rom adamiani, romelsac ara aqvs, magaliTad, mxedve-
loba, an Sexebis grZnoba da a.S., verasodes ver SeZlebs
gamoimuSaos raime mxedvelobiTi, SexebiTi da gemov-
nebiTi warmodgenebi da amas, rasakvirvelia, Znelia
vinme ar daeTanxmos”. rogorc vxedavT, ivane TarxniSvi-
li Taviseburad ganmartavs lokis debulebas da,
maSasadame, garkveulwilad ,,arbilebs” mas da amdenad
ase Tu ise misaRebs xdis nebismieri Semecnebis Teorii-
saTvis.
ivane TarxniSvili xSirad grZnobad cdas mTeli go-
nebrivi moRvaweobis ,,pirvel biZgs” uwodebs, saidanac
logikuri operaciebis Sedegad cnobierebis mTeli Sina-
arsi yalibdeba.
SegrZneba gaRizianebis Sedegia, gaRizianeba ki aris
grZnobadi nervis reaqcia garegan gamRizianebelze.
gaRizianebis unari, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, yvela
cocxal organizms aqvs mcenareebis CaTvliT. ,,gaRi-
zianeba cocxali nivTierebis ganuyreli Tvisebaa”. es
niSnavs, rom gaRizianeba ar aris fsiqikuri aqti; igi
gardamavali safexuria fizikuridan fsiqikurisaken.
gaRizianeba orgvaria: Sinagani da garegani. yvelaferi
damokidebulia imaze, Tu sad imyofeba gamRizianebeli –
subieqts gareT, Tu mis SigniT. garegani gamRizianebeli
Cveni garegani grZnobis organoebze moqmedebs, Sinagani
ki aris SimSilis, wyurvilis, tkivilis da a. S. SegrZ-
neba. ukanasknelT ivane TarxniSvili ,,adamianis TviT-
grZnobas” uwodebs. igi subieqturia, maSin roca garega-
ni gaRizianeba obieqturs warmoadgens.
SegrZnebis ,,anatomiuri meqanizmi” Tavis tvinSia,
kerZod, igi aris Tavis tvinis centroebSi, romlebic
tvinis naxevarsferoebis rux qerqSia ganlagebuli.
Tavis tvini, misi azriT, mTeli cnobierebis safuZvels
warmoadgens. amitom Tavis tvinis hemisferoebis ruxi
270
qerqis darRvevas Tan sdevs cnobierebis gaqroba.
cnobierebisa da misi materialuri substratis – Tavis
tvinis – aucilebeli kavSiris arseboba ivane Tarxni-
Svils udavod miaCnia; magram igi Tvlis, rom adamia-
nisaTvis ucnobia is ,,meqanizmi”, romliTac tvinSi mim-
dinare materialuri procesebi fsiqikur procesebs
warmoSobs.
cnobiereba, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, warmodgene-
bis erTobliobaa; am warmodgenebis gadamuSavebis Sede-
gad ki cnebebi yalibdeba. ,,cnobierebis mTeli sfero,
romlis safuZvelzec Cven bunebis sagnebisa da mov-
lenebis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT, Sedgeba... rogorc warsu-
lis, aseve awmyos mTeli rigi warmodgenebisagan”83. am
warmodgenebis umravlesoba sworad asaxavs obieqtur
sinamdviles, magram cnobierebaSi mcdari warmodgenebic
arsebobs. adamiani xSirad cdeba rogorc praqtikuli,
aseve Teoriuli moRvaweobis procesSi.
Semecnebas Tan sdevs Secdomebi. es Secdomebi war-
sulSi miRebuli STabeWdilebebis sferoSi metia, vidre
awmyoSi aRqmuli movlenebis sferoSi. Secdomebs mrava-
li wyaro aqvs, magram yvelaze naklebad uSualo aRqma
cdeba. erTi SexedviT, aRqmaSi saerTod ar unda iyos
Secdoma, magram sinamdvileSi aqac ,,araiSviaTad gvxvde-
ba didi Secdomebi” garesamyaros sagnebisa da movle-
nebis aRqmis procesSi. adamiani xSirad cdeba feris,
gemos, sunis, manZilis Sefasebis dros. SecdomaTa am
jgufs ivane TarxniSvili aRqmis Secdomebs uwodebs,
xolo yvela saxis Secdomas _ ,,cnobierebis Secdomebs”.
am Secdomebis mizezebis kvlevas ivane TarxniSvili
Semecnebis Teoriis ZiriTad amocanad Tvlis.
ra aris cnobierebis Secdomebis mizezi, sad unda
veZioT misi safuZveli? am amocanis gadawyvetisadmia
miZRvnili ivane TarxniSvilis sakmaod vrceli filo-
271
sofiuri gamokvleva ,,cnobierebis cTunebani” (,,Обманы сознания”), romelSic man agnostikuri da subieqtur-
idealisturi Tvalsazrisi Camoayaliba.
cnobierebaSi arsebuli Secdomebis gamokvleva, misi
azriT, Semecnebis procesis analizs moiTxovs. amisaT-
vis ki, uwinares yovlisa, saWiroa gairkves WeSmaritebis
kriteriumis sakiTxi. imisaTvis, raTa gavigoT, Tu ra
aris Secdoma da ra WeSmariteba, saWiroa vicodeT WeS-
maritebis kriteriumi. sad mTavrdeba WeSmariteba da
sad iwyeba Secdoma? ,,ra kriteriumiT unda ixelmZRva-
nelos adamianma Secdomebisagan WeSmaritebis, siyalbi-
sagan simarTlis garCevis dros? sad aris WeSmariti
codnis sferosagan iluziis sferos gammijnavi zRvari,
romliTac ixelmZRvanelebda ra adamiani, advilad
SeZlebda Tavis msjelobebSi orientirebas da Seafaseb-
da maT WeSmarit an marTebul xasiaTs? dabolos, ra
saSualebiT SeZlebda adamiani Tavis dazRvevas mcdari
msjelobebis mozRvavebisagan? yvela es sakiTxi mwvavea,
adamianis cnobierebasTan mWidro kavSirSia da amaod
rodi iyo igi yvela droisa da yvela xalxis saukeTeso
filosofosebisa da naturalistebis Seswavlis obieq-
ti”84.
am problemis gadasawyvetad ivane TarxniSvils, uwi-
nares yovlisa, saWirod miaCnia imis garkveva, Tu ramde-
nad Seesabameba Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebuli warmod-
genebi obieqtur sinamdviles, rac imis saSualebas
mogvcems, rom gavarkvioT ,,ra aris WeSmariti da ra
mcdari Cvens cnobierebaSi”. amis Semdeg ki saWiro
gaxdeba SeviswavloT uneblie Secdomebis sfero, ,,risi
msxverplic xSirad xdeba adamianis cnobiereba”. erTi
sityviT, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, saWiroa cnobie-
rebis cTunebebis jer obieqturi, xolo Semdeg subieq-
272
turi mizezebis gamokvleva. pirveli Semecnebis Teoriis
sagania, meore ki – fsiqofiziologiisa.
pirveli – Semecnebis Teoriuli – sakiTxis garkveva
obieqtur sinamdvilesTan Cveni warmodgenebis Sesabami-
sobis garkvevas niSnavs. amis garkveva ki SesaZlebelia
ara marto filosofiis, aramed, agreTve, bunebismecnie-
rebis bazaze, orives urTierTanamSromlobis safuZvel-
ze. am sakiTxs filosofia da bunebismecniereba sxvada-
sxva kuTxiT ikvlevs. filosofia mas ,,idealuri mxri-
dan” udgeba, bunebismecniereba ki – ,,realuri mxridan”.
es niSnavs, rom filosofia ikvlevs Cvens warmodgenebSi
iseTs, romelic asaxavs obieqtur sinamdviles, raTa
maTgan gamoyos is, rasac subieqturi warmomavloba aqvs,
e. i. romelic Cveni Semmecnebeli aparatis sisustis Se-
degia. bunebismecniereba ki amave problemas faqtebisa
da dakvirvebebis safuZvelze ikvlevs.
am SeTanxmebul muSaobas, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT,
didi sargebloba moaqvs. winaT isini erTmaneTisagan
izolirebuli iyo, rac maT warumateblobas ganapiro-
bebda. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, filosofiis qveS am
SemTxvevaSi ivane TarxniSvili idealistur (ZiriTadad
kantisa da neokantianelebis) filosofias gulisxmobs,
xolo bunebismecnierebis qveS – ZiriTadad i. miulerisa
da h. helmholcis sabunebismetyvelo Sexedulebebs, rom-
lebic marTlac erTmaneTTan srul harmoniaSi imyofe-
boda.
imisaTvis, rom Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebuli warmod-
genebis obieqtur sinamdvilesTan Sesabamisoba-Seusaba-
moba gairkves, saWiroa am warmodgenebis genezisis Ses-
wavla. am sakiTxs ki SegrZnebebis bunebis gamokvlevamde
mivyavarT, vinaidan SegrZnebebi mTeli cnobierebis
wyaroa. amitom sakiTxi: asaxavs Tu ara Cveni SegrZnebebi
273
obieqtur sinamdviles, Semecnebis Teoriis centralur
problemas warmoadgens.
ivane TarxniSvils miuReblad miaCnia tradiciuli
Tvalsazrisi, romelic SegrZnebebs obieqturi sinamdvi-
lis uSualo asaxvad Tvlida. uaryofs ra am Tvalsaz-
riss, zemoaRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis procesSi
igi emyareba i. miuleris specifikuri energiis Teorias,
romelic Tvlis, rom grZnobadi Tvisebebi (feri, gemo,
suni da a. S.) ,,sruliadac ar ekuTvnis garegan sagnebs,
aramed TviTon nervisa da tvinis nivTierebas, romlebic
STabeWdilebebs aRiqvams da amitom SegrZneba ar aris
garegani sagnis Tviseba an mdgomareoba, romelic mita-
nilia cnobierebamde, aramed mxolod Cveni nervebisa da
centrebis reaqcia garegan gaRizianebaze, romelic
cnobierebamde aRwevs”.
i. miuleri Tvlida, rom grZnobis TiToeul organos
Tavisi specifikuri energia aqvs; amitom riTac ar unda
gaaRizianoT mxedvelobis nervi, yovelTvis sinaTlis
SegrZnebas mogvcems. aseve iTqmis sxva SegrZnebebsa da
grZnobis organoebze. gaRizianebis gareSe SegrZneba ar
arsebobs; magram gaRizianebis formas SegrZnebisaTvis
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs. gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
aqvs rogorc gamRizianebels, aseve grZnobadi nervis
energias. aseTia, mokled, i. miuleris specifikuri ener-
giis Teoriis arsi.
ivane TarxniSvili garkveuli koreqtivebiT iRebs i.
miuleris specifikuri energiis Teorias. misi azriT,
specifikuri energia aqvs ara TviTon nervebs, rogorc i.
miuleri fiqrobs, aramed mxolod nervul centrebs.
amasTanave ivane TarxniSvili aRniSnavs, rom am kore-
tivebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs i. miuleris spe-
cifikuri energiis TeoriisaTvis.
274
i. miuleris specifikuri energiis Teoriis safuZvel-
ze ivane TarxniSvils SegrZnebani esmis ara rogorc
obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva, aramed rogorc subieq-
turi pirobiTi niSani anu simbolo, romelsac gamRi-
zianebelTan araferi saerTo ara aqvs, garda imisa, rom
igi gamowveulia garegani gaRizianebis mier. ,,am Tval-
sazrisiT – wers igi – SegrZnebani aris wminda subieq-
turi, pirobiTi niSnebi anu simboloebi, romelic
garkveul Sinagansa da garegan gaRizianebas Seesabameba
da maTTan arsebiTad ara aqvs araviTari saerTo, garda
mxolod Sesabamisobisa”85. sxva adgilze ivane Tarxni-
Svili wers, rom ,,Cven uSualod aRviqvamT ara TviTon
sagnebsa da movlenebs, aramed mxolod im cvlilebebs,
romelTac isini Cvens cnobierebaSi iwvevs”86.
specifikuri energiis Teoriis safuZvelze ivane
TarxniSvili h. helmholcis gavleniT ayalibebs gnoseo-
logiur koncefcias, romelic arsebiTad ieroglifebis
Teorias warmoadgens. ivane TarxniSvilis midrekileba
h. helmholcis ieroglifebis Teoriisadmi SemTxveiTi
ar iyo. TviTon h. helmholci i. miulers Tavis maswav-
leblad Tvlida. i. miuleris Teoria aris specialuri
moZRvreba SegrZnebebis bunebis Sesaxeb, saidanac h.
helmholci da ivane TarxniSvili im daskvnamde midian,
rom ara mxolod SegrZnebani, aramed cnobierebis mTeli
Sinaarsi obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvas ar warmoad-
gens. adamianis Semmecnebeli aparati saganTa da movle-
naTa Tvisebebs aRiqvams garkveuli niSnis an simbolos
mixedviT. magaliTad, adamiani vardis Tvisebas aRiqvams
rogorc wiTel fers. Semecnebas simboluri xasiaTi
aqvs. SegrZnebebs ar SeuZlia saganTa da movlenaTa
Tvisebebis asaxva, vinaidan asaxuli unda hgavdes imas,
ris asaxvasac warmoadgens; SegrZnebebs ki aseTi Tviseba
ara aqvT. SegrZnebani mxolod maSin iqneboda sagnis
275
asaxva, Tuki grZnobadi nervebi gaRizianebis ubralo
gamtarebeli iyos da, maSasadame, centraluri nervuli
sistema ar gansazRvravdes aRqmis process. magram ner-
vebi, romelTac specifikuri energia aqvT, Taviseburad
gardaqmnis miRebul gaRizianebas, ris gamoc asaxvis
Sedegi ar SeiZleba hgavdes imas, ris asaxvasac unda
warmoadgendes.
ivane TarxniSvili fiqrobs, rom simbolos cneba
aRqmis process ufro zustad gamoxatavs, vidre aslisa
da asaxvis cnebebi. asaxva, am sityvis zusti gagebiT,
SeuZlebelia. simbolos ki is moeTxoveba, rom erTgvari
obieqtebi erTsa da imave pirobebSi erTsa da imave niS-
nebs anu simboloebs iZleodes. ,,ramdenadac Cveni SegrZ-
nebebis Tvisebebi – wers ivane TarxniSvili – Cvens
cnobierebaSi garegani STabeWdilebebis gamomxatvelia,
amdenad isini SeiZleba iyos niSnebi anu simboloebi da
araviTar SemTxvevaSi maTi saxeebi an gamoxatulebani. es
ukanaskneli dauSvebelia imitom, rom saxes anu gamoxa-
tulebas asaxul saganTan garkveuli toloba an msgav-
seba moeTxoveba, rac, rogorc vnaxeT, ar arsebobs. ni-
Sans anu simbolos ki mxolod is moeTxoveba, rom
toli obieqtebi erTgvar pirobebSi CvenSi erTsa da
imave niSans anu simbolos iwvevdes... SegrZnebani... aris
garegani samyaros obieqtebisa da movlenebis mxolod
pirobiTi niSnebi anu simboloebi”87.
dgas ra agnosticizmis poziciebze, ivane TarxniSvi-
li kantis gavleniT erTmaneTisagan TiSavs nivTs Tavis-
Tavadsa da movlenas. adamianis cnobierebas saqme aqvs
mxolod movlenaTa samyarosTan, xolo nivTi TavisTa-
vad misTvis miuwvdomelia. grZnobis organoebi ki ar
gvakavSirebs nivTi TavisTavadis samyarosTan anu obieq-
tur realobasTan, aramed, piriqiT, gvTiSavs misgan.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ivane TarxniSvili akritikebs im
276
gulubryvilo materialistur Sexedulebas, romlis
mixedviT, nivTebsa da adamianis cnobierebaSi maT asax-
vas Soris sruli Sesabamisobaa.
am materialisturi Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg, ro-
melsac ivane TarxniSvili sruliad samarTlianad ,,gu-
lubryvilos” uwodebs, igi amtkicebs, rom nivTebsa da
warmodgenebs Soris ar aris igiveoba, vinaidan Cveni
warmodgenebi subieqturia. ,,ioli dasamtkicebelia –
wers igi – rom es igiveoba sinamdvileSi ar aris da
rom Cveni codna movlenaTa nivTobrivi samyaros Sesaxeb
wminda subieqturia da amitom SeuZlebelia maTi
dakavSireba nivTebTan TavisTavad”88.
vinaidan mTeli Cveni cnobierebis Sinaarsi SegrZnebe-
bidan yalibdeba, xolo SegrZnebani garegani sinamdvi-
lis niSnebs, simboloebs warmoadgens, amitom ,,Cveni
codna wminda pirobiTia, simboluria”. samyaros Sesaxeb
msjeloba mxolod da mxolod simbolurad SeiZleba.
,,am samyaroze, – wers ivane TarxniSvili, – Cven SegviZ-
lia mxolod pirobiTad msjeloba, vinaidan SegrZnebeb-
sa da warmodgenebs, romelTac igi Cvens cxovrebaSi iw-
vevs, mxolod pirobiTi niSnebis anu simboloebis mniSv-
neloba SeiZleba hqondeT da ara garegani samyaros
sagnebisa da movlenebis aslebis anu uSualo saxeebis
mniSvneloba”89.
ieroglifebis Teoriis safuZvelze ivane TarxniSvi-
li aRiarebs WeSmaritebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas,
magram WeSmaritebis cnebis qveS mas subieqturi Sina-
arsi esmis da ara obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva. ada-
mians, misi azriT, simboloebis saSualebiT SeuZlia
,,obieqturi sinamdvilis” kanonzomierebis Semecneba. bu-
nebis kanonebis arsebiT niSans ucvleloba da sayovel-
Taoba warmoadgens. erTi da igive mizezi yovelTvis
erTsa da imave Sedegs gavZlevs. Tu am mizezsa da
277
Sedegs simboloebiT aRvniSnavT, maSin maT Soris iseTi-
ve aucilebeli kavSiri iqneba, rogorsac obieqtur si-
namdvileSi vvaraudobT. aucilebeli kavSiris aRmoCena
ki kanonzomierebis aRmoCenaa.
ivane TarxniSvilis agnostikuri Sexedulebebis erT-
erT wyaros hiumes filosofia warmoadgens. igi arsebi-
Tad iziarebs mis moZRvrebas mizezobriobis Sesaxeb,
cxadia, garkveuli koreqtivebiT. adamiani, fiqrobs
ivane TarxniSvili, Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobis pro-
cesSi yovelTvis mizezobriobas mimarTavs. adamianis am
miswrafebas igi ,,mizezobriobis kanons” uwodebs, ro-
melsac, cxadia, subieqturi xasiaTi aqvs. hiume mizezob-
riobis kanons aposteriorulad Tvlida, ivane Tarxni-
Svili ki, aanalizebs ra hiumes moZRvrebas mizezobrio-
baze, im daskvnamde midis, rom igi apriorulia. am
SemTxvevaSi igi h. helmholcis mxareze dgas. ,,mizezob-
riobis kanoni, helmholcis mixedviT, Cveni cnobierebi-
saTvis arsebobs ukve rogorc a priori da arsebiTad
transcendentaluria, e. i. yovelgvar cdamde arse-
bobs”88. es kanoni, misi azriT, moqmedebas iwyebs adamia-
nis inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze. aq
mniSvnelovan rols TviTdakvirveba asrulebs. Tavis
kunTur moZraobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad adamians eqmneba
warmodgena, rom TiTqos misi moZraobis mizezs nebelo-
ba warmoadgens. amis Sedegad mas SeumuSavdeba Zalis,
rogorc mizezis, cneba. amrigad, mizezobriobis cneba
adamianSi yalibdeba wminda subieqtur niadagze – TviT-
dakvirvebis Sedegad, romelic mas Semdeg obieqtur
sinamdvileze gadaaqvs.
ivane TarxniSvili kargad xedavs mizezobriobis
Sesaxeb zemoxsenebuli Tvalsazrisis naTesaobas trans-
cendentalur idealizmTan. ,,am mimarTebiT – wers igi –
278
Tanamedrove fiziologiuri fsiqologiis daskvnebi
kantis filosofiis Tvalsazriss emTxveva~89.
kantis kvaldakval ivane TarxniSvils sivrce da
dro wminda mWvretelobis subieqtur formebad esmis.
adamiani am subieqturi formebis obieqtivacias axdens
da qmnis movlenaTa samyaros. ,,obieqtivaciis unari
cxovrebiseuli cdis gziT, Cveni grZnobis organoebis
varjiSis gziT yalibdeba~. am SemTxvevaSi ivane Tarxni-
Svili empirizmis poziciebs iziarebs. ,,empiristebis
Sexedulebebs – wers igi – gacilebiT ufro meti faq-
tebisa da dakvirvebebis grova aqvT da amitom SeiZleba
ufro sworad CaiTvalos~.
principulad SesaZlebelia yvela SegrZnebis obieq-
tivacia, magram Sexebisa da mxedvelobis grZnobis or-
ganoebs am mimarTebiT upiratesoba aqvT. Sinagani
grZnoba ki obieqtivaciis procesSi araviTar rols ar
asrulebs. ,,amrigad, _ daaskvnis ivane TarxniSvili –
sxvadasxva SegrZnebebisa da warmodgenebis obieqti-
vireba da subieqtivireba, Tavis ,,mes~ ,,aramesgan~ zusti
gamijvna, mxolod cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gziT
gamomuSavdeba, romelSic Cvens nebismier moZraobebs,
SexebasTan kavSirSi, upirvelesi roli ekuTvnis~90.
Sexebis grZnobas ivane TarxniSvili TviTcnobiere-
bis Camoyalibebis procesSi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo-
bas aniWebs. ,,mes~ da ,,arames~ gamijvna arsebiTad TviTc-
nobierebis Camoyalibebas niSnavs. ,,Sexeba gvaZlevs
TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebisa da sivrceSi orienta-
ciis mTavar elementebs~.
zogjer ivane TarxniSvili erTmaneTisagan ganasxva-
vebs gonebasa da cnobierebas. goneba Semecnebisa da
azrovnebis unaria, cnobiereba ki warmodgenebis erTob-
liobaa. amitom zogjer cnobierebis ,,daskvnebi, romel-
Tac upiratesad empiriuli xasiaTi aqvs, gonebis daskv-
279
nebs ewinaaRmdegeba. goneba mizezebs ikvlevs da logi-
kur daskvnebs akeTebs, cnobierebas ki aseTi ram ar
SeuZlia. swored amitom ivane TarxniSvili gonebas de-
terminizmis fsiqologiur safuZvlad Tvlis, cnobiere-
bas ki – voluntarizmisa. goneba kanonebisa da kanonzo-
mierebis Semecnebis organoa, cnobiereba ki Tavisufle-
bis gancdis safuZvelia. magram TxzulebaSi ,,cnobie-
rebis cTunebani~ ivane TarxniSvili cnobierebasa da
gonebas erTmaneTisagan ar ganasxvavebs. es iqidan Cans,
rom cnobierebas am SemTxvevaSi Semecnebis funqcias
akisrebs.
cnobierebis cdunebaTa erT-erT mTavar mizezs ivane
TarxniSvili imaSi xedavs, rom adamiani sakmaod arc
icnobs Tavis SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs, ver acnobie-
rebs misi cnobierebis sazRvrebs, ris gamoc igi zog-
jer iseTi problemebis gadawyvetas cdilobs, rac mis
SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. magaliTad, ivane TarxniSvi-
lis azriT, adamians ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos moZraobis
warmoSobis problema, raki igi usasruloa, xolo
usasrulobis buneba Seumecnebadia. samagierod moZrao-
bis konkretul formebs igi simboluri azrovnebis sa-
SualebiT advilad imecnebs. aseve SeuZlebelia sivr-
cesa da droSi materiis sazRvrebis Semecneba. materia
usasruloa, amitom misi dasawyisisa da dasasrulis
Semecnebis mcdeloba mxolod marcxiT SeiZleba dam-
Tavrdes. aseve SeuZlebelia substanciis – saganTa
arsebis – Semecneba. misi Tanamedrove fiziologiuri
fsiqologiis erT-erT damsaxurebad igi imas Tvlis,
rom man uari Tqva substanciis, arsebis Semecnebaze da
iseTi obieqtebis SemecnebiT Semoifargla, rac misTvis
misawvdomia. ,,Tanamedrove mkvlevaris gonebam samudamod
uari Tqva iseTi sakiTxebisagan, rogoricaa: ra aris
substancia, e.i. ra aris arsebiTad nivTi TavisTavadi da
280
ratom mimdinareobs bunebis movlenebi ase da ara
sxvagvarad. da es uari droulad moxda, vinaidan misi
gonebis Zalisxmeva amaod ar ixarjeba misTvis miuwv-
domeli WeSmaritebis Semecnebaze, aramed mTlianad mi-
marTulia im kanonebis dadgenis nayofiersa da sasar-
geblo samuSaoze, romlis mixedviTac bunebis movlenebi
mimdinareobs, e.i. maT Soris mizezobriv damokidebule-
baze. es samuSao mTlianad eqvemdebareba Cveni SegrZne-
bebisa da warmodgenebis simbolur enas, romliTac
Cveni cnobiereba azrovnebis garkveuli kanonebis mixed-
viT sargeblobs da gamoimuSavebs iseT cnebebsa da
Teoriebs, romlebic samyaros movlenebis ama Tu im
sferos moicavs~91. rogorc vxedavT, ivane TarxniSvili,
kantis kvaldakval, Semecnebis SesaZleblobis sazRv-
rebs awesebs, riTac igi mtkiced dgeba agnosticizmis
poziciebze.
cnobierebis cTunebaTa wyaros marto Seumecnebadis
Semecnebis mcdeloba rodi warmoadgens. adamiani xSi-
rad cdeba maSinac, roca Semecnebis SesaZleblobis
farglebidan ar gadis. Secdomis erT-erT wyaros SegrZ-
nebebi warmoadgens. ,,vinaidan grZnobis organoebi aris
Suamavali garegani samyaros STabeWdilebebsa da Cvens
cnobierebas Soris, amitom maTi saqmianoba, uwinares
yovlisa, SesaZlebelia cnobierebis mraval cTunebaTa
wyaro gaxdes~92. es Secdoma ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
SegrZnebani gare sinamdvilidan momdinare STabeWdile-
bebs ki ar iZleva, aramed grZnobis organoebze realu-
ri sagnebisa da movlenebis moqmedebiT gamowveul
sakuTar reaqciebs; xolo SegrZnebaTa yalbi Cvenebebis
safuZvelze ,,Cveni cnobiereba xSirad SecdomebSi ix-
larTeba, e.i. iseT yalb Cvenebebs iZleva, romelic si-
namdviles sruliad ar Seesabameba. aseTi SesaZlebloba
ki im faqtidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs, rom Cvens cno-
281
bierebamde aRwevs ara garegani STabeWdilebebi, aramed
maTze Cveni grZnobis organoebis mxolod reaqcia
centraluri tvinis aparatebiT. rogorc ki es reaqcia
Seicvleba, Cvens cnobierebaSi maSinve warmoiSoba mcda-
ri fsiqikuri niSnebi da simboloebi, romelsac Cveni
cnobiereba yalb daskvnamde mihyavs~93.
vinaidan Cveni grZnobis organoebi xSirad cdeba,
amitom, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, saWiroa maTi urTi-
erTkontroli. ,,erTi grZnobis organos CvenebaTa uSua-
lo kontroli meoris mier, ufro zustad, ama Tu im
Sexedulebebisa da Tvalsazrisis mravalmxrivi awon-
dawona gansakuTrebiT iseT sakiTxebSi, romlebic
rTul sicocxlis movlenebs exeba, uTuod aucilebelia
WeSmaritebis aRmoCenis an masTan miaxloebis mizni-
saTvis~.
cnobierebis cTunebaTa erT-erT wyaros ivane Tar-
xniSvili movlenebis analizis procesSi mcdari meTo-
dis gamoyenebaSic xedavs. saerTod unda iTqvas, rom
ivane TarxniSvils Semecneba warmoudgenia rogorc
zeaRmavali procesi yovelgvari Secdomebisa da zigza-
gebis gareSe. marTalia, igi laparakobs ,,cnobierebis
cdunebebze~, magram principulad SesaZleblad miaCnia
maTi gamoricxva. is ar iTvaliswinebs im garemoebas,
rom Semecneba arasodes ar aris absoluturi, erTxel
da samudamod dadgenili WeSmaritebis mopoveba, aramed
igi Secdomebis permanentuli gamoricxvis gziT zeaRma-
vali procesia anu igi yovelTvis relatiuria. swored
es aris Semecnebis usasrulo ganviTarebis garanti.
aseTia ivane TarxniSvilis filosofiuri Sexedule-
bani sicocxlis movlenebisa da Semecnebis kanonzomie-
rebis Sesaxeb.
282
merve Tavi
eTikuri Sexedulebebi XIX saukunis
saqarTveloSi
XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelom Tavi sruliad sxva sam-
yaroSi aRmoaCina. qarTvels aRarc kanonis gaegeboda
raime, aRarc ideologiis da aRarc moralis. ena, ro-
melzedac sTavazobdnen qarTvels axal Rirebulebebs,
anu axal wesebs misTvis sruliad gaugebari iyo. ru-
seTma daipyro saqarTvelo da igi ise epyroboda mas
rogorc Tavis rigiT kolonias. saqarTvelos garusebis
politika ruseTma jer kidev ekaterine II dros Seimu-
Sava da or saukuneze meti xnis manZilze mas Tanmim-
dverulad axorcielebda. qarTvel moRvaweTa winaSe
erovnuli kulturis gadarCenis amocana mTeli simwva-
viT dadga. magram 1802, 1805, 1812 wlis saxalxo gamosv-
lebi saqarTveloSi wina planze swevda politikur amo-
canebs, romelTagan umTavresi iyo saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgena. am miznis misaR-
wevad 1832 wels SeTqmuleba moawyes qarTvelebma. SeTq-
muleba marcxiT damTavrda. SeTqmulTagan yvelaze mkac-
rad daisaja is, visganac saqarTvelo yvelaze mets
eloda. es kaci – cnobili filosofosi da sazogado
moRvawe solomon dodaSvili iyo. igi gadasaxlebaSi
daiRupa.
qveynis damoukideblobis dacema Tu aRdgena politi-
kurTan erTad amave dros aris zneobrivi mniSvnelobis
aqti. s. dodaSvilis uniWieresi mowafe n. baraTaSvili
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxs socialur-
eTikuri kategoriebiT zomavs da Sekavebuli boRmiT
ekiTxeba mefes: ,,magram Sen, mefev, vin mogca neba, sxvaT
ganuboZo ymaTa ufleba?”
283
mTavari sagani, romelsac XIX saukunis qarTuli
kulturisa da sazogado moRvaweTa fiqri Tavs datria-
lebda, iyo saqarTvelos ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi. 1783
wlis xelSekruleba ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris
faratina qaRaldad iqca, saqarTvelos ruseTis kolo-
niuri uRlisagan ganTavisufleba iyo ara marto socia-
luri da politikuri ,,saqme”, aramed, agreTve,
zneobrivi ,,saqme”. am ,,saqmes” XIX saukunis saqarTvelos
yvela Taoba Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi eZiebda
da Taviseburad arCevda.
n. baraTaSvili Tavis poemaSi ,,bedi qarTlisa” pa-
suxs scems rogorc prorusul pozicias saqarTvelos
ruseTTan SeerTebis sakiTxSi, romelic cnobilia ,,mci-
re borotebis” saxeliT, aseve mas, romlisTvisac sa-
qarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargva sruliad miuRe-
beli iyo. n. baraTaSvili sruliad calsaxad meore
pozicias emxroboda; es Cans sofios cnobili sityvebSi:
,,uwinamc dRe ki dameleva me,
ucxoobaSi raa siame?”
Semdeg avtoris daufarav aRtacebaSi:
,,hoi, dedano, marad netarno,
kurTxeva Tqvenda Rirs saxsovarno.
ra iqneboda rom SvilTa TqvenTa
gulica Tqveni gamohyoloda...”
,,suliT oblobis”, ,,boroti sulis” batonobis piro-
bebSi Wabuki poeti gamosavals bedTan SeurigeblobaSi
xedavs. es Seurigebloba niSnavs brZolas ukeTesi mo-
mavlisaTvis. sofelSi yofna niSnavs soflisTvis zrun-
vas:
,,arc kaci varga, rom cocxali mkvdarsa emsgavsos,
iyos sofelSi da soflisTvis ara izrunos!”
adamianis sikeTe mis SemoqmedebaSi vlindeba. Tu
moZraobis mTavari mizani ver iqneba miRweuli, gzis
284
raRac nawili xom mainc iqneba gavlili. es ki momaval
Taobas ,,siZneles gzisas gauadvilebs”.
n. baraTaSvilis Semoqmedebis zneobrivi kredo sru-
liad aSkarad sazogado saqmes, Tavis qveynis samsaxurs
aniWebs upiratesobas. es zneobrivi moTxovna estafeta-
saviT gadaeca momdevno drois qarTvel moRvaweebs:
ilia WavWavaZes, vaJa-fSavelasa da niko nikolaZes. Tum-
ca, ufro adre, kerZod, XVIII-XIX saukuneTa mijnaze
eTikuri problematika gvxdeba qarTul Teologiur az-
rovnebaSi _ kerZod, iona xelaSvilTan.
$1 iona xelaSvili
iona xelaSvilis eTikuri Sexedulebebi gansazRvru-
lia misi rwmeniT ori qveynisa da ori cxovrebis –
tanjviT aRsavse amqveyniuri, e.i. Jamieri da imqveyniuri,
e.i. maradiuli cxovrebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. ai ras
wers amis Taobaze xelaSvili: ,,dReni kacisani msgavs
Tivisa yvavilisa dascviva da saxed aCrdilisa warwym-
debis uCinod. wuTieri cxovreba sawyalobeli kacisa,
romlisa guamsa qvemZromni da matlni daimkvidreben.
dRes mkÂdaria da xval miwa, dRes mdidari da xval
dafluli. dRes brZeni da xval dadumebuli saflaviTa
damviwyebliTa. dRes ZlieriTa mzaxebeli da xvale
miwad miqceuli”. sxva saqmea mudmivi cxovreba: ,,saukuno
caTa Sina uZravi, romelsa mpovneli gardaicvlebis
sikvdilisagan ukvdavad. mokvdav gvami sulisa Tvisisa
Tana ukvdavsa odes”.
arsebobs imqveyniuri cxovreba da igi mTavaria. ami-
tomac, fiqrobs iona xelaSvili, adamianis amqveyniuri
cxovreba unda iyos mosamzadebeli safexuri imqveyniu-
285
ri cxovrebisaTvis: ,,sofeli ese ars sagansamzado ka-
ribWe mermisa mis dausrulebelisa cxovrebasa Sina,
Semyuanebeli iwrosa mis gmirTa”. amitomac xelaSvili
mogviwodebs, rom davicvaT wminda werilSi mocemuli
mcnebebi. amasTanave, adamians, misi azriT, sami didi
mteri hyavs: xorci, eSmaki da sofeli. aq, xelaSvili
pirdapir miyveba qristianuli RvTismetyvelebisa da
religiis ZiriTad principebs.
iona xelaSvili kargad xedavs im siZneles, rac da-
kavSirebulia amqveyniur cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li ltolvebis daTrgunvasTan. misi aRniSvniT, vnebaTa
daTrgunva advili ar aris: ,,ar aris mamacoba da da
Tua da lomTa Sempyrobad, gina dapyroba mravalmi-
lionTa mxedrobiTa, mTavrobiTa da gina muclis
dapyroba umetes simxne da mamacoba ars”1.
iona xelaSvili ekamaTeba imaT, vinc imqveyniur
cxovrebas skeptikurad uyurebs da upiratesobas amiWebs
vitalur moTxovnebs. es, misi azriT, mxolod urwmu-
noebis maCvenebelia. `amqveyniuri glaxakni caTa Sina
gamdidrdebian da mdidarni warwymdebian. glaxakni, rom-
lebic arian dawynarebulni da madlobiT iTmenen Tavis
siglaxes, maTi ars sasufeveli~.
ra aris patiosneba? esaa kacis sarwmunoeba da saq-
meni RmerTis mimarT. Tu kaci patiosania, magram pativs
ara scems Semoqmeds, mas warwymeda elis, meore mxriv
morwmunisaTvis saqmenic aris saWiro. ,,saqmeni Tvinier
sarwmunoebisa ar acxonebs kacs viTarca Tvinier suli-
sa xorcni mkvdar arian agreTve saqmeni?”2.
amrigad, xelaSvilis eTika mTlianad dafuZnebulia
religiaze. Tu adamiani sarwmunoebis jaWviTaa dabmuli,
maSin igi moraluria. urwmunoeba amoraluri qcevis
wyaroa. xelaSvili aTeistebis winaaRmdeg imeorebs
braldebebs, rac uxsovari droidan iyo wamoyenebuli
radgan maT ar sjeraT imqveyniuri cxovreba, sasjeli
286
da jildo, amitom isini mxolod kuWis interesebze fiq-
roben. urwmunoebs ar uyvarT mokeTe, amravleben
cremls, siglaxakes, borotebas, ,,sarwmunoeba Toki ars,
xolo kaci cxoveli xomaldi ars. odes xomaldidan
Rimnasa Sina e.i. yuresa Sina zRvasa dabmulman ganwyve-
tos Toki, myis miecemis zRvasa da dainTqmis egreTuc
kacad kacni, sarwmunoebis jaWviTa damynobili ars
RmTisadmi”3.
i. xelaSvili nebis Tavisuflebis momxrea. yvela
cocxali arsebidan mxolod adamians aqvs arCevis Tavi-
suflebis unari.
ori qcevidan erT-erTis arCeva adamians Tavisuflad
SeuZlia. amitom codvis CadenisaTvis pasuximgebloba
mTlianad adamians ekisreba.
RmerTma Tavisuflad dabada adamiani da aCvena ori
gza. erTi farTo, romelic miiyvans warwymedamde da
meore – viwro, romelic adamians sasufevels daumkvid-
rebs. kaci TviTon airCevs gzas.
iona xelaSvilis Sexedulebebs mowinaaRmdegebi hyo-
lia da maT mimarT igi wers:
,,Tqven metyviT ratom davibade Tavisuflad da Tu
dagvbada, risTvis ar gvarTmevs Tavisuflebas. e.i.
sulis flobas, nebasa da uneburTa aRrCevaTa zeda. Tu
maRlis wyeineba aris floba da neba sulisa da
gulisTqma vnebulebiTi”, amaze ambobs xelaSvili, rom
,,Tu floba da neba ar geqnebaT suli Tqveni ganqar-
debian da gvamni ipokentavrad iqcevian anu gvelebad,
mxecebad da qvebad, kirad. Tu ar geqnebaT Tavisufleba,
ar iqnebiT kaci, arRa dabadebuli. rom ar gveqneba
floba da neba, maSin xeliT da ferxebTaca sablebiTa
SegikravdiT. RmerTs ar eSinis Tqveni Tavisuflebisa“.
aq erTi saintereso momentia: xelaSvili kargad
mixvda, rom Taviuflebis mTlianad uaryofa ar SeiZ-
leba. adamiani unda iyos Tavisufali, Torem igi arc
287
iqneba adamiani. magram misi Tavisufleba SezRudulic
unda iyos. adamianSi erTadaa mocemuli Tavisufleba da
gansazRvruloba. xelaSvili xedavs, rom Tavisufali
nebis uaryofa xsnis adamians moralur pasuxismgeblo-
bas, xolo misi aRiareba ewinaaRmdegeba gangebas. erTi
mxriv, yovladZlieri, yovladmcodne da yovladkeTili
RmerTi – meore mxriv, pasuxismgebloba adamianisa,
romelic RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili da romlis gza
RmerTis mier aris gansazRvruli ,,ara davardebis Tmani
RmerTis nebis gareSe” aseTia winadadeba, romelSic
moqceulia RvTismetyveleba saerTod da xelaSvilic
maT Soris. i. xelaSvilma ver moariga erTmaneTTan
dRemde mougvarebeli dapirispireba Tavisuflebasa da
aucileblobas Soris.
iona xelaSvilis gansjis sagani xdeba religiur-
filosofiuri azrovnebis kardinaluri problema: bo-
rotebis arsebobis faqti. Tu yvelaferi RmerTisgan
momdinareobs, maSin ratom arsebobs boroteba? riT
unda aixsnas adamianis boroti qceva, adamianisa, rome-
lic bolos da bolos RmerTis mier aris Seqmnili da
misi gza gansazRvrulia RmerTis mier?
am siZnelis gadawyvetas xelaSvili RvTismetyvele-
bis tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis poziciidan cdi-
lobs: ,,yofili dabadebuli RvTisa keTil arian” da
boroteba RmerTisgan ar modis, aRniSnavs igi. boro-
tebis Camdeni eSmakis mimdevaria.
aRniSnulis garda, Tavisi azris gansamtkiceblad
iona xelaSvili aseT azrs atarebs: xSirad Cven iseTi
ram gvgonia boroti, rac sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris
amgvari: ,,esera gansWvrite fizikoso, romelnica Sen
ggonies borot, esera igini Tumca winaaRmdgom Sesaxe-
davad geCvenebis Sen zemopir fizikossa, garna yovlisa
soflisTvis saWirod arian dacvad arsTa arsebisa”.
magaliTad, wvima romlis dros mexi vardeba, mosavlis-
288
Tvis saWiroa, xolo mexisgan Seryeuli haeri ada-
mianebsa da cxovelebs rgebs: mexi haers wmends.
meore magaliTi aseTia: gvelsa da Rriankals gesli
rom ar hqondeT, adamiani ar gafrTxildeboda, mkbena-
rebi, rwyilebi da baRlinjoebi rom ar aRviZebdnen
adamians, mZinarT, ZiliT dasustebulT dambla daece-
modaT, da sxv. ,,esera, araraÁ ars borot sofelsa Sina.
ubadruko mebunebev fizikoso! TÂnier Sensa, romeli
RvTisagan dabadebulTa sawunebel hyof”4.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iona xelaSvilis eTikuri
msoflmxedveloba misi argumentaciis TvalsazrisiT
primitul STabeWdilebas tovebs. magram Tavisi drois-
Tvis, igi im kulturisa da sazogadoebrivi wyobis ana-
rekli iyo, romelSic cxovrobda da moRvaweobda iona
xelaSvili.
$2 ilia WavWavaZe
ilia WavWavaZe qarTul kulturaSi aris uzarmazari
movlena. igi iyo XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi erovnul-
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis medroSe da aRiarebuli
beladi. mis mdidar SemoqmedebaSi asaxulia socialuri
eTikis TiTqmis yvela problema dawyebuli erisa da
erovnuli cxovrebis da damTavrebuli omisa da mSvi-
dobis eTikuri problemebiT.
eTikuri problematika ganxilulia ilia WavWavaZis
iseT mxatvrul qmnilebebSi, rogoricaa ,,mgzavris weri-
lebi” (1861), ,,glaxis naambobi” (1859), ,,kacia-adamiani?!”
(1863), ,,oTaraanT qvrivi” (1887), poemebSi ,,aCrdili” (1859),
,,qarTlis deda” (1860), ,,sarCobelazed” (1879), ,,ramdenime
suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidan” (1860), ,,gan-
289
degili”, agreTve, mravalricxovan lirikul leqsebsa
da publicistur werilebSi.
1. Tavisuflebis roli da adgili i. WavWavaZis Semoq-
medebaSi. ilia WavWavaZe bevrgan exeba Tavisuflebis
problemas rogorc socialuri, erovnuli da pirov-
nuli cxovrebis safuZvels. Tavisufleba ilias Semoqme-
debaSi gamodis rogorc a) damoukidebloba, sakuTari
Tavis baton-patronad yofna; b) Sromis Tavisufleba
(,,Sromis axsna”). dramatul poemaSi ,,qarTlis deda”
(1860) ilia iZleva Tavisuflebis problemis saintereso
gaazrebas; is TavisuflebaSi xedavs yoveli adamianis,
gansakuTrebiT yvela Cagrulis wminda TavSesafars da
mas ukavSirebs edemSi rgul cnobadis saxes.
,,Tavisuflebav, Sen xar kacTa navTsayudeli.
Sen xar Cagrulis, wvalebulis wminda safari,
Sen xar mSvidoba da simarTle ama qveynisa,
Sen xar aRmzrdeli RvTaebamde kacT bunebisa”5.
adamianma swored Tavisuflebis gulisTvis uaryo
samoTxe da, maSasadame, ukvdavebac. miuxedavad aseTi
didi msxverplis fasad mopovebuli Tavisuflebisa, am
ukanasknelis taZari usisxlod jer ar aSenebula. es ki
imas niSnavs, rom Tavisuflebis mopovebas brZola
sWirdeba.
Tavisufleba, rogorc damoukidebloba, rogorc Ta-
vis baton-patronad yofna ilias mier klasikuri for-
miT iqna gacxadebuli cnobil nawarmoebSi ,,mgzavris
werilebi” (1861). ilia sulis siRrmemde SeZra ubralo
moxevis pasuxma kiTxvaze – riTi sjobda uwindeli dro
axlandels? moxeve upasuxebs – ,,uwina Cveni Tavi Cvenad-
ve gveyudneso”. axali drois anu axali reJimis mTeli
ubedureba is aris, rigiTi qarvelis TvalSi, rom ada-
miani sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni anu Tavisufali
aRar aris. ruseTidan momavali ilia WavWavaZe saqarT-
veloSi Semodis mkafiod Camoyalibebuli umaRlesi
290
zneobrivi moTxovniT – ,,Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda
gveyudnes”-o.
am moTxovnis ganxorcielebisaTvis ilia iwyebs Seu-
povarsa da Tanmimdevrul brZolas. am droisaTvis ada-
mianis Tavisuflebis SemboWveli oficialuri sistema,
ukve dromoWmuli rogorc ruseTSi, ise saqarTveloSi,
iyo batonymoba. batomymobis winaaRmdeg da, maSasadame,
TavisuflebisTvis brZolas uZRvna iliam Tavisi poema
,,ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxovrebidan”,
,,glaxis naambobi” da poema ,,aCrdili”.
qronologiurad, dasaxelebuli nawarmoebebidan
“glaxis naambobi” aris pirveli. masSi iliam daxata
batonisa da ymis bed-iRblis Seurigebloba. ymis, Tun-
dac TanaSezrdili ymis (gabrieli) adamianuri Rirseba,
batonisTvis (daTiko) sruliad arafers niSnavs. es
drama dasaxelebul nawarmoebSi mTavrdeba gabrielis
mier daTikos mokvliT. marTalia, wina planze aqac
batonymobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli winaaRmdegobaa, magram
masTan erTad mocemulia iseTi pasaJebic, romlebic
avseben da amdidreben erovnuli da adamianuri cxovre-
bis sxvadasxva aspeqts.
batonymobis winaaRmdeg brZolisa da am ukve moZve-
lebuli socialuri sistemis mospobis aucilebloba
saocari mxatvruli da emociuri ZaliT aris naCvenebi
poemaSi ,,ramdenime suraTi anu epizodi yaCaRis cxov-
rebidan”. siuJeturi qarga am poemaSic arsebiTad igivea
rac ,,glaxis naambobSi“ – batonisa da ymis bedis
Seurigebloba erTmaneTTan, magram poemaSi ilia ufro
STambeWdavi ZaliT aCvenebs batonymuri cxovrebis
Sinagan winaaRmdegobas da mis araadamianur bunebas,
rac mTavaria, batonymobis, rogorc socialuri boro-
tebis winaaRmdeg brZola mxolod iaraRiT aris SesaZ-
lebeli. ilia ambobs:
,,Tavisuflebis mpovneli am qveynad marto Tofia,
291
Sin uRliT gaqnil cxovrebas omSi sisxlis Rvra
sjobia”
kako bRaWiaSvili Tavis axladgacnobil megobars –
zaqros ase uxatavs Tavisi mdgomareobis upiratesobas:
,,marTalia, Zmav kacs moswyindeba Zunwi cxovreba es
dasaRoni,
magram iq yvela gviadvildeba, sadac Cvenve varT
Cveni batoni”6.
erovnuli damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisTvis
brZolas dasabuTeba eZleva poemaSi ,,aCrdili’. Tavisuf-
leba ilias mier aq gaazrebulia rogorc Sromis gan-
Tavisufleba. damonebuli Sroma tipuria socialur
usamarTlobaze agebuli sazogadoebisaTvis –
,,Sromisa axsna – eg aris tvirTi
Zlevamosili am saukunis,
kacTa Relvisa diadi zvirTi
mag axsnisaTvis medgrada ibrZvis”
WeSmaritebiT aRZrul am brZolas Zveli qveyana ve-
Rar gauZlebs, daingreva igi da:
,,Sromis sufeva mova maSina
WeSmaritebis mis ZlierebiT
da ganmtkicdeba sofelsa Sina
kacTmoyvarebis saxierebiT”7.
Sromis sufevis anu ganTavisuflebuli Sromis bu-
nebrivi Sedegi aris Tanasworoba adaminTa Soris. ilias
aq Semoaqvs cnobili bibliuri simbolika cxvris da
mglis erTad yofnis Sesaxeb (,,da erTgan sZovdes cxva-
ri da mgeli”). es simbolika iliasTan emsaxureba sayo-
velTao mSvidobisa da Tanasworobis ideis naTelyofas
da ara realurad SesaZlebel faqts mglisa da cxvris
erTad yofnis Sesaxeb.
socialuri usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg brZolis auci-
leblobas exeba ilia WavWavaZis erTi patara, magram Se-
saniSnavi moTxroba ,,sarCobelaze” (1871). siuJeturi qar-
292
ga am moTxrobisa aseTia: erTi moxuci glexi – petre _
romelic sxvebTan erTad urmiT qalaqSi midis, Tavs
Seifarebs or Zmas. RamiT Zmebi petres gaqurdaven da
gaiparebian. ramdenime xnis Semdeg petres kvlav moux-
deba urmiT qalaqSi wasvla. aq is uneblieT mowme gax-
deba kacis CamoxrCobisa, romelic verafriT daujerebia
gulubryvilo glexs da igi sacirko sanaxaobad miiCnia.
Sinisaken mobrunebul petres erTi axalgazrda werils
miaCeCebs xelSi, saidanac Seityobs, rom im dRes igi
namdvilad kacis CamoxrCobas daswrebia, da rom Ca-
moxrCobili ramdenime wlis ukan loWinis xevSi misi
erT-erTi gamqurdavi yofila. moTxrobaSi dasmulia
problema socialuri garemos rolis Sesaxeb adamianis
pirovnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi. adamianis zneobrivi
dacemis saqmeSi brali mTel sazogadoebas miuZRvis.
CamoxrCobilis Zma ase mimarTavs petres: ,,gana Sen ki
ar damirCe Cemi erTaderTi Zma? gana Sen ki ar miiyvane
is sarCobelamde?!”8 SeSinebuli petres wamoZaxils: ,,me
ra SuaSi var”-o, avtoric TiTqos adasturebs Semdegi
sityvebiT: ,,marTla-da Cveni beberi petre ra SuaSi unda
iyos”.
es bolo sityvebi avtorisa metad sayuradReboa.
ilia moTxrobas iseTi sityvebiT amTavrebs, TiTqos igi
mTel problemas mkiTxvels utovebs gansasjelad. aris
Tu ara sazogadoebaSi momxdari zneobrivi danaSauli-
saTvis mTeli sazogadoeba anu ,,yvela pasuxismgebeli?”
beberi petrec im socialuri garemos wevria, romlebsac
ekuTvnian pavleebi, ivaneebi, da mravalni sxvani. pav-
leebma da ivaneebma SeiZleba adamiani miiyvanon saxrCo-
belamde, razedac maT ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba, mag-
ram Tu petre aranairi gziT da saSualebiT ar ga-
moTqvams protests am viTarebis winaaRmdeg, maSin isic
pavleebis da ivaneebis msgavsad iziarebs pasuxismgeb-
293
lobas sazogadoebaSi arsebuli zneobrivi Tu socia-
luri ukuRmarTobisaTvis.
TavisuflebisaTvis brZola ilias SemoqmedebaSi or-
ganulad aris dakavSirebuli socialuri usamarTlobis
winaaRmdeg brZolasTan. es brZola ilias cxovrebis
bolo periodSi saintereso da sayuradRebo Sinaarss
iZens. 900-ian wlebSi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da
azris gamoRviZebis viTarebaSi ilia WavWavaZe gamodis
saqarTvelos avtonomiis moTxovniT. es avtonomia ilias
esmoda rogorc ,,farTe TviTmmarTveloba kanonmdeb-
lobis uflebiT”.
politikur TavisuflebaTa da uflebaTa arseboba
srulyofili zneobrivi cxovrebis erTi aucilebeli
pirobaTagania. ilias kargad esmoda mWidro kavSiri
zneobasa da politikas Soris; am kavSirs is yovelTvis
zneobis simaRlidan uyurebda. amis nimuSad gamodgeba
ilias erTi werili ,,evropis didi da patara onavrebi”.
am werilSi ilia exeba inglisisa da portugaliis
konfliqts afrikis erTi patara qveynis gamo. inglisma
ZaliT waarTva portugalias es qveyana, romelic adre
portugaliis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda. ilia gmobs
inglisis mxridan uxeSi Zalis gamoyenebis faqts da
simpaTiiT uyurebs patara portugaliis mier inglisis
winaaRmdeg miRebul kontrzomebs. amave dros ilias ar
aviwydeba rom afrikis im patara qveynisTvis inglisic
da portugaliac dampyroblebia; zneobrivi Tvalsazri-
siT arc erTs da arc meores araferi esaqmebaT imasTan.
2. adamianuri cxovrebis azri da daniSnuleba. ilia
WavWavaZes gamoTqmuli aqvs azri, rom cxovreba Ziria,
xolo maszed mosuli mecniereba da xelovneba am cxov-
rebis saSualebani. ras warmoadgens cxovreba rogorc
Ziri, safuZveli? zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT misaRebia is
Tu miuRebeli? aqvs mas raime azri Tu ara? raSi
mdgomareobs misi sikeTe da raSi – misi boroteba?
294
yvela es kiTxva dayenebuli da ganxilulia ilias
SemoqmedebaSi. am mxriv gamsakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
ilias ori nawarmoebi `kacia-adamiani?!~ da poema `gan-
degili~, orive maTgani eTikuri problemebiT aris
datvirTuli.
cxovreba – farTe gagebiT – adamianuri yofnis
wesia. adamians SesaZlebloba aqvs cxovreba saSualeba-
dac ganixilos da miswrafebis Rirs miznadac aqcios.
Tavad cxovreba arc mxolod mizania da arc mxolod
saSualeba. igi orives erTianobaa.
aranormaluri da arabunebrivia iseTi viTareba,
rodesac cxovreba ganixileba mxolod misi erTi rome-
lime mxridan. amnairi ukuRmarTi suraTi dagvixata
didma iliam moTxrobaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ luarsab
TaTqariZe da mis meuRle darejani cxovrebis azrs da
daniSnulebas xedaven mxolod Wama-smaSi da ZilSi. maTi
yofnis wess sxva ram gansxvavebuli azri ar gaaCnia.
rogorc bevrma sxvam, luarsabmac da darejanmac
icocxles da daixocnen. risTvis movidnen da risTvis
icocxles? svams kiTxvas avtori da es sruliad bu-
nebrivia. luarsabma da darejanma cxovrebaSi mxolod
saSualeba – Rirebuleba dainaxes. cxovreba marTlac
aris aseTi; igi mosaxmaria da es moxmareba gamoixateba
Wama-smaSic, ZilSic, qeifSic, garTobaSic da drosta-
rebaSic. magram cxovreba mxolod es ar aris. cxovreba
niSnavs sxvisTvis, sazogado saqmisTvis zrunvas, garjas
da zogjer Tavganwirvasac. luarsabma sakuTari TavisT-
vis icxovra da amitomac ilia WavWavaZem Tavisi moTx-
robis saTaurs erTad dausva kiTxvisa da Zaxilis
niSnebi. aRniSnuli moTxrobis saTauri metad sayurad-
Rebo da bevrismTqmelia. `kacia-adamiani?!~ - kiTxvis
niSani am kompozit – saTaurSi gveubneba: yvela
adamiani, vinc am qveynad modis, gana kaci aris? Zaxilis
niSani ki gveubneba – yvela adamiani vinc am qveynad
295
modis kaci unda iyos-o. es jerarsiseuli moTxovna
Tanabrad exeba orive sqesis adamians. kacad yofna,
pirvel rigSi, niSnavs zrunvasa da moqmedebas sazogado
saqmisTvis da ara marto adamianis biologiuri sawyisis
tarebas. kacobis es universaluri xasiaTi qarTulma
enam uZvelesi droidan Semoinaxa da daafiqsira sity-
vaSi `dedakaci~. am azriT, kacobis matarebeli SeiZleba
iyos rogorc mama - `mamakaci~-, ise deda - `dedakaci~.
kacobis es universaluri xasiaTi Cans ilias erT
leqsSi:
`kacad maSin xar saqebi,
Tu es wesi wesad darge,
yovel dResa Sen Tavs hkiTxo –
aba dRes me vis ra varge!~
cxovrebis azrisa da daniSnulebis problema sxva
aspeqtiTac aris Semotanili ilias cnobil poemaSi
`gandegili~. aq Tavad cxovrebis sikeTe-borotebis mxa-
rea wina planze wamoweuli da maT Soris brZolam,
dapirispirebam unda gviCvenos romeli romels sjobia.
poemaSi daxatulia, erTi mxriv, gandegilis saxe, ro-
melsac:
`ganudevnia gulidam yvela
msoflio zraxva, fiqri, wadili.~
ganSorebia am qveyanas:
`viT codvis sadgurs,
sadac marTali gzas ver auqcevs
gansacdelsa mas eSmakisasa.
sad yovli niWi macdurebaa.
sad TviT siturfe da saTnoeba
eSmakis maxe da cdunebaa”10.
meore mxriv, poemaSi mwyemsi qalis saxiT gansaxie-
rebulia TviT sicocxle mTeli Tavisi mSvenierebiT. es
qveyana (wuTisofeli) RmerTma Seqmna ,,mravali feriT”.
raSi unda sWirdebodes RmerTs Tuki adamiani am qveya-
296
nas miatovebs, mas ganudgeba. mwyemsi qali kidev erTxel
agonebs mwirs cxovrebis mSvenierebas:
,,an Sen rogor sZleb uwuTisoflod?
mere ici ki rarig tkbilia.
aq sikvdilia, iq ki sicocxle
aq Wiria da iq ki lxinia”11.
dialogi, romelic imarTeba gandegilsa da mwyems
qals Soris, moulodnelad gamoavlens mwiris mier Ta-
visi cxovrebiT ukmayofilebas, romelic mas sulis
Rrma fenebSi aracnobierad hqonia Senaxuli. mwiris Se-
xedulebaze, rom suli aris pirveli da mTavari
sazrunavi, wuTisofeli ki mxolod borkilia, mwyemsi
qali sruliad bunebriv kiTxvas sxvams:
,,maS vinc qveynad varT yvela wavwydebiT,
veRar davixsniT verafriT sulsa?”
razedac gandegili misTvisve moulodnel pasuxs
iZleva:
,,xsna yvelgan aris... xolo gza xsnisa,
eseTi mergo me... ubedursa...”12
am ukanasknelma sityvam Tavzari dasca mwirs. amiT
man gamoTqva samduravi im cxovrebis mimarT, romelic
RvTis SewevniT moipova. gandegili cdilobs rogorme
daamSvidos aforiaqebuli suli, Caklas gaRizianebuli
sxeulis moTxovnilebebi, magram amaod. cxovrebisgan
gandgoma mwirs sicocxlis fasad daujda.
Tvalsazrisi, romelsac Tavis poemaSi upirispirdeba
ilia, aris asketizmi. asketizmi qadagebda saero cxov-
rebisagan gaqcevas, raTa qristianuli siwminde daecvaT.
rasakvirvelia, saero cxovreba mZime pirobebs uqmnis
adamians siwmindisa da patiosnebis dacvis Tvalsazri-
siT. cxovrebis TiTqmis yovel nabijze damalulia xi-
faTi elementaruli zneobrivi normebis darRvevisa.
Tuki moscildebi wuTisofels da, maSasadame, adamianeb-
Tan urTierTobas, maSin ufro advilia siwmindis dacva,
297
sulisTvis xorcis moTxovnilebaTa Sewirva. ilias poe-
maSi mSvenivrad dasturdeba is WeSmariteba, rom gaqceu-
li, saboloo jamSi, gansazRvrulia imiT, rasac gaur-
bis.
$3. eTikuri problematika vaJa-fSavelas
SemoqmedebaSi
vaJa-fSavelas eTikuri samyaro, iseve rogorc mxatv-
ruli, amouwuravia. erTi mkvlevaris sicocxle am saq-
mes ar eyofa; miT umetes roca vaJa-fSavelas eTikuri
samyaro arsebiTad arc aris gamokvleuli. vaJa-fSave-
las Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura ufro
xSirad afiqsirebs imas, rom vaJa sakacobrio proble-
mebs Seexo, magram aRarafers gveubneba imaze, Tu ras
warmoadgendnen sakuTvriv es problemebi.
eTikuri samyaros arseboba nebismieri mwerlisa Tu
mecnieris SemoqmedebaSi gulisxmobs ama Tu im prob-
lemis dayenebas an xelaxla dayenebas, agreTve, maTze
garkveuli pasuxis gacemas. vaJa-fSavela ara marto
svams msoflio mniSvnelobis eTikur problemebs, aramed
iZleva zneobriv RirebulebaTa mkafio suraTs, romel-
Sic win wamoweulia is, rac unda iyos, rac wminda da
maradiulia, xolo ukan gadaweulia is, rac ar unda
iyos, rac warmavalia.
vaJa-fSavelas mkafiod aqvs warmodgenili is prin-
cipi, romlis mixedviTac igi zneobriv RirebulebaTa
arsebobas afasebs. ra aris kargi? ra aris cudi? ra
aris sikeTe an boroteba? am kiTxvaze yvela adamiani
Tavisebur pasuxs iZleva. ,,Tu sikeTe, ambobs vaJa, ada-
mianis piradi sargeblobis miRweviT ganisazRvreba, kai
298
kaci is unda iyos, vinc Tavis pirad cxovrebas gaium-
jobesebs, gasWris da gahkveTs Tavisda sasargeblod”13.
buneba gvaZlevs imis nimuSs, rogorc unda moviqceT
rom kargi da keTili gerqvas. cudi, magaliTad, ambobs
vaJa, adamians bevrsa rgebs, Tumca xSirad iRleba an
sulac tydeba, cxeni bevrjer daiRleba, bevrjer ofl-
Si gaibaneba, magram adamians bevr siamovnebas da sageb-
lobas moutans, sanTeli Tavad iwvis sxvas ki gzas una-
Tebs, uxilav midamos xilulad hqmnis da sxv. amrigad,
TviT buneba gvaZlevs sazoms sikargisa da uvargi-
sobisas da Cven kacT es ar gvesmis, Tundac rom gves-
modes mainc yuradRebiT ar vepyrobiT bunebis kanons,
mis ganaCens... istoriac karg kacebad imaT asaxelebs,
vinc am mxriv yofila gamoCenili, visac sxvisTvis ram
urgia da ara marto Tavisi Tavi hxsovnebia, Tavisi jibe
da kuWi14.
buneba aris kacTa cxovrebis maswavlebeli. ,,bunebas
Tavisive kanoni aqvs kacTa cxovrebisTvis damyarebuli,
romelic aris damokidebuli sxvadasxva pirobaze, mi-
zezze; igi bunebam Seqmna... ar SeiZleba kacTa cxovre-
baSi iseTi ram movlena davasaxeloT, rom misi msgavsi
TviT bunebaSic ar moipovebodes... rac unda ganviTare-
bis umaRles mwvervals miaRwios kacobriobis cxov-
rebam mainc masSi unda sCandes isev buneba saerTod...
Cven bunebaSi varT – igi CvenSia. saiT, rogor SegviZ-
lian igi Tavidan aviSoroT, imas gaveqceT, davemalneT?!
cocxalnic misni varT, mkvdarnic”.
ase gagebuli buneba an bunebrioba aris vaJas eTi-
kuri samyaros safuZveli, sawyisi; es sawyisi Cans vaJas
eTikurad amaRelvebel saxeebSi, bunebis sagnebis mxatv-
rul ferebsa da formebSi. buneba ar aris mxolod sike-
Tis sawyisi:
,,buneba mbrZanebelia,
igiv monaa Tavisa,
299
zogjer sikeTes ixveWavs,
zogjer mqnelia avisa”15.
asevea cxovreba. masSic sikeTis gverdiT vxvdebiT
siaves, borotebas. rogorc bunebas hyavs Tavisi mze da
mTvare, ise cxovrebas hyavs Tavisi mze da mTvare gamo-
Cenil pirovnebaTa saxiT. pirovneba anu kai yma aris
vaJas ideali, zneobriv RirebulebaTa umTavresi matare-
beli. ,,kai ymis” saxe vaJas ara erT leqsSi Cans da
yvelgan igi, pirvel rigSi, vaJkacobasTan asocirdeba,
Tumca vaJkacoba vaJas metad farTod esmis; masTan kaiy-
ma anu dadebiTi pirovneba simamacesTan erTad xasiaT-
deba iseTi zneobrivi TvisebebiT, rogoricaa uangaroba:
,,sxvani iyofdnen nadavlsa,
is isev mtris win gvrgvinavdes,
miZRvnilsa saufrososa
amxanagebsa swiravdes”
keTilgoniereba:
,,swor fiqrs aZlevdes Tem-sofels,
cduneba ara sZiravdes”.
samarTlianoba:
,,iq idges xmalamowvdili, sac Zala aRmarTs hkvalav-
des,
gabeCavebul simarTles usamarTloba sZalavdes”.
zrunva keTili saxelisaTvis:
,,sjob mokvdes mSier-titveli:
kvdebodes, ara gminavdes;
Tavis samarxad, sudrada,
marto saxelsa swiravdes”16.
zneobrivi pirovnebis doneze verasodes avlen isini,
romlebic:
,,Tavis jams CascqerT, saqveynod
arc ros ar gamasdgebiTa.
300
. . . . . . . . . . .
ar iciT dasCndiT risa da
an risaTvisa kvdebiTa”17.
pirovnebis rogorc damoukidebeli (,,ver maawonebT
karg ymasa, rac ar ujdeba WkvaSia”), Tavisufali arse-
bis amaRelvebel da mimzidvel suraTebs xatavs vaJa-
fSavela Tavis cnobil poemebSi: ,,aluda qeTelauri’,
,,stumar-maspinZeli”, ,,baxtrioni”. filosofiur poemaSi
,,gvelis mWameli”, piesaSi ,,mokveTili”, agreTve, moTxro-
bebsa da leqsebSi. yvelgan wina planze dgas romelime
zogad-eTikuri an zogad-socialuri problema, romleb-
sac danarCeni problemebi ukavSirdeba.
1. pirovneba da sazogadoeba. pirovnebis moqmedebis
asparezi yovelTvis scildeba mocemuli sazogadoebis
sazRvrebs, rac TavisTavad ukve qmnis safuZvels
mocemul sazogadoebasa da pirovnebas Soris daZabuli
urTierTobisaTvis. vaJa-fSavelas poemaSi ,,aluda qeTe-
lauri” aluda Temis gamorCeuli wevria, kai ymaa:
,,aluda qeTelauri kacia davlaTiani,
safixvnos TavSi dajdebis,
sityva maudis gziani,
bevr qists maaWra marjvena,
scada franguli fxiani.
cudas rad unda mteroba
kargia mudam mtriani!”18.
poemis siuJeti martivia; qistebi aludas cxenebs
moiparaven. aluda gamoekideba maT, daeweva da pirvelive
gasroliT moklavs erT-erT maTgans. cocxlad
darCenili qisti – mucali aludas brZolas gaumarTavs.
mTel am brZolas refreniviT gasdevs sityvebi xan
erTi, xan meore mxridan: ,,ara gWrisaa rjul-ZaRlo?!,
,,ar mogxvdaua, rjul-ZaRlo” da a.S. rogorc Cans am
brZolas aqvs ara ubralod qurdsa da mdevars Soris
brZolis xasiaTi, aramed brZola upiratesad mimdina-
301
reobs rogorc rjuliansa da urjulos Soris, mokled,
ise Cans, rom aludasa da mucals Soris samkvdro-
sasicocxlo brZola rwmenis gamo mimdinareobs. aluda,
romelsac ,,gammarjved jvari dahyvebis, Zals Saaxvewebs
RvTisasa”, darwmunebulia, rom yvela urjulo mxdalia,
vaJkacoba ar gaaCnia da pativiscemasac ar imsaxurebs.
mucalma Tavisi moqmedebiT sawinaaRmdego daumtkica:
,,suls ar acdida amosvlas, kidev mixsena rjulia”19.
am dros xdeba aludas RirebulebaTa samyaroSi pir-
veli seriozuli ryeva. igi moixibla mucalis vaJkaco-
biT, ramac mis sulSi mtrisadmi pativiscema dabada.
aluda arRvevs Temis adaTs mokluli mtrisTvis marj-
venis moWris Sesxaeb:
,,vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo, RmerTma gacxonos
mkvdario,
mklavzedac gebas marjvena, Senzed alali ario...
kargi gyolia gamdeli, RmerTm gidRegrZelos
gvario”20.
tradiciuli Rirebulebisadmi aludas sulSi gaCeni-
li pirveli eWvi male mkafio poziciad Camoyalibdeba:
,,Cven vityviT kacni Cvena varT,
marto Cven gvzdian dedani;
Cvena vscxondebiT, urjuloT
kuprSi mielis qSenani.
amis TqmiT vwaramaraobT,
RvTisSvilT ukeTes ician.
yvelani marTals amboben,
gana vinaca hfician”21.
Temis mier aRiarebuli Rirebulebebisadmi aludas
uaryofiTi damokidebuleba sajarod fiqsirdeba dReo-
baze, sadac aluda mucalis sulis mosaxseneblad ku-
rats Tavadve hklavs, winaaRmdeg xevisberis nebisa. es
iyo Temis aSkarad gamowveva, rac aludas Temidan mokve-
TiT mTavrdeba. aluda marcxdeba TemTan dapirispire-
302
baSi, Tumca igi erTguli rCeba sakuTari RirebulebiTi
poziciisa – adamianis dafasebas da pativiscemas
gansazRvravs misi zneobrivi Rirebuleba (vaJkacoba,
simamace, erTguleba, Seupovroba da sxv.) da ara rjuli.
aluda uars ar ambobs arc Tavis rjulze da arc
Temze (,,jvars ar awyinoT, Tems nu swyevT, nu gadiq-
ceviT cetada”22). magram RirebulebaTa Skalaze Temisa
da rjulis yvela moTxovna ukve aRar aris upiratesi
Rirebuleba. aluda mokvda rogorc Temis wevri, magram
gadarCa rogorc pirovneba.
arsebiTad es Tematika grZeldeba vaJa-fSavelas
poemaSi ,,stumar-maspinZeli”. aq ufro mwvaved, vidre
,,aluda qeTelaurSi”, dgas adamianis (stumris) pativis-
cemis, misi dafasebisa da Temisadmi morCileba-
daumorCileblobis sakiTxi.
qisti joyola mTaSi nadirobis dros gzaabneul
xevsur zviadaurs, Tavis Zmis mkvlels, mters gadaey-
reba. joyola misTvis ucnob zviadaurs saxlSi stum-
rad dapatiJebs. sagulisxmoa aq erTi garemoeba: joyo-
lam icis rom misi stumari xevsuria, iseve rogorc
zviadaurmac icis, rom stumrad qistis ojaxSi midis,
magram arc joyola grZnobs raime uxerxulobas
stumris xevsurobis gamo da arc zviadauri joyolas
qistobis gamo. metic. joyolas ise moswons Tavisi
stumari, rom vaxSmobis Semdeg survili uCndeba – ,,es
erTi cnoba, xval Zmoba erTad SevTvisdeT suliTa”.
am SemTxvevaSi joyola da zviadauri gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben sakuTar eTnikur warmomavlo-
bas. es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs TiTqos sulerTi iyos
joyolasTvis qistad yofna an zviadaurisTvis xevsurad
yofna. saqme imaSia, rom misTvis adamiani-stumari iqneba
is Tu maspinZeli – pirvel rigSi aris zneobrivi arseba
da, rogorc aseTi, pativiscemas da dafasebas imsaxu-
rebs.
303
qistebi joyolas stumars icnoben, Seipyroben da
mis samagaliTod dasjas gadawyveten. Tavisi stumris
SeuracxyofiT Seuracxyofilia maspinZelic. joyolasa
da mis Tanamemamuleebs Soris xdeba sisxliani dapiris-
pireba.
joyolas winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qistebis yvela ar-
gumenti, rom a) zviadauri qistebis dauZinebeli mteria,
b) ,,aavso fSav-xevsureTi aqeT wasxmulis ZroxiTa, g)
zviadaurma mokla joyolas Zma – joyolas mxolod wa-
mierad Seaferxebs:
,,eg marTalia, iqneba... ra unda
miTxraT magiTa, miTc ver miabamT
Cems gulsa Tqvens gulis TqmasTan ZafiTa.
dRes stumaria eg Cemi, Tund
zRva emarTos sisxlisa, miTamc me
ver vuRalateb, vficav RmerTs, qmnili imisa”23.
xelSekonili zviadauri qistebma sasaflaoze waiy-
vanes da iq, mTielTa adaTis Tanaxmad, TavianT mkvdars
Seswires. magram qistebs imedi gaucruvdaT. zviadaurma
iseTi vaJkacoba gamoiCina sikvdilis win, rom Tavad
mtrebi pativiscemiT ganewyobian mis mimarT.
,,kargi vaJkaci yofila,
yvela allahsa hficavda.
imitom vefxvebr gvebrZoda,
Tavis miwawyals icavda.”24
mterma mokla zviadauri, magram ver daZlia misi
neba. es vlindeba ara marto pativiscemaSi, romelic
zviadauris sikvdilma mis mtrebSi gamoiwvia, aramed,
agreTve, joyolas colis – aRazas saqcielSi, romlis
ojaxic qistebma swored zviadauris gamo abuCad aigdes,
Seuracxyves. magram aRazasTvis amas TiTqos mniSvne-
loba ara aqvs. mTavari is aris, rom mas, aRazas ,,kacis
kacurad sikvdili, gulidam ara hqreboda”25 – swored
es ,,kacis kacurad sikvdili” aiZulebs aRazas iglovos
304
qistebis mosisxle mteri da Tavisi mazlis mkvleli.
uxerxulobas grZnobs aRaza Tavis qmarTan zviadauris
datirebis gamo:
,,iqneb Senc gcode, RmerTsaca,
magram vitire, ra vqnao”26.
amasTan dakavSirebiT vaJa aRniSnavs, rom poemis am
adgilma igi TiTqmis erTi Tve gaaCera, radgan ar icoda
aRazasTvis ra pasuxi gaeca. mxolod adamianis udidesma
pativiscemam SeiZleba aTqmevinos kacs is sityvebi,
romlebiTac joyola cols pasuxobs:
,,itire?! madli giqnia,
me ra gamge var magisa!
diacs mudamac uxdeba
glova vaJkacis kargisa”27.
joyola da aRaza ar emorCilebian Temis – aludas
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT – codva-braliT monaTlul sa-
marTals da iRupebian. cocxalni rCeba is zneobrivi
Rirebulebebi, romlebic adamianis pirovnebad yofnas
ganapirobeben. swored amis dafiqsireba xdeba am mSve-
nieri poemis finalSi. kldis Tavze TavSeyril megob-
rebs – joyolas da zviadaurs – maspinZlobs aRaza,
romelic:
,,jixvis mwvads uwvavs alzeda.
vaJkacobisas amboben
erTurTis dandobisasa,
stumar-maspinZlis weszeda
cnobis da da-Zmobisasa”28.
2. erovnul da sakacobrio RirebulebaTa mimarTeba
vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi. vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis
erT-erTi laitmotivi aris patriotizmi. vaJas gmirebi
icaven sakacobrio idealebs da amave dros TavdadebiT
emsaxurebian Tavisi qveynisa da xalxis interesebs. vaJas
mixedviT, erovnul da sakacobrio RirebulebaTa mimar-
Teba ar SeiZleba RirebulebaTa koliziis an pirovnebis
305
tragikuli dasasrulis mTavri mizezi iyos. am sakiT-
xebSi Tavisi poziciis jansaR Teoriul gaazrebas iZle-
va vaJa werilSi – ,,kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi”.
vaJa wers: ,,zogs hgonia rom namdvili patriotizmi ewi-
naaRmdegeba kosmopolitizms, magram es Secdomaa.
yoveli namdvili patrioti kosmopolitia. ise, rogorc
yoveli gonieri kosmopoliti (da ara Cveneburi) pat-
riotia. rogor? ase, - romeli adamianic Tavis ers emsa-
xureba keTilgonierad da cdilobs Tavisi samSoblo
aRamaRlos gonebriv, qonebriv da zneobriv, amiT is
umzadebs mTel kacobriobas saukeTeso wevrebs, saukeTe-
so megobars, xels uwyobs mTeli kacobriobis ganviTa-
rebas, keTildReobas”29.
patriotizmi, vaJas azriT, adamians TiTqo dabadebas-
Tan erTad Tan dahyveba. igi Seicavs ,,iseT nawilebs,
romelTac verc erTi WkvaTamyofeli adamiani ver uar-
yofs, rogorc mag. aris dedaena, istoriuli warsuli,
saxelovani moRvaweni da erovnuli teritoria, mwer-
loba da sxv.”30
normalur da saRi Wkuis adamians, vaJas azriT, erTi
romelime eri sxvebze metad unda uyvardes. patriotiz-
mi ufro grZnobis saqmea, vidre Wkua-gonebisa, kosmopo-
litizmi mxolod Wkuis nayofia; mas adamianis gulTan
saqme ara aqvs. kosmopolitizmi, vaJas azriT, ase unda
gvesmodes: ,,giyvardes Seni eri, Seni qveyana, iRvawe mis
sakeTildReod, nu gZuls sxva erebi da nu gSurs
imaTTvis bedniereba, nu SeuSli imis miswrafebas xels
da ecade, rom Seni samSoblo aravin daCagros da gau-
Tanaswordes mowinave erebs”.31
vaJa-fSavelas aq motanili pozicia Teoriuli safu-
Zvelia im patriotizmis anu, rogorc mose gogiberiZe
ityoda, ,,samSoblos siyvarulis qarTveluri gancdisa”,
rac aRbeWdilia vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi. samSoblos
siyvarulis Rirebuleba sxva RirebulebebTan kavSirSi
306
STambeWdavad aris asaxuli vaJa-fsavelas cnobil
poemaSi ,,baxtrioni”.
aRniSnul poemas safuZvlad uZevs TuS-fSav-xevsurTa
gaerTianebuli jaris monawileoba TaTrebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi, rac namdvilad momxdara kidec. magram vaJas,
rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, istoriuli ambavi naklebad
ainteresebs32.
poema ,,baxtrioni” mTlianad patriotizmiT aris gaJ-
RenTili. dReisTvis imdenad gaufasurebelia es gare-
moeba, rom poemis amaRelvebel adgilebs SeiZleba mxo-
lod literaturuli da poeturi mniSvneloba-Ra hqon-
deT. miuxedavad amisa, poemis mxatvrul mxares Cven gan-
ze vtovebT da yuradRebas nawarmoebis eTikur aspeqtze
vamaxvilebT.
TaTrebis sisastikiT SeRonebuli barelebi kvirias
saxiT macnes agzavnian mTaSi da fSav-xevsurT dasaxma-
reblad mouwodeben. es mowodeba RirSesaniSnavia ro-
gorc mowodeba saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaken. mTisa da
baris gaTiSulad arseboba damRupvelia saqarTvelos-
Tvis. amitom mouwodeben barelebi:
,,ubarod gana ar iciT
mTanic rom vera gvaroben.
gviSveleT fSavel-xevsurno,
barze TaTrebi xaroben,
Cveni saydrebis trapezTan
exla molebi galoben”.
vaJa-fSavelas mixedviT, samSoblos siyvaruli gaRe-
buli msxverpliT izomeba. gaRebuli msxverpli ki mra-
valnairi SeiZleba iyos. SesaZlebelia es iyos adamianis
ama Tu im unaris, niWis, Sromis, sakuTari qonebis da-
xarjva samSoblos sakeTildReod. msxverplis umaRlesi
saxe aris sicocxlis msxverplad mitana samSoblos
interesebisaTvis, Tavganwirva. amgvari msxverplis tipu-
ri asparezi aris omi, brZolis veli. brZolis velze
307
daecnen poemis erT-erTi gmiris sanaTas Svidi vaJi da
qmari. sanaTa vedrebiT mimarTavs salocav xats: ,,egeb
inebos batonma, gagmarjvebiyosT mterzeda, Tu amas
gavigonebdi, ar vitirebdi mkvdrebzeda: imav dRes, Svi-
lo dedilam, Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa”33.
fSaveli qalis locvaSi da xatisadmi vedrebaSi
TandaTan Semodis iseTi momentebi, romlebic vaJas
SemoqmedebaSi garkveul problemas qmnian. pirvel rigSi
aq saqme exeba damokidebulebas kacis kvlis moTxovnasa
da qristes mcnebas – ,,ara kac kla” – Soris. qarTveli
qali mtrisTvis samagieros mizRvaze ocnebobs: ,,Tu
amamyridiT mtris javrsa, SvilT arc ki movigonebdi,
raRa miWirda, Tu mtrisas gaJletas gavigonebdi”34. es
ocneba kidev ufro muq ferebs iRebs sanaTas locvaSi:
,,RmerTo da Cveno gamCeno xatebo fSaveTisao, aavseT
TaTris sisxliTa velebi kaxeTisao”35.
aRsaniSnavia, rom es siZnele vaJas sxva nawarmoebeb-
Sic gvxdeba, pirvel rigSi, es iTqmis poemebze – ,,aluda
qeTelauri’, ,,stumar-maspinZeli” da ,,gvelis mWameli”. am
ukanasknelSi es sakiTxi sxva konteqstSia warmodgeni-
li. CvenTvis saintereso kiTxvaze pirdapir pasuxs
,,stumar-maspinZelSi” vxdebiT, Tumca Taviseburi pasuxi
masze ,,baxtrionSic” aris gacemuli.
poemaSi ,,stumar-maspinZeli” vaJa laparakobs sikv-
dilze, rogorc gardauval borotebaze da bunebis
mimarT erTgvar sayvedursac gamoTqvams: ,,bunebis codva
esaa, mudam sawyino Cemia; avsa da kargsa yvelas hklavs,
aravin gadurCenia”. adamians, rogorc mokvdav arsebas,
sikvdilis eSinia, magram, meore mxriv, ainteresebs Ta-
vad sikvdilis movlena, rogorc sxvis Tavze datria-
lebuli ubedureba: ,,sikvdili yvelas gvaSinebs, sxvas
Tu hkvlen, cqera gvwadian: kacni ver grZnoben bevrjera,
rogor did codvas sCadian, ramdeni avsuli vici,
warbSeuxrelad dadian, Tavis mtanjvelTa Semusvra an
308
ki vis ara swadian”36. aq kiTxvaze pasuxi ukve mocemu-
lia: mtanjveli unda Seimusros: qristes mcneba dar-
Rveulia. rodis iqneboda qristes mcneba daculi? maSin,
Tuki mtanjvels SesaZlebloba miecemoda etanja da
emusra yvela da yvelaferi, sadamdisac xeli miuwv-
deboda. safiqrebelia, rom qristes mcnebis – ,,ara kac
kla” – ase gageba swori ar iqneboda. es moTxovna Zalis
mqonea yvela adamianis mimarT, igi sayoveTao moTxovnaa.
am moTxovnis dacva yvela adamians evaleba da roca mas
arRveven adamianebi pasuxsac ageben.
miwaze adamianebis pasuxisgeba xdeba adamianebis
winaSe. adamianebi irCeven TavisTvis misawvdom saSuale-
bebs, maSinac ki, roca maT RvTaebrivi miznebi amoZra-
vebT; roca garTmeven imas, rac Sen gekuTvnis (sicocx-
le, miwa-wyali, qoneba da sxv.), am dros winaaRmdegobis
gauwevloba, xelis ar gamoReba danaSaulia. zemoTdas-
mul kiTxvaze vaJas pasuxi wminda adamianuria, maSasada-
me, zneobrivia. es pasuxi Taviseburad aris argumenti-
rebuli poema ,,stumar-maspinZelSi” qistis saflavze
zviadauris dakvlis scenaSi. zviadauri ar Sedrka
sikvdilis win da vidre pirSi suli edga qistebis mic-
valebulis damcireba scada sityvebiT – ,,ZaRl iyos
Tqveni mkvdrisada”, ,,ZaRl iyos” yelSi ambobda manam
mosWridnen Tavsao”.
zviadauris vaJkacurma sikvdilma qistebs CauSala
pirvandeli gegma, rac zviadauris gvamis xanjrebiT
daCexvas iTvaliswinebda, -
,,codvaa! – yvela hfiqrobda,
xalxis guli da goneba
sasinanulod mihqroda”
magram monaniebamde, rasakvirvelia, saqme ar midis,
imarjvebs Zveli, samagieros mizRvis principi: ,,magram
mters mtrulad moeqe, TviTon ufalma brZanao, is
sjobs rac male vecdebiT gulSi CavurWoT danao”.
309
aq motanili pasuxis kategoriulobis miuxedavad,
poema ,,baxtrionSi” sayuradReboa erTi adgili (luxu-
mis da zezvas Sexvedris scena), saidanac Cans, rom lu-
xums mokluli mteri Sebralebia (“mouwyliandis Tva-
lebi”)37. luxumi ibrZvis, xocavs mters da Tu mokluli
mteri masSi (Tundac zogjer) sibraluls iwvevs, maSin
qristes mcneba ,,ara kac kla“ – luxumisTvis ar SeiZ-
leba mTlianad miuRebeli iyos. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
sainteresoa poemis finali. mZimed daWrili luxumi
wevs erTi kldis Ziras; mas uvlis da kurnavs uzar-
mazari gveli, romelmac ,,borotebis gza gauSva, keTili
dauWeria”. poema mTavrdeba momavlis rwmeniT aRsavse
sityvebiT:
,,amboben, SaaZlebina sneulsa fexze dadgoma,
eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sadgoma”.
Zneli ar aris imis danaxva, rom ,,laSaris gorisaken
mimavali gza” borotebisgan Tavisufalia (,,borotebis
gza gauSva”), rac imas niSnavs, rom qristes mcneba ,,ara
kac kla”, rogorc umaRlesi zneobrivi moTxovna, Tavis
srul uflebebSia.
$4. niko nikolaZe erovnuli sikeTisa
da erovnuli borotebis Sesaxeb
gamoCenili qarTveli moazrovne, publicisti da sa-
zogado moRvawe niko nikolaZe (1843-1928) iyo evropulad
ganaTlebuli pirovneba, romelic harmoniulad aTavseb-
da erTmaneTSi Teoretikossa da praqtikoss.
niko nikolaZes uxdeboda wera qarTuli cxovrebis
yvela saWirboroto sakiTxze. ama Tu im sakiTxis
eTikuri Sefaseba mocemulia n. nikolaZis sxvadasxva
310
SromaSi. yvelaze srulad n. nikolaZis zneobrivi mrwam-
sis Sesaxeb warmodgenas gvaZlevs misi vrceli werili
,,mamulis siyvaruli da msaxureba”, romelic 1879 wels
aris dawerili.
xalxisa da qveynis zneobriv mdgomareobas n. niko-
laZe imis mixedviT zomavs, ramdenad cocxali da aqtiu-
ria adamianebSi sazogadoebrivi grZnoba anu ramdenad
gamoRviZebulia xalxi. sayuradReboa, rom n. nikolaZes
sazogadoebrivi grZnobis qveS esmis, pirvel rigSi,
samSoblos siyvaruli da misi samsaxuri. amiT, Tematu-
rad n. nikolaZe mtkiced dgeba im adamianebis gverdiT,
vinc ruseTis koloniuri reJimis pirobebSi ikisres
mZime amocana – qarTuli kulturis gadarCena, dacva da
aRorZineba.
erovnuli kulturis dacvas, n. nikolaZis mixedviT,
mudam aqvs is azri, rom mocemul xalxs sakuTari
Tvistomoba gaaxsenos da am gziT mamulis siyvaruli
da msaxureba gauRvivos38. es gza yvela xalxis mier
aris gasavleli. zogi xalxi mas swrafad gaivlis, zogi
ki nela ,,lokokinasaviT forTxviT gadaCoCdeba am
gzaze”39. yoveli xalxis cxovrebaSi n. nikolaZeE oTx
periods gamoyofs. es dayofa sainteresoa eTikisaTvis
da gansakuTrebiT istoriis filosofiisTvis, pirvel
periods nikolaZe uwodebs yrmobis periods, roca
xalxi sakuTari gonebiT an tviniT ar cxovrobs, roca
mis mier sxva vinme zrunavs da moqmedebs. meore pe-
riods, n. nikolaZe uwodebs mimbaZvelobiTs, roca xal-
xi xedavs sxva xalxebis winsvlas da maT monur mibaZvas
iwyebs, cdilobs gadasxvaferdes garegnuli wesiT.
mesame periods n. nikolaZe uwodebs Zveleburobis
aRmdgenels, roca xalxi rwmundeba maimunuri mibaZvis
ukmarisoba-uvargisobaSi da sakuTari winaprebis wesebis
aRdgenas moindomebs. meoTxe periodi ki maSin iwyeba,
roca is iwyebs imis gamokvlevas, Tu misi sakuTari
311
buneba ras moiTxovs, risi SeZleba aqvs Tavad, sxvebs
ra aqvT kargi, romlis SeTvisebac mis bunebas SeuZlia.
es periodi, nikolaZis azriT, qarTuli sinamdvilisTvis
jer ar damdgara da amitom qarTul enasac misTvis
sakuTari saxeli ar gaaCnia. igi rusulis mibaZviT
uwodebs TviTmyofadi Semoqmedebis periods.40
xalxTa istoriis am periodizaciasTan dakavSirebiT
SeiZleba n. nikolaZes zog rameSi ar daveTanxmoT, mag-
ram ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom warmodgenil perio-
dizaciaSi n. nikolaZe xalxTa istoriis bevr damaxasia-
Tebel momentze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Tundac, maga-
liTad, aviRoT meore, mombaZvelobis periodi. ,,mombaZ-
velis periodi erTob grZeli iyo CvenSi” – wers n.
nikolaZe. saqme imaSia, rom mteri Cvens samSoblos ara-
sodes moklebia, yvela modioda Cvens dasapyrobad da
asaoxreblad. xalxs arc dro hqonda da arc saSualeba
mtrulad mosulis kargi Tvisebebi eCxrikna. ,,ubralo
SeCvevis ZaliT gvrCeboda TviTeuli am xalxisgan um-
Tavresi misi zne... am saxiT mongolebsac ki vbaZavdiT
didxans Zalauneburad, sparselebsac, TaTrebsac da
lekebsac. zogma qudi dagvitova, zogma Sarvali, zogma
sizarmace, zogma orpiroba... xeiriani da magari buneba
rom ar gvqonoda... didi xania rac dedamiwis piridan
saqarTvelos da qarTvelebs xsenebac ki ar gveqneboda.
yvelasagan imodena Cirqi gvrgebia, yvelas CvenTvis
imdeni talaxi da mtveri moucxia, rom sxva, ufro sus-
ti xalxi kidevac daimarxeboda aqamdi am sisqe tlapos
qveS...”41.
profesionali istorikosebisa da eTnografebis
amocanad miaCnia n. nikolaZes imis gamorkveva, rogori
iyo pirvandeli qarTvelis namdvili buneba, zne, xasia-
Ti, Tviseba. ra SegvrCa Cven sakuTari da ra gamogvyva
sxvisi? amis gamorkveva dRes Zalian Znelia, wers n.
nikolaZe. magram imis dafiqsireba ki SeiZleba, rom
312
“mimbaZvelobis periodi, RvTis madliT, CvenTvis gaTav-
da da viwyebT Semdgoms istoriul periods, periods
Cvenis Tvistomisken dabrunebisa. metismetad saWiroc
aris da gamosadegic vicodeT – Cveni Tvistomoba namd-
vilad raSi mdgomareobs an romel Tvistomobas unda
davubrundeT?... ra zne da wesi unda gviyvardes, ra wyo-
bilebisken unda miviswrafodeT, raSi unda vxedavdeT
Cvens ideals, ras unda vsTvlideT kargad da avad?”42.
yvela am kiTxvas kargi gaazreba sWirdeba, radgan
isini xalxTa istoriis mier dasmuli kiTxvebia. kerZo
piri, n. nikolaZis azriT, xSirad ver xedavs ra is-
toriuli Zala amoZravebs mas da hgonia yvelafers
Tavisi WkuiT akeTebs. sinamdvileSi kerZo piri paikia,
romelsac istoriuli Zala aTamaSebs. kacis goniereba
imaSi mdgomareobs rom gaigos, ra Zala aTamaSebs mas,
raTa es Zala Tavis sasargeblod gamoiyenos43. mokled,
Zvel drosTan misvla-mibrunebas didi goniereba sWir-
deba. aq bevri problema iyris Tavs da advili SesaZ-
lebelia kaci sikeTis nacvlad borotebas gadaeyaros.
kargia winaparTa pativiscema, magram winapari amave
dros Zvelsac niSnavs; yovelgvari – Zvelis pativiscema
ki ar ivargebs. amgvar situaciaSi Cndeba patriotobisa
da ,,crupatriotobis” problema. n. nikolaZis azriT,
qarTveli, vinc dRes farnavaz mefis epoqis droindeli
aRdgenaze ocnebobs, crupatriotia; mas araswori siy-
varuliT uyvars saqarTvelo. amgvar ,,siyvaruls” ki
qveynisTvis boroteba moaqvs. marto imis Zaxili – ,,ma-
muli gviyvardeso”! saqmes odnavadac ar Svelis. saqme
isaa, vicodeT, Segnebuli gvqondes – raSi mdgomareobs
mamulis msaxureba?
saqarTvelo, wers n. nikolaZe, warmatebiT ebrZoda
Tavis mtrebs manam, sanam isini qarTvelebs mxolod
raodenobiT sWarbobdnen; nebismier mravalricxovan
mters qarTveli yovelTvis aRemateboda Tavganwirvis
313
unariT. magram rogorc ki mtris raodenobriv siWarbes
daemata teqnikuri upiratesoba, maSin saqarTvelos saq-
mec ukan wavida. saqarTvelos misma mtrebma gonebrivad
gauswres win. ,,ucxoeTis win daiCoqa Cvenma gonebam,
raki scno rom ucxoeTi Cvenze ufro ostati, ufro
mecnieri, ufro gonieri yofila”44. imisaTvis, rom sa-
qarTvelom win waiwios, man Cinuri kedeli ki ar unda
Semoivlos irgvliv, aramed sxvebs unda ajobos imaSi,
riTac sxvebi dRes sjobnian; esaa sxvisi mecnierebis,
sxvisi mwerlobis, sxvisi gamocdilebis aTviseba. mTava-
ria gulSi mamulis msaxurebis wrfeli survili viqo-
nioT da maSin Cveni Sroma nayofieri iqneba, mamuls
gamoadgeba45. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, n. nikolaZe
moiTxovs mamulisadmi uangaro anu zneobriv samsaxurs.
am zneobrivi motivis TandaTan gaqrobam daasusta Cveni
eri da qveyana. garda amisa, qveynis dacemaSi didi roli
Sesarula zneobriv-fsiqologiurma faqtorma – xalxis
Sinaganma ganwyobilebam da mdgomareobam. n. nikolaZes
aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs iseTi viTareba, roca xalxis erTi
nawili Tavdauzogavad Sromobs, misi meore nawili ki
sxvis xarjze cxovrobs; ase gaxleCili eri qveyanas
sikeTes ver moutans. ,,sanam Cveni xalxi mewveli Zroxis
mdgomareobidan ar gamova, SeuZlebelia CvenSi namdvili
erToba daarsdes an gulwrfeli Zmoba an xeiriani
ganwyobileba... xalxi maSin gaZlierdeba, maSin daZmo-
bildeba, maSin Seadgens erT Zmur ojaxs, roca sadao
ar eqnebaT ra sxvadasxva wodebas”46.
mamulisadmi zneobrivi samsaxuris myar safuZvels n.
nikolaZe xalxis ekonomikuri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaSi
xedavs. ,,Cveni crupatriotebi rom Tavisi mamulis
gonieri msaxurni iyvnen, wers n. nikolaZe, maTi pirveli
da umTavresi Sroma xalxis ekonomikur cxovrebaze
iqneboda miqceuli”47.
314
xalxis cxovrebis gaumjobesebis mniSvnelovan faq-
torad miaCnia n. nikolaZes Segnebuli disciplinis dam-
yareba. uwindels droSi xalxi brma morCilebas (brma
disciplinas) iyo miCveuli. am mdgomareobidan xalxis
gamoyvana iqneba misi gaZliereba. es iqneba swored erov-
nuli sikeTe, mamulis WeSmariti samsaxuri. ,,Tu namdvi-
lad gviyvars Cveni mamuli, Cven is unda gavaZlieroT
rogorc materialuris mxriT, - samarTliani ekonomi-
kuri ganawilebis dafuZnebiT, ise zneobiT – misi go-
nebisa da codnis gaumjobesebiT”48.
n. nikolaZis mixedviT, ar unda viqonioT imis imedi,
rom mova ucxo vinme da Cvens xalxs bedniers gaxdis. es
arasodes moxdeba. marto Cvens gaZlierebasa da
ganaTlebaze viSromoT – maSin megobaric bevri gauCn-
deba Cvens xalxs da damxmarebelic49. sruliad Tanamed-
roved, Cveni dRevandeli cxovrebis Sesaferisad JRers
n. nikolaZis sityvebi: ,,cxovrebaSiac is kanoni moqme-
debs, romelic aReb-micemis dedaburjad dgas”: yvela
marto im kacs endoba, marto imas asesxebs fuls an
kredits gauxsnis da Semweobas miscems, visac Tavisi
ram aqvs Sesaferisi – ai Cvenc ase unda moviqceT. jer
Cveni ram SeviZinoT, CvendaTavad gavZlierdeT, Cveni mux-
li da weli gavimagroT... maSin yvelas Cveni ndobac
eqneba, pativic da rwmunebac, maSin yvela megobrebad
gagvixdeba da Semweobas aravin dagvaklebs”50.
niko nikolaZis udidesi inteleqti da gamocdileba
saukuneze meti xnis Semdegac daxmarebis saimedo xels
gviwvdis Cvens duxWirsa da mouwesrigebel cxovrebaSi.
315
mecxre Tavi
esTetikuri azri XIX saukunis
saqarTveloSi
qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriaSi erT-erTi
saintereso da RirsSesaniSnavi epoqa XIX saukunea, ro-
melic qarTul istoriografiaSi, tradiciulad, sazoga-
doebriv-politikuri movlenebis ganviTarebisa da
msoflmxedvelobrivi tendenciebis mixedviT or gan-
sxvavebul periodad aris moniSnuli. is ideuri xazi,
romelic orive periodis saazrovno sivrces aerTianebs,
aris qarTveli xalxis Seurigebeli brZola Tavisufle-
bisTvis. I periodi – saukunis dasawyisidan 50-60-ian
wlebamde – qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dakargviT ga-
mowveuli eris sulieri tkivili, carizmis dampyroblu-
ri politikisadmi Seurigebloba, rac glexTa stiqiuri
ajanyebebiTa da 1832 wlis SeTqmulebiT gamovlinda.
SeTqmulebis damarcxebiT gamowveuli uimedoba, saso-
warkveTileba is fsiqologiuri foni aRmoCnda, ramac
romantizmi warmoSva qarTul sinamdvileSi. II periodSi
ki – 60-iani wlebidan _ qarTuli sazogadoebrivi
cnobiereba ganviTarebis axal safexurze avida, roca
qarTvelma samocianelebma erovnuli da socialuri
TavisuflebisTvis brZolis erTiani samoqmedo programa
SeimuSaves da qarTul mxatvrul sinamdvileSi axali
mimarTuleba – kritikuli realizmi _ daamkvidres.
romantizmma, rogorc filosofiur-esTetikurma mi-
marTulebam XVIII-XIX saukuneebis mijnaze, moicva evro-
puli samyaro. saqarTveloSi igi XIX saukunis pirvel
aTeul wlebSi Semodis da literaturul garemos qmnis
50-ian wlebamde. qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis es ar iyo
`moduri~ literaturuli mimarTuleba, romelic zeda-
316
pirulad moedeboda aristokratiul salonebs da
maleve gaivlida. igi saqarTveloSi, evropuli qveynebis
msgavsad, poeziis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibda.
qarTuli esTetikis istoriaSi memkvidreobiTi xazi
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis poetebisa XIX saukunis romanti-
kosebTan jer kidev qarTvelma samocianelebma aRniSnes,
magaliTad, 1876 w. n. nikolaZe Rrmad aanalizebda n.
baraTaSvilis sevdisa da wuxilis erovnul safuZvlebs
da mis winamorbedad daviT guramiSvils asaxelebda.
marTlac, `qarTlis Wirma~ `qarTlis bedze~ daafiqra
romantikosebi.
qarTuli romantizmi erovnuli problemis gaSuqebiT
daviT guramiSvilTan Zalian axlos dgas. daviT
guramiSvili `daviTianSi~ `qarTlis Wirs~ gvixatavs:
gareSe da Sinauri mtrebisgan aoxrebul saqarTvelos,
qarTvelTa SuRlsa da gautanlobas, mefis saxelmwifo
politikis ususurobas, magram mainc vaxtang VI-is
erTgulebas gvimtkicebs, radgan qveynisaTvis Tavdade-
buli mefec iseTive kritikul da gamouval mdgomareo-
baSi Caayena konkretulma istoriulma pirobebma, ro-
gorc erekle II XVIII s.-is bolos.
amrigad, istoria meordeba `qarTlis Wiridan~ `qarT-
lis bedamde~. n. baraTaSvilma filosofiur planSi
gaiazra saqarTvelos orientaciis sakiTxi da qveynis
momavali TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas daukavSira.
$1. nikoloz baraTaSvili (1817 – 1845)
n. baraTaSvilis filosofiuri xedvis subieqtia pi-
rovneba – aqtiuri Semoqmedi, Tavisuflebis suliT gam-
sWvaluli adamiani, xolo obieqti – rogorc miuRebeli
317
sazogadoebriv-socialuri garemo, amasTan
mowesrigebuli, adamianis sulTan harmonizebuli buneba.
n. baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebaSi mTeli sisruliTaa
cxadyofili is eTikur-esTetikuri ideali, rac qar-
Tuli romantizmis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgenda. n.
baraTaSvilis SemoqmedebiTi procesi sulis moZraobis
gamovlenaa. poeziis STagonebis wyaro ki siyvarulis is
amaRlebuli grZnobaa, romelmac `suls mohbera cis
niWni qveynad~ da adamiani mgosnad aqcia.
siyvaruls Zala mSvenierebis `zeciT mosuli~ sinaT-
lisagan eZleva, - ambobs baraTaSvili, amitom `TviT
ukvdaveba mSveniersa sulSi mdgomarebs, mas verc SemTx-
veva da verc xani ver daaberebs~. n. baraTaSvilma XIX
s.-is qarTul esTetikur azrovnebaSi pirvelma Semoi-
tana zneobriv-esTetikuri cneba `sulis mSveniereba~ da
igi fizikur, sxeulebriv silamazes daupirispira. qarT-
veli poeti erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs or esTetikur Ri-
rebulebas – mSvenierebas, romelic sulis momxibvle-
lobas gulisxmobs da fizikur silamazes, romelic
yvaviliviT `Tavis drozed mswraflad daWknebis~.
n. baraTaSvilma, rogorc romantikosma, grZnobad-
emociuri mimarTeba gareSemo samyarosadmi filosofiu-
ri msjelobis sagnad aqcia. wina periodis qarTul
poeziaSi aRmosavluri grZnobadi nakadis gavleniT
gaZlierebuli Rvinis, Trobis, cxovrebis siamiT tkbo-
bis kulti ukana planze gadaswia da qarTul mxatvrul
azrovnebaSi Semoitana racionalizmi – samyaros goniTi
Wvretac. amas iTxovda sikeTisa da borotebis brZolis
zneobrivi aspeqtebis, individualizmis, Tavisuflebisa
da aucileblobis, nebelobisa da pasuxismgeblobis sa-
kiTxebis filosofiuri gaazrebis is axali etapi, ro-
melic mkacrma drom moitana im periodSi. baraTaSvilis
geniam SeZlo am problemebis gadawyveta zogadkacob-
riuli, maRalzneobrivi gancdebis sibrtyeSi moexdina.
318
rogorc tipurma romantikosma, baraTaSvilma `fiqrT
gasarTvelad~, mesaidumled dialogSi partniorad
buneba airCia. buneba misTvis nugeSisa da sevdis area,
masSi xedavs TanagrZnobas, masTan kavSirs eZebs: `warved
wyalis pirs sevdiani fiqrT gasarTvelad, aq veZiebdi
nacnobs adgils gansasveneblad~, an `maxsovs igi dro,
saamo dro, ros naRvliani, kldev bundovano, Sens
bilikad mimovidodi da wynars saRamos, viT megobars,
Semovetrfodi~.
n. baraTaSvili aqtivobisa da brZolis poetia, misi
esTetikur-msoflmxedvelobiTi mrwamsi imediania, magram
es imedianoba didi Sinagani Widilis gziTaa mopovebu-
li. sasowarkveTileba, suliT obloba, martoobis ganc-
da ar tovebs poets, radgan arsebuli socialur-sa-
zogadoebrivi garemo ucxoa misTvis. amis Sesaxeb
baraTaSvili xSirad wers pirad werilebSi (magaliTad,
maiko orbelians). leqsSi `suli oboli~ poeti megob-
rebisa da naTesavebis simravlis miuxedavad, `suliT
oblobas~ Civis. baraTaSvilis `sulis obloba~ baironi-
sas hgavs da ara marto baironisas. es romantikosTa
saerTo gancdaa. n. baraTaSvili cdilobs daZlios es
gancda, amaRldes masze.
Tavisufleba n. baraTaSvilisaTvis umaRlesi Rirebu-
lebaa, umaRlesi mizania, romelic upirvelesad adamian-
ze zrunvas gulisxmobs. calkeuli pirovneba araraobaa,
Tu igi viwro individualobiT Semoifargleba. kacob-
rioba did saqmeebs calkeul pirovnebaTa moqmedebiT
axorcielebs, magram individis moqmedeba Serwymuli
unda iyos zogadadamianur miznebTan, maSin aqvs cal-
keuli adamianis moqmedebas WeSmaritad realuri Zala.
baraTaSvilis `meranis~ mTavari idea swored es aris –
adamianis Semoqmedi sulisa da Tavisufali nebis sam-
kvidro-sasicocxlo brZola bedisweris brma auci-
leblobis winaaRmdeg.
319
`meranSi~ sami moqmedi piria – merani, Savi yorani da
avtori – mxedari. merani adamianis sulisa da inteleq-
tis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis xati-saxea, yorani –
boroti sulis, daundobeli bedisweris simbolika, mxe-
dari ki tragikuli sulis Tavganwiruli swrafva Tavi-
suflebisaken, Sors maradiul usasrulobaSi rom cdi-
lobs gadaabijos `bedis samZRvars~. `meranSi~ Zlieri
pirovnebis sunTqva ismis. misi mxedari nicSes Zlieri
pirovnebis winamorbedia, aboboqrebuli, tragizmiT dat-
virTuli (k. kapaneli).
adamianuri SesaZleblobebisadmi didi rwmena n. ba-
raTaSvils meamboxe poetad aqcevs. mas ar aSinebs
kosmiur ZalebTan SeWidebis simZafre: `nu davimarxo!~...
`nu damitiros!~... magram `es gza uvali, Sengan Telili,
merano Cemo, mainc darCeba~. poeti darwmunebulia, rom
`moZmeTaTvis~ zrunva ukvdavebis sawindaria, wamier yo-
faze amaRlebaa, maradisobaSi gadasvlaa, radgan sike-
TiT sxivmosili da Rirseuli sicocxle amqveynad Rir-
seuli sikvdiliT unda damTavrdes. `dae, movkvde, me
upatronod misgan oxeri, ver SemaSinos misma basrma
mosisxle mteri!~, radgan Rrmad swams, rom `cudad xom
mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis suliskveTeba!~
n. baraTaSvils Rrmad swams, rom Zlier adamians
SeuZlia bedis damarcxeba, poets hyofnis sulieri Zala,
amayad SeuZaxos beds - `borot suls~, `Sav yorans~:
`ganvedi Cemgan, hoi, macduro, sulo boroto!~ poeti
Rrmadaa darwmunebuli, rom bedi ar gansazRvravs qvey-
nis xvalindel dRes, igi ar awesrigebs kacTa cxovre-
bas, aramed mamuliSvilTa Segneba da aqtiuroba. amitom
adamianis saRmrTo valia emsaxuros mSobel qveyanas.
swored bedisadmi daumorCileblobis idea asxvavebs n.
baraTaSvils evropeli romantikosebisgan, sadac metwi-
lad pesimisturi notebi Warbobs.
320
qarTvel romantikosebs ar dautovebiaT Teoriul-
esTetikuri traqtatebi, magram maT mxatvruli azrov-
nebis xarjze moaxdines TavianTi esTetikuri mrwamsisa
da romantikuli TvalTaxedvis sruli gamovlena. qarT-
velma romantikosebma XIX s-is qarTul azrovnebaSi Se-
moitanes erovnuli energiis is muxti, romelic memkvid-
reobiT gadaeca erovnul-gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobis
axali nakadis moTaveebs 60-ian wlebSi – ilias, akakis,
niko nikolaZes da sxv.
qarTveli samocianelebis – ilia WavWavaZis da akaki
wereTlis, niko nikolaZis, giorgi wereTlisa da sxv.
Teoriul-esTetikur da mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT memkvid-
reobaSi safuZvlianad aris mocemuli yvela am niSnis
farTo da Rrma daxasiaTeba, magram sagulisxmoa, rom
TiToeuli maTgani originalurad udgeba konkretuli
mxatvrul-esTetikuri sakiTxis gadawyvetas.
$2. ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907)
ilia WavWavaZes specialuri Teoriul-esTetikuri
traqtatebi ar dauweria, magram Tavis mxatvrul
Semoqmedebasa da publicistikaSi, pirad werilebSi
iseTi mwyobri sistemuri saxe misca esTetikur Sexedu-
lebebs, rom maT dResac ar daukargavT aqtualoba.
XIX saukunis qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi ilia
WavWavaZem pirvelad aqcia Teoriuli msjelobis sagnad
Semdegi zogadesTetikuri sakiTxebi: mxatvruli kultu-
ris ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis problema, Semoqmede-
biTi procesis specifika, SemoqmedebiTi unarebis –
mxatvruli niWis, geniis buneba, esTetikuri aRqmisa da
Sefasebis Tavisebureba, esTetikuri gemovneba, xelovne-
321
bis arsi da funqciebi, xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis
urTierToba, xelovnebisa da mecnierebis, rogorc sinam-
dvilis asaxvis formebis, msgavseba-gansxvaveba, xelov-
nebaSi azrisa da gancdis, emociis urTierTSeTavsebis
aucilebloba, kritikuli realizmis, rogorc mxatv-
rul-SemoqmedebiTi meTodis, Tavisebureba, realisturi
xelovnebis calkeul saxeTa specifikis dadgena,
mSvenierebis, rogorc esTetikuri fenomenis, bunebasa da
sinamdvileSi gamovlena da Sefasebis kriteriumi.
ilia WavWavaZis esTetikuri naazrevis ZiriTadi
Tezisia: cxovrebis ganviTareba gansazRvravs cnobiere-
bis ganviTarebas; `cxovreba Ziria, xelovneba da mec-
niereba maszed amosuli Stoebi arian, rogorc miwidgan
amoxeTqili Stoebi isxamen nayofsa da roca saTesled
mohsweven, isev gadmoscemen, rom axali Ziri gaikeTon da
am Zirma sxva axali Stoebi amoxeTqos, agreTve, cxov-
rebazed amosuli Stoebi – mecniereba da xelovneba
gadmoscemen axlis cxovrebis gamosakvanZavad. amisTana
damokidebuleba aqvs cnobierebas cxovrebazed da
cxovrebasa Tavis rigzed – cnobierebazed~.1
am poziciidan gasagebia, rom iliam samwerlo as-
parezze gamosvlisTanave brZola gamoucxada cxovre-
bisagan mowyvetil, mxolod subieqturi gancdebiT Se-
mofarglul xelovnebas, `bulbulsaviT uazro Stvenas~,
`unayofo poezias~, `ugemur RmeWasa da Tvalebis
sresas~ da pirdapir mosTxova xelovnebas, rom `droa
Cavides cxovrebis mdinaris ZirSia, iq monaxos Sig-
mdebare azri Tavis cxovel suraTebisTvis. iq, cxovre-
bis ZirSi, is ipovis bevr margalitsa da bevr leqsa da
lafs. arc erTis gamoxatva ar unda aSinebdes xelov-
nebas da arc meorisa~2 ilia icavs da aviTarebs im
azrs, rom namdvili `poezia gansaxovnebaa WeSmaritebisa,
cxovrebisa~, amitom xelovanma cxovrebis gaumjobesebi-
saTvis unda izrunos, xalxis ocneba da miswrafeba
322
unda ganasaxieros. xelovnebis es moqalaqeobrivi pozi-
cia gamoxata iliam Tavis poetur striqonebSic, sadac
xelovans eris winamZRoloba daavala da momavlis
gegmac dausaxa: `Cven unda Cveni vSvaT myoobadi, Cven
unda mivsceT momavali xalxs!~ ilias moqalaqeobrivi
da sazogadoebrivi grZnobis simaRles mowmobs is
cnobili striqonebic `mgzavris werilebidan~, romel-
Sic mwerali sulier siaxloves gamoxatavs `mrisxane da
Seupovar~ baironTan, vidre `did getesTan~.
ilias azriT, xelovneba TavSesaqcevi ki ar aris,
aramed cxovrebis asaxvisa da Semecnebis erT-erTi sa-
Sualebaa: `mecniereba da xelovneba ar arian mogonilni
kacis Wkvis da gamoxatulobis arc varjiSobisgan da
arc varjiSobisTvis, igini ibadebian cxovrebisagan da
arseboben cxovrebisaTvis~3 xelovneba sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas xsnis da gasagebs xdis xalxisaTvis, ro-
melmac unda dainaxos da Seagnebinos, Tu ra sWirdeba
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas, ra gaaumjobesebs mas: `mec-
nierebas da xelovnebas Cven vuyurebT rogorc cxov-
rebis gasamjobinebel RonisZiebaTa~.4
sinamdvilis gardaqmnis, gaumjobesebis moTxovna
upirvelesi amocana iyo TergdaleulebisaTvis. buneb-
rivia, zemoxsenebulma Teoriam xelovnebis arsisa da
funqciis Sesaxeb gavrceleba hpova maT esTetikaSic.
xalxSi ganmanaTlebluri ideebis Setanis yvelaze sau-
keTeso saSualebad xelovneba iqna miCneuli. amitom
ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur naazrevSi wina planze dgas
xelovnebis SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba, Tumca gamaxvilebu-
lia yuradReba xelovnebis esTetikur bunebaze. hege-
lisgan gansxvavebiT, romlis mixedviT, xelovneba az-
rovnebis dabali formaa, momavali ar aqvs da mis
adgils mecniereba – cnebebiT azrovneba daikavebs, ilia
xelovnebas adamianis aRzrda-ganaTlebasa da sinamdvi-
lis `SecnobaSi~ ara nakleb rols aniWebs; xelovnebis
323
adamianze zemoqmedebis Zalas mis specifikaSi – sinamd-
vilis `xatebiT~, `suraTebiT~ gamosaxvaSi xedavs. misi
azriT, xalxSi codna-ganaTlebis Sesatanad xelovnebas
ufro meti SesaZlebloba aqvs, vidre mecnierebas; mec-
nierebis nayofi mxolod `cotaoden ganaTlebul xalx-
Si gadadis skolebisa da saswavleblebis meSveobiT~,
mecnierul codnasTan `ise cotas miuwvdeba fexi, rom
danarCen xalxis ricxvTan... wveTi iqneba zRvaSi~.
xelovnebas ki ZaluZs `srulad xalxTan, mometebul
nawilTan mainc daiWiros saqme, Seiqmnas Suamavlad
mecnierebisa, erTi mxriT, xalxisa da cxovrebisa,
meores mxriT. mag Znels saqmes asrulebs yvelgan li-
teratura.~5 amrigad, askvnis ilia, namdvili xelovneba
xalxisaTvis saWiroa, rogorc `arsebiTi puri~. mwerlis
amocanac is aris, rom gaerkves sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis viTarebaSi, `cnobaSi moiyvanos~, naTeli gaxados
xalxis miswrafeba, saTaveSi Caudges mis ganxorcie-
lebas, radgan `xalxi ver gamoikvlevs mag viTarebis
azrsa, mniSvnelobasa, xSirad ki bundad xvdeba~. swored
am niSniT ekisreba mwerals eris winamZRoloba.
zemoT motanili amonaridebi naTlad metyvelebs,
rom ilia Tavisi drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad gan-
sazRvravs xelovnebis SemecnebiT funqcias: mecniereba-
Si Camoyalibebuli azrebi da ideebi xelovnebam gasa-
gebi eniT – cocxali, mxatvruli saxeebiT – unda gaavr-
celos xalxSi. amdenad, am SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, ilia
xelovnebis esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Taviseburebas gu-
lisxmobs, radgan xelovnebis grZnobad-konkretuli,
cocxali suraTebi ufro Rrmad ibeWdeba adamianis
sulSi.
rogorc vxedavT, ilias TvalsazrisiT, mecniereba
da xelovneba _ orive sinamdvilis `Secnobis~ saqmes em-
saxureba, gansxvavebaa ara SinaarsSi, aramed gamoTqmis
Tu gamosaxvis formaSia: `mecniereba da xelovneba – es
324
ornive erT da igives hmsaxureben, azris moZraobas, erT
da igives gamohsTqvamen, xalxis azrsa da Tu raSime ga-
moirCevian, mxolod imaSi, rom sxvadasxva gziT da
sxvadasxvanairad moqmedeben da gamosTqvamen~.6
sinamdvilesTan xelovnebisa da mecnierebis msgavs
damokidebulebaze msjelobisas ilia uyuradRebod ar
tovebs xelovnebis esTetikur bunebas. xelovnebam ara
marto codna unda mogvces sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, aramed
esTetikuri siamovnebac gangvacdevinos, amisaTvis ki
saWiroa `xelovneba ar gadacdes Tavis sakuTar kano-
nebs~. xelovneba adamianze zemoqmedebis unars dakar-
gavs, Tu misTvis specifikur principebs daarRvevs:
`mecnierebas xelovnebisas, romelsac esTetikas eZaxian,
SeniSnuli aqvs, _ wers ilia, _ zogierTi zogadi Tvi-
sebani xelovnebisa, romelnic yovels grZnoba-gaxsnil
kacs unda erTnairad esiamovnebodes da uromlisoba ki
unda uTuod swyindes da uugemurebdes gunebasa~. Tu
raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda ilia xelovnebis
esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Zalas sazogadoebaze, kargad
Cans mis werilebSi Teatris Sesaxeb, kerZod, roca wers
qarTul TeatrSi warmodgenili daviT erisTavis `sam-
SobloTi~ gamowveul aRtacebaze qarTul sazogadoe-
baSi da rusuli presis uaryofiT reaqciaze (`katkovis
pasuxad~).
ilias TvalTaxedviT, xelovnebis SemecnebiTi Rire-
buleba sruliad ar amcirebs mis esTetikuri zemoqmede-
bis Zalas, piriqiT, xelovnebisagan gamowveul esTeti-
kur siamovnebas iwvevs masSi Cadebuli azri, Sinaarsi,
gansaxovnebuli umaRlesi mxatvruli formiT. xelov-
nebis nawarmoebi `WeSmaritis grZnobis simebs aaJRerebs
adamianis gulSi da esTetikur siamovnebas agrZnobi-
nebs~7 magram esTetikuri gancdis simZafres mxolod
xelovnebaSi gamoxatuli azri da forma ver uzrunvel-
yofs, amisaTvis saWiroa esTetikuri subieqtis mzaoba
325
tkbobis misaRebad, e.i. esTetikuri gemovneba. esTetikuri
gancda adamianuri grZnobaa, romelsac ganviTareba
sWirdeba. rac ufro maRalia ama Tu im xalxis kultu-
ris done, miT ufro ganviTarebulia da gaxsnilia esTe-
tikuri grZnoba. TvalsaCinoebisTvis ilia konkretul
magaliTs mimarTavs msoflio kulturis istoriidan,
erTmaneTs adarebs puSkinis wina periodisa da Semdgomi
periodis ruseTs da gansxvavebas swored imaSi xedavs,
rom `ruseTis sazogadoeba ar iyo ise esTetikurad
gaxsnili, rogorc puSkinis Semdeg da nametnavad axla~.8
ilias azriT, esTetikuri gancda adamianis iseTive
unaria, rogorc metyvelebisa, mxolod mas aRzrda- gan-
viTareba sWirdeba esTetikuri gemovnebis Camosayali-
beblad: `simReris, poeziis siamovnebis niWi sayovelTao
kuTvnilebaa adamianisa~, mxolod am niWs ganviTareba
sWirdeba, rac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis donezea damo-
kidebuli.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ilia WavWavaZis esTetikur
naazrevSi xelovneba ganxilulia rogorc sazogadoeb-
rivi movlena, romelic ar arsebobs cxovrebis ma-
moZravebeli Zalebisa da kanonzomierebisgan izoli-
rebulad. SeuZlebelia xelovnebis bunebis garkveva misi
ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebaTa gaTvaliswinebis,
kerZod, mxatvruli da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis
istoriul procesTa urTierTdamokidebulebis garkve-
vis gareSe. amitomac, bunebrivia, ilias Teoriul-esTe-
tikur memkvidreobaSi xelovnebis bunebisa da socia-
luri funqciebis kvlevis dros mniSvnelovani yurad-
Reba eTmoba xelovnebis istoriuli ganviTarebis Sesa-
xeb zogadTeoriul mosazrebebs.
mxatvruli da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis proces-
Ta urTierTdamokidebulebis problema, romelic XVIII
s-is evropeli ganmanaTleblebis esTetikaSi Caisaxa,
mecnierul-filosofiur doneze hegelis filosofiaSi
326
Camoyalibda azrovnebis istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis
SemuSavebis Sedegad. qarTuli esTetikuri azris isto-
riaSi ki am problemis kvleva samocianelebidan iwyeba,
vinaidan sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis sociologiuri
sakiTxebi qarTul azrovnebaSi pirvelad maTTan daisva.
am faqts Tavisi obieqturi mizezebi gaaCnia: XIX s-is II
naxevarSi batonymobis gadavardnam da kapitalisturi
urTierTobis Casaxvam qarTveli samocianelebis, ro-
gorc sazogadoebis yvelaze progresulad ganwyobili
nawilis, winaSe daayena sakiTxi arsebuli sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebis wesis Secvlis aucileblobisa da
gzebis Sesaxebac: riTi unda Secvliliyo, ra gziT
ganxorcilebuliyo momavlis idealebi.
ilia Tvlis, rom xelovneba sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis nawilia da cxovrebiT sazrdoobs, amitom xelov-
nebis ganviTarebis done ama Tu im epoqaSi gapiro-
bebulia am epoqis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis xasiaTiT
imdenad, ramdenadac TviTon sazogadoebrivi cxovreba
gulisxmobs esTetikur-mxatvrul cxovrebas, rogorc
aucilebel moments (nawils). xelovnebaSi realizebuli
ideebi cxovrebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval icvleba da
enacvleba erTmaneTs, Sesabamisad, yovel epoqas Tavisi
mxatvruli kultura, gemovneba da esTetikuri ideali
gaaCnia. rogorc nawili ar arsebobs mTelis gareSe, ise
mTeli ar arsebobs nawilis gareSe. amitom xelovneba,
rogorc socialuri mTelis (cxovrebis) nawili, dia-
leqtikur urTierTobaSia am mTelTan da TviTonac uku-
zemoqmedebs masze. swored amaSi mdgomareobs xelovne-
bis maradiuli arsebobisa da ganviTarebis realuri sa-
fuZveli: `yvelafris sikvdili SeiZleba – azrisa ki
Tavis dReSi ara... imitom, rom grexili azrisa gauwy-
vetelia... erTs mosdevs meore, ufro axali, janmrTeli
da Ronieri ... marad myofi salaroca aqvs – mecniereba
da xelovneba, sadac isini inaxebian~.9
327
ilias azriT, xelovneba xalxis SemoqmedebiTi po-
tencialisa da sulieri energiis gamovlenaa. amitom
misi mdgomareoba didadaa damokidebuli xalxis ganwyo-
bilebaze, mis mebrZol suliskveTebaze: `poetsa xalxi
dahbadavs da xalxis cxovreba ZuZus awovebs. am safuZv-
liT amboben, poezia xalxis cxovrebis gamomTqmeliao~.
mxolod xalxi awvdis genioss `masalas Tavis cxovre-
biTa~, Tu amowurulia xalxis `sulieri buneba, ukvda-
vebis ZarRvi~, baironis `Tanasworni niWni sazrdos ver
ipovian Cvens cxovrebaSi; devs devis ZuZu gamozdis~.10
amrigad, ilias SexedulebiT, epoqis progresuli
ideebi, romlebSic sazogadoebis birTvis – xalxis –
sasicocxlo miswrafebebi aisaxeba, imdenad warmodgens
xelovnebis winsvlisa da ganviTarebis safuZvels, ram-
denadac warmarTaven pirvel rigSi, didi xelovanis,
geniosis SemoqmedebiT mimarTulebas.
xelovnebis ganviTarebisTvis xelSemwyob pirobad
ilia aucileblad miiCnevs mocemuli sazogadoebis
kulturisa da ganaTlebis saerTo donis amaRlebas,
rac xalxis zneobrivi idealebis ganmtkicebas, esTeti-
kuri gemovnebis gaumjobesebas gulisxmobs. ilia marTe-
bulad Tvlis, rom xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba
realizdeba sazogadoebis farTo wreebis ideuri da
esTetikuri moTxovnilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu es
moTxovnileba sustia, xelovnebis ganviTareba ferxdeba.
ilia qarTuli Teatris arsebobis SenarCunebisTvis, msa-
xiobTa saSemsruleblo ostatobis dasaxvewad udides
mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTveli mayureblis damokide-
bulebas Teatrisadmi. werilSi `qarTuli Teatri da
mayurebeli~ ilia gulistkiviliT miuTiTebs Tavisi
drois qarTveli sazogadoebis gulgrilobaze Teatri-
sadmi, maSin, roca, misi TqmiT, `dramatulma sazoga-
doebam... didi mxneoba gamoiCina Teatris karg gzaze
dayenebisaTvis~. ilia kiTxulobs: `maS, ra unda iyos
328
mizezi Cveni sazogadoebis aseTi saqcielisa, rom
TeatrSi ar daiareba?~ _ pasuxad ilia qarTveli sazo-
gadoebis esTetikuri gemovnebis dabal dones asaxelebs,
`metnakleboba am grZnobisa ki damokidebulia ganaT-
lebaze, gonebis gaxsnilobaze, sulisa da gonis rigia-
nad, adamianurad gawvrTnilobazed~.
ilia WavWavaZe mxatvruli kulturis ganviTarebis
kanonzomierebis sakiTxs erovnuli da zogadsakacobrio
kulturul RirebulebaTa dialeqtikuri urTierTobis
aspeqtSi ganixilavs. calkeul ers sakuTari maRalgan-
viTarebuli kulturiT Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs kacobrio-
bis saerTo ganviTarebaSi, amave dros sakacobrio kul-
turis winsvla xels uwyobs calkeuli eris kulturis
donis amaRlebas. amrigad, erovnuli da sakacobrio
kulturaTa urTierToba mTelisa da nawilis urTierT-
mimarTebaa: mTeli ar arsebobs nawilis gareSe da
piriqiT.
ilias es pozicia TvalnaTliv gamoikveTa rusTave-
lis `vefxistyaosnis~ im cnobil SefasebaSi, romelic
akaki wereTelTan paeqrobaSi Camoayaliba werilSi:
`akaki wereTeli da `vefxistyaosani~. akaki wereTeli
`vefxistyaosnis~ originalobis dasabuTebis mizniT
poemis gmirTa xasiaTSi eZebda qarTul eTnografiul
niSan-Tvisebebs. mizani, cxadia, keTilSobiluri iyo:
erovnuli Zirebis amocnobisaTvis poemaSi argumentebis
Zieba, magram Sedegi Canafiqris sapirispiro gamouvida.
rusTavelis gmirebi viwro eTnikuri gadmosaxedidan
dainaxa da ara zogadsakacobrio asparezidan, rac, bu-
nebrivia, amcirebda rusTavelis poemis namdvil Rirse-
bas. iliam swored am kuTxiT gaakritika akakiseuli
Sefaseba da sruli kategoriulobiT rusTavelis poemis
zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobas gausva xazi. ilias az-
riT, rusTavelis genialoba isaa, rom misi personaJebis
mxatvruli saxeebi arc viwro eTnikuri CarCoebiT aris
329
SemozRuduli da arc erovnul niadags mowyvetili.
rusTavelis gmirebi erTdroulad arian erovnuli, qar-
Tuli da amave zogadsakacobrio niSnebis matarebelni:
`msoflio geniosebi – mwerlebi – imitom arian msof-
lioni, rom maTs naxatSi, romelis erisac gindaT, im
eris kacs icnobT~.11 `am sazomiT~, `am sawyaoTi~ afasebs
ilia baironis, Seqspiris, baraTaSvilis Rvawls msof-
lio kulturis saganZurSi.
$3. akaki wereTeli (1840–1915)
akaki wereTeli upirvelesad poeti iyo, romelsac
specialurad filosofiur problemebze ar umuSavia da
arc traqtatebi Seuqmnia esTetikaSi, magram mis mxatv-
rul da publicistur memkvidreobaSi sainteresod
vlindeba filosofiur-esTetikuri problemebisadmi
originaluri midgoma.
akaki wereTlis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da Teo-
riuli naazrevis saerTo mimarTuleba gviCvenebs, rom
filosofiur-msoflmxedvelobrivi koncefciiT igi ti-
puri ganmanaTlebelia, romelic sazogadoebriv gar-
daqmnebs gonebriv ganviTarebas ukavSirebs. erTgan igi
xazgasmiT ambobs: `yoveli bedniereba xalxisa aris
damokidebuli mis gonebiT mdgomareobaze, rom uswav-
lelad da gaunaTleblad SeuZlebelia misi cxovrebis
gaumjobeseba, ganviTareba da, erTi sityviT, misi
winsvla anu progresi12.
akaki saintereso kuTxiT ayenebs sakiTxs umaRlesi
Rirebulebebisadmi adamianis damokidebulebaze. am uka-
nasknels adamianis moTxovnilebebi gansazRvravs. akaki
msjelobs imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis buneba RvTaeb-
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rivi gonierebiTa da sikeTiT xasiaTdeba, amave dros mas
miwieri (bunebrivi) pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi moT-
xovnilebebic gaaCnia. umaRles adamianur moTxovnile-
bebze msjelobisas poets mxedvelobaSi aqvs e.w.
`esTetikuri triada~ - gnoseologiuri, esTetikuri da
eTikuri Rirebulebebis erTianoba da misdami adamianis
damokidebuleba. akakis azriT, WeSmaritebis, mSveniere-
bisa da sikeTis – am obieqturi da umaRlesi Rirebu-
lebebis realizaciis procesSi vlindeba adamianis
arseba da misi cxovrebis sazrisi. misTvis miuRebelia
iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac adamianebi mxolod pirad
(`pirutyvul moTxovnilebebs~ uwodebs mas akaki – l.w.)
keTildReobaze zrunaven da cxovrebis devizad gaux-
diaT principi: `Tu me aRar viqne, qva qvazedac nuRar
yofilao~, rac ar Seefereba adamianis, rogorc socia-
luri arsebis, bunebas, igi unda Seicvalos sazogadoe-
biT, romlis drosac yvelas saarsebo principi iqneba:
`erTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis~13. akakis swams,
rom am principze agebuli sazogadoebrivi urTierToba,
romelic jerjerobiT idealis sferos ganekuTvneba,
male damyardeba. amis niSnebs Tavisi qveynis Rirseul
SvilTa moRvaweobaSi xedavs rogorc winaparTa Soris,
ise TanamedroveebSic, kerZod, am rwmenas ganumtkicebs
n. baraTaSvilis poeturi Semoqmedeba.
akaki wereTeli n. baraTaSvilis poeziis sidiades
awmyosa da warsulze godebaSi ki ar xedavs, aramed
STamomavlobisaTvis samomavlo gzis gakvalvaSi, imaSi,
rom poetma Tavis TavSi monaxa Zala – gaeqca `Savs
yorans~ da `gadmosZaxa axal STamomavlobas... me ar da-
veZeb arc tols, arc naTesavs da arc sxva rames, SenT-
vis Semomiwiravs, STamomavlobav, Cemi awmyo bednie-
rebao~. zogadadamianuri satkivari, romelSic erovnuli
da pirovnulic CarTulia, awuxebda n. baraTaSvils da,
akakis azriT, am wuxilSi mas STamomavlebidan ilia
331
WavWavaZe gamoexmaura, amitom `baraTaSvili da WavWavaZe
swored erTs taxtzed sxdomis Rirsebi arian, erTgvari
damsaxureba aqvs Cvens literaturaSi... erTis sityviT,
egeni arian mose da aaroni Cvenis literaturisa~.
niSandoblivia, rom akaki ar Semoifargleba adamia-
nis arsebis socialur-zneobrivi gagebiT, igi adamians
`RvTaebriv xatebad~ warmoidgens. `adamiani aris gaCeni-
li xatad da msgavsad RvTisa, Tavisuflad da ara
monad~, - wers erTgan akaki. RmerTs, rogorc umaRlesi
gonierebis simbolur saxes, adamiani emsgavseba grZno-
biT da gonebiT: `ori ram amaRlebs da aRmerTebs kacs,
guli da Tavi, ese igi, grZnoba da Wkua~. miwierisa da
zecieris, adamianurobisa da RvTaebriobis harmoniu-
loba gansaxierebulia eris rCeulSi, vTqvaT poetSi,
romlis arsebaSi, akakis TqmiT, `es ori Zala mudam
ebrZvis: xan erTi imorCilebs da xan meore~, xolo,
roca es Zalebi `erTmaneTs uTanxmdebian~, maSin `isini
emsgavsebian maRals zegardmoCagonebul qmnilebebs~,
romlebic maRldebian materialur arsebebze da aRweven
`utyuar~ anu umaRles WeSmaritebas movlenaTa arsebis
Sesaxeb.
erTiani, ganuyofeli samyaros xedva mTlianobaSia
SesaZlebeli. amisaTvis poeti – Semoqmedi iyenebs gul-
sac da gonebasac, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, emociuri aR-
qmisa da gancdis unaris, mxatvruli asaxvis princi-
pebis, meTodisa da msoflmxedvelobis erTianoba Semoq-
meds aZlevs samyaros filosofiur-esTetikuri ganWvre-
tis saSualebas. mxolod maSin SeuZlia mas am qveynis
mware zari SeuerTos im qveynis `zevsurs~. amitom mou-
wodebs akaki SemoqmedebiTs unarebs – gonebasa da
grZnobas: `amaRldiT grZnobav!... ascildiT mzes da mTva-
resa!... SeukavSirdiT varskvlavebs, mocimcim-moelvaresa,
SeityveT saidumloeba zeciur tkbili xmebisa da Seis-
wavleT kanoni imaTi SeTanxmebisa~14.
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akaki wereTeli adamianis arsobrivi unarebis srul
gamovlenas xelovanSi xedavs, rogorc RvTisa da eris
rCeulSi. akaki xazs usvams poeturi xelovnebis speci-
fikur bunebas, niWis `zegardmo movlinebas~, misTvis
poeti xan `ugunuria~, xan - `brZeni~, STagoneba ki `ciu-
ri tkbili Zala~ da a.S. am calkeuli gamonaTqvamebis
miuxedavad, akakis mxatvruli Semoqmedebisa da Teori-
ul-estetikuri memkvidreobis mTlianobaSi gaazreba
gviCvenebs, rom did poets xelovneba esmis rogorc ada-
mianis moRvaweobis specifikuri forma. am Tvalsazri-
siT sainteresoa misi azri publicisturi werilidan,
romelSic igi dawvrilebiT aRwers SemoqmedebiTi pro-
cesis `saidumloebas~: `rodesac poeti Seudgeba rome-
lime sagnis xelovnebiT gamoxatvas, maSin misi goneba
eqvemdebareba mxolod im erTs mxatvrobis sagans, aris
misgan gatacebuli da im dros poetis fiqrebi sxva
rameebzed Cveulebrivad aRar gadadian; is erTi sagania
mxolod maSin misi gulis-Tqma, misi survili, gareSe
fiqrebi veRar exebian mRelvare guls da aRSfoTebul
suls, TiTqmis unebur-grZnobiT ganmsWvaluli jojo-
xeTs da Tavis sasufevelsac~15. am sityvebSi akaki xazs
usvams mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi procesis im specifikas,
romelic, upirvelesad, TviT xelovanis niWiT da war-
mosaxvis unarebiT aris ganpirobebuli, magram, amave
dros, araerTgzis miuTiTebs, rom SemoqmedebiT unarebs
mudam sWirdeba swavliTa da SromiT xelis Sewyoba,
ganviTareba: `zogierTebs gaugonia, rom mwerlisaTvis
zegardmo STagonebaa saWiro da is ki aRar ician, rom
imasac kibe eWirveba maRliT Camosasvlelad da es kibe
aris, niWis garda, swavla, codna da Sromis moyva-
reoba~.
kiTxvaze: `ra eWirveba mwerals?~ - akaki pasuxobs:
`ai, ra: 1) unda niWi hqondes; 2) dro da Jamis Sesa-
ferisad unda iyos naswavli da ganviTarebuli; 3) unda
333
Seswavlili hqondes is ena, romelzec apirebs weras; 4)
gulwrfeli unda iyos... TavisTavs ise unda uyurebdes,
rogorc mociqulsa da qveynis moZRvars: uSiSari unda
iyos, Seupovari, mtermoyvareobis gadauyoleli, rasac
xalxs eubneba, is unda guliswmindiT iyos naTqvami, ise
rogorc aRsarebaa qristes winaSe, piradoba Seswiros
sazogados da mzad iyos, rom gaWirveba da usamarT-
loba aitanos xolme~16. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq akakis
mTeli kredo aqvs mocemuli im principebisa, riTac igi
xelmZRvanelobda, rogorc WeSmariti xelovani da
xalxis gulis mesaidumle.
SemoqmedebiTi unarebis kvlevisas akaki specialurad
exeba geniisa da geniosis problemas. misi azriT, genio-
si SemTxveviT ar ibadeba qveyanaze: misi gamoCena subieq-
turi faqtorebis (niWi, talanti) garda, mTlianad damo-
kidebulia obieqtur faqtorzec – sazogadoebriv
garemoze. akakis azriT, rusTavelis niWi iqneb dakargu-
liyo, rom imdroindel saqarTvelos socialur-
politikursa da ekonomikur cxovrebas gonebis sazrdo
ar mieca misTvis: `rogorc futkari Tavis samzadiss
nawil-nawil agrovebs... ase imanac, ese igi, rusTavelmac
Tavisi grZnoba – gonebis masala ipova qarTvelebSi,
aqa-iq gabneuli moagrova da gaaerTiana~.
akaki aRniSnavda, rom geniosi xelovani upirvelesad
Tavisi eris RviZli Svilia, romelic erovnul satki-
vars Tu sixaruls zogadkacobriulis rangSi aiyvans:
`mxolod genios ers SeuZlia warmoSos vinme geniosi _
ese igi ganmaxorcielebeli da ganmaerTianebeli im sage-
niosos nawilebis, romelic aqa-iq xalxSivea gabneuli~,
_ wers igi. misi azriT, arseboben xelovanTa tipebi,
romelTa Semoqmedebis moedani romelime erTi eris
farglebSi Tavsdeba. esec Tavisi mizeziTaa Sepirobebu-
li; radgan `yovel ers Tavisi sakuTari, erTimeorisagan
gansxvavebuli saxe aqvs da maT literaturasac, ro-
334
gorc sarkes ama Tu im erisas, gansakuTrebuli elferi
unda edvas~. `geniosoba nayofia~, - acxadebda akaki. mas
swamda, rom erovnul niadagze myarad mdgar xelovans
ZaluZs mxolod zogadsakacobrios, sxva erisaTvis Ri-
rebulis Seqmna, amave dros, mtkiced iyo darwmunebuli,
rom axali ideebis gareSe, naTeli da WeSmariti idea-
lebis gareSe, didi niWiTac dajildoebuli xelovani
verafers Seqmnis Rirebuls. akakis azriT, sinamdvilis
xilva axali ideebis prizmidan axali mxatvruli xer-
xebis, saSualebebis SerCevas, aRmoCenas moiTxovs, rac
mxolod WeSmarit talants, genioss xelewifeba.
TviT akaki amgvari poeturi niWis gansaxiereba iyo,
suliT xorcamde poets SeeZlo Cveulebrivi prozauli
movlenac ki maRali poeziis sagnad eqcia da mieca mis-
Tvis zogadadamianuri mniSvneloba.
$4. niko nikolaZe (1843-1928)
niko nikolaZe qarTvel moazrovneTa im Taobis
tipuri warmomadgenelia, romelmac xelovnebas mosTxo-
va `namdvili cxovrebis~ codna, yoveldRiuri brZola
misi gaumjobesebisTvis, `sasargeblo moqmedeba~ sazoga-
doebriv saWiroebaTa Sesabamisad, igi ganmanaTleblur-
demokratiuli praqticizmis principebis erT-erTi yve-
laze Tanamimdevruli gamtarebelia. didi samocianeli
Tavis Sexedulebebs xelovnebis arsisa da misi daniS-
nulebis Sesaxeb swored am principebis safuZvelze aya-
libebda.
nikolaZesTan xelovnebis arsis garkvevisas wina
planze dgas xelovnebis uSualo kavSiri cxovrebasTan.
misi TqmiT, xelovneba `kacis gulis mcnobi mecnierebaa~
335
da saqme aqvs adamianis sulieri samyaros – misi misw-
rafebebis, gancdebis, mTeli sulieri moZraobis Rrmad
Seswavlasa da amaRlebul poetur warmosaxvasTan. niko-
laZe xelovnebas miiCnevs sinamdvilis asaxvad, amave
dros miuTiTebs im Taviseburebebze, riTac mxatvruli
asaxva gansxvavdeba asaxvis sxva formebisagan. es Tavi-
sebureba, misi azriT, sinamdvilis `xatovan-suraTovani~
gamosaxvaa. mxatvruli saxe cnebis msgavsad sinamdvilis
ganzogadebuli asaxvaa, magram individualizebuli,
grZnobad-konkretuli formiT. nikolaZis mixedviT, swo-
red zogadis grZnobad-konkretuli gamosaxva aris xe-
lovnebis specifika. mxatvruli gamosaxvis formaa `poe-
turi feri~, `poeturi suraTi~, riTac xelovneba
adamianze esTetikur zemoqmedebas iwvevs. `beletristi
suraTebiT unda sjides cxovrebas da ara sityvebiT. is
mxatvari unda iyos da ara rezoneri~17.
rogorc vxedavT, nikolaZe xelovnebas sinamdvilis
Semecnebis mxatvrul formad miiCnevs. misi azriT,
sinamdvilis mxatvruli aTvisebis buneba xelovnebis Se-
mecnebiTi da esTetikuri mxareebis erTianobiT vlin-
deba. igi, savsebiT marTebulad, Tvlis, rom mxatvrul
saxeSi mocemuli sinamdvile xelovanis azrovnebisa da
gancdebis prizmaSi gadamtydari obieqturi sinamdvilis
subieqturi suraTia. Semoqmedi moazrovne subieqtia da
ara sarke, `romelic yovelTvis swored warmoadgens
yvelafers, rac mis win gaivlis an gaCerdeba~18.
niko nikolaZis Teoriul-esTetikur memkvidreobaSi
xelovnebis bunebisa da socialuri funqciebis kvlevis
dros mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba xelovnebis isto-
riuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mis zogadTeoriul mosaz-
rebebs. igi sayuradRebo daskvnamde midis mxatvruli da
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis procesTa urTierTkavSi-
ris Sesaxeb msjelobisas.
336
nikolaZe sazogadoebis aRzrdisa da cxovrebis gaum-
jobesebisaTvis brZolaSi udides rols aniWebs xelov-
nebas, magram ar vardeba ukiduresobaSi da, zogierTi
Tanamoazrisgan gansxvavebiT, ar axdens cxovrebaze
xelovnebis zemoqmedebiTi Zalis absolutizacias. igi
am Zalis metnaklebad gamovlenis SesaZleblobebs cxov-
rebis konkretul-istoriuli pirobebiT xsnis: xelovne-
bas (literaturas) yovelTvis ar SeuZlia iyos asaxva
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisa da rom `asaxvis~ didi Tu
mcire sizuste damokidebulia sazogadoebriv pirobeb-
ze.
marTebulia nikolaZis azri, rom xelovnebaSi rea-
lizebul sazogadoebriv tendenciebsa da miswrafebebs
cxovrebiseuli movlenebi warmoSobs. rac ar aris
sinamdvileSi, an risi arsebobac momzadebuli ar aris
sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebiT, is arc xelovnebaSia Se-
saZlebeli. magram, roca saqme socialur-erovnuli wina-
aRmdegobebis Sedegad sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi war-
moSobil tendenciebs exeba, aq xelovneba srulad av-
lens Tavis SesaZleblobebs: epoqis miswrafebebis swo-
ri an mcdari analizis safuZvelze aCqarebs an anelebs
maT ganviTarebas.
xelovnebis ganviTarebas obieqturi safuZveli aqvs –
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis moTxovnilebebi. amis dastu-
rad nikolaZes mohyavs is faqti, rom `erTi da igive
mdgomareoba da erTi da igive moTxovnilebani or
xalxSi, romelTac sruliad araviTari urTierToba ar
moepovebaT, warmoSobs erTgvar cnebebs, poetur saxeebs,
azrebs, legendebs, bgerebsa da sityvebs.~ xelovneba
adamianis sulis gamoxatulebaa. adamianebs ki yvela
gvarisa da yvela droisa, survilebis garda, saerTo
istoriuli miznebi amoZravebT. `eWvic ar aris, - SeniS-
navs nikolaZe, - kacobriobis kulturis istoriis
ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa arsebobaSi, rac ganapirobebs
337
imas, rom ganurCevlad erovnuli Taviseburebisa, civi-
lizaciis istoriaSi SeiniSneba mxatvruli moRvaweobis
Sinaarsobrivi mxaris ganviTarebis erTiani xazi~19.
ras gulisxmobs nikolaZe xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi?
xelovneba cxovrebis nawilia, amdenad emorCileba
kidec misi ganviTarebis kanonebs. cxovrebis winsvla,
ganviTarebis ufro maRla safexurze misi asvla gan-
sazRvravs xelovnebis progress. nikolaZis azriT, `li-
teraturis (xelovnebis – l.w.) yoveli nabiji da gan-
viTareba damokidebulia im pirobebze, romelSic igia
Cayenebuli~. xelovneba, rogorc adamianTa materialuri
urTierTobis Sedegi, uaRresad cvalebadi movlenaa da
obieqturi safuZveli, romelic xelovnebis ganviTa-
rebis istoriul xasiaTs ganapirobebs, sazogadoebriv-
istoriuli garemos Taviseburebania.
niko nikolaZe Tavisi literaturul-esTetikuri
SexedulebebiT kritikuli realizmis Teoriis erT-erTi
fuZemdebelia qarTul esTetikur azrovnebaSi. misi rea-
lizmis Teoria qarTuli mxatvruli sinamdvilis kri-
tikul-esTetikuri analizis niadagze SemuSavda, amave
dros erTgvarad davalebulia rusul klasikur esTe-
tikaSi SemuSavebuli realisturi principebisagan. mxed-
velobaSi gvaqvs n. CerniSevskis mier Camoyalibebuli
sinamdvilis `Seuferavi~ asaxvis principebi, romlebic
b. belinskisa da n. gogolis realisturi tradiciebis
ganviTarebas warmoadgenda.
samecniero literaturaSi aRiarebulia azri, rom
niko nikolaZem CerniSevskis gavleniT (piradad icnobda
n. CerniSevskis) pirvelma Semoitana `Seuferavi realiz-
mis~ cneba qarTul sinamdvileSi. `Seuferavi realizmi~,
nikolaZiseuli gagebiT, realizmis axali Teoria rodi
iyo, aramed satirul-kritikuli nakadis gaZlierebiT
mis erT-erT princips warmoadgenda da sruliadac ar
338
upirispirdeboda ilia WavWavaZis kritikuli realizmis
SemoqmedebiT meTods.
nikolaZe xelovnebisgan sinamdvilis yalbi ideali-
zaciisa da yovelgvari Seferadebis gareSe, simarTliT
asaxvas iTxovda: `mwerlobaSi SeuferavaT da swored
unda gamoixatebodes Tanamedrove cxovreba~. xelovne-
baSi satirul-kritikuli paTosis gamoxatvis brwyinva-
le magaliTebs nikolaZe Tavisi drois rusulsa da qar-
Tul literaturaSi xedavs, kerZod, n. gogolis `revi-
zorSi~, misi TqmiT, vxedavT ara kerZoul, adgilobriv
movlenas, erTi qalaqis moxeleTa ambavs, aramed TviT-
mpyrobeluri reJimis mTeli sistemis mxilebas.20
nikolaZe aRtacebiT saubrobs ilia WavWavaZis mxatv-
rul prozaSi satiruli nakadis siZliereze. `kacia-
adamianSi?!~, `glexebis ganTavisuflebis scenebSi~, misi
TqmiT, `sarkazmis Zliereba... Tanamedrove cxovrebis
saWiroebas, sazogado saqmes da sayovelTao kiTxvas~
pasuxs aZlevs. nikolaZe afasebs sarkazmis Zalas: `mwer-
lobaSi didi gavlena aqvs mwvave da sastik sjas,
dacinvas, ironias...~.21
amrigad, nikolaZe `Seuferavi realizmis~ ZiriTadi
principis – sinamdvilisadmi mZafri kritikuli damoki-
debulebis poziciidan mTlianad icavs kritikuli rea-
lizmis SemoqmedebiTi meTodis moTxovnebs: `cxovrebis
dRis wesrigSi mdgomi sakiTxebisadmi mgznebare damoki-
debuleba da adgilobrivi cxovrebis uaryofiTi movle-
nebis sarkastuli gakicxva~ - ai, kritikuli realizmis
axali sityva, romelic, nikolaZis azriT, 70-iani wlebi-
dan qarTuli literaturis ZiriTadi niSani unda yofi-
liyo.
xalxurobis, rogorc realisturi xelovnebis erT-
erT arsebiT niSაnze msjelobisas nikolaZe logikuri
TanamimdevrobiTa da mxatvruli faqtebis swori SerCe-
339
viT aCvenebs, rom xalxuroba gulisxmobs xelovnebis
erovnulsa da zogadsakacobrio xasiaTs. misi azriT,
erovnul niadagze mdgomi Semoqmedi, eris sake-
TildReod moRvawe adamiani, rac unda mcire da mo-
ridebul Sromas eweodes Tavisi eris sasikeTod, pati-
viscemas imsaxurebs ara marto Tavis xalxSi, aramed
mTeli kacobriobis winaSe. Tavisi xalxis miswrafebebis
gamomxatveli xelovneba zogadkacobriul idealebsac
gamoxatavs. genialuri xelovani arasodes ar ifargleba
viwro erovnuli da epoqaluri CarCoebiT da zogadsaka-
cobrio humanisturi ideebiT sayovelTao zogadadamia-
nurs exmianeba. nikolaZis rwmeniT, aseTi iyo baironi:
`baironi ar iyo arc ingliseli, arc frangi, arc rusi,
arc berZeni, arc italieli, arc espaneli, baironi iyo
mxolod adamiani~.
nikolaZe xelovnebas adamianis sulieri samyaros –
fiqrebis, miswrafebebis, idealebis, miznebis – gamoxa-
tulebad miiCnevs. xelovnebaSi adamianis SemoqmedebiTi
moRvaweobis Sedegad sasurveli cxovrebis modelia
realizebuli, amitom WeSmarit mxatvrul Rirebulebas
maradiuli sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebs: `xelovneba
ukvdavia da ar SeiZleba daiRupos... iRupeba mxolod is,
rac yalb xelovnebaSi kerZo, individualuri da
wvrilmania~.22 adamiani qmnida da qmnis xelovnebas, raTa
misi saSualebiT Seicnos samyaro, ganicados misi
silamaze, datkbes sulierad, optimisturad uyuros im
momavals, romelic man TviTon unda moipovos brZo-
liTa da SromiT. swored amaSi xedavda niko nikolaZe
xelovnebis maradiulobis safuZvels.
340
$5. giorgi wereTeli (1842-1900)
g. wereTlis esTetikur naazrevs safuZvlad uZevs
misi filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri Sexe-
dulebebi. amitomac misi esTetikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi
Taviseburebani ganpirobebulia sabunebismetyvelo-mate-
rialisturi da ganmanaTleblur-demokratiuli msofl-
mxedvelobis SinaarsiT, ris gauTvaliswineblad bevri
ram auxsneli darCeba g. wereTlis Teoriul-esTetikur
naazrevSi.
mTavari sakiTxi, rac gansakuTrebul adgils iWers
g. wereTlis Teoriul-esTetikur naazrevSi, xelovnebi-
sa da literaturis arsisa da sazogadoebrivi daniSnu-
lebis sakiTxia.
mwerali xelovnebas mecnierebis gverdiT ayenebs,
radgan sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis orive am formas
sazogadoebis ganaTlebis funqcias akisrebs (ganmanaT-
leblur funqcias). aqedan gamomdinareobs is utilita-
ruli Tvalsazrisi, rac safuZvlad uZevs g. wereTel-
Tan xelovnebisa da literaturis sazogadoebrivi da-
niSnulebis sakiTxis garkvevas. misi azriT, mxatvruli
Semoqmedebis dargebi xels uwyobs xalxis gonebriv gan-
viTarebas, adamianis zneobriv srulqmnas, xelovani
suraTebiT warmogvidgens calkeul adamianTa xasiaTe-
bis nakls, `angarebiT moyvareobas, sazogadoebriv uZ-
lurebas da a.S. emsaxureba adamianebis gonebrivi gamoR-
viZebis praqtikul daniSnulebas~23.
g. wereTlis azriT, WeSmariti xelovneba, romelic
mecnierebasTan erTad xalxis cxovrebis gaumjobesebas
isaxavs miznad, mis gardaqmnaze unda zrunavdes. `cxov-
rebis cudi mxareebis damaxasiaTebeli mwerali miTi
nugeSobs da imedi ukeTesi momavlisa miT uaTkecdeba,
rom is Rrmad darwmunebulia, Cemi mwerlobiT Tanamed-
341
rove cxovreba gaumjobesdebao da erT nabijs win
wadgamso~24. amitom xelovnebas ar aqvs ufleba ganudges
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas. igi eris tkivilis mkurnalia.
`mavnebelia literatura da poezia, rodesac is ar msa-
xurebs xalxis cxovrebas~.
g. wereTeli xelovnebis sagnad adamians, adamianur
cxovrebas acxadebs. literaturisa da xelovnebis
ZiriTad Sinaarss unda Seadgendes xalxis samyaro, misi
cxovrebis suraTebi, xelovnebis meSveobiT sazogadoeba
Rrmad unda gaerkves Tanamedrove sinamdvilis naklovan
mxareebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, qarTveli sazogado moR-
vawe da qarTuli Teatris erT-erTi mesveurTagani g.
wereTeli kmayofilebiT SeniSnavda qarTuli Teatris
damsaxurebas sazogadoebis gaTviTcnobierebis saqmeSi.
xelovnebis SinaarsSi g. wereTeli ZiriTadad or
mxares ganasxvavebda: mxatvruli qmnileba asaxavs xal-
xis cxovrebas da nergavs idealebs. amasTan es ori
mxare erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad ar aqvs warmodge-
nili. xelovneba ideebis ganviTarebasac isaxavs miznad,
risTvisac mas erT-erTi saSualeba – sinamdvilis si-
marTliT warmosaxva gaaCnia, rac ufro meti sicxovliT
da siRrmiT warmosaxavs sinamdviles, xelovneba miT
ufro Seuwyobs xels sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gaRvi-
Zebas: `xelovneba da literatura mxolod maSin aris
sazogadoebis gonebis ganmaviTarebeli, roca TviT
cxovrebazea dakavSirebuli, rodesac igi aRmoxatavs
namdvilad zedmowevnili simarTliT, cxovrebis viTa-
rebas, mis gulis tkivilis, mis gulis Wrilobas, rom
sazogadoebam da mTelma ermac samarTlianad iZios
wamali Tavis satkivarisa da damauZlurebeli sagnisa-
gan Tavi ganikurnos~25. am amocanis Sesruleba SeuZlia
mxolod utendencio xelovnebas. g. wereTeli `tenden-
ciurobas~ viwro mniSvnelobiT xmarobs: winaswar momza-
debuli sqemiT sinamdvilis asaxva. xelovneba garkveul
342
ideas unda gamoxatavdes, magram es ideuroba naZala-
devi ki ar unda iyos, Tavisuflad unda gamomdina-
reobdes cxovrebis Seuferavi asaxvidan. `tendenciurs~
uwodebs g. wereTeli iseT mimarTulebas, romlis Za-
liT xelovnebaSi arsebuli sinamdvile ki ar aris gamo-
saxuli, aramed sasurveli: `mavnebelia literatura da
xelovneba, romelic ikvlevs da aRmoxatavs iseT su-
raTs ki ara, romelic cxovrebaSia, aramed iseTs, rome-
lic ar arsebobs, magram misi azriT, sasurvelia, rom
iyos”.
XIX saukunis mxatvrul sinamdvileSi ganzogadebis
principi – tipisa da tipuris gamosaxvis Sesaxeb –
kritikuli realizmis TeoretikosTa azriT, yvelaze
marTebuli da misaRebi SemoqmedebiTi principi iyo: tipi
am Tu im sazogadoebrivi jgufis warmomadgenelTaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebis erT saxeSi gaer-
TianebiT iqmneba (aristotele Tavis `poetikaSi~ swored
am mniSvnelobiT xmarobs cnebas `tips~ anu zogads,
rogorc mxatvruli ganzogadebis Sedegs). cxadia, tipi,
rogorc zogadi mxatvruli saxe yvela epoqis realis-
turi xelovnebisaTvis, romelsac saqme aqvs obieqtur
sinamdvilesTan, damaxasiaTebelia. magram XIX s.-is II
naxevris qarTul sinamdvileSi kritikulma realizmma
`tipisa da tipuris~ cnebaSi ufro meti Sinaarsi Cado
gamosaxvis TvalsazrisiT: Semoqmedi mxatvruli samya-
ros Seqmnisas sinamdvilis ganviTarebis logikas mis-
devs, amave dros, TviT realisturi xelovnebis speci-
fikasac ar iviwyebs, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi
ganze tovebs araarsebiTs, SemTxveviTs da warmoaCens
movlenaTa da saganTa arss, damaxasiaTebels, tipurs.
amave dros, xelovnebam obieqturi sinamdvilis subieq-
turad gaazrebuli suraTi unda mogvces. Semoqmedi
akvirdeba sinamdvilis movlenebs, maTi warmoSobisa da
ganviTarebis mizezebs, empiriul masalas gadaamuSavebs
343
Tavis grZnoba-gonebaSi fantaziis, warmosaxvis unarebis
meSveobiT, ganarCevs arsebiTsa da damaxasiaTebels ar
arsebiTsa da SemTxvevisagan da am gziT qmnis tips.
amdenad, tipi ara marto obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvaa,
aramed xelovanis subieqtur xedvasac gulisxmobs,
akakis sityvebiT: `an Tvals unaxavs da Wkuas gauzom-
auwonia~ (`poeti~).
g. wereTeli tipis Seqmnis zemomiTiTebul meTods –
mravali adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis erT
mxatvrul saxeSi Tavmoyras-ar eTanxmeba, radgan miiC-
nevs, rom am gziT mwerali cxovrebis marTali suraTe-
bis nacvlad `cocxal tikinebs~ gvTavazobs: `sazogado
SemkreblobiTi movlenis nayofi~ cxovrebaSi yvelgan
da yovelTvis moipoveba mza saxiT da, maSasadame,
saWiro araa misi Seqmna, sakmarisia mxolod moinaxos,
Semdeg ki zustad gadavides nawarmoebSi~26. xelovanis
sidiade, g. wereTlis mtkicebiT, ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu
ramdenad Seswevs unari zustad asaxos konkretuli
sinamdvilis esa Tu is `cocxali tipi~ e.i. prototipi,
amrigad, g. wereTeli tipis Seqmnis erTaderT gzas pro-
totipis gamoZebnaSi xedavs.
ra Tqma unda, prototipis Seqmnis principi mxatv-
rul praqtikaSi sakmaod cnobilia, magram giorgi we-
reTlis Tvalsazrisis calmxrivoba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom igi kategoriulad uaryofs tipis `SeTxzvis~ gzas.
winaaRmdeg sakuTari Teoriuli dogmebisa. g. wereTeli
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi Txzavda tipebs, gvixatavda
`mogonil suraTebs~. erT-erTi aseTi `SeTxzuli~ tipia
kudabzika, romelic n. nikolaZis marTebuli SeniSvniT,
`es kudabzika-namdvili tipia...~ imdroindeli wvrilfexa
imeruli aznauris ganzogadebuli saxea..27
g. wereTlis Tvalsazrisi tipizaciis Sesaxeb saTa-
ves iRebs n. CerniSevskis Sexedulebebidan. CerniSevski
tipurobasTan dakavSirebiT ar uaryofda, rom xe-
344
lovneba gamoavlens zogads, magram, amasTan, Tvlida,
rom es zogadi ukve arsebobs im cocxal realur sa-
xeSi, romelic mxatvruli saxis prototipad unda iqces.
saWiroa mxolod, da amaSia poeturi geniis amocana –
monaxos es originali da zustad asaxos. samecniero
literaturaSi miTiTebulia, rom aRniSnuli calmxri-
voba Sedegia im Seurigebeli polemikisa, romelsac
CerniSevski awarmoebda idealisturi esTetikis winaaRm-
deg. misi polemikuri paTosi imis Cvenebisaken iyo mimar-
Tuli, rom xelovnebis fesvebi realur cxovrebaSia da
ara absoluturi ideebis samyaroSi. maSasadame, xelov-
nebaSi tipuri uSualod eyrdnoba cxovrebiseul pir-
velsaxes.
rac Seexeba g. wereTlisa da nikolaZiseul pozi-
ciaTa gansxvavebas tipizaciis sakiTxSi, nikolaZec iye-
nebas `Seuferavi asaxvis~ termins, magram masSi kriti-
kul realizms gulisxmobs, nikolaZe Tanamimdevrulia,
mtkiced icavs kritikuli realizmis iliaseul xazs.
`Seuferavi asaxvis~ brwyinvale magaliTs ilias `kacia-
adamianSi~ xedavs da am cnebis qveS mxolod kritikul-
satiruli nakadis gaZlierebas gulisxmobs.
daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnavT, rom miuxedavad gansxva-
vebisa, giorgi wereTeli Tavisi realizmis TeoriiT
qarTvel samocianelTa kritikuli realizmis ZiriTad
xazs mihyveba, Tumca mis esTetikur SexedulebebSi gar-
kveviT moCans is winaaRmdegobani, rac kritikuli rea-
lizmis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi meTodis, Camoyalibebas
axlda Tan.
345
$6. anton furcelaZe (1839-1913)
a. furcelaZe sxva samocianelebTan erTad ibrZoda
kritikuli realizmis damkvidrebisaTvis mxatvrul li-
teraturaSi. igi, rogorc radikalurad moazrovne da
progresuli ideebis gamtarebeli, samoRvaweo asparezze
gamosvlisTanave ikavebs Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis kulturul-inteleqtualur sferoSi TvalsaCino
adgils.
anton furcelaZis azriT, xelovnebis sagani aris
sinamdvile, romelic simarTliT unda aisaxos. mxo-
lod mza sinamdvile ver iqneba misi asaxvis sagani, si-
namdvilis movlenebs SerCeva unda im ideuri pozicii-
dan, razec xelovani dgas. igi savsebiT sworad msje-
lobs imis Sesaxeb, rom obieqti mxatvrul nawarmoebSi
warmodgenilia subieqturad, e.i. sinamdvilidan aRebuli
masala gatardeba mwerlis Segnebis prizmaSi; amdenad,
xelovnebis sagani `subieqtivirebuli~ sinamdvilea, mwe-
rali ver iqneba gulgrili sazogadoebrivi movlenebi-
sadmi, mas Tavisi ideuri pozicia, msoflmxedveloba
gaaCnia, rac sinamdvilis SefasebaSi exmareba. amgvar xe-
lovans tendenciurobas ukiJinebeno, - wers furcelaZe,
- magram gaaCnia tendenciasac. reaqciuli tendencia ar
eTanxmeba samyaros ganviTarebis obieqtur kanonebs,
progresuli tendenciebi srul harmoniaSia movlenebis
ganviTarebis zogad kanonzomierebasTan. tendenciuroba,
rac Semoqmedis mizandasaxulobas gulisxmobs, gamoric-
xavs yalb obieqtivizms. a. furcelaZe ilaSqrebs am
ukanasknelis winaaRmdeg, amasTan, moiTxovs sinamdvili-
sadmi erTgulebas. aq araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris,
radgan, misi azriT, tendenciuroba sulac ar gamo-
ricxavs sinamdvilisadmi erTgulebas, piriqiT, xelovne-
bis nawarmoebSi aucilebelia miznis sicxade, rameTu
346
igi namdvil suraTs iZleva sinamdvilis Sesaxeb. xe-
lovneba cnobieri aqtia, xolo adamianis yoveli goniv-
ruli qmedeba gamiznulia raRacisaTvis. Semoqmedebac
winaswar SemuSavebuli azris (ideis) garkveuli tenden-
ciis ganxorcielebaa.
vis unda emsaxurebodes xelovneba? _ xalxs! a. fur-
celaZe xalxis interesebis dacvas avalebs qarTvel
mwerlebs. `xalxSi~ igi sazogadoebis yvela fenas gu-
lisxmobs, Tumca Tavisi praqtikuli moRvaweobiTa Tu
mxatvruli SemoqmedebiT ufro metad demokratiuli
fenis, mSromelTa interesebs emsaxureba. realuri
sinamdvilis swori asaxva xalxis interesebis dacviT -
ai, WeSmariti xelovanis aucilebeli movaleoba
a. furcelaZis azriT, mkiTxvelze esTetikur ze-
moqmedebas axdens nawarmoebis ara marto Sinaarsi,
aramed Sesaferisi formac. samwuxarod, am princips,
TviT furcelaZe, rogorc amas misi Tanamedroveni Se-
niSnavdnen, bolomde ver atarebda. `igi did ostatobas
iCenda Sinaarsis gamoZebnaSi, magram srulebiT ver
axerxebda WeSmarit kazmul xelovnebaSi am warmtaci
Sinaarsis gamosaxvas~.28 Tumca, a. furcelaZis kalams
iseTi mxatvruli tiloc Seuqmnia, romelic qarTul
mwerlobaSi gansakuTrebul adgils iWers mxatvrul-
esTetikuri RirebulebiT. kerZod, misi `maci xvitia~
erT-erTi srulyofili nawarmoebia XIX saukunis qar-
Tul prozaSi. am romanSi Zlieri mxatvruli formebi-
Taa ganqiqebuli qarTvel feodalTa qiSpoba, ris
Sedegadac udanaSaulo adamianebis sisxliT irwyveboda
qveyana.
interesmoklebuli araa a. furcelaZis msjeloba
tipisa da tipurobis Sesaxeb. kritikuli realizmi xe-
lovnebis arss tipuris gansaxierebaSi xedavs. amitomac
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevs zogads, rogorc ar-
sebiT (damaxasiaTebels): xsenebul sakiTxSi furcelaZe
347
ilias gzas mihyveba. igi aRtacebulia luarsabis mxatv-
ruli saxiT, rogorc tipurobis brwyinvale nimuSiT:
`luarsabebi iseTi tipebi arian, romlebzedac aRbeWdi-
lia sazogadoebis cxovrebis gonebrivi da zneobrivi
xrwna da lpoba~. Aa. furcelaZis azriT, ara marto
luarsabi da misi kar-midamo, aramed am moTxrobis sxva
moqmedi pirebic zogadi saxeebi arian. magaliTad, davi-
Ti iseTi `qarTvelia, romlis msgavsic kacs SeiZleba
yovel nabijze Sexvdes~, xolo `daviTis coli elisa-
bedi warmoadgens TaTqariZevSCinis~ Tavisebur saxes.
tipuri saxeebis Seqmnis ostatobas xedavs mwerali d.
WonqaZis `suramis cixeSi~, romlis avtori, misi TqmiT,
`marjved hkrefs gonebis TvaliT. gareSeT movlinebas
da Tavgadasavals gviCvenebs im moqmedebasa da movli-
nebaSi sazogado sibrmaves~.29
ra SemoqmedebiTi ZaliTa da unariT iqmneba mxatvru-
li saxe, tipi? a. furcelaZis azriT, realuri sinamdvi-
lis konkretuli faqtebis ganzogadeba da am gziT ti-
pizacia fantaziis, ocnebis, warmosaxvis unaris gareSe,
SeuZlebelia. xelovnebis Zegli sinamdvilisa da fanta-
ziis sinTezia da ara mxolod obieqturi sinamdvilis
ucvleli ganmeoreba. furcelaZe miuReblad Tvlis dr-
osa da sivrces mowyvetil fantazias. aseTi ram `opiu-
misagan mTvrali ocnebebia; Cven cru ocnebebi ki ar
gvinda poeziaSi~, aramed sinamdvileze dayrdnobil tips
SeiZleba prototipebi hyavdes an SeiZleba igi SeiTxzas.
orive SemTxvevaSi mwerlis goneba fantaziiT ikvebeba,
fantaziis amosavali ki sinamdvilea.
rogorc vxedavT, fantaziis rolis SefasebaSi a.
furcelaZe qarTvel samocianelTagan originalobiT ar
gamoirCeva. rac Seexeba SeTxzulisa da gamonagonis
mimarTebas prototipebTan, igi iliasa da akakis xazs
ufro mihyveba, vidre g. wereTlisa. g. wereTlisaTvis
348
mxatvruli tipi ukve arsebobs sinamdvileSi da xelo-
vanma igi mxolod unda moZebnos.
dasasrul, SevexoT a. furcelaZis nihilizms. nihi-
lizmi da ukiduresobamde ganviTarebuli utilitariz-
mi, romelic xelovnebisadmi negatiur damokidebulebas
gulisxmobs, xels uSlis furcelaZes piruTvneli da
obieqturi Semfasebeli iyos Tanadrouli mwerlobis mi-
marT da zogjer warsulis memkvidreobisac ki. gansa-
kuTrebiT TvalSi sacemi da calmxrivia misi damokide-
buleba n. baraTaSvilis cnobili leqsisadmi `SemoRame-
ba mTawmindazed~, romelSic kritikosis rolSi myofi
publicisti ver xedavs am leqsis ideur siRrmes da
mxolod formiT SemosazRvravs mis Rirebulebas:
`Cinebuli leqsia, magram mkiTxveli raRac momzadebiT
Seudgeba am leqsis kiTxvas da rodesac gaarkvevs, rCeba
xaxamSrali, gulcarieli, es imitom, rom aqedam ar
amogaqvT gonebis masazrdoebeli lukma~.30 es vrceli
amonaweri imis sailustraciod movitaneT, Tu ramdenad
gacveTili da primitiuli xdeba kritikosisa da mwer-
lis msjeloba, ena, Sefasebis kriteriumebi, roca winas-
war gamzadebuli dogmaturi CarCoebiT Seecdeba xelov-
nebis nimuSebis RirsebaTa gazomvas. furcelaZiseuli
Sefasebebis es ukiduresi utilitarizmi maSinve uaryo
qarTulma kritikam.
a. furcelaZis nihilizmi iyo ZiriTadad uTanxmoebis
mizezi massa da axal Taobas Soris. `saqarTvelos moam-
bis~ mesveurebTan misi kamaTi TiTqos metismeti momT-
xovnelobiT iyo ganpirobebuli. sinamdvileSi es me-
marcxene radikaluri pozicia ufro iyo, vidre is
liberalur-demokratiuli, rasac 60-ian wlebSi axali
Taoba icavda. nihilisturi toni, sabednierod, a. fur-
celaZes didxans ar gahyolia. 1864 wlidan igi kvlav
daubrunda im zomier pozicias, romelic iliasa da aka-
kis TaobasTan aaxlovebda.
349
qarTulma literaturulma kritikam mainc ar apatia
a. furcelaZes `pisareviSCiniT~ gataceba da igi mis
orTodoqsul mimdevrad gamoacxada. aseTi mkacri Se-
faseba dasabams iRebs kita abaSiZis Sexedulebebidan.
`nihilistis~ iarliyi furcelaZem sicocxleSive ver
moiSora, Tumca araerTi statia dawera mis uarsayofad.
miuxedavad misi Semoqmedebisadmi mkacri damokidebu-
lebisa, a. furcelaZem mniSvnelovani kvali datova XIX
saukunis meore naxevris sazogadoebriv da literatu-
rul cxovrebaSi, rasac xazgasmiT aRniSnavdnen misi
Tanamedrovenic.
$7. vaJa-fSavela (1861-1915)
vaJa-fSavela upirvelesad poetia da misi esTetikuri
TvalTaxedva, poeturi gamomsaxvelobis mTeli arsenali
misi msoflmxedvelobiTi kredos gamoxatvas emsaxureba.
magram vaJa-fSavelas msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri
mrwamsi ara marto mxatvruli Semoqmedebis siRrmeebSia
saZiebeli, aramed mis Teoriul-esTetikur Sexedulebeb-
Sic, romlebic publicistikaSi, korespondenciebSi, kri-
tikosebTan polemikuri xasiaTis werilebSia gadmoce-
muli.
vaJas Teoriul naazrevSi esTetikis sakiTxebis sfe-
ro mravalferovania: xelovnebisa da sinamdvilis urTi-
erToba, xelovnebis raoba da sazogadoebrivi daniS-
nuleba, mxatvruli gansaxovnebis specifika, xelovneba-
Si racionalurisa da emocionaluris erTianoba, xelo-
vanis damokidebuleba xalxur SemoqmedebasTan, Semoq-
medis warmosaxviTi unarebis gamovlenis faqtorebi,
forma-Sinaarsis erTianoba, xelovnebis maradiulobis
350
problema da sxv. yvela am problemis Sesaxeb vaJas
Rrmad gaazrebuli, logikurad ganzogadebuli da
sistemaSi moyvanili Sexedulebebi axal istoriul
etaps qmnis XIX s.-is 80-iani wlebidan qarTuli esTeti-
kuri azris istoriaSi. amasTan erTad, vaJas esTetikuri
naazrevi memkvidreobiT kavSirSia qarTuli mxatvrul-
esTetikuri azrovnebis mravalsaukunovan tradiciebTan,
gansakuTrebiT ki, misi uaxloesi winamorbedebis, samo-
cianelebis esTetikur SexedulebebTan.
vaJas esTetika, Teoriuli saxiT Camoyalibebuli,
gvarwmunebs, rom araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris
poetis esTetikur mrwamssa da mis mxatvrul Semoqme-
debas Soris. misi leqsebisa da poemebis, moTxrobebis
romantikuli ganwyobileba, gmirTa amaRlebuli saxeebi
pirdapir cxovrebidanaa aRebuli da realistur xa-
siaTs iRebs. vaJasTvis, rogorc TviTon ambobs: `gareSe
bunebisa da adamianTa cxovrebisa, ar aris poezia~;
mwerlis Semoqmedebis sagania yvelaferi, `rasac `buneb-
rioba etyoba~. romantikuli (idealuri) sawyisi adamia-
nis sulis Tvisebaa, romelic cxovrebiseul realobaSi
vlindeba da amitom `bunebrivia~. vaJa magaliTad fSaur
poezias asaxelebs, sadac `ukiduresi idealizmi SeerTe-
bulia ukidures realizmTan~ (aq vaJa `idealizms~
amaRlebulis, romantikulis sinonimad xmarobs – l.w.).
poeti meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis msoflio literatura-
sac mimarTavs: yvelaze romantikuli personaJi don
kixoti, _ vaJas TqmiT, _ Tavisi sulieri SemarTebiT,
xasiaTiT, moqmedebiT bunebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
`ra aris TviT buneba, Tu ara igive don kixoti, rome-
lic Tavdauzogavad hRelavs, ibrZvis, miiswrafvis, erT-
xel arCeul, aCemebul gzaze...~ arsi maRali aqvs, fiqri
keTili, magram Secdomac bevrSi mosdis, unaklo arc
igia~.31
351
vaJas azriT, xelovneba, rogorc bunebis Sinagani ar-
sisa da cxovrebis saidumloebis amxsneli, idealuris
(sulieris) da realuris (materialuris, cxovrebiseu-
lis) dialeqtikur mTlianobas gvixatavs. samyaro
erTiania – buneba da `kacTa cxovrebac~, ze-yana da qve-
yanac: `mTaSi-mTa, barad-baria, zRva da xmeleTi erTian,
cis varskvlavebis jaria, diliT mze manaTobeli, Ramis
guSagi mTvarea; mdidarT simdidriT RiRini, beCavT qvi-
Tini mwaria~. samyaros mTlianobis gancda vaJas antikur
kosmologiur xedvasTan aaxlovebs: samyaro aris wes-
rigi, harmonia, mSveniereba. bunebas Tavis gonieri saw-
yisi aqvs, romlis Secvla adamians mxolod gonierebiT,
bunebis kanonebis SecnobiT SeuZlia (`sad aris poe-
zia?~). roca samyaros erT nawilSi (bunebaSi) kanonTa
rRveva iwyeba, samyaros meore nawilSi (`kacTa cxovre-
baSi~) usamarTloba, ukanonoba, umsgavsoba ikidebs fexs.
adamianis movaleobaa aqtiuri qmedebiT aRadginos wes-
rigi. es moTxovna, upirvelesad, Semoqmeds, xelovans
exeba, radgan `am patara arsebas, - adamians, TiTqos
mTeli buneba Tavis vinaobaSi mouTavsebia... Cveni cxov-
reba sruli gamomxatvelia bunebisa~.32 vaJas azriT,
xelovnebis fesvebi Rrmadaa gadgmuli adamianis sulier
cxovrebaSi: `vidre adamians grZnoba, fiqri da ocneba
SeuZlia, poeziac saWiro iqneba, radganac yoveli xe-
lovnebis nawarmoebi Seqmnilia adamianTa sulieri
cxovrebis dasakmayofileblad~.
vaJas filosofiiT, adamiani samyaros gvirgvinia:
`mTlad me mekuTvnis qveyana!~ - amayad acxadebda igi
(`simRera~). swored am rwmeniT acnobierebda vaJa, ro-
gorc Semoqmedi, Tavis movaleobas qveynisa da RmerTis
winaSe, Sinaganad grZnobda did sulier Zalas Tavisi
wili qveynisTvis epatrona: `mTas viyav, mwvervalze vi-
deq, Tvalwin mefina qveyana, gulzed mesvena mze-mTvare,
vlaparakobdi RmerTTana!~ RmerTTan saubari geniosTa
352
xvedria, amitom mogvagonebs vaJas es sityvebi did
ilias: `RmerTTan misTvis vlaparakob, rom warvuZRve
wina ersa!~ - da maT sulier naTesaobaze migviTiTebs.
vaJas azriT, Tu ki xelovans Tavisi qveynisa da
xalxis siyvaruli ar amoZravebs, veranair kulturul
Rirebulebas ver Seqmnis sazogadoebisTvis. xelovani
sazogadoebrivi interesebidan unda amodiodes da ara
kerZo, piradulidan: `mwerlis sulisa da gulis qona
iqidam sCans, aqvs raime ideali, uyvars ram am qveyanaSi,
unda qveynisaTvis, cxovrebisaTvis sikeTe, Tu ara~.33
vaJa-fSavelas esTetikur koncefciaSi ramdenime
aspeqtiTaa gaSuqebuli xelovnebis, rogorc mxatvrul-
SemoqmedebiTi procesis, Tavisebureba. kerZod, mas ain-
teresebs rogoria xelovanis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi
subieqtis, roli mxatvruli sinamdvilis Seqmnis pro-
cesSi, anu rogoria `SeTxzvis~ procesi; raSi vlindeba
xelovnebis originaloba, ramdenad gansazRvravs cxov-
rebiseuli masala, rogorc Semoqmedebis obieqturi faq-
tori, mxatvruli produqciis esTetikur Rirebulebas,
rogor xdeba cxovrebiseuli faqtis, movlenis mxatv-
rul sinamdviled gadaqceva. Tavisi esTetikuri Sexedu-
lebebiT am sakiTxebze vaJa 60-ianelTa realisturi Teo-
riis ara marto memkvidred gvevlineba, aramed aviTarebs
da Tvisebrivad axal safexursac aRwevs.
vaJas azriT, xelovnebas masalas cxovreba aZlevs,
`cxovrebisa da bunebis gareSe warmoudgenelia mwera-
li~. mwerlis Rirsebas gansazRvravs is, Tu `ra movle-
nani gauxdia mas mwerlobis Rirsad da ra Rirebu-
lebisaa es movlenani, ramdenad damokidebulia... siave
da sikeTe adamianTa sicocxlisa, cxovrebisa~. amdenad,
cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilidan saWiro masalis sworad
da gamiznulad SerCeva mniSvnelovani faqtoria Semoqme-
debiTi procesis warmarTvisTvis, xelovanis origina-
lobac imazea damokidebuli, rogor eTanxmeba gamosa-
353
xatavi mwerlis sulier miswrafebebs: `Tu ginda ori-
ginaluri Taviseburi mwerali dagiZaxon, - moiTxovs
vaJa WeSmariti Semoqmedisagan, - were ise, rogorc fiq-
rob, rogorc Sens suls da guls undodes, moswon-
des~.34 vaJa esTetikur-SemoqmedebiT procesSi subieq-
obieqtis iseT Tanaarsebobaze miuTiTebs, roca yovel-
gvari garegani Zaldataneba moxsnilia. aseTi Tanaar-
sebobis ucilobel pirobad mwerlis niWiereba miaCnia:
`ramdenadac didi niWis patronia mwerali, miT ufro
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli cxovrebasTan, mis mwvave
sakiTxebTan~ (`niWieri mwerali~). vaJas TvalsazrisiT,
xelovani Tavisi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis mixed-
viT imgvarad gadaamuSavebs, iseTi ideebiT datvirTavs
da iseT mxatvrul formaSi Camoasxams cxovrebiseul
masalas, rom `sxvasac agrZnobinos da afiqrebinos~ is,
rac mas gadauwyvetia.
marTalia, qveynis saWirboroto problemebze dakvir-
veba xelovans masalas aZlevs mxatvruli qmnilebisTvis
Sinaarsis gadmosacemad, magram am Sinaarss is dedaazri
warmarTavs, romlis Tqmac surs xelovans. amdenad, Si-
naarsi jer araa nawarmoebi, mTavaria is idea, romelic
mxatvruli suraTebis meSveobiT am SinaarsSi amoikiT-
xeba. es idea, azri ki xelovanma unda Cados SinaarsSi,
igi striqonebs Sua ikiTxeba an nawarmoebis mTliani
ganwyobilebidan unda amoicnos mkiTxvelma. Semoqmede-
biTi procesi, vaJas azriT, cnobierisa da aracnobie-
ris urTierTobis Sedegia. nawarmoebis siRrmeSi SesaZ-
loa iseTi idea iyos Camarxuli, romelic mwerals arc
ki hqondes gacnobierebuli, magram imdenad awuxebs da
mis sulier samyaros dauflebia, rogorc mtanjveli
azri, rom aracnobierad TviT detalebSic ki SeiZleba
gamJRavndes. mTavaria, mkiTxvelma Tu msmenelma amoikiT-
xos da sworad gaigos. am Tvalsazriss vaJa or cnobil
werilSi gadmoscems: `Pro domo sua~ da `kritika b. ip.
354
varTagavasi~. vaJa `baxtrionis~ finalTan dakavSirebiT
aRniSnavs, rom beri luxumisa da gvelis urTierTobis
miTosuri suraTi kritikosma ver gaigo, samagierod,
sworad gaigo erTma uswavlelma fSavelma, romelmac
striqonebi: `eRirsebao luxumsa laSaris gorze Sad-
goma~ - saqarTvelos momaval erovnul Tavisuflebas
daukavSira35. am werilebSi vaJa konkretulad miuTiTebs
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi ideuri mimarTulebis – tenden-
ciurobis – aucileblobaze: mxatvruli qmnileba raRa-
cis TqmisaTvis iqmneba, xelovani Tavis subieqtur ganc-
debs, satkivars, damokidebulebas gvamcnobs, winaaRmdeg
amisa, xelovnebis nawarmoebi arafris mTqmelia sazoga-
doebisaTvis: `Tu man ar gaiara fantaziis da gonebis
mangani (brZmedi-l.w.) Tu poetma mas ar Cahbera ukvdavi
suli, rogorc RmerTma Tixisagan Sezelil adams da
igi zRapari Tu legenda ar Seusisxlxorca sakuTar
sulsa da guls araferi gamova~.36
amrigad, vaJa marTebulad sxnis SemoqmedebiTi pro-
cesis erT-erT `saidumloebas~, roca miuTiTebs Semoq-
medebiT procesSi xelovanis, rogorc esTetikuri subi-
eqtis, warmmarTvel rolze da sinamdvilis, rogorc
realuri, obieqturi masalis arsebobis aucileblobaze.
ra STaagonebs niWier mwerals, ra aris poeturi
niWis aRmafrenis wyaro? vaJas azriT, poeturi niWis
gabrwyinebisaTvis ori ram aris saWiro: pirveli – mSob-
liuri eris siyvaruli: `ise poetis Semoqmedeba dunea,
Tu igi am siyvarulma ar aamoZrava, aRSfoTeba ar STa-
bera mas.~ meore - `deda-ena, misi sityvebis akinZva, misi
mimoxvra~, romelic `poetis aRmafrTovanebeli musikaa,
misTvis ZalRonis mimcemi TviT weris dros, meore
muzaa. Tu pirveli marcxniv udga da azrs ukarnaxebs,
meore marjvenas umSvenebs da nawarmoebis formas aZ-
levs~ (`niWieri mwerali~). vaJas es esTetikuri mrwamsi
mTels mis poetur samyaroSia gacxadebuli. didma
355
mgosanma qarTuli mTa _ fSavi da xevsureTi – Tavisi
xeluxlebeli bunebiT, warsuliT, awmyoTi, cxovrebis
wesiTa da adaTiT iseTi mxatvruli formebiT Semoiyva-
na qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi, rom misi sulieri
cxovrebis mudmiv Tanamgzavrad aqcia.
vaJas esTetikuri koncefciis realisturi xasiaTi
gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTlivia mxatvruli gansaxovnebis
principebze msjelobisas. vaJa or sakiTxze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas: rogori unda iyos mxatvruli saxis Seqmnis
principi da ra urTierTobaSia forma-Sinaarsi maRal-
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi. orive sakiTxis gaSuqebisas vaJa-
fSavela mtkiced icavs qarTvel samocianelTa realis-
tur Teorias.
vaJas TqmiT, cxovrebiseuli simarTle mwerlobaSi
ori gziT gadmoicema: poetur-beletristuli (mxatv-
rul-saxeobrivi) da publicisturi. orive dargisTvis
asaxvis `sagani erTi da imave WeSmaritebas amboben~,
mxolod gadmocemis formaa gansxvavebuli. simarTlis
publicisturi Tqma Zlieria, magram `ver aRelvebs
kacis gulsa da grZnobas~, maSin, roca `poeti azrs tan-
sacmels urCevs, akoxtavebs, alamazebs da yvelasaTvis
Tvalgulmisasvlels da mosawonars hxdis~. publicis-
tisgan gansxvavebiT, `poeti (xelovani) suraTebiT
gvesaubreba, tipebs qmnis, xSirad idealurs, xSirad
misabaZavs, iseT tipebs, romlis msgavsnic unda, rom
iyvnen poets cxovrebaSi~.37 amrigad, xelovnebis speci-
fika is aris, rom adamianze esTetikuri zemoqmedebis
Zlieri iaraRi aqvs, esaa gZnobad-konkretuli forma _
`suraTi~. vaJas TqmiT, suraTis Zala isaa, rom `ufro
cxovlad gvidgeba Tvalwin, cxovlad rogorc maga-
liTi, - romelic keTilis Tvisebisaa, keTils aRZravs
Cvens gulSi, da Tu sazizRaria, - zizRs da siZulvils~.
aq vaJa mxatvruli saxis TvalsaCinoebaze, im xatovane-
baze miuTiTebs, romelic konkretulisa da grZnobadis
356
formiT warmogvidgens saxes, Sinaarsobrivad ganzogade-
buls da azris gamomxatvels. aseT mxatvrul saxes vaJa
`tips~ uwodebs. didi poeti ilias realizms erTgulebs
imiTac, rom tipur saxeSi mxolod idealurs, dadebiTs
ar xedavs. misi azriT, tipi SesaZloa `daqveiTebuli
adamianic~ iyos. vaJa pirdapir miuTiTebs: `poeturi
mwerlobac maSin aris Ronieri, roca marto frazebiT
ki araa savse, aramed vpovebT masSi an daqveiTebul
kacs, poetisagan daxatuls, an didsulovan adamians~.38
qarTul mxatvrul sinamdvileSi tipur saxeTa gale-
reaSi vaJa saukeTesod mxolod ilias `kacia-adamianis?!~
da `oTaraanT qvrivis~ gmirebs asaxelebs. vaJa aRta-
cebiT saubrobs ilias mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiT niWze,
misi kalmis siZliereze, luarsab TaTqariZes `cxovre-
bis saWiroebis mixedviT Seqmnil tipad miiCnevs~. am
mxatvruli saxis cxovelmyofelobas imaSi xedavs, rom
`sxva axal tips aRar auCoCqolebia Cveni sazogadoeba,
Rrmad ar Caufiqrebia Tavis yofa-mdgomareobaze~. vaJa
ilias udides damsaxurebad uTvlis imas, rom batony-
mobis pirobebSi Tavisi satiruli kalmiT gamoaRviZa
sazogadoeba, TvalnaTliv daanaxa am institutis
sisaZagle da mankiereba, daexmara `erTi fexi win waedga
Cvens TviTcnobasa da moqalaqobrivobas~.
vaJa realisturi esTetikis principebis damcvelia.
misTvis, qarTvel samocianelTa msgavsad, sruliad
miuRebelia `xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis~, rogorc `fuWi
da usargeblo~ formaTa TamaSi. poets Rrmad swams, rom
WeSmarit xelovans `qveynis saWiroeba aRonebs da awu-
xebs... xelovneba qveynis saWiroebas Tan misdevs~, amitom
xelovnebaSi yovelTvis vlindeba tendenciuroba. `yvela
poeturi nawarmoebi ase Tu ise tendenciuria~, - wers
vaJa, radgan amiT poeti Tavis subieqtur `me~-s gamoxa-
tavs sakuTar qmnilebaSi (`sad aris poezia?~), vaJas
rwmeniT, xelovnebas adamianuri sulis moZraobis yvela
357
niuansis gamoxatva ZaluZs: `siZulvili Tu siyvaruli,
Suri, mtroba, simamace da simxdale, qveloba da siZun-
we... yvelafers Tavisi gasamarTlebeli sabuTi aqvs,
mizezi, garemoeba. mwerals es mudam unda axsovdes, rom
bunebrivs kanons ar umtyuvnos~, amitom xelovnebaSi
ideis, Sinaarsis srulad gamoxatvisTvis udidesi mniSv-
neloba aqvs mxatvruli formis Zaldautaneblad SerCe-
vas: `forma unda mihyves TviT nagrZnobs da naazrevs~.
vaJa winaaRmdegia `win da winve formis planis~ Sed-
genisa. igi Tvlis, rom ideis Sesabamisi mxatvruli
formiT gamoxatva aqcevs nawarmoebs WeSmariti xelov-
nebis qmnilebad. nawarmoebSi forma-Sinaarsis aseT
erTianobas vaJa `bunebrivobas~ uwodebs.
vaJas esTetikur SexedulebebSi Teoriuli azri ar
daufiqsirebia bunebis esTetikuri aRqmis Taviseburebis
Sesaxeb, magram mis mxatvrul samyaroSi filosofosis
TvaliTaa danaxuli Cveulebrivi mokvdavisaTvis miuwv-
domeli da amoucnobi kanonzomiereba bunebisa da ada-
mianis urTierTobisa. igi asulierebs bunebas, aniWebs
mas adamianis sulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs,
metyveli, feradovani mxatvruli simboloebiT cdilobs
konkretuli saxe misces zogads, arsobrivs da amiT
mkiTxvels gauadvilos Sesvla idumalebiT mocul kos-
miur samyaroSi. iq, sadac bunebis warmonaqmni aqvs aRe-
buli gamosaxvis sagnad, Tavis poeziasa Tu prozaSi,
yvelgan vaJa ganmartavs samyaros wonasworobis prin-
cips.
bunebis esTetikuri aRqmis safuZvlad vaJas humaniz-
mi aqvs momarjvebuli, yvelgan sicocxlis wyurvili da
sicocxlis sixarulia, magram bunebis Temaze Seqmnil
nawarmoebebSi erTi qveteqsti ikiTxeba: adamiania damna-
Save imaSi, rom igi arRvevs samyaros wonasworobis
princips da cdilobs Tavisi egoisturi ltolvebis da-
sakmayofileblad bunebis harmoniuli mSvenierebis
358
waSlas. ase SeiZleba samyaroSi disharmonia gabatondes,
rac kacobriobas daRupvisaken ubiZgebs. cxadia, vaJas es
Tvalsazrisi, Tanamedrove globaluri ekologiuri
safrTxis momlodine adamianma gafrTxilebad unda
miiRos.
vaJa bunebis damcvelia, bunebaSi xedavs maradiuli
sicocxlis wyaros, swams, rom zamTars gazafxuli
Secvlis, kvlav ayvavdeba mTa-bari da es rwmena `kacTa
cxovrebaze~ gadaaqvs, radgan icis, rom adamiani bunebis
Svilia, misi wes-rigis mimdevari. sicocxlis siyvaruli,
mSobliuri mTa-baris siyvaruli, adamianis siyvaruli
aris amosavali vaJas msoflmxedvelobrivi da esTetiku-
ri mrwamsisa, romlis amokiTxva erTiani siZlieriT
SeiZleba rogorc mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, ise Teo-
riul naazrevSi.
359
meaTe Tavi
social-politikuri da
socialuri azri
$1. social-politikuri azri
humanitaruli azrovnebisa da socialuri cxovrebis
politikuri gardaqmnisa da mowyobis mcdelobebis is
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, romlebic XIX saukunis sa-
qarTveloSi viTardeboda, mis ZiriTad nawilSi ar iyo
adgilobrivi, sakuTriv saqarTvelos sulier sivrceSi
aRmocenebuli. ruseTis imperiis mier saqarTvelos
Tavis SemadgenlobaSi Seyvanis Zaladobrivma politi-
kurma nabijma saqarTvelos gza gauxsna evropisken da
Cvens mowinave sazogadoebas am periodis msoflios yve-
laze ufro mowinave sociologiursa da politikur
azrTan ziarebis SesaZlebloba misca.
es SesaZlebloba, risi gamoyenebac jer kidev aleq-
sandre amilaxvarma daiwyo, qarTveli eris mowinave
inteleqtualuri nawilis mier uaRresad nayofierad
iqna gamoyenebuli. swored amis Sedegia am periodis
saqarTveloSi arsebuli filosofiuri azric da socia-
luri moZraobebic, romlebic iseTive Wreli da mraval-
ferovania, rogoric misi pirvelwyaro (evropa), romel-
sac zogjer im gzis (kerZod ki, ruseTis) kvalic mkveT-
rad atyvia, romliTac saqarTvelo evropaSi ,,gavida”
da, romelmac evropis mowinave ideebi Tavis specifikas
moargo da Sesabamisad gardaqmna (rogorc es, magali-
Tad, ,,narodnikebis” SemTxvevaSi moxda).
pirveli, vinc am periodis saqarTveloSi evropuli
azrovnebis mowinave nakadebs gza gauxsna, uaRresad
mniSvnelovani moazrovne iagor WilaSvilia. amasTan, Wi-
360
laSvilis Sexedulebebi TavisTavadac imdenad mniSvne-
lovania, rom misi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe XIX saukunis
qarTuli sociologiuri da politikuri azris isto-
riis srulyofilad gaazreba SeuZlebelia. swored es
garemoeba gansazRvravs wignis am TavSi ganxiluli sa-
kiTxebis kompoziciur wyobas, romelSic i. WilaSvilis
Semdeg ganxilulia sxvadasxva saazrovno nakadebi da
calkeuli avtorebi (xalxosnoba, ,,mesame dasi”, egnate
ninoSvili). win, ZiriTadad politikuri azris istoriaa
wamoweuli, xolo Semdeg (giorgi wereTeli, ivane jaba-
dari, anton furcelaZe) sociologiuri Sexedulebebi.
1. iagor (giorgi) WilaSvili (1790-1838). iagor
(giorgi) WilaSvili _ daibada duSeTSi 1790 wels. 1803
wels misi ojaxi vaxtang batoniSvilis iZulebiT
gadasaxlebis Semdeg gadavida ruseTSi; vaxtangis
daxmarebiT qarTvelTa Soris pirvelma miiRo
safuZvliani rusul-evropuli ganaTleba. kargad
icnobda, iziarebda da aviTarebda frangi
ganmanaTleblebis progresul ideebs, eweoda
mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas (frangulidan Targmna mon-
teskies ,,arzas da ismenia” da mablis ,,istoriis Seswav-
lis Sesaxeb”); piradad icnobda (da zogierTi mkvlevris
azriT, megobrobda kidec) a.s. griboedovs; iTvleboda
rusi dekabristebis ideur winamorbedad; 1815-1822 wleb-
Si iyo masonTa loJis wevri, romelic im dros, Tavis
rigebSi ruseTis mTeli imperiis masStabiT, mraval
progresulad moazrovne adamians aerTianebda; mkvle-
varTa azriT, i. WilaSvili ideur kavSirSi iyo 1832
wlis SeTqmulebTan (Tumca masSi uSualod ar monawi-
leobda), ris dasturad is faqti miaCniaT, rom ,,gamarj-
vebis SemTxvevaSi SeTqmulebi g. WilaSvils erTdrou-
lad ganaTlebisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministrebis pos-
tebze umiznebdnen”1. amis gamo, rogorc misi biografiu-
li faqtebidan Cans, igi Jandarmeriis meTvalyureobas
361
dauqvemdebares da faruli angariSsworeba dauwyes;
gardaicvala 1838 wels q. lenqoranSi (dRevandeli
azerbaijani).
i. WilaSvili Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
ganaTlebuli, azrovnebis farTo diapazonis mqone da
Tavisi drois kvalobaze uaRresad progresuli moaz-
rovnea. misi SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba Zalze zogadad
da pirobiTad SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc adamianisa
da sazogadoebis Sesabamis filosofiur (anTropolo-
giursa da sociologiur) gaazrebaze dafuZnebuli, Zi-
riTadad franguli ganmanaTleblobis saazrovno naka-
dis WrilSi Camoyalibebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teo-
ria. Tavis ZiriTad TxzulebaSi _ ,,bunebiTi samarTlis
monaxazi” (,,Начертаные права природного”, gamoica 1812
wels) igi aRniSnavs, rom adamiani ibadeba grZnobis
unariT da xelmZRvanelobs bunebis kanonebiT. adamianis
bunebad iwodeba TvisebaTa gamosaxuleba. bunebiTi
kanonebi qmnian wess, romelSic xdeba adamianTa yvela
moqmedebani da tanjvani. aseTi kanonebis krebuli ki
iwodeba bunebiT samarTlad2. maT Sesacnobad ,,unda
gamovikvlio is, rasac es kanonebi ganusazRvraven ada-
mians da is, rasac isini Txouloben adamianisgan: ga-
movikvlioT adamianis bunebiTi mimarTulebani da val-
debulebani”3, ris gasagebadac ukve saWiroa avxsnaT
adamianis bunebiTi saWiroeba. amgvarad: ,,adamianis saWi-
roebisa da unaris Secnoba gvixsnis maT marTebulobasa
da valdebulebas, xolo ukanaskneli sxva araferia, Tu
ara bunebis kanonebis Secnoba”4.
bunebam misca adamians saWiroebani (saWmel-sasmelis,
Zilis, mosvenebis, tanisamosis, binis, SeuRlebis) da
imavdroulad aRWurva am saWiroebaTa dakmayofilebis
unarebiT, romlebic orgvaria: fizikuri da sulieri.
pirvelni (mxedveloba, smena, ynosva Sexeba, gemo) sxeul-
Si imyofeba da sulieri niWis safuZvels warmoadgenen.
362
,,sulieri niWi sulisagan warmoiSoba da niSnavs sulis
moqmedebas, aseTebia: yuradReba, fiqri, msjeloba,
warmodgena (gageba), survili, neba”5.
sulisa da sulieri niWis aseTi gageba sruliadac
ar niSnavs imas, rom i. WilaSvili adamianis gagebaSi im
saazrovno nakadis poziciebze dgas, romelic Tanamed-
rove filosofiaSi goniT, an religiur anTropo-
logiadaa cnobili. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
aqac igi arsebiTad ar scildeba franguli ganmanaT-
leblobis sazRvrebs. saWiroebani, aRniSnavs igi, bade-
ben maTi dakmayofilebis saSualebebs, rac SeuZlebelia
sulieri unaris gareSe, romelic adamians uviTardeba
am saSualebebis Ziebis procesSi ,,TandaTanobiT da
SemTxveviT”; ,,mas itacebs Sinagani moZraoba, romelic
misTvis ucnobia da naxulobs sasurvel dakmayofilebas
imgvarad, rom araferze fiqrobs. mxolod maSin misi
sulieri unari iwyebs ganviTarebas”6. amgvarad, ,,adamia-
nis saWiroebasa da mis unars Soris garduvali Tana-
fardobaa. rogorc aq aris msjeloba Cvens bunebiT
saWiroebasa da unarze, me movaled vTvli Tavs, aqve
vaCveno maTi urTierTSesabamisoba”7.
adamiani, i. WilaSvilis azriT, sicocxlisTvis iba-
deba. igi am qveyanaze bunebam warmoSva. Bbunebamve mia-
niWa mas saWiroebani da moamaraga moTxovnilebebis dak-
mayofilebis unarebiT. swored es garemoeba unda gan-
sazRvravdes misi cxovrebis wessa da xasiaTs, romel-
Sic adamians marTebs: sakuTar Tavze zrunva, Tavisi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba da mis garSemo arse-
buli sagnebiT sargebloba. aRniSnuliTve unda iyos
gansazRvruli misi movaleobani da, Sesabamisad, misi
cxovrebis zneobrivi mxarec, sadac igi valdebulia:
moeridos tanjvas da sikvdils, izrunos Tavisi si-
cocxlis SesanarCuneblad, ZaliT moigerios misi si-
cocxlisa da keTildReobisTvis safrTxis Semcveli
363
yovelgvari gardauvali Tavdasxma da Tavisi moTxov-
nilebebis dakmayofilebisas daicvas zomiereba.
bunebisgan micemulma saWiroebam da unarma, i.
WilaSvilis azriT, adamians gauCina axali, _ Sromis,
ganaTlebisa da Tanacxovrebis saWiroebani. ,,adamians ar
SeuZlia daikmayofilos arc erTi Tavisi bunebiTi
moTxovnileba, ar SeuZlia Seasrulos Tavisi valdebu-
lebani Sromis gareSe..... Sromis saWiroeba sagrZnoblad
izrdeba da rTuldeba, rodesac adamianebi Sedian sa-
zogadoebaSi”8.
TviT sazogadoebis arsebobisa da amisTvis saWiro
Aadamianuri unarebis mTavari safuZvelic, i. WilaSvi-
lis azriT, misi saWiroebania. saqme is aris, rom aris
SemTxvevebi, rodesac adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofi-
los Tavisi bunebiTi saWiroebani. amisTvis saWiroa
gareSe daxmareba. ,,amitom mas aqvs moTxovnileba Tanac-
xovrebis, e.i. Tavis msgavs arsebaTa sazogadoebaSi
yofnisa da es moTxovnileba bunebidan momdinareobs”9.
sxva adamianebTan Tanacxovreba adamians valdebuls
xdis gaiazros maTi saWiroebani da moaxmaros mas Ta-
visi unari. maSin warmoiSoba adamianTa Soris urTierT-
mimarTebani, romlebic dafuZnebulia imis Secnobaze,
Tu bunebiT TiToeuls gankerZoebiT ra ekuTvnis, ras
moiTxovs erTi meorisgan da ra valdebuleba aqvs meo-
res pirvelis mimarT.
adamianis saWiroeba-unarebis samarTlebrivi da so-
cialur-kulturologiuri funqciis zemoganxilul xed-
vazevea dafuZnebuli iseTi fundamenturi filosofiuri
problemis i. WilaSviliseuli xedva, rogoric adamia-
nis Tavisuflebaa. aq, rogorc es i. WilaSvilis profe-
siuli interesebis mqone moazrovnes Sehferis, wina
planze adamianis piradi sakuTrebis samarTlebriv-fi-
losofiuri mxarea wamoweuli.
364
adamianis sxeulebrivi da sulieri unarebi misi
piradi sakuTrebaa. isini yvela adamians individualuri
aqvs, ,,mxolod mas exeba, mxolod masSi ibadebian da
kvdebian, _ ise, rom ar vrceldebian mis msgavsze”.10 ami-
tom es unarebi Seadgens adamianis pirad kuTvnilebas.
aqedan gamomdinareobs is, rom adamians ,,SeuZlia gamoi-
yenos Tavisi sulieri da sxeulebrivi unari, rogorc
Tavisi sakuTreba da es iwodeba bunebriv Tavisufle-
bad”11.
amdenad, i. WilaSvilis azriT, Tavisufleba aucile-
bel kavSirSia pirad sakuTrebasTan. ,,ar arsebobs
Tavisufleba piradi sakuTrebis gareSe da ar arsebobs
piradi sakuTreba Tavisuflebis gareSe. ar arsebobs ke-
TildReoba maT gareSe”11. amitom: 1. TiToeuli adamianis
piradi sakuTreba da Tavisufleba unda iyos wmidaTaw-
mida da xelSeuxebeli; 2. mxolod mas erTs aqvs ufleba
gankargos is Tavisi nebiT; 3. is valdebulia ZaliT
moigerios yovelgvari Tavdasxma, romelic safrTxes
uqmnis mis pirad sakuTrebasa da Tavisuflebas”12.
Tavisuflebis aseTi, i. WilaSviliseuli gaazreba,
dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, unaklodAan Tundac mTlad
damakmayofileblad ver CaiTvleba. magram imis gaT-
valiswinebiT, rom am dros ruseTis mTel imperiaSi
sastiki reaqcia mZvinvarebda da batonymobis gauqmebam-
dec jer kidev bevri dro iyo darCenili, marTebulad
unda CaiTvalos iv. surgulaZis mosazreba, romlis
Tanaxmadac i. WilaSvili progresuli moazrovne iyo,
rac gamoixateba imaSi, rom ,,rodesac i. WilaSvils
saubari aqvs piradi sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobaze, ro-
gorc wmidaTawmidaze, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs pirovnebis
Tavisufleba”13.
am mosazrebas ufro safuZvlians xdis i. WilaSvi-
lis msjeloba xelSekrulebis Sesaxeb, sadac igi wers:
,,yvela adamiani Tavisufalia. yvela adamiani Tanasworia
365
urTierTSoris piradi sakuTrebisa da Tavisuflebis
mixedviT. maSasadame, an aravin aravis winaSe ar aris
valdebuli, an kidev, ramdenic erTs marTebs meoresi,
imdenive marTebs meores pirvelis. amaze aris damya-
rebuli xelSekrulebani, romlebic dadebulia adamia-
nebis mier saerTo cxovrebaSi Sesvlisas”14. es xelSek-
rulebani warmoiSoba TviTon bunebidan da ,,usaTuod
unda gamomdonareobdnen adamianebis nebisa da Tavisuf-
lebisgan, Sesabamisad misi saWiroebisa da unarebisagan,
agreTve, isini Sesabamisi unda iyos mis marTebulobeb-
Tan da valdebulebebTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi valde-
bulebani ar moqmedeben”15. marTebulad migvaCnia iv.
surgulaZis mier Tavisuflebis i. WilaSviliseuli
gagebis iseTi interpretaciac, romelSic igi adamianTa
Tanasworobis ideis damkvidrebadaa miCneuli. i. Wila-
Svilis azriT, wers igi, adamiani Tavisufalia, Tumca
es Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos ,,saerTo keTild-
Reobis“ interesebisaTvis, adamianTa Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebiT, “magram xelSekrulebis dadeba Tavisu-
fali nebis gamomJRavnebas niSnavs da am SemTxvevaSi,
adamianebi erTmaneTisadmi Tanasworni arian”16.
aseTia mokled i. WilaSvilis Tvalsazrisi adamian-
ze, sazogadoebaze, Tavisuflebaze, Tanasworobaze, so-
cialur samarTlianobaze da a.S., rac, imis miuxedavad,
rom is TviTonve iZleva humanitaruli azrovnebis am
fundamenturi kategorirebis sxvadasxvagvari, zogjer
arsebiTad gansxvavebuli interpretaciebis SesaZleblo-
bas, mainc, rogorc am periodis evropis mowinave azr-
Tan srul SesatyvisobaSi myofi erT_erTi umniSvneli-
vanesi nakadi qarTul saazrovno sivrceSi, udavod didi
da pozitiuri mniSvnelobis movlenad unda CaiTvalos.
xalxosnoba. xalxosnoba saqarTveloSi araa wminda
erovnuli movlena. igi garedan, kerZod ki, ruseTidanaa
Semotanili. amaze metyvelebs Tundac is faqti, rom
366
termini xalxosnoba Targmnilia rusuli narodnike-
bidan. am periodis saqarTvelos ruseTis imperiis erT-
erT nawilad yofna rom ara, xalxosnuri moZraoba
saqarTveloSi SeiZleba arc yofiliyo. Tavisi arsiT is
wminda rusuli movlenaa. arsebiTad aseTive darCa igi
saqarTveloSic, Tumca ki CvenTan mis gavrcelebas, cxa-
dia, hqonda Tavisi, specifikur-qarTuli safuZvlebic.
erT-erT aseT safuZvlad SeiZleba miviCnioT erov-
nul TviTcnobierebasTan da erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-
beli moZraobis masazrdoebel ideebTan Sewyvilebuli,
am periodSi 60-ianelTa mier ukve sakmaod gamoRviZebul
da momZlavrebul qarTvelTa istoriuli swrafva Ta-
visuflebisken. Tu rusuli narodnikoba ZiriTadad ba-
tonymobis gauqmebis Semdgomi periodis glexobis umZi-
mesi mdgomareobis Semsubuqebisa da mTlianad ruseTis
imperiis socialuri da politikuri klimatis gajansa-
RebisTvis iRvwoda, qarTveli narodnikebis mniSvnelo-
vani nawili am moZraobaSi intuiciurad erovnuli da-
moukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis garkveul, Tundac
Zalze Soreul perspeqtivebsac xedavda. Zalzed mniSv-
nelovania isic, rom xalxSi swavla-ganaTlebis Setani-
sa da misi ukeTesi cxovrebisTvis TandaTanobiT qadage-
ba Zalzed maxlobeli da sruliad misaRebi iyo qarT-
veli eris saukeTeso inteleqtualuri nawilisTvis.
xalxosnuri moZraobis ZiriTadi ideebis saqarTve-
loSi Semomtani da maTi popularizatorebi upirvele-
sad is qarTveli studentebi iyvnen, romlebic ruseTSi
swavlobdnen, iq ecnobodnen da aqtiurad monawileobd-
nen ruseTis socialur-revoluciur moZraobaSi. xal-
xosnuri moZraobis erT-erTi moTave, cnobili qarTveli
mwerali sofrom mgalobliSvili (1851-1925) werda: ,,po-
litikurma procesebma xom liberalebs cecxlze wyali
dausxa: jer 50-is, Semdeg 93-is da sxvaTa procesebma
xalxs Tvalebi auxila, ormocdaaTianebis procesSi
367
Cveni Tanamemamulenic erivnen: ivane jabadari, aleqsand-
re ciciSvili, mixeil CikoiZe, giorgi zdanoviCi da
gamyreliZe, romelTac katorRa gamoiares. maT Soris
ciciSvili da CikoiZe cimbirSi daixocnen.
aleqsandre mesamem saSineli Savi reaqcia gaamefa:
devna, daxrCoba gacimbireba. cixeebi politikurebs ve-
Rar itevda, magram arc revolucionerebs eZinaT. iyo
ori revolucioneri mimdinareoba ruseTSi bakuninisa,
romelic qadagebda brZolas, brZolas bolomde da
lavrovisa, romelic mSvidobis propagandis gziT mi-
dioda revoluciisaken, magram aleqsandre mesamis reaq-
ciam SeaerTa es ori mimdinareoba, SeTanxmdnen, daiwyo
anarqiuli gamosvlebi, daiwyo orive mxriv Seubrale-
beli brZola.
ruseTis am moZraobas hqonda Cvens axalgazrdobaze
gavlena. ruseTSi aRzrdilma axalgazrdobam CvenSi
gadmoitana eseTive moZraoba, romelsac adgilobrivi
inteligencia gamoepasuxa”17.
am axalgazrdebidan TviT sofrom mgalobliSvili
asaxelebs ivane jabadars, aleqsandre ciciSvils,
mixeil CikoiZes, giorgi zdanoviCs da a. gamyreliZes,
romlebic gaxmaurebul 50-is procesSic erivnen da
romlebmac, Semdgom, katorRac gamoiares (amaTgan cici-
Svili da CikoiZe cimbirSi daiRupnen), magram maTi
ricxvi, cxadia gacilebiT meti iyo. es axalgazrdebi,
samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg aqtiurad ebmebodnen
adgilobriv idur-politikursa da socialur cxovreba-
Si da adgilobriv mowinave axalgazrdul inteleqtua-
lur ZalebTan erTad aqtiur propagandas uwevdnen
xalxosnur ideebs da praqtikuladac monawileobdnen
mosaxleobis farTo masebSi swavla-ganaTlebis Setanisa
da gavrcelebis saqmeSi. yovelive amis Sedegi iyo is,
rom ukve 70-80-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi arsebobda
ramdenime xalxosnuri dajgufeba: TbilisSi, gorSi,
368
quTaisSi, TelavSi da ozurgeTSi. ukve ,,1872 wlidan,
igonebs s. mgalobliSvili, TbilisSi aqa-iq imarTeba
krebebi, romlebsac eswreba moswavle axalgazrdoba,
kiTxuloben ara marto nebadarTul, aramed akrZalul
wignebsac, saswavleblebSi fuZndeba saidumlo biblio-
Tekebi, sadac inaxeba ,,sovremenniki”, ,,velikorusi”, dob-
roliubovis, pisarevis, CerniSevskis, prudonis, lasali-
sa da sxvaTa nawerebi. miznad davisaxeT TviTganviTa-
reba da Semdeg xalxSi gasvla saqadageblad monar-
qiuli wyobilebis sawinaaRmdego azrebisa”18.
xalxosnuri ideebis gavrcelebaSi did rols as-
rulebs TbilisSi Saburovis saxlSi vinme ivanovis
saxelze daarsebuli biblioTeka, romelic mkiTxvelebs
xalxosnuri ideebis Semcveli nebadarTuli literatu-
ris garda, amaragebda iseTi samecniero wignebiTac, ro-
melTa kiTxvac seminarielebs akrZaluli hqondaT. Sio
daviTaSvilis cnobiT, es biblioTeka faqtobrivad wig-
nebis sakuTari koleqciis xarjze daursebia egnate
ioselians, romelic xalxosnuri wreebis erT-erT
aRiarebul liderad iTvleboda da aqtiurad qadagebda
narodnikul ideebs (ris gamoc igi erTxans cixeSic
mjdara). igive Sio daviTaSvili ramdenimejer CamoTv-
lis misTvis (da misi wrisTvisac) nacnob avtorebs,
romlebmac erTob didi roli Seasrules misi msofl-
mxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi: ,,darvini, heksli, fogti,
spenseri, konti, berkli, marqsi, berne, Jan-Jak ruso,
adam smiti, bolardo, sen-simoni, furie, robert oueni,
prudoni, lavrovi (mirtovi), flerovski, belinski,
CerniSevski, dabroliubovi, pisarevi da sxva”19. am
avtorebze ubralo Tvalis gadavlebac kmara imis dasa-
naxad, Tu ramdenad dauxvewavi da Camouyalibebelia,
mecnierul mTlianobasa da Sinagan logikas moklebu-
lia es msoflmxedveloba. igi arsebiTad warmoadgens
sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis
369
sxvadasxva skolebisa da mimdinareobebis calkeul,
xSirad urTierTgamomricxav mosazrebaTa qaosur da
ekleqtikur nazavs da es iTqmis ara mxolod romelime
calke aRebuli moazrovnis, aramed mTlianad qarTuli
xalxosnuri moZraobis msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb. es
arcaa gasakviri. qarTuli sazogadoebis im nawilisa Tu
fenis cnobiereba, romelsac ruseTSi ,,raznoCinelebi”
uwodes da romlebic TviT saqarTveloSi sarkazmuli
iumoriT ,,tetiaTa moyvarulebis” epitetiT iqnen monaT-
lulni, erTbaSad waawyda ruseTisa da gansakuTrebiT
evropis mecnieruli da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis
iseT dones, romlis warmmarTvel da ganmsazRvrel
problematikaSi garkveva, mas, Sesabamisi momzadebisa da
gamocdilebis arqonis gamo, Zalian gauWirda.
am gaWirvebis Sedegi iyo is, rom qarTvelma xal-
xosnebma ver SeZles SeeqmnaT raime mwyobri sistema, an
gamokveTili, Tundac epigonuri skola, ris gamoc
Zalze Znelia moZieba raime iseTi socialuri an poli-
tikuri, Tundac wminda Teoriuli problemisa, romlis
gadawyvetasa Tu gaziarebaSi maT Soris sruli Tanxmo-
ba da erToba iqneboda. amitom qarTuli xalxosnobis
istoriis WrilSi misi sociologiuri da socialur-
politikuri Sexedulebebis gaazrebisTvis erT-erT yve-
laze ufro warmatebulsa da optimalur gzad SeiZleba
miviCnioT, am moZraobis cnobili da tipuri warmo-
madgenlebis Sexedulebebis gadmocema im ZiriTadi da
sakvanZo problemebisa da ideebis garSemo, romlebic
ase Tu ise, aRZraven da warmarTaven am periodis mTels
sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da mis aqtivobas, rogorc
Teoriul, aseve praqtikul planSi.
erT-erTi aseTi idea da sakuTvriv saqarvelosTvis
problemac erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da damoukideb-
lobis problemaa. Tu rusul narodnikul moZraobas,
TviT ruseTis istoriis TaviseburebaTa gamo, SeuZlia
370
mas erTgvarad zereled Sexedos, an sulac (zogjer
Segnebuladac) saerTod ignorirebac gaukeTos, sakuT-
riv qarTuli xalxosnobisTvis _ imperiuli monobis
uRelqveS myofi am patara qveynis ideuri da socialur-
politikuri moZraobisaTvis _ is, rogorc TiTqmis
mTeli Cveni istoriis erT-erTi umTavresi magenera-
lizebuli idea (da problemac), ar SeiZleboda aseve
centraluri da umTavresi ar yofiliyo. am ideisa da
masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis xalxosnuri xedvis
gaazrebisTvis aucilebelia imis gaTvalisewineba, rom
70-80-ian wlebSi igi Seejaxa evropidan ruseTSi, aqedan
ki ukve saqarTveloSi SemoWrili ideuri da socialur-
politikuri moZraobis umZlavres talRas, romelic ne-
bismieri socialuri organizmis gonivrulad mowesrige-
bis erTaderT da umTavres gzas misi ekonomikuri sis-
temis Zireul SecvlaSi xedavda. es moZraoba Tavis
meTodologiur safuZvlad gulisxmobda sinamdvilis
materialistur xedvas, romelmac saboloo Teoriuli
saxe da forma, rogorc cnobilia, miiRo marqsizmSi,
romlis erT-erTi centraluri dogmaturi debulebis
Tanaxmad sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, sabolood mTlia-
nad da erTmniSvnelovnadaa gansazRvruli sazogadoeb-
rivi yofierebiT. Tumca Zalze didi gadaWarbeba iqne-
boda imis mtkiceba, rom qarTvel xalxosnebs ramenai-
rad swori da sruli codna aqvT marqsis moZRvrebisa,
mainc faqtia, rom aRniSnulma ideur-politikurma moZ-
raobam, romelsac TiTqmis mTeli evropa hqonda mocu-
li, maT SexedulebebSic hpova sakmaod reliefuri asax-
va.
swored amis Sedegia is, rom qarTveli xalxosnebis
mier erovnuli problematika TiTqmis yovelTvis ganixi-
leba socialur-ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis problemati-
kasTan erTad, rogorc wesi, am ukanasknelis primatis
aRiarebiT da mis umTavressa da upirveles amocanad
371
miCneviT. maTi samoqmedo programa, zogadad aseTia:
evropisa da ruseTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis masazr-
doebel mowinave ideebTan ziarebis gziT TviTganaT-
leba da ganviTareba; xalxSi gasvla da am ideebis
qadageba. rac Seexeba erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideas,
miuxedavad imisa, rom xalxosnebs igi yuradRebis
gareSe ar rCebaT, mas maTi samoqmedo programis met-
naklebad mniSvnelovan punqtad namdvilad mainc ver
miviCnevT.
aRniSnul samoqmedo programaze pirdapir msjelobs
s. mgalobliSvili: ,,miznad davisaxeT TviTganviTareba
da xalxSi gasvla”, xolo i. mansvetaSvili Tavis ,,mo-
gonebebSi” wers: ,,filosofiaSi im dros didi adgili
uWiravs ogiust konts... da inglisel spensers. ... sen-
simonis, furies, ouenis, prudonis, lasalis da sxvaTa
naSromebi CvenTvis saukeTeso wignebi iyo”20 da Semdeg:
,,vfiqrobdiT, saqarTveloSi dabrunebisas ra saqmes
davdgomodiT, muSaobisTvis ra asparezi amogverCia, ra
gziT mivSvelebodiT muSa xalxs, glexobas, rom maTi
keTildReoba, yofacxovreba gaumjobesdes”21. es ,,muSa
xalxi, glexoba”, ra Tqma unda, xalxosnebisTvis pirvel
rigSi qarTveli xalxia d maTi keTildReobisTvis
zrunva friad sapatio saqmea, magram gza, romelic
xalxosnebma am keTilSobiluri miznisTvis airCies Zi-
reulad gansxvavdeba im iliaseuli samoqmedo progra-
misgan, romelic ,,mgzavris werilebSia” Camoyalibebuli.
es gza iyo ,,xalxSi gasvla” da social-revoluciuri
ideebis qadageba. socialuri revolucia ki Tavisi saz-
risiT arsebiTad gansxvavdeba erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-
beli moZraobisgan da misi mTavari mizanic aranairad
araa erovnuli damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis mo-
poveba. Tu qarTveli xalxosnebisTvis erovnuli damou-
kideblobis idea mainc mniSvnelovania, es upirvelesad
gamowveulia ara TviT xalxosnuri moZraobis xasiaTiT,
372
aramed im sulieri velis TaviseburebiT, romelSic
isini cxovroben da moRvaweoben da romlis gavlenasac
isini, ase Tu ise, mainc ganicdian. es veli aris
qarTuli kulturis sulierebis veli, romlis arsebiTi
Taviseburebebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad ideaTa Soris
erT-erTi wamyvani adgili TiTqmis yovelTvis ekava
erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideasac, ideas, romelic samo-
cianelTa mier erT-erTi upirvelesi idealis rangSi
iqna ayvanili. qarTveli xalxosnebi, mTeli maTi cxov-
rebisa da sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis rusuli narod-
nikobiT gansazRvrulobis miuxedavad, mainc qarTve-
lebi, qarTuli kulturis Svilebi arian da swored es
ganapirobebs maT araerTgvarovan, xSirad winaaRmdegob-
riv damokidebulebas erovnulTan mimarTebaSi.
es winaaRmdegobrioba kargad Cans xalxosnuri moZ-
raobis Tundac iseTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenlis maga-
liTze, rogoric giorgi maiaSvili (giorgi zdanoviCis
fsevdonimi) iyo (1854-1917).
jer kidev ,,50-is procesze” warmoTqmul sityvaSi,
romelic gamoirCeva radikaluri msjelobebiTa da xal-
xosnuri ideebis gabeduli qadagebiT, g. maiaSvili
ilaSqrebs imaT winaaRmdeg, visac miaCnia, rom ruseTi
evropisgan gansxvavebulia da sxva gziT unda wavides.
misi azriT ideebi yvelgan erTia da ruseTSiac iseve
unda ecadon xalxis yofa-cxovrebis gaumjobesebas, ro-
gorc evropaSi. xolo rac Seexeba TviT xalxis cnebis
Sinaarsis g. maiaSviliseul gagebas, aq igi aviTarebs
Tvalsazriss, romelsac aSkarad etyoba herbert spen-
seris ,,sociologiis” gavlena, rac ekonomikuri da
erovnuli sakiTxis marqsistul gadawyvetasTan aris
Sezavebuli.
,,uaxlesad wamoyenebuli socialuri sakiTxis mixed-
viT kacobrioba iyofa ara erebad, aramed Cagrulebad
da mCagvrelebad; adamianTa sazogadoebrivi dajgufebe-
373
bis sazomad gvevlineba ara teritoria, ara ena da to-
mobrivi Taviseburebani, aramed ekonomikuri sawyisi,
rac safuZvlad udevs saxalxo cxovrebas”.22 swored es
Cagruli xalxi, romelic kacobriobis erTian suraTSi
gamoiyofa ara raime erovnuli niSnis, aramed socia-
luri mdgomareobis mixedviT, aris g. maiaSvilis yurad-
Rebis obieqti. misi mizania am xalxis daxmareba, maTi
ekonomikuri cxovrebis gaumjobeseba, maTi zneobis
asamaRleblad da sulieri cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze
zrunva, ,,...raTa xalxis Segneba ar daibindos cru-
morwmuneobiTa da ucodinrobiT”. am miznis misaRwevis
saukeTeso gzad ki, g. maiaSvils revoluciuri moRva-
weoba miaCnia.
yovelive es jer kidev araa sruli nihilizmi erov-
nul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca misi niSnebi Zalu-
mad igrZnoba. erT-erT Tavis werilSi, ,,dezertirebi” _
g. maiaSvili wers: ,,me ar meguleba CvenSi imnairi mimar-
Tuleba, imnairi jgufi, romelic Tavis samSoblos siy-
varuliT ar iyos gatacebuli da samSoblos ganviTa-
rebas, mis aRorZinebas, mis keTildReobas ar isaxavda
Tavis moqmedebis miznad da roca amnair pirobebSi
gamodis dezertirebis grova da privilegiis aRebas
cdilobs saqarTvelos siyvarulisas, SiSi mebadeba:
vaiTu an dezertirebi cdebian an samSoblo Secdes...”23
Tumca aq dezertirebis aseT grovad mas is adamianebi
miaCnia, vinc social-ekonomikurTan SedarebiT privile-
giebs social-politikur brZolas aniWebs, g. maiaSvi-
lis es msjeloba mainc niSandoblivia imis gasacxa-
deblad, Tu ra adgili ukavia samSoblos siyvarulis
grZnobas, grZnobaTa miseul palitraSi da saerTodac
samSoblos cnebas mTlianad socialuri sinamdvilis
cnebis miseul gaazrebaSi.
am mxriv, aseve, sayuradReboa g. maiaSvilis msjelo-
ba, romelsac igi aviTarebs statiaSi ,,msxvil Tavadaz-
374
naurTa ideologia”. `ranair socialursa da politikur
lozungs iZleva, _ svams kiTxvas g. maiaSvili, _ is
jgufi, romelic Tavis Tavs ,,nacional demokrats”
uwodebs, Cven ar viciT. Tu davijereT maTi rwmuneba,
rom maT ainteresebT ara sociologia, ara politika,
aramed materialuri da sulieri kultura Cveni qveynisa
da marTla marto amiT ganisazRvra maTi programa,
maSin eWvs gareSea, rom dasaxelebuli jgufi poli-
tikur partiad SeuZlebelia CaiTvalos da yovelnairad
sazogadoebrivi da politikuri omi maTTan fuWi da
umizno unda iqnas, radganac kulturis saqme yvela
partiebs, ganurCevlad mimarTulebisa, didad aintere-
sebT”24.
partiaTa ZiriTadi gansxvaveba ,,nacional-demokra-
tebisgan~ aris ara is, rom isini saerTod uaryofen
Cveni materialuri da sulieri kulturis Seswavlisa
da misi movla-patronobis saWiroebas, aramed is, rom
maT yovelive es meorexarisxovan saqmed miaCniaT. pirve-
li da umTavresia socialuri urTierTobis gardaqmna
xalxis sasargeblod.
g. maiaSvili saqarTvelos viTarebas evropuli yofa-
cxovrebis analogiurad ganixilavs da Tvlis, rom
saqarTveloSic, iseve rogorc evropaSi, mTavari unda
iyos ekonomikuri sakiTxi da aris kidevac. is, cxadia,
kargad xedavs saqarTvelos politikuri mdgomareobis
gansxvavebas, rogorc evropis Tavisufali erebis, aseve
TviT rusi xalxisganac, magram es misTvis araTu ara-
viTari sabuTi araa ekonomikuri sakiTxis primatis aRia-
rebaSi daeWvebisaTvis, aramed, piriqiT. igi ganixilavs
irlandiis ambebs, romlis bedi, misi azriT, Zalzed
waagavs saqarTvelos da qarTveli xalxis beds. aseT
viTarebaSi advili warmosadgenia ifiqros kacma, rom
irlandiis moZraobis mizezi usaTuod politikuri unda
iyos. ,,marTlac, romeli survili da wadilia ufro
375
kanonieri, ufro bunebrivi ise, rogorc survili xal-
xisa, rom igi iyos Tavisufali, damoukidebeli ucxo
mflobelebisa da batonebisgan. magram ,,mainca da mainc
ara survili erovnuli damoukideblobisa Seadgens
mTavar saltolvels irlandielTa moZraobisas, aramed
xalxis ekonomikuris urTierTobebis gadakeTeba da
awindelis mis wyobilebis Secvla Seadgens mis mTavar
ZarRvs irlandielTa moZraobis programisa”25. me, aRniS-
navs igi Semdgom, ,,sruliad ar uarvyof, rom irlandi-
elT erovnulis ganTavisuflebis survilica aqvT. me
minda mxolod aRvniSno sxvilis asoebiT is ueWveli
faqti, rom ekonomikurma Sewuxebam gamoiyvana xalxi
gabruebisagan, aRamxedra sabrZolvelad da misca feri
da sicocxle mTlianad moZraobas”26. raki irlandielTa
magaliTi mas saqarTvelos mdgomareobisa da qarTveli
xalxis sazogadoebrivi aqtivobis sasurveli ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebis gansasazRvrad sWirdeba, SeiZleba vi-
fiqroT, rom is, rakiRa erovnuli ganTavisuflebisTvis
brZolas yvelaze kanonier da samarTlian saqmed
miiCnevs, ekonomikur sakiTxs pirvel adgilze wminda
taqtikuri mosazrebiT ayenebs da ZiriTadi mizani ki
mainc sakuTari samSoblos im erovnul RirebulebaTa
dacvaa, romelic ekonomikuri faseulobis Semdeg unda
ganxorcieldes. magram, saqmec is aris, rom es, yvelaze
kanonieri da samrTliani ram meorexarisxovnad da
gareganad miaCnia, raSic mJRavndeba misi Sexedulebebis
winaaRmdegobrivoba erovnul sakiTxebze. Zalumi moyva-
reni Tavisi samSoblosi, aRniSnavs igi, Tavisive xeliT
uTxrian ormos Zvirfass Tavis qveyanas, ukeTu iviwyeben
xalxis ekonomikur interesebs da aZleven uaRres mniSv-
nelobas garegan pirobebs da viTarebas xalxis cxov-
rebisas, ukeTu gamosdgomian mxolod erovnuls ideebsa
da tradiciebs. igi ara mxolod politikuri Zalaufle-
bisTvis brZolas, aramed ,,erovnul ideebsa da tra-
376
diciebs” adamianTa cxovrebis gardaqmnisas, ,,garegan
formebs uwodebs”, xolo ekonomikur moZraobas ,,Sina-
gans”. gaugebari rCeba mxolodRa is, Tu rogor SeiZle-
ba yvelaze maRali idea da ideali, yvelaze kanonieri
da samarTliani mizani da am miznisTvis brZola
garegani da meoradi iyos, sxva ram ki, Tundac iseTi
mniSvnelovani, rogoric ekonomikuria _ Sinagani da
pirveladi.
mTlianad sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic da erovnul
Tu politikur moZraobasa da brZolaSic ekonomikuri
sakiTxis pirveladobisa da misi ganmsazRvreli mniSvne-
lobis aRiareba garkveul daRs asvams istoriaSi pirov-
nebisa da xalxis rolis xalxosnur Sefasebasac. poli-
tikur moqmed pirebs, fiqrobs g. maiaSvili, hgoniaT,
rom politikuri moZraoba da amboxeba maTi moqmedebis
wyalobiT xdeba, magram is ki ar ician, rom TviTon
isini arian warmoSobilni politikuri moZraobisgan,
romlis fesvi da Ziri imaleba ekonomikuris cxovrebis
gauaresebaSi da materialuris warmoebis SeviwroebaSi.
rogorc vxedavT, am sakiTxSi g. maiaSvilis Tval-
sazrisi mTlianad emTxveva k. marqsis pozicias, romel-
sac igi ,,Rrma moazres” uwodebs, Tumca ki mainc bo-
lomde ar mihyveba mas da ekonomikuri problemebis ga-
daWrisTvis politikuri Zalauflebis mopovebis auci-
leblobis (da garduvalobis) marqsistuli dogmis nacv-
lad ekonomikuri gardaqmnebis did mniSvnelobas qada-
gebs, riTac bolomde erTguleba rCeba rusuli narod-
nikuli moZraobis ZiriTadi warmmarTveli ideebisa.
sainteresoa g. maiaSvilis damokidebuleba samocia-
nelebTan. igi cdilobs maTi asparezze gamosvlac marq-
sistulad axsnas da miiCnevs, rom es movlena mTlianad
gamoiwvia saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebam da misgan
gamomdinare ekonomikurma cvlilebebma, ris gamoc, sa-
qarTvelos istoriuli bedisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani
377
mravali faqti TiTqmis dadebiT movlenadac kia Sefase-
buli. xalxosnuri ideebiT Sepyrobili g. maiaSvili ver
xedavs samocianelTa sulieri da sazogadoebrivi moR-
vaweobis ganmapirobebel iseT umniSvnelovanes faqto-
rebs, rogoric iyo qarTul sinamdvileSi cxovrebis
axali wesis SemoWra, rac ewinaaRmdegeboda saqarTve-
los istorias, tradicias da xasiaTs; rusifikatorul
politikas, rac qarTul enas daviwyebiTa da gadagva-
rebiT emuqreboda; ,,axal”, ucxo kulturulsa da
pedagogiur politikas; rusul imperiul politikas
religiis sakiTxSi da a.S., rac mTlianad ruseTma Se-
moitana saqarTveloSi. swored es da sxva mravali
msgavsi faqtori iyo is ZiriTadi safuZveli, ramac gana-
piroba samocianelTa moqmedebis mTavari mimarTuleba _
erovnuli moZraoba.
ekonomikuri sakiTxi da xalxosnuri ideebis qadage-
ba g. maiaSvilisTvis imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom swo-
red maTdami gamoCenili yuradRebis xarisxis mixedviT
fasdeba mis mier Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ne-
bismieri sferos Tu mimarTulebis av-kargianoba, iqneba
es, studenti axalgazrdobis swavla-ganaTleba Tu so-
cialuri aqtivoba, Cveni kulturuli warsulisa da
istoriis Seswavla Tu Tundac imave samocianelTa
literaturuli moRvaweoba da a.S.
ekonomikuri cxovrebis gardaqmnisTvis, erovnuli
damoukideblobisTvis da politikuri uflebebisTvis
brZolis Sesabamisad, ekonomikuris, erovnulisa da po-
litikuris mniSvnelobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis
gaazreba, romelic Cven g. maiaSvilis magaliTze war-
movaCineT, garkveuli azriT, tipuria mTeli qarTuli
xalxosnuri moZraobisTvis. misTvis niSandoblivia
erovnulisa da politikuris erTgvari ignorireba da
ugulebelyofa (xSirad ki maTi urTierTaRrevac) da
ekonomikuris upirobo primatis aRiareba. rac Seexeba am
378
moZraobis calkeul warmomadgenlebs, aq cota ufro
rTulad da araerTgvarovnadaa saqme, radganac aq, Tum-
ca ki iSviaTad, magram mainc arsebobs gamonaklisebic.
erT-erTi aseTi gamonaklisia boslevelis _ estate
mWedliZis (1834-1885) _ Sexedulebebi, romelsac qarTve-
li mkvlevarebis mniSvnelovani nawili, Tumca ki gar-
kveuli ganmartebebiT, mainc, xalxosanTa Soris moix-
seniebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi arasodes yofila
xalxosanTa romelime jgufis wevri. erT-erTi aseTi
ganmarteba, magaliTad, aris is, rom bosleveli ideu-
rad ukve sagrZnobladaa dacilebuli samocianelebs
(Tumca maT did gavlenas udavod ganicdis), xolo
mesame daselebTan ki TiTqmis araferi akavSirebs. Tavi
da Tavi mainc albaT isaa, rom Tavisi mrwamsiTa da
SexedulebebiT igi, friad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebis
miuxedavad, mainc sworad xalxosnebTanaa yvelaze ax-
los. es siaxlove Cans, Tundac 80-90 wlebis saqarT-
veloSi yvelaze ufro aqtualuri da sadavo sakiTxis _
aqvs Tu ara saqarTvelos damoukideblad arsebobis
ufleba _ bosleveliseul gaazrebaSi, sadac is, iseve
rogorc g. maiaSvili, saqarTvelos avtonomiis daSvebis
Tvalsazriss ar gascilebia. isic, sxva xalxosanTa
msgavsad, aRniSnavs ekonomikuri sakiTxis udides mniSv-
nelobas da Tvlis, rom xalxis moZraobis gamomwvevi
mxolod ekonomikuri viTarebaa, ris gamoc socializmis
TeoriisTvis ,,Wkuis kiTxva” misTvis sruliad misaRebia,
Tumca ki, sruliadac ar fiqrobs, rom ekonomikuri sa-
kiTxis gadawyvetas TavisTavad mohyveba yvela sxva
sikeTe da xalxis winaSe mdgari yvela problemis ga-
dawyveta. igi akritikebs g. maiaSvilis msjelobis cal-
mxrivobas da aRniSnavs, rom ekonomikuri gardaqmna da
winsvla politikur uflebebs ver moutans xalxs da
Tumca arc politikuri Tavisufleba moitans uzrun-
velsa da mdidrul cxovrebas. yoveli erisTvis upir-
379
velesi mizani jer damoukidebloba unda iyos da mxo-
lod Semdgom SeiZleba saubari mdgomareobis gamos-
worebasa da ekonomikur winsvlaze.
amdenad, aq bosleveli ZiriTadad imeorebs samocia-
nelTa (ilias) samoqmedo gegmas _ politikuri damouki-
debloba da ekonomikuri winsvla. am programis siswo-
ris dasasabuTeblad igi ixsenebs germanelTa brZolas
damoukideblobisTvis da acxadebs, rom garemoebaTa
ZaliT germanelebs ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobe-
sebaze ki ar unda efiqraT, aramed cxovrebis uflebi-
saTvis. aqve igi ixsenebs fixtes da mis did Rvawls
germaniis TavisuflebisTvis. Tavisi poziciis gasamag-
reblad igi imowmebs karl marqsis azrsac imis Sesaxeb
rom, muSa-xalxma usaTuod unda moipovos politikuri
uflebani, raTa kapitalistebis uReli Semusros, rac
imazec miuTiTebs, rom boslevels bolomde ara aqvs
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-
beli moZraoba da socialisturi revolucia da xSirad
isini erTmaneTSi ereva.
Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom bosleveli socialis-
turi revoluciis marqsistul Teorias iziarebs an
eTanxmeba mas. revolucias igi afasebs, rogorc mxolod
daqcevis wadiliT Sepyrobil moZraobas, romelsac
RirsebaSelaxuli da tkivilebiT gamwarebuli xalxi
mimarTavs. amitom revolucia, rogorc Zaladoba, yve-
lafris damqcevi da ubedurebis momtani ram, misTvis
miRebulia. eris ganTavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis
miRwevis erTaderT sworsa da misaReb gzad mas miaCnia
TviTmmarTvelobis gafarToebisa da damkvidrebis miz-
niT reformebis gatareba.
sagulisxmoa boslevelis msjeloba erisa da misi
uflebebis Sesaxeb. ers, rogorc yovel cocxal arse-
bas, rogorc vTqvaT, adamians _ aqvs sazogado-kacob-
riuli interesi awmyosa da momavalSi. mas aqvs Tavisi
380
sakuTari idea, sakuTari miswrafeba, Tavisi sakuTari
adgili da daniSnuleba sxva erTa Soris, romelsac
ganaxorcielebs igi erTgvari Taviseburis saSualebiT;
amitom yovel ers RvTisa da bunebisgan miniWebuli aqvs
sruli ufleba icxovros, ganviTardes ise, rogorc amas
moiTxovs misi gansakuTrebuli tanis agebuleba; yovel
ers micemuli aqvs Tavisufleba ganagrZos progresuli
msvleloba im gzazed, romelic miuCenia misTvis mis
warsuls da sazogadod im pirobebs, romelSiac cxov-
robda igi winaT da cxovrobs axlac. boslevelis
msjelobas Tavisi Rirebuleba, vfiqrobT, dResac ar
daukargavs. masSi gamoTqmuli umTavresi da ZiriTadi
azri Zalzed axlos dgas samocianelTa, kerZod, ilias
samoqmedo programasTan. Tumca ki, safiqrebelia, rom
boslevels ar akmayofilebda samocianelTaTvis niSan-
doblivi mwyobri, TandaTanobiTi samoqmedo gegma da
igi ufro mkveTri moqmedebebis momxre iyo, rac SeiZ-
leba gaazrebuli iyos erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobad (da araviTar SemTxvevaSi socialur revolu-
ciad, rac misTvis sruliad miuRebeli iyo). amaze mety-
velebs Tundac misi msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom mova
dro, rodesac dRevandeli mdgomareoba damonebuli
xalxebisa gaaZlierebs maTSi TviTcnobierebas, gamoiw-
vevs reaqcias da maSin es damonebuli xalxebi SeanZrevs
Zalumad Tanamedrove wyobilebas da auwyebs qveyanas
axal moZRvrebas. igi fiqrobda, rom misi Tanamedroveo-
ba iyo dro nacionaluri moZraobisa, romelsac pasuxi
unda gaeca yoveli xalxisTvis umTavres ,,nacionalur
kiTxvaze”.
2. ,,mesame dasi”. ,,meame dasis” saxelTan upirvelesad
dakavSirebulia marqsizmisa da misi socialuri da
politikuri Sexedulebebis gavrceleba saqarTveloSi.
381
XIX saukunis bolo periodis saqarTveloSi yvela
piroba iyo marqsizmis gasavrceleblad. amisTvis arse-
bobda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi pirobebi.
am procesebs saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTlianad
ruseTis imperiaSi, dasabami misca batonymobis gauqmebis
reformis gatarebam, romelic saqarTveloSi 1864 wli-
dan 1871 wlamde grZeldeboda.
saqarTveloSi marqsizmis gavrcelebisTvis niadagi
moamzada, agreTve, XIX s. meore naxevarSi qarTulma sa-
zogadoebriv-politikurma azrovnebam, romelic ideur
safuZvlebs qmnida ara marto marqsizmis, rogorc
msoflmxedvelobis, aramed marqsistuli filosofiis
gavrcelebisa da ganviTarebisTvis.
saqarTveloSi, romelic Tavisi erovnuli avtonomiis
dakargvis Semdeg mxolod ruseTis guberniaTa ricxvs
miekuTvneboda, sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovrebis
ganviTareba mravalmxrivad, magram Taviseburad asaxavda
im procesebs, romelic im xanad ruseTSi xdeboda. 1832
wlis SeTqmuleba Tavis TavSi iseTive Sinaarseul
datvirTvasac atarebda, rogorsac dekabristebis moZ-
raoba. am ukanasknelma, rogorc cnobilia, saTave dau-
do ruseTSi revoluciur-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZrao-
bis Camoyalibebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, saqarTveloSi Ter-
gdaleulebis moRvaweobaSi aisaxa da zogadi socialu-
ri ganmanTavisuflebeli Sinaarsis moZraobidan speci-
fikur erovnul ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi gadai-
zarda. man moicva mTeli qaTuli presa da periodika:
,,saqarTvelos moambe”, ,,mnaTobi”, ,,droeba”, ,,iveria”,
,,imedi”. es gasagebicaa, radgan, rogorc ilia werda:
,,erovnuli mxare Cveni arsebobisa ufro Zlier gvtkio-
da, gvaRonebda, vidre socialuri”27.
eris mamam _ ilia WavWavaZem _ isic kargad icoda,
rom qveynis bednierebis gzaze dayenebisTvis marto es
sakmarisi ar iyo, ara kmaroda mxolod erovnuli tkivi-
382
lebis gaRviZeba; rom saWiro iyo ,,zrunva socialur
cvlilebebzed, xalxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis ga-
saukeTeseblad”, rom erovnuli uflebebis aRdgena da
aRorZineba Tavad moaxdenda zegavlenas socialur-
ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.
TergdaleulTa didi umravlesoba klasTa brZolis,
sazogadoebis klasobrivi dapirispirebis gaRvivebis,
ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis moRvaweTa calkeul
jgufebad, dasebad, (,,das-dasebad”) dayofis winaaRmdegi
iyo. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom TergdaleulTagan rus
revoluciur demokratTa socialur ideebs misdevda
(socialuri Tavisuflebis lozungis prioritetis dac-
viT) n. nikolaZe da misi jgufi, romelTac, amis gamo,
mudmivi seriozuli uTanxmoeba hqondaT Tergdaleu-
lebTan.
cnobilma literaturaTmcodnem, istorikosma da
sociologma simon xundaZem saqarTveloSi marqsizmis
gavrcelebisTvis ideuri wanamZRvrebis momzadebis Ziri-
Tadi winaistoriuli etapebi oTx safexurad warmoad-
gina: 1. ,,ciskris” moRvaweni _ ,,mamebi”; 2. Tavadaznau-
rul-liberaluri _ ,,Svilebi” (,,pirveli dasi” ilia Wav-
WavaZis meTaurobiT); 3. radikalur-demokratiuli _ g.
wereTlis ,,meore dasi” da 4. wvrilburJuaziuli, xal-
xosnuri mimarTuleba.
mkvlevrebi qarTuli xalxosnuri moZraobis or
etaps _ 70-ian da 80-ian wlebs, mkveTrad gamoyofen erT-
maneTisgan. 70-ian wlebis qarTveli xalxosnebi decent-
ralizaciisa da avtonomiis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, 80-
iani wlebisa ki ilaSqrebdnen saxelmwifoebrivi cent-
ralizmis winaaRmdeg da icavdnen avtonomiis, TviTmarT-
velobis princips28.
es moZraoba saqarTveloSi Tavdapirvelad calkeuli
ideebisa da debulebebis saxiT SemoiWra da gavrcelda,
rac upiratesad legaluri presis furclebze xdeboda.
383
misi pirveli amTviseblebi da gamavrcelebelni saqarT-
veloSi iyvnen g. maiaSvili (zdanoviCi), g. volski (g.
umwifariZe), e. mWedliZe (bosleveli), n. xizaniSvili
(urbneli), i. jabadari (istoriuli materializmis sa-
kiTxebze msjelobda, magram marqsis momxre ar iyo).
isini moRvaweobdnen 80-iani wlebis qarTul presaSi,
rogorc publicistebi da Tavisi diskusiebiT marq-
sistuli filosofiis sakiTxebze xels uwyobdnen mar-
qsizmis gavrcelebis saqmes.
qarTul presaSi marqsistuli filosofiis ideebi
farTod SemoiWra maSin, rodesac mwvave diskusia gai-
Sala ,,mesame daselebsa” da ,,iveria”, ,,moambis” pub-
licistebs Soris. 1897 wels ,,kvalSi” daibeWda f.
gogiCaiSvilis (f. patriSvilis) ,,mgzavris SeniSvnebi”,
romelSic CarTulia mis mier Targmnili ,,komunisturi
partiis manifestis” pirveli Tavi. 1901 wels ,,kvalSi”
daibeWda anonimuri statia ,,dialeqtika da metafizika”,
es iyo engelsis ,,anti-diuringis” Sesavlis qarTuli
Targmani, 1899 wels ,,moambem” dabeWda g. plexanovis
,,istoriaSi pirovnebis rolis sakiTxosaTvis”. qarTuli
Targmanis saxelwodeba iyo ,,ra mniSvneloba aqvs isto-
riaSi pirovnebis, anu adamianis moqmedebas?” (kirsanovis
fsevdonimiT).
XIX s. 80-90 wlebSi iqmneba politikuri TviTganaT-
lebis wreebi, muSebis, xelosnebis, inteligenciis,
moswavle axalgazrdobis monawileobiT. amgvari lega-
luri da aralegaluri wreebi Seiqmna fabrikebSi, saxe-
losnoebSi, seminarebSi. Camoyalibda muSaTa aralega-
luri organizaciebi, 1887 wels daarsda ,,muSaTa kav-
Siri”, romelsac Tavisi programac hqonda. TviTganaT-
lebis wreebi daarsda baTumSi, quTaisSi, zestafonSi.
baTumSi TviTganaTlebis wreebs xelmZRvanelobdnen
egnate ninoSvili da mixa cxakaia.
384
3. egnate ninoSvili (1859-1894). 1889 wlidan rotSil-
dis qarxnis muSa iyo. aq Seqmna wre, sadac igi muSebs
ukiTxavda politikursa da mxatvrul literaturas.
erTi wlis Semdeg e. ninoSvili zestafonSi gadadis
marganecis kantoris moxeled da iq igi aarsebs revo-
luciurad ganwyobil muSaTa da moxeleTa wres.
specialur literaturaSi Cveni mkvlevarebis mier
aRniSnulia e. ninoSvilis gansakuTrebuli rolis
Sesaxeb marqsizmis aTvisebisa da gavrcelebis saqmeSi.
ganaTlebuloba da metyvelebis logikuroba e. nino-
Svils xels uwyobda Tavis irgvliv Semoekriba Tana-
moazreTa sakmaod farTo wre. 1891 wels misi pirveli
Sexvedra m. cxakaiasTan damTavrda SeTanxmebiT, erTob-
livad SeeqmnaT pirveli marqsistuli organizacia.
1892 wels zestafonSi e. ninoSvilis TaosnobiT
aralegalurad gaimarTa samdRiani Sekreba. 25 dekembers
Sobis dResaswaulis aRniSvnis sababiT Sekrebaze gani-
xiles pirveli marqsistuli jgufis samuSao programis
ZiriTadi principebi. krebas eswrebodnen: e. ninoSvili,
m. cxakaia, n. Jordania, s. jiblaZe, i. ramiSvili da sxva-
ni. ase Camoyalibda pirveli marqsistuli organizacia,
romelsac Semdeg ,,mesame dasi” ewoda.
zestafonSi (yvirilaSi) ,,mesame daselebisaTvis”
ganxilvis sagani iyo pirveli marqsistuli jgufis sa-
muSao programa, romlis ZiriTadi principebi, rogorc
,,erovnul demokratiuli” programis proeqti, warmodge-
nili noe Jordanias mier. igi ar miiRes. azrTa sxvaoba
TviT am organizaciis saxelwodebis Taobazec gaCnda,
romlis mogvareba ver moxerxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom, e.w.
,,mesame dasSi” pirvelsave Sekrebaze warmoqmnili uTanx-
moebani am organizaciis arsebobas Tavidan bolomde
gahyva, ramac Semdeg principuli dapirispirebis saxe
miiRo. gaCdnen memarcxeneebi da memarjveneebi. pirvel
385
Sekrebaze memarcxeneebi umravlesobaSi aRmoCndnen, maT
ar gaiziares warmodgenili proeqti.
n. Jordania aRniSnavda, rom ,,mesame daselTa” pirvel
Sekrebaze gaimarjves socializmis revoluciuri gziT
damyarebis momxreebma da es iyo is partia, romelic
,,Semdeg Cvens Tvalswin bolSevizmis saxiT gadaiSala”.
n. Jordania mainc cdilobda Tavisi programis dac-
vas da es moxda momdevno wels, 1893 wlis gazafxulze
TbilisSi marqsistuli jgufis meore Sekrebaze, sadac
man programis axali proeqti waradgina da romelic
erTxmad iyo miRebuli. n. Jordanias sityvebiT, Tu
pirvel Sekrebaze ,,rusulma” ,,narodnikulma” socia-
lizmma gaimarjva, meore Sekrebaze ,,evropulma socia-
lizmma” moipova aRiarebao.
ase Camoyalibda qarTveli marqsistebis pirveli or-
ganizacia garkveuli programiT da moqmedebis gegmiT.
am jgufis pirveli sajaro gamosvla moxda e. ninoSvi-
lis saflavze da am droidan ewoda mas ,,mesame dasi”.
amgvarad, pirveli marqsistuli organizaciis saTa-
veSi dgas e. ninoSvili, romelic msoflmxedvelobrivi
evoluciis TvalsazrisiT iyo qarTveli inteligenti,
romelic axalgazrdobis axal moZraobaze gadasvlis
periodSi moRvaweobda. man aiTvisa marqsizmi da is
miiCnia im ideologiad, romliTac SesaZlebeli gaxde-
boda Zvelis winaaRmdeg brZola warmatebiT damTavrebu-
liyo.
e. ninoSvili Tavisi biografiiT mowodebuli iyo
kargad scodnoda socialuri usamarTlobani da arCeva-
ni gaekeTebina marqsistuli poziciis sasargeblod. Ta-
visi msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsi man mxatvrul
Semoqmedebaze ufro metad publicistur nawerebSi ga-
moTqva. misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebica da publicis-
turi nawerebic 1887 wlidan ibeWdeboda Jurnal-gaze-
TebSi: ,,iveria”, ,,kvali”, ,,moambe”, ,,Teatri”. man sul Svi-
386
di weli iRvawa, rogorc mweralma da publicistma.
publicistikaSi igi marqsizmis propagandistia. am mxriv
aRsaniSnavia misi ori werili: ,,Zveli dava axal qerqSi”
da ,,uebari saSualeba saqarTvelos gamdidrebisaTvis”
(orive dawerilia 1893w.).
e. ninoSvilis wre aqtiur Teoriul-ganmanaTleblur
muSaobas eweoda. Segrovili fuliT sazRvargareTidan
iwerdnen literaturas, wris wevrebi icnobdnen marqsis
,,kapitals”, plexanovis Sromebs. wreSi gamarTuli dis-
kusiebi exeboda politikursa da zogad humanitarul
problemebs, daobdnen imaze, Tu ra aris WeSmariteba da
simarTle, rogor aris SesaZlebeli pirovnebis srul-
yofa, adamiani gansazRvrulia Tu ara obieqturi
cxovrebis pirobebiT da a.S.
e. ninoSvilis dakrZalva CoCxaTSi mowinave qarTveli
revoluciuri inteligenciis Sekrebad gadaiqca. swored
aq moxda marqsisti axalgazrdobis ,,pirveli sajaro,
saprogramo gamosvla” (l. gorgilaZe). dasaflavebaze
Zveli Taobis saxeliT sityva warmoTqva g. wereTelma,
xolo ,,iveriidan” ilia WavWavaZis davalebiT g. yifSiZem
(pasuxismgebelma mdivanma).
mniSvnelovani iyo e. ninoSvilis dasaflavebis meore
dRes ,,mesame dasis” Sekreba nigoiTSi, sadac uaxles sa-
moqmedo amocanad Camoayalibes marqsistuli axalgazr-
dobis aqtiuri propagandistuli gamosvla presaSi da
sajarod, Zveli Taobis sazogadoebriv-politikuri
idealebis naklis mxileba, publicistikaSi imis dasa-
buTeba, rom saqarTveloSi kapitalizmi aucilebelicaa,
progresulic da faqtobrivad realizebulic. ,,mesame
daselebi” male Seudgnen am saprogramo moTxovnebis
saqmed qcevas.
radgan ,,mesame dasis” programul moTxovnad wamoye-
nebuli iyo ,,moZvelebul” sazogadoebrv-politikuri
mimdinareobebis winaaRmdeg brZola, isini Seudgnen am
387
amocanis ganxorcielebas gazeT ,,kvalis” furclebze
kritikuli werilebis beWdviT. ,,kvalis” redaqciam 1893-
1896 ww. gazeTi faqtobrivad dauTmo ,,daselebs”, xolo
1897 wlidan is qarTveli social-demokratebis tribu-
nad gadaiqca da amitom am ,,daselebs” xSirad ,,kva-
listebs” uwodebdnen.
,,kvalSi” daibeWda pirveli werili ,,Zveli dava axal
qerqSi”, romelsac marqsistul saprogramo naSroms
uwodeben. aq garkveulia marqsistuli jgufis warmoSo-
bis pirobebi da maTi damokidebuleba winamorbedebTan
da TanamedroveebTan, wamoWrilia sakiTxi TaobaTa
brZolis Sesaxeb. gatarebulia azri, rom is Taoba,
romelsac moxucebamde mtkiced swamda kiuvies Teoria,
moxucobis Jams veRar SeiTavsebs darvinis evoluciur
Teorias, ,,is Taoba, romelsac moxucebamde WeSmaritad
miaCnia malTusis, seis, bastias da sxva misTana po-
litiko-ekonomebis moZRvreba, ra Tqma unda, moxucebis
dros veRar SeiTvisebda karl marqsis sapolitiko-
ekonomikur moZRvrebas, romelmac ZiriTadi cvlileba
moaxdina politiko-ekonomikur mecnierebaSi”29.
e. ninoSvili ,,mesame dasis” marqsistuli frTis po-
ziciaze idga, igi Tavs socialur-politikur Sexedule-
bebSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis progresistul gagebas
iziarebda. amave dros mis uaryofiT mxareebs amxelda,
scnobda proletariatis eqspropriacias, gaRatakebis
princips, moiTxovda dasavleT evropis gamocdilebis
gaziarebas da garkveul socialur-ekonomiur viTare-
baSi Tanasworobis ideis gamarjvebas varaudobda.
e. ninoSvili amtkicebda, rom kapitalizmis ganviTa-
reba obieqturi kanonia, misi SeCereba aravis SeuZlia,
,,imas arc Cveni nebarTva eWirveba da arc Cveni qeba-
didebao”, magram aseve obieqturi kanonis ZaliT das-
turdeba misi warmavlobis aucilebloba da socializ-
mis damyareba, rac axalgazrda marqsists, n. Jorda-
388
niasagan gansxvavebiT, Soreuli momavlis saqmed ki ar
eCveneba, aramed, saCqaro, saxvalio amocanad.
e. ninoSvili fiqrobda, rom saqarTvelos ruseTTan
SeerTebis Semdeg saqarTvelos bedi aRar SeiZleba sa-
momavlodac ruseTis revoluciur-ganmaTavisuflebeli
moZraobisagan izolirebulad ganvixiloT da rom gan-
maTavisuflebeli moZraobis yvela etapi ruseTSi ganv-
lili ganmsazRvreli gaxda qarTvelisTvis.
marqsistuli ideologiiT gatacebuli e. ninoSvili
ewinaaRmdegeboda Tergdaleulebs erovnuli sakiTxis
prioritetis dacvaSi. igi qarTvelebisTvis mxolod so-
cialuri, klasobrivi winaaRmdegobis gadawyvetaSi xe-
davda erTaderT gamosavals. am TvalsazrisiT iyo dawe-
rili misi werili ,,Zveli Tu axali?”, romlis dabeWdva-
ze `kvalSi~ g. wereTelma uari Tqva. TviT statiis av-
tors ki es Tavisi naweri yvelaze saukeTesod miaCnda
da dabejiTebiT sTxovda g. wereTels swored ,,kvalSi”,
rogorc ,,dRes arsebul” yvelaze progresul gazeTSi
daebeWda igi.
e. ninoSvili darwmunebuli iyo, rom ganmaTavisuf-
lebel moZraobaSi socialuri momenti upiratesia, rom
yvela evropul social-demokratiuli partiebis prog-
ramaSi mas aqvs miniWebuli primati da amitom saqarT-
veloSic namdvili socialistebic ase unda moiqcneno.
g. wereTelma swori pasuxi gasca e. ninoSvils da
miseburad moazrovne marqsistebs erovnuli sakiTxis
gamo. igi werda: sadac SezRudulia erovnul-pirovnu-
li, eris kultura, ena da istoria, iq pirvel rigSi
erovnuli sakiTxia gadasawyveti da masTan dakavSirebiT
wydeba socialuri Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis sa-
kiTxi.
389
$2. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi
1. giorgi wereTeli (1840-1900). g. wereTelis Semoqme-
debiT memkvidreobaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsa-
xurebs misi sociologiuri ideebi. es ideebi ZiriTadad
socializmis TeoriasTan mis damokidebulebaSi aisaxa.
rogorc progresuli sazogado moRvawe giorgi wereTe-
li, mxurvaled miesalmeboda saqarTvelos ekonomikursa
da kulturul aRmavlobas, romelsac maSin burJuazia
Taosnobda. igi feodalizmis rRvevisa da kapitalizmis
aRmavlobis epoqas ,,SesaniSnav dros” uwodebda da
aRatacebaSi mohyavda im saukunes, romelic, erTi mxriv,
,,cecxlis gemebiT” (orTqlmavlebiT), rkinigzebiT, ga-
farToebuli vaWroba-mrewvelobiT, xolo, meore mxriv,
ganviTarebuli mecnierebiTa da sazogadoebrivi azrov-
nebiT xasiaTdeboda.
g. wereTeli, rogorc ,,Seufaravi realisti” mwera-
li, socialuri sistemis cvlilebis am dadebiT mxa-
reebTan erTad mis uaryofiT mxareebsac iolad amCnevda
da mkacradac akritikebda Tavis publicistursa da
mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi. magaliTad, werilSi ,,am drois
viTareba” igi werda: ,,oqro ar uZebniaT ise mwareT, rac
axla naxSirs eZeben; dauWeriaT, batono, xelSi kavebi,
misdgomian Cvens mTebsa da gamwarebuli CiCqnian miwas,
ras eZeb rom hkiTxo _ naxSirs, batonovo. am naxSiris
sunma da komlma ise gaitaca Cveni sazogadoeba, rom
rac Savia, sul oqro hgoniaT da amis gamo Sav Cirqian
znesac ar Takiloben”.30
giorgi wereTeli amCnevs, rom axalma drom sagrZ-
noblad gaamwvava socialuri klasebisa da jgufebis
urTierToba, ris mizezadac mas warmoebis kapitalis-
turi wesi miaCnia. ,,saqme imaSia, _ wers igi _ rom aReb-
micemis wesi es aris da yoveli aReb-mimcemi kaci amnai-
390
ri usamarTlo sargeblobiT cxovrobs. aq amisTana
borotebaSi sazogadod vaWrobis wessa aqvs amaSi dana-
Sauli”31. amitom igi moiTxovs warmoebis kapitalisturi
wesis Secvlas. igi Tvlis, rom es wesi Tu ar Seicvla,
did vnebas miayenebs yvelas da xalxs gaaRaribebs.
axali sazogadoebrivi wyobileba, romelsac burJua-
ziuli unda Seecvala, giorgi wereTlis azriT, Sromis
axal principebze unda yofiliyo dafuZnebuli. mis
mTavar dasayrdenad mas miaCnia iseTi Sroma, romelic,
yvela arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebisgan gansxva-
vebiT, yvelasgan pativcemuli da dafasebuli iqneboda.
misi ideali iseTi sazogadoeba iyo, sadac TiToeuli
kacis Sroma RirsebiTa da pativiT iqneboda mosili,
sadac adamianebs Segnebuli eqnebodaT, rom ,,kacs marto
SromiT SeuZlian amaRldes sazogadoebaSi da pativ-
cemuli gaxdes”32. mas Rrmad swamda, rom mxolod sazo-
gadoebriv Sromas SeuZlia sazogadoebis xsna da misi
uwyveti ganviTareba.
Sromis organizaciis yvelaze saukeTeso formad
giorgi wereTels koleqtiuri Sroma miaCnia. ,,SeerTe-
bul Sromas yovelTvis ufro bevri nayofi aqvs, vidre
gancalkevebuls”.33 amitom, momaval sazogadoebaSi sayo-
velTao Sroma, misi azriT, asociaciebis formaSi unda
ganxorcieldes, rasac sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis
axali sistema daefuZneba. misi ideali iseTi sazoga-
doebaa, `sadac yoveli kaci mxolod Tavisi SromiT da
mogebiT cxovrobs”.34
giorgi wereTeli qonebrivi uTanasworobis winaaRm-
degia. ,,adamianis cxovreba ise ar unda iyos gamarTuli,
rom rodesac erTi kaci milionebis patronia, meore....
SimSiliT kvdebodes”.35 sazogadoebis ,,sulis Camdgme-
li” da ,,gamaZlierebeli” aris ,,Serigeba, SeTanxmeba, Se-
kavSireba” da ara brZola da antagonizmi. ..erToba aris
Zala da gancalkeveba _ sisuste”. magram, imavdroulad,
391
es Serigeba mas esmis ara rogorc ,,Catexili xidis”
gamrTeleba, aramed rogorc socialuri uTanasworobis
mospoba, rac wodebaTa gauqmebasac niSnavs. maSasadame,
momavali sazogadoeba unda aigos ara wodebrivi Seri-
gebis, aramed wodebaTa mospobis safuZvelze. am SemTx-
vevaSi giorgi wereTlis socialuri Sexedulebebi ilia
WavWavaZis Sexedulebebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba.
aseT sazogadoebaSi, giorgi wereTlis azriT, iarse-
bebs mxolod adamianTa TanamSromloba. aq ,,TiToeuli
gvami Sromobs, SeZlebisamebr swiravs Tavis Rvawls sa-
zogadoebas da amis magivrad Tavis cxovrebis gasanaT-
lebladac xmarobs am dids sazogadoebis Zalas”.36
kidev metic, ,,yoveli gvami sazogadoebis Sesawevneblad
unda cxovrobdes da sazogadoeba _ TiToeuli gvamis
sakeTildReod”37. aseTi sazogadoeba Tavisufali iqneba
yovelgvari egoizmisgan.
naTelia, rom sazogadoeba, romelic giorgi wereT-
lis ideals warmoadgens, Tavisi xasiaTiT utopiuria,
rac naTlad Cans mis publicistur werilebSi. ara-
naklebi reliefurobiT man asaxva hpova mis mxatvrul
SemoqmedebaSic, kerZod, moTxrobaSi ,,RvTiswyaloba”,
(romelsac man ,,zRapari” uwoda), romelSi aRwerili
sazogadoebac agebulia humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis
principebze. ,,erTi yvelasaTvis da yvela erTisaTvis”
aseTia am sazogadoebis devizi. ,,iq yvelani Tavisi Tavis
patroni da bednierni iyvnen; Wirsa da lxinSi mudam
erTmaneTis Tanaziareni da TanamgrZnobelni iyvnen; iq
Raribi da gaWirvebuli ar moiZebneboda, radgan yvelani
mudam Tanasworad Sromobdnen, yvelas saerTo saqme
sakuTar saqmed miaCnda, yvelani erTis gulisTvis Tavs
swiravdnen da erTi _ yvelasTvis”.38 ase aRwers giorgi
wereTeli im idealur sazogadoebas, romelsac igi
,,oqris qveyanas” uwodebs.
392
am harmoniuli sazogadoebis gverdiT aRwerilia
meore, antagonizmis principebze agebuli sazogadoebac,
romlis mTavari principia: ,,adamiani adamianisTvis mge-
lia”. es sazogadoeba ara marto ar viTardeba, aramed
male nadgurdeba. adamianebi egoizmisa da kacTmoZu-
leobis msxverplni xdebian.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan aSkara unda iyos, rom gi-
orgi wereTeli utopiuri socializmis warmomadgene-
lia.
giorgi wereTlis socialuri ideebi safuZvlad dae-
do mis daaxloebas marqsizmTan, romelic maSin progre-
siuli programiT _ ,,Zmobis, erTobis, Tavisuflebis”
lozungiT gamodioda. man 90-ian wlebSi jer gazeT
,,kvalis” redaqciaSi Seifara e.w. ,,mesame dasis” memarc-
xene frTa _ marqsistebi _ xolo Semdeg gazeTi mTlia-
nad maT gadasca. TviTon giorgi wereTelic bolo
wlebSi marqsizmis mimdevradac ki Tvlida Tavs. igi
werda: ,,marqsis Teorias ekonomikuri materializmisas
politiko-ekonomikur mecnierebaSi igive adgili
uWiravs, rac darvinis Teorias bunebismecnierebaSi da
biologiaSi. es aris ukanaskneli mecnieruli daskvna
politiko-ekonomiaSi da sociologiaSi”.39
marqsizmTan daaxloebis safuZvels iZleoda giorgi
wereTlis ara mxolod sociologiuri Sexedulebani,
aramed, agreTve, misi materialisturi da aTeisturi
ideebi. marqsistuli Teoria, romelic saqarTveloSi
XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebuli popularo-
biT sargeblobda, giorgi wereTlis msoflmxedvelobas
sakmaod moergo da am msoflmxedvelobis dagvirgvineba
ganapiroba.
magram giorgi wereTeli mTlianad rodi TanaugrZ-
nobda marqsistul msoflmxedvelobas. werilSi egnate
ninoSvilisadmi igi gamoTqvams Tavis uTanxmoebas marq-
sizmTan erovnulisa da socialuris urTierTobis sa-
393
kiTxSi. marqsistebi socialur problemebs erovnulze
maRla ayenebdnen, giorgi wereTeli ki, piriqiT, katego-
riulad moiTxovda jer erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopo-
vebas, vidre sakiTxi dadgeba socialuri Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb.
giorgi wereTeli Tvlida, rom Tuki daCagruli eris
mdgomareobas ar gaviTvaliswinebT da viqadagebT
gabatonebul erTan misi internacionaluri erTianobis
Sesaxeb, maSin mogebuli mxolod gabatonebuli eris
xelisufleba darCeba. igi, aseve, miiCnevda, rom prole-
taruli internacionalizmis, rogorc yvela eris mSro-
melTa revoluciuri solidarobis social-demokratiu-
li gageba, formalur moTxovnad darCeboda, Tu gaTva-
liswinebuli ar iqneboda erTa Tanafardoba, mCagvreli
da Cagruli, dampyrobeli da dapyrobili eris xasiaTi.
giorgi wereTeli principulad ar iziarebda egnate
ninoSvilisa da misi Tanamoazreebis Tvalsazriss
erovnul sakiTxze, imis miuxedavad, rom is da mTeli
Tavisi ,,meore dasi” am axal Taobas _ ,,mesame daselebs”
_ sixaruliTa da aRtacebiT Seegebnen.
g. wereTlis Sexedulebebi, mTlianobaSi, misi marq-
sistobis miuxedavad, vfiqrobT, erT-erTi yvelaze ufro
naTeli gamovlenaa socialuri da ideur-politikuri
azris ganviTarebis im ori mTavari mimarTulebisa, ro-
melTa urTierTSepirispirebiTac moZraobda da viTar-
deboda am drois qarTuli sulierebis nakadi. orive
maTganis umTavresi mkvebavi wyaro iyo is ,,eqsisten-
cialuri pozicia”, romelSic am drois qarTveli
sazogadoeba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi mowinave nawili
aRmoCnda. maTi mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani ki iyo is,
rom erT-erTi am mimarTulebaTagani, saxeldobr xal-
xosnobac da ,,mesame dasic”, aRniSnuli poziciis reali-
zaciis optimalur gzas upiratesad socialuri prob-
lemebis gadawyvetaSi da raRac axali, neokoleqtivis-
394
turi (vTqvaT, proletarTa sazogadoebis) SeqmnaSi
xedavda; meore mimarTuleba ki, romelsac pirobiTad
samocianelTa, an, iliaseuli gzac SeiZleba vuwodoT,
erovnuli problemebis gadawyvetasa da erovnuli
TviTcnobierebis gaRviZeba-ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda.
orive am mimarTulebas, cxadia, hqonda safuZveli,
saxeldobr ki is socialuri da erovnuli problemebi,
romlebic am drois qarTvelobis winaSe idga da rome-
lic mas unda gadaeWra. magram, imis gamo, rom is
eqsistencialuri safrTxe, romelic am drois qarTveli
xalxis erovnul yofierebasa da mis istoriul beds
daemuqra, umTavresad modioda ara imdenad socialuri
problemebidan, ramdenadac (da upirvelesad) misi erov-
nuli damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis dakargvis
faqtidan. erTmniSvnelovnad SeiZleba davaskvnaT ilia-
seuli gzis upiratesi mniSvnelobac da WeSmaritebac;
da swored amazec metyvelebs is garemoeba, rom es mi-
marTuleba Jamidan-Jamze, ase Tu ise, Tavs iCenda xolme
(xSirad Zalze mZafri da gamokveTili formiTac) ara
mxolod xalxosnebis, aramed im moazrovneTa Tvalsaz-
risebSic, romlebic marqsistebad arian miCneulni.
2. ivane TarxniSvili (1846-1908). garkveul interess
iwvevs gamoCenili qarTveli fiziologis ivane Tarxni-
Svilis sociologiuri Sexedulebani. am Temas igi
sxvadasxva naSromSi Seexo. gansakuTrebiT ki wignSi
,,nervuli saukune” (sankt-peterburgi, 1906). aq ivane Tar-
xniSvili amtkicebs, rom kapitalizmis ganviTarebam ru-
seTSi ukiduresad gaamwvava mSromeli mosaxleobis
mdgomareoba da gamoavlina am sazogadoebis mouwesri-
gebloba. kapitalisturi samyaro gamdidrebis nervulma
survilma moicva, xolo Rataki mosaxleoba aseve ner-
vul viTarebaSi aRmoCnda. kapitalizmis ganviTarebam,
amtkicebs ivane TarxniSvili, adamianTa umravlesobas
395
ganaTlebis SesaZlebloba warstaca, rac ,,Cveni sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobis maCvenebelia”.
kapitalizmis epoqas, misi azriT, axasiaTebs dauoke-
beli ltolva gamdidrebisken. warmoiSva ,,ciebcxelebia-
ni ltolva simdidris, komfortis, sazogadoebaSi adgi-
lis damkvidrebisaken”, ramac araadamianuri eqsploata-
cia da mosaxleobis dabali fenebis gaRatakeba gamoiw-
via. kapitalizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mwvave konkuren-
cia, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, yvela adamians safrT-
xes uqmnis. amitom adamiani yovelTvis daZabulia, imis
SiSiT cxovrobs, rom ar gaxdes am konkurenciis
msxverpli. es garemoeba ki qancavs adamianis nervul
sistemas da iwvevs daavadebebs. ,,Cveni dro, _ wers igi,
_ gamoirCeva ukiduresi Zlieri konkurenciiT adamianu-
ri codnis, xelovnebisa da mrewvelobis yvela sferoSi
da yovelive es, cxovrebis mzardi siZviris pirobebSi,
iwvevs daZabul arsebobisaTvis brZolas... sazogadoeb-
rivi cxovrebis socialuri, ekonomikuri da zneobrivi
pirobebi imden konkurencias uqmnis, rom Cveni drois
adamians uneblieT izidavs yoveli misTvis sasargeblo
SemTxvevis xelSi Cagdebis xelsayreli garemoeba da mas
daucxromeli daZabulobiT eZiebs. vinaidan yovel
gauTvaliswinebel an dayovnebul SemTxvevas SeuZlia
misi miyvana srul damarcxebamde cxovrebis brZolaSi...
warmoiSva simdidris, komfortis, sazogadoebaSi mdgo-
mareobis daucxromeli gamodevneba da es Sroma xdeba
dasvenebisa da Zilis gareSe... romelic yvela Zalisa da
unaris mudmiv daZabvas moiTxovs, rac uTuod gamofi-
tavs TviT yvelaze mtkice nervul sistemas”40. swored
amitom man kapitalizmis aRmavlobis epoqas ,,nervuli
saukune” uwoda.
ivane TarxniSvili mkacrad akritikebs kapitalis-
turi wyobilebis mZarcvelur bunebas da kapitalistebs
uwodebs ,,usindiso aferistebsa da spekuliantebs”,
396
romlebic ewevian ,,mtaceblur spekulacias”, Zarcvaven
mSromel xalxs da yovelgvari upatiosno maqinaciebiT
didi raodenobis fuls agroveben.
kapitalizmis kritikis paralelurad ivane Tarx-
niSvili akritikebs ruseTis carizmis saSinao da saga-
reo politikas. carizmi zRudavs adamianis uflebebs,
sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebas. ,,CvenSi gabatonebuli
usamarTlobis niadagze _ wers igi _ Camoyalibda
sistema, romelic sxvadasxva dawesebulebas, swavluli
komitetisa da Sinagan saqmeTa ministris erTpirovnuli
ZalauflebiTac ki, uflebas aZlevs gamoaZevos wignebi
sajaro biblioTekidan da saxalxo samkiTxveloebidan.
wignis uflebis SezRudva ganxilul unda iqnas ro-
gorc pirovnebis uflebis SezRudvis erT-erTi saxe da
rogorc pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis uflebis zneob-
rivi SezRudva”41. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom es
statia iwereboda 1905 wlis revoluciis aRmavlobis
periodSi.
ivane TarxniSvilis sociologiuri Sexedulebebis
Sesaxeb uxv masalas iZleva misi mimowera i. repinTan,
romelic misi uaxloesi megobari da niWis damfasebeli
iyo. Semonaxulia repinis werilebi ivane TarxniSvili-
sadmi, romelic aRsavsea ruseTis carizmis kritikiT.
ivane TarxniSvili udavod iziarebda repinis Sexedule-
bebs ruseTis saSinao da sagareo politikis Sesaxeb.
carizmi, ambobs ivane TarxniSvili, kars uxuravs ,,mec-
nierebis taZars”. 1905 wels igi werda: ,,samwuxarod, mec-
nierebis taZris karebi codnas mowyurebuli didi um-
ravlesobisTvis magrad daxurulia, rac, rasakvirvelia,
Cveni sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mouwesrigeblobas
mowmobs”42. igi akritikebs ruseTSi im dros damkvid-
rebul ganaTlebis sistemas, ,,skola im saxiT, rogorc
igi axla arsebobs, _ werda igi _ Tavis mxriv xels
397
uwyobs nervuli sistemis aramdgradobasa da gadaqanc-
vas; mas tvinis gadaRlisken mivyavarT”.
kapitalizmis ganviTarebam mSromeli masebis mate-
rialuri cxovreba sagrZnoblad gaauaresa. ,,ufro xel-
sayrel mdgomareobaSi rodi imyofeba fizikuri mSrome-
li. Cveni miwis mxvneli an fabrikis muSa, romelic
cxovrobs ra mudmivad naxevradmSieri, dRis samuSao
saaTebisgan daqanculi da mudam Relavs ra saarsebo
puris naWerze, qancavs Tavis organizms rogorc ara-
sakmarisi kvebiT, fizikuri gadaRliT, aseve mudmivi
mRelvarebiT, romelic ganpirobebulia Tavisi da misi
ojaxis mdgomareobiT. yvelaferi es mZime tvirTad awve-
ba mis tvins da mihyavs gadaqancvamde da gansakuTrebiT
misi centraluri nervuli sistemis gamofitvamde. ami-
tom Cveni nervuli saukune fizikuri mSromelebisTvi-
sac nervuli saukunea da mas imave damRupveli Sede-
gebiT emuqreba”43.
mSromeli mosaxleobis mZime ekonomikuri mdgoma-
reoba ukiduresad uaryofiTad moqmedebs maT sulier
cxovrebazec. ,,sadac garegani wesrigi, sisufTave da
saTanado qceva ar aris, ar SeiZleba wesrigi iyos
adamianis Sinagan fsiqikur samyaroSi, misi grZnobebis,
azrebis, guneba-ganwyobilebis samyaroSi”44. ivane Tarx-
niSvilma am TvalsazrisiT specialurad gaanaliza
marqsim gorkis piesa ,,fskerze” da aCvena Tu ra dam-
Rupvel gavlenas axdens mZime materialuri cxovrebis
pirobebi adamianis biologiursa da sulier cxovreba-
ze. adamians, misi azriT, ara aqvs araviTari Tandayoli-
li miswrafeba borotebis an sikeTisadmi. yvelaferi es
socialuri aRzrdis Sedegia. kargi, mowesrigebuli
socialuri garemo keTilSobili da zneobrivi adamia-
nebis aRzrdis garantias warmoadgens. maqsim gorkis
piesis gmirebi mouwesrigebeli socialuri viTarebis
msxverplni arian. v. hiugos Txzulebis ,,gankicxulni”
398
mTavar gmirs Jan-valJans danaSaulisaken SimSili da
siRaribe ubiZgebs. mZime katorRulma pirobebma igi
erTxans sazogadoebisTvis lamis saSiS pirovnebadac ki
gardaqmna.
amis safuZvelze ivane TarxniSvili revoluciur
daskvnebs akeTebs socialuri viTarebis Zireuli gar-
daqmnis Sesaxeb. borotebis mosaspobad umTavres amoca-
nas warmoadgens ,,kacobriobis bunebis saukeTeso Zale-
bis aqtiuri miswrafeba cxovrebis formebis mowesri-
gebisa da srulqmnisken”. miuxedavad amisa, ivane Tarx-
niSvili praqtikul moRvaweobaSi zomieri pirovneba iyo
da burJuaziuli radikalizmis farglebs ar gascile-
bia.
adamianis Sroma, ivane TarxniSvilis azriT, unda
ganTavisufldes; aucilebelia sazogadoebis yvela wev-
ris socialuri da ekonomikuri Tanasworoba. swored am
miznis ganxorcieleba warmoadgens ,,praqtikuli cxovre-
bis gaumjobesebas”. igi jer kidev XIX saukunis 70-ian
wlebSi amtkicebda, rom ,,praqtikuli cxovrebis gaumjo-
besebis cdebi sxvadasxva cvlilebaTa formiT gamoxa-
tavs... adamianTa rogorc ekonomikuri, ise socialuri
uflebebis rac SeiZleba metad gaTanabrebas”45.
ivane TarxniSvili mkacrad akritikebda im drois
ruseTSi arsebul cenzurul pirobebs. ,,TviTneboba, ra
formiTac ar unda gamovlindes, beWdvis kanonmdeblo-
bidan unda ganidevnos. ruseTSi mcxovrebi yvela xal-
xis beWduri sityva TviTnebobisgan unda ganTavi-
sufldes. sxvaTa Soris, TviTnebobazea dafuZnebuli
winaswari cenzuris mTeli sistema ... sulieri cenzura
umetes SemTxvevaSi azrisa da sityvis TviTneburi Seviw-
roebis mxolod sababia. aseve TviTneburia ucxouri
cenzurisa da masTan dakavSirebuli safosto Cinovnike-
bis moqmedeba. ucxouri cenzura mTlianad unda gauqm-
des”46. ivane TarxniSvilis aRSfoTebas ucxouri cen-
399
zuris mimarT is iwvevda, rom igi abrkolebda ruseTSi
ucxouri literaturis Semotanas.
ivane TarxniSvili akritikebda agreTve umaRles
saswavleblebSi gabatonebul reJims. 1905 wlis revo-
luciis periodSi igi werda: ,,mZime dReebs ganicdis
ruseTis sazogadoeba. yvelgan ganaTlebis umaRlesi
taZrebi _ universitetebi da sxva umaRlesi specialuri
dawesebulebani _ dadumdnen da Tanac ganusazRvreli
droiT. presa yoveldRiurad ivseba sxvadasxva Sexedu-
lebebiT Tavisi sibneliT didi movlenebis Sesaxeb.
russ arasodes ar ganucdia aseTi krizisi misi sulie-
ri cxovrebis aseTi fsiqikuri SimSilis sferoSi... droa
sazogadoebas mivceT kerZo saSualo da umaRlesi
saswavleblebis gaxsnis ufleba... am dawesebulebebs ar
unda hqondes araviTari oficialuri xasiaTi, Tavisu-
fali unda iyos biurokratizmis yovelgvari kvalisagan
da mis erTaderT mizans unda warmoadgendes zogadsa-
ganmanaTleblo da specialuri codnis arsebiTi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba”47.
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel
Zalad ivane TarxniSvili ideebs, ganaTlebas Tvlida.
,,sazogadoebis cxovrebis safuZvelSi, misi ganviTarebis
ra periodic ar unda aviRoT, yovelTvis Zevs raRac
farTo Teoriuli sawyisebi, romelsac adamianis azrov-
neba mTlianad emorCileba da sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis ama Tu im periods garkveul damaxasiaTebel mimar-
Tulebas aZlevs”48. rodesac adamianTa cnobierebaSi
WeSmariti idea damkvidrdeba, ,,igi swrafad gadadis
cxovrebaSi da Tavisi gavleniT ama Tu im mimarTulebas
aZlevs”49. magaliTad, determinizmis ideam, misi azriT,
evropis ekonomikuri da socialuri cxovrebis xasiaTi
gansazRvra. amis Sesabamisad sxvadasxva rols TamaSobs
sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi swori da araswori ideebi.
400
istoriis idealisturi gageba ivane TarxniSvilis
msoflmxedvelobisa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis dade-
biT moments warmoadgens. swored am ideis safuZvelze
igi moiTxovda mosaxleobis farTo fenebis ganaTlebas,
codnis donis amaRlebas, akritikebda obskurantizmsa
da saWirod Tvlida mecnieruli codnis populari-
zacias mosaxleobaSi.
3. anton furcelaZe (1839-1919). sociologiuri ideebi
gamoTqmulia anton furcelaZis literaturulsa da
publicistur nawerebSi.
sazogadoeba anton furcelaZes esmis rogorc
adamianTa jgufi, romlis Tvisebebi calkeuli adamianis
TvisebebiT aris gansazRvruli. igi ver xedavs arsebiT
gasxvavebas mTelsa da nawils Soris, sazogadoebasa da
calkeul adamianebs Soris, ris gamoc sazogadoebas
adamianTa ,,jamad” Tvlis. ,,rogoradac kaci aris Semdga-
ri sxvadasxva nawilebidam, agreTve calkeuli adamiane-
bidam aris Semdgari ojaxi, ojaxidam _ eri, eridam _
kacobrioba”. amitom ,,rac xdeba calke adamianze, calke
adamianidam ojaxzed, is xdeba ojaxidam erzed, eridam
_ kacobriobazed”50.
vinaidan adamiani, anton furcelaZis azriT, materia-
luri samyaros ganviTarebis produqtia, xolo sazoga-
doeba ki adamianebisgan Sedgeba, amitom adamianTa sazo-
gadoebac arsebiTad bunebis produqts warmoadgens da
masze vrceldeba bunebis kanonebi, romelTac, misi az-
riT, mkacri determinaciuli xasiaTi aqvT. igi iziarebs
boklis azrs bunebisa da adamianis msgavsebis Sesaxeb
da amtkicebs, rom ,,rogorc bunebaSia kanonebi, romel-
nic erTsa da imave moqmedebiT badeben erTsa da imave
movlenebsa, aseve aris kacis cxovrebaSi”51.
bunebaSi, anton furcelaZis azriT, mizezobriobis
kanoni uzenaesia. asevea sazogadoebaSic. amitom SesaZ-
lebelia sazogadoebrivi movlenebis iseve zustad wi-
401
naswarxedva, rogorc igi SesZlebelia fizikasa da
astronomiaSi. ,,kacobriobac emonaveba movlenebaTa da
kanonTa da rom SeiZlebodes yvela bunebis moqmedebis
kaczed da kacis moTxovnilebebis moqmedebisa buneba-
zed moiyvanos srul cnobaSi, advilad Seityoba moma-
vali xalxTa, rogorc astronomebi ityodnen Tavisis
gamokvlevebis ZaliT momavalT zecierTa movlenabaTa”52.
miuxedavad amisa, anton furcelaZe adamianTa sazo-
gadoebis specifikazec miuTiTebs. kerZod, igi ar
eTanxmeba darvinsa da spensers, romlebic cxovelTa
samyaros kanonzomierebas adamianze avrceleben. ,,vTq-
vaT, swored isic aris, rogorc darvini da spenseri
iswavlebian: wero weros amowyvetas cdilobs da swyve-
tavs, mtredi mtredis amowyvetasa da damonavebas, cxva-
ri _ cxvrisasa, mgeli _ mglisasa da sxva. gana rac
amaT SehferiT gonier kacsa Sehferis isa? ... nuTu kacma,
gonivrobiT savse kacma, unda mihbaZos da magaliTad
iqonios pirutyvTa yoveli mousazrebloba da siwamxd-
re?”53
aseve anton furcelaZe uaryofs azrs calkeuli
adamianis sicocxlis kanonzomierebis mTel sazoga-
doebaze gadatanis Sesaxeb. adamiani ibadeba, cocxlobs
da Semdeg berdeba da kvdeba. misi azriT, aseve ar
SeiZleba iTqvas eris Sesaxeb. igi uaryofs dreperis
azrs eris daberebisa da sikvdilis Sesaxeb da amtki-
cebs, rom ,,dreperi Tavis umTavres saganSi aris saSin-
lad mcdari”. TviTon ki fiqrobs, rom ,,xalxi SeiZleba
rom daeces, magram imisi aRdgenac advilia da dabe-
rebuli kacis gaymawvileba ki SeuZlebelia”54. zemoT
vnaxeT, rom anton furcelaZes calkeuli adamianis
kanonzomiereba mTel sazogadoebaze gadahqonda; magram
rodesac saqme Seexo eris sicocxlis sakiTxs, man SeuZ-
leblad CaTvala calkeuli adamianis fiziologiuri
kanonzomierebis gadatana mTel erze. ,,erTi kaci ver
402
udris erTs xalxs fiziologiuri msgavsebiT; is ver
udris verc mTels kacobriobas, radgan arc kacobrio-
bas aqvs imgvari kanonebi Tvis cxovrebisa, rogorc erT
kacs”.
marTalia, anton furcelaZe calkeul SemTxvvaSi
laparakobs adamianTa sazogadoebis specifikaze (maga-
liTad, uaryofs cxovelTa samyarosTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli arsebobisTvis brZolis gadatanas sazogadoebaze),
magram mainc Tvlis, rom sazogadoeba, iseve rogorc
buneba, mkacr deterministul kanonebs eqvemdebareba.
Mmkacri aucilebloba sufevs rogorc bunebaSi, aseve
sazogadoebaSi. rogorc calkeuli adamianis nebeloba
ar aris Tavisufali, aseve nebelobis Tavisufleba arc
sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia. ,,rogorc erTi kaci ar aris
Tavis nebaze damokidebuli, agreTve ar aris Tavis
nebaze damokidebuli arc erTi xalxi da arc mTeli
kacobrioba”55.Ees mkacri deterministuli pozicia,
romelsac gamarTleba ar aqvs arc calkeuli adamianis
da arc adamianTa sazogadoebis mimarT, anton fur-
celaZis ZiriTadi materialisturi msofmxedvelobis
logikur Sedegs warmoadgens.
anton furcelaZe sociologiaSi geografiuli de-
terminizmis damcvelia, romelic Tavis saTaves mon-
teskies moZRvrebaSi iRebs. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad igi geografiul garemos
Tvlis.. ,,kacis gaumjobesebaSi – wers igi _ uWiravs di-
di adgili sazrdos, havas, bunebis sanaxaobas, eTnog-
rafiulsa da geografiul garemoebaTa”56. igi evropeli
xalxis civilizaciis safuZvlebs geografiul garemoSi
xedavs da miiCnevs, rom adamianTa is rasebi, romelic
,,arc Tu win ar wasulan, aramed, piriqiT, ukan dauxe-
viaT”, cud geografiul pirobebSi cxovroben, ramac
maTi ganviTareba daabrkola. geografiuli pirobebi
gansazRvravs, misi azriT, mosaxleobis gamravlebasac.
403
cxel qveynebSi xalxi ,,uangariSod mravldeba”, civ
qveynebSi ki ara. aseve evropis qveynebis kolonizato-
ruli politikis mizezs mcire miwianoba warmoadgens.
evropelebi ver Tavsdebian TavianT teritoriaze da
iltvian dausaxlebeli teritoriisken: magaliTad, ,,pa-
tara kunZulzed mcxovrebi ingliselebi” _ amerikisken.
anton furcelaZe, rogorc materialisti, Tvlis,
rom adamians ara aqvs raime Tandayolili Tviseba, maT
Soris sikeTis da borotebisa. Aadamianebi ar ibadebian
keTilebad da borotebad, aramed maT aseTad sazo-
gadoebrivi cxovreba qmnis. swored amitom borotebis
aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis
gardaqmna. ,,gadaabrune wuTisofeli, aiRe xeli sxvisi
janisa da tvinis wovazed, mieci mas misi Sromis fasi,
uyure magas, rogorc Sens tols kacs; mieci garemoeba,
rom ar esaWiroebodes sxvisi taceba, parva, malva da
maSin Senc mosvenebuli iqnebi da egeca. rogorc brZo-
lam cru ramisaTvis Seqmna eg tipi, agreTve gardaqmnis
mag tips kacTa Soris siyvaruli, saTnoeba, Tanaswo-
roba”57. sazogadoebrivi Tanasworobis mizezebis amgvar
axsnas Tan unda mohyoloda sazogadoebis revoluciuri
gardaqmnis koncefcia, Tumca aseT raimes anton fur-
celaZis msofmxedvelobaSi ver vxvdebiT.
bunebrivia, rom anton furcelaZe axlos idga
socialistur ideebTan. igi, giorgi wereTlis msgavsad,
ocnebobs iseT sazogadoebaze, romelic damyarebuli
iqneba Sromaze, Tanasworuflebianobaze, kacTa Soris
siyvarulsa da urTierTpativiscemaze. aseTi sazogadoe-
bis damyareba, misi azriT, SesaZlebelia inteleqtua-
luri donis amaRlebiT, swavliT, ganaTlebiT, sazoga-
doebaSi mowinave ideebis danergviT. sazogadoebis gan-
viTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis amgvar axsnas idealis-
turs uwodeben; anton furcelaZis sociologiuri Sexe-
dulebani idealisturia.
404
meTerTmete Tavi
qarTul-dasavluri da qarTul-rusuli
filosofiuri urTierTobani
XIX saukunis damdegidan gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri urTierToba. es imiT
iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ruseTma moaxdina saqarTvelos
aneqsia, gaauqma misi damoukidebloba da Tavis kolo-
niad aqcia. TviTon dasavleTTan urTierTobac mxolod
ruseTis gziT iyo SesaZlebeli da sinamdvileSic ase
xdeboda. es garemoeba aSkarad aisaxa ara marto XIX
saukunis pirveli meoTxedis qarTul literaturul-fi-
losofiur ZeglebSi, aramed TviT 60-iani wlebisa da
Semdgomi periodis qarTul azrovnebaSic.
ioane bagrationis TxzulebaSi ,,kalmasoba” gamoyene-
bulia rogorc qarTuli, aseve rusi da dasavleTis
filosofiuri moazrovneebis Txzulebani. kerZod, masSi
vxvdebiT l. eileris, kondiliakis, porfiris, prokles,
daviT uZlevelisa da sxvaTa mosazrebebs. aseve daviT
bagrationi Tavis TxzulebaSi xSirad mimarTavs dasav-
leTis avtorebs, axdens maT citirebas da zogjer
kidec ekamaTeba. misi msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi
didi roli iTamaSa volteris deisturma ideebma, ris
gamoc mas volterianelad Tvlidnen. daviT bagrationis
,,Semoklebuli fizika” ZiriTadad dawerilia dasavle-
Tis avtorebis Txzulebebis safuZvelze. kerZod, igi
iyenebs galileis, niutonis, kepleris da sxvaTa
naSromebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi maT sabunebismetyvelo
filosofiur interpretaciasac ki iZleva. man Targmna
volteris Txzuleba ,,SobisaTvis”, ansilionis ,,esTeti-
kebri gansjani”, monteskies ,,gulisxmisyofisaTvis sju-
lisa” (,,kanonTa goni”) da sxv. am Txzulebebis Targ-
405
manebs igi xSirad komentarebsac urTavs, gamoTqvams
Tavis dadebiT an uaryofiT pozicias, ekamaTeba maT.
XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi moRvaweobda giorgi
(iagor) WilaSvili (1790-1838), romelic didxans ruseTSi
cxovrobda, moRvaweobda, xolo Semdeg 1832 wlis SeTq-
mulebis aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT Jandarmeriis meT-
valyureobis qveS imyofeboda. i. WilaSvilma qarTul
enaze Targmna monteskies Txzuleba ,,arzamasi da isme-
nea”, manve gamosca kondiliakis Zmis mablis Txzuleba
,,istoriis Seswavlis Sesaxeb”, romelSic gadmocemulia
eTikur-sociologiuri ideebi.
kidev ufro mtkice iyo qarTul-rusuli filoso-
fiuri mimarTulebani XIX saukunis samocian wlebSi.
qarTveli axalgazrda Taoba (i. WavWavaZe, a. wereTeli,
g. wereTeli, n. nikolaZe da sxv.) peterburgis universi-
tetSi swavlobdnen da iTvisebdnen rusi revolucioner-
demokratebis gercenis, CerniSevskis, belinskis, pisare-
visa da sxvaTa ideebs, maT Soris filosofiursac.
magram es ar iyo rusi moazrovneebis ideebis mowafuri
Seswavla da qarTul niadagze gadmonergva, aramed mas
SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da rig SemTxvevaSi kri-
tikulic ki iyo.
qarTul samocianelTa esTetikuri Sexedulebebis
Camoyalibebis saqmeSi didi roli iTamaSa CerniSevskis
naSromma ,,xelovnebis esTetikuri damokidebuleba si-
namdvilesTan” (1855). am TxzulebaSi gatarebuli ideebi,
saxeldobr is, rom bunebis mSvenieri xelovnebis mSve-
nierze maRla dgas, safuZvlad daedo realisturi
principebis Camoyalibebas qarTul mwerlobaSi. magram
qarTveli samocianelebi brmad arc am SemTxvevaSi
iziarebdnen am TxzulebaSi gatarebul ideebs.
a. gercenis social-politikuri Sexedulebebis gav-
lena SeimCneva niko nikolaZis msoflmxedvelobaSi.
erTxans, ucxoeTSi yofnisas, niko nikolaZe TanamSrom-
406
lobda gercenis JurnalSi ,,kolokoli”. man am Jurnal-
Si ramdenime statiac ki gamoaqveyna saqarTvelos Sesa-
xeb, romelmac gercenis mowoneba daimsaxura. magram
niko nikolaZe mTlianad rodi iziarebda gercenisa da
misi Jurnalis ideebs, ramac ganapiroba is, rom niko
nikolaZem kavSiri gawyvita ,,kolokolis” redaqciasTan.
1868 wels niko nikolaZem JenevaSi gamosca Jurnali
,,sovremenosti”, romelic CerniSveskis social-politi-
kuri ideebis gagrZeleba iyo. saxeldobr, es Jurnali
uaryofda mefis mTavrobis winaaRmdeg araregaluri
brZolis formebs da ufro metad legaluri brZolis
momxre iyo, Tumca igi arc ukidures revoluciur das-
kvnebs akeTebda. aqac niko nikolaZes sakuTari pozicie-
bi hqonda. mas miuReblad miaCnia CerniSevskis radi-
kalurad revoluciuri ideebi. amrigad, niko nikolaZis
Jurnals ,,sovremenosts” CerniSevskisagan ramdenime gan-
sxvavebuli poziciebi eWira.
niko nikolaZes sakmaod farTo da mWidro urTier-
Toba hqonda dasavleTis gamoCenil moazrovneebTanac.
igi piradad icnobda karl marqss, p. lafargs, v. hiu-
gos, a. dodes, bakunins, lui blans da sxv. swored ru-
seTisa da dasavleT evropis mowinave ideebis gavlenam
Camoayaliba niko nikolaZis social-politikuri
msoflmxedveloba. igi mkacrad akritikebda kapitalis-
tur wyobilebas, aRniSnavda mis mouwesrigeblobas. igi
Tvlida, rom konkurencia, anarqia, socialuri uTanas-
woroba, rac kapitalizmis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia,
xels uSlis sazogadoebriv progress. niko nikolaZe
amtkicebda, rom ,,Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi urTier-
Tobani ar SeiZleba maradiuli iqnes ... saWiroa miswra-
feba ufro samarTliani wesrigisaken, sazogadoebriv
movaleobaTa da uflebaTa ukeTesi ganawilebisaken. Ta-
namedrove wyobilebiT ukmayofileba, miswrafeba ada-
407
mianTa urTierTobis sferoSi, ltolva ,,sazogadoebrivi
harmoniis” damyarebisaken, yvela xalxs axasiaTebs”1.
magram rogor unda damyardes ,,sazogadoebrivi
harmonia?” niko nikolaZes ar akmayofilebs prudonis
socialuri doqtrina da mkacrad akritikebs mas. Tavisi
Sexeduleba sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mouwesri-
geblobis Sesaxeb niko nikolaZem SeimuSava rus da
dasavleT evropis gamoCenil moazrovneTa gavleniT. igi
Tvlida, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa sistemis
safuZveli unda iyos asociaciebis formaSi Camoyali-
bebuli Sroma. jer kidev 1866 wels broSuraSi ,,mTavro-
ba da axali Taoba” niko nikolaZe moiTxovda kapita-
listuri wyobilebis Secvlas sayovelTao da Tavisu-
fali Sromis principebze agebuli sazogadoebrivi wyo-
bilebiT. misi azriT, saWiroa ,,sazogadoebrivi cxov-
rebis Zirianad gardaqmna” imgvarad, rom bolo moeRos
adamianTa eqsploatacias da Sromam sayovelTao xasiaTi
miiRos. Sromisa da Zalis SeerTebis Sedegad, misi
azriT, xalxi iseT saqmes gaakeTebs, romelsac verc
erTi calke moqmedi adamiani ,,martoxelad ver moereo-
da da verc aTasi an aTi aTasi geniosi, cal-calke
mSromeli, ver gaarigebda. didi ekonomia, didi sargeb-
loba an siadvile mosdevs Sromis gonier SeerTebas;
jafa maSin yvelas gauadvildeba da Sromis nayofi
yvelasaTvis matulobs... Sromis gonieri SeerTeba,
rigiani disciplina imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am aTasi
kacis tvini da goneba saqmes exmarebodes, rom rac maT
Zali an moxerxeba aqvT, sul erTianad Sromazed iyos
moqceuli”2.
aq aSkarad gamoTqmulia socialisturi ideebi, rac
ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis sicialistebis gavlenis
Sedegi unda iyos. sayovelTao, asociaciebis formaSi
ganxorcielebuli Sromis moTxovna niko nikolaZis so-
cialisturi msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
408
principia. meore princips warmoadgens miwisa da sxva
sakuTrebis Temobrivi ganawilebis idea, rac man Cerni-
Sevskis gavleniT Camoayaliba. cnobilia, rom CerniSevs-
ki ruseTis xsnas Zvel, naxevradfeodalur TemSi xedav-
da. Temobrivi wyobileba, fiqrobs niko nikolaZe Cerni-
Sevskis msgavsad, xels Seuwyobs ,,xalxis keTildReobis
srul ganviTarebas” da daaCqarebs maT gonebrivsa da
zneobriv progress. jer kidev 1865 wels gercenis ,,ko-
lokolSi” (romelic londonSi gamodioda) dabeWdil
statiaSi niko nikolaZe amtkicebda, rom sazogadoeb-
rivi da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis erTaderTi
forma, romelsac saqarTvelosTvis sargeblobis motana
SeuZlia, aris miwisa da sxva sakuTrebis Temobrivi
ganawileba da agreTve saxelmwifo marTva-gamgeobis Te-
mobrivi organizacia. Temobrivi wyobilebis principebi
niko nikolaZesa da CerniSevskis ZiriTadad erTnairad
esmoda.
niko nikolaZis utopiur-socialisturi ideebi mis
mier sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis
idealistur gagebas emyareboda. igi, sxva TanamoRvaweTa
msgavsad, fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens ganaTleba, ideebis
Setana, cnobierebis srulqmna. ,,progresi, Cemi azriT, -
werda igi – damokidebulia mxolod xalxis cnobie-
rebis Zalebis Tanmimdevari zrdisagan”3.
niko nikolaZis socialisturi ideebis Camoyali-
bebaze gavlena moaxdines agreTve dasavleT evropis
utopistebma sen-simonma, furiem, ouenma da lui blanma.
miuxedavad amisa, niko nikolaZe arc am moazrovneebis
ukritiko mimdevari iyo; igi yovelTvis originalur
moazrovnes warmoadgenda: ,,yoveli dRe aq (evropaSi –
avt.) axal-axali gziT muSaobs Cemi azri da Zalian
xSirad is, rac guSin damtkicebuli da daurRveveli
megona, dRes irRveva erTi sulis SeberviT. marTali
409
giTxra, me axla arc erTi mwerali ar momwons. furie
xom TiTqmis sruliaT Camivarda Cems azrSi, agreTve,
rogorc sen-simoni da TiTqmis lui blanic... me ufro
didi rame megona francuzuli socializmi da didi
rame ki aris, magram jer kidev Zalian bevri ramea dar-
Cenili SesamuSaveblaT”4. niko nikolaZis socialistur
ideebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera.
ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis moazrovneebma didi
gavlena moaxdines agreTve giorgi wereTlis filoso-
fiuri da sociologiuri ideebis SemuSavebaze. giorgi wereTeli XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi didi aRtacebiT
laparakobda germaneli bunebismetyveli filosofose-
bis moleSotis, biuxneris, jon tindalisa da sxvaTa
filosofiuri ideebis Sesaxeb. misi materialisturi
ideebi ruseTisa da dasavleT evropis materialistebis
gavleniT Camoyalibda. igi XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
kargad icnobda biuxneris wigns ,,Zala da materia”,
moswonda misi materialisturi ideebi, Tumca bolomde
rodi iziarebda mis vulgarul-materialistur msofl-
mxedvelobas.
giorgi wereTlis filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobis
Camoyalibebis erT-erTi wyaro iyo agreTve rusuli sa-
bunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli azrovneba. am SemTxvevaSi,
uwinares yovlisa, seCenovis materialisturi moZRvreba
unda aRiniSnos, romelsac giorgi wereTeli ivane
TarxniSvilis meSveobiT gaecno. amis uSualo Sedegi
iyo misi statia ,,ra unda gamoetana msmenels uf. i.
TarxniSvilis leqciebidam”, romelic 1871 wels gazeT
,,droebaSi” daibeWda. am statiaSi man logikur Sedege-
bamde miiyvana seCenovis moZRvrebis meqanisturi momen-
tebi, moaxdina maTi hipertrofireba.
giorgi wereTlis Txzuleba ,,saukeTeso codna”, rom-
lis meore, gadamuSavebuli da, rogorc TviTon ambobs,
,,TviTarsi” gamocema 1888 daibeWda, kavkasiis samedicino
410
sazogadoebis sapatio wevris doqtor p. sobolSCikovis
wignis (“Какое уменье нужней всего в обыденной жизни человека”) safuZvelze daiwera, romelsac giorgi were-
Telma aSkarad materialisturi da aTeisturi xasiaTi
misca.
burJuaziuli klasis kritika da axali, socialistu-
ri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis idea, romelic moce-
mulia giorgi wereTlis mxatvrulsa da publicistur
nawerebSi, agreTve dasavleTisa da ruseTis mowinave
filosofiur-sociologiuri azris gavleniT SemuSavda.
magram giorgi wereTeli yvela SemTxvevaSi kritikulad
udgeboda misi winamorbedebis naazrevs da xSirad
akritikebda kidec. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, misi damokide-
buleba mesame dasis memarcxene frTasTan, romelic
saqarTveloSi marqsistul ideebs avrcelebda. misTvis
misaRebi iyo marqsistuli idea sazogadoebis revolu-
ciuri gardaqmnis Sesaxeb, magram, amasTanave, misTvis
moulodneli iyo erovnuli problemebis mogvarebis
meore planze dayeneba socialur problemasTan mimar-
TebaSi. egnate ninoSvilisadmi miweril werilSi igi ar
eTanxmeba marqsistebs, romlebic amcireben erovnuli
moZraobis rols da upiratesobas socialur gardaqm-
nebs aniWeben. misi azriT, jer saWiroa erovnuli Tavi-
suflebis mopoveba, xolo Semdeg socialurisa. sazoga-
doebrivi progresis amgvari modeli mas ufro mizanSe-
wonilad miaCnda imdroindeli saqarTvelos mdgomareo-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT.
mowinave rusuli inteligenciis ideebma didi
gavlena moaxdina anton furcelaZis sociologiuri
ideebis Camoyalibebazec. CernoSevskis romanis ,,ra vake-
ToT” (1862) gavleniT daiwera anton furcelaZis moTx-
roba ,,samis Tavgasavali”, romelic ideurad Zalian uax-
lovdeba CerniSevskis romanSi gatarebul sociologiur
411
Sexedulebebs. mxedvelobaSi hyavda ra CerniSevski, an-
ton furcelaZe werda avtorecenziaSi: ,,amave azriT
daswera am ukanasknel dros erTma gamoCenilma rusma
mweralma erTi romani, romelic axla netarebiT gada-
dis xelidan xelSi da marTla Cinebuladac Seasrula.
amave azrs misdeven zogierTi sxva rusis mwerlebi”5.
amrigad, anton furcelaZe TviTon aRniSnavs masze
CerniSevskis ideebis gavlenas, kerZod moTxrobaSi
,,samis Tavgadasavali”. anton furcelaZe agreTve Cerni-
Sevskis gavleniT moiTxovs arsebuli sazogadoebrivi
wyobilebis ,,saZirkvlianad Secvlas”, vinaidan SeuZleb-
lad miaCnia misi gakeTilSobileba, e.i. reformistuli
gardaqmna. burJuaziuli wyobilebis kritikis parale-
lurad igi gamoTqvams socialistur ideebs. ,,kacobrio-
ba mxolod maSin iqneba bednieri – werda igi – ro-
desac amisTana wesi da kanoni datrialdeba kacis cxov-
rebaSi, rom erTs aRar eqneba Rone meoris gaZarcvisa
da motyuebisa, rodesac yvela kaci iqneba mtkiced
Cayenebuli Tavis simarTleSi (uflebebSi) da aRar
iqneba saWiroeba sxvisi simarTlis darRvevisa. rodesac
darwmunebuli iqneba, rom Tavis Sromasa da Rvawls
veravin warstacebs da waarTmevs da veravin moatyuebs.
maSin aRaravisTvis saWiro aRar iqneba sxvisi Zarcva,
motyueba da sxvis kiserze wola”.6
amgvari sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis ganxorcielebis
idea, misi azriT, wamoayenes utopistma socialistebma,
sen-simonma, furiem da ouenma. hyavs ra mxedvelobaSi es
moazrovneebi, anton furcelaZe wers, ,,ganaTlebuls
qveyanaSi didi xania Sesdgomian saqmisa, Sromisa da
sacxovreblis sazogadoebaSi Tanaswori ganawilebis
gamokvlevas... dawinaurebuli moazrovneebi (utopistebi-
avt.) amtkiceben, rom axlandeli xalxis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba unda saZirkvlianad moiTxaros da axali
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba dawesdeso”.
412
anton furcelaZe, niko nikolaZis msgavsad da kvlav
CerniSevskis gavleniT, sazogadoebis Temobrivi
mowyobis ideas icavs. soflis meurneobis gaRatakebis
Tavidan asacileblad mas saWirod miaCnia ,,mamulis
saerTo mflobelobis” daweseba. igi, niko nikolaZis
msgavsad, rusul Tems miwis sakuTrebis idealur nimu-
Sad Tvlida. ,,ruseTSi, - werda igi 1874 wels – sadac
aris daculi mamulis saerTo mflobeloba... xalxis
gaRatakeba SeuZlebelia, radgan... mamulebis gayidva
aravis SeuZlia... raki gayidva aravis ar SeuZlia mamu-
lebisa, maSasadame, rac unda mdidari kaci iyves, verc
ras TviTon iyidis da verc aiwevs is mamulebis SeZeniT
ise rom sxvebs amiT ziani misces... aq mTeli is xalxi,
sadac aris daculi mamulebis saerTo mflobeloba,
Tavis dReSi ar darCeba usarCovod da eqneba yovelTvis
cxovrebis saRsari”7.
qarTvel samocianelebSi didi gavleniT sargeblob-
da d. pisarevis ideebi. i. mansvetaSvili Tavis mogo-
nebebSi wers, rom ,,metadre didi gavlena hqonda Cvenze
pisarevs. misi gabeduli azrebi... Tavbrus gvasxamda da
gvxiblavda... vkiTxulobT fogts, biuxners, moleSots –
am ukidures materialistebs... gafacicebiT veZebdiT da
vkiTxulobdiT iseT wignebs, rogoric iyo ,,inglisi
civilizaciis istoria” boklisa, ,,qalebis gavlena cod-
nis warmatebaze” – misive, ,,politikuri ekonomia”, j. s.
milisa, naTargmni CerniSevskisa da misive SeniSvnebiT
da sxva amgvari”.
rogorc aRvniSneT, dasavleTisa da ruseTis inteli-
genciis mowinave ideebs qarTveli moazrovneebi Semoqme-
debiTad iTvisebdnen da brmad ar misdevdnen maT naaz-
revs. amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda: ,,rasakvirvelia,
am zemoqmedebam rusuli literaturisa marto imas Ses-
Zina sikeTe, romelmac yoveli gamonarkvevi am litera-
turisa Tavis sakuTar kritikis qarcecxlSi gaatara,
413
brmad ar iwama, brmad ar miiCema... Cvenda sabednierod
vityviT, rom zogni CvenSi rusuli literaturis meo-
xebiT gazrdilni da gawurTvnilni, ase brmad, tyved ar
miscemian am literaturis aucilebel zemoqmedebas.
amaT jer gamouZebniaT maTi gamonarkvevni, da mere is an
SeuTvisebiaT an uaryviaT. Cvenda sanugeSod marto amas
ar dasjerebian, imav kritikiT da gamoZiebiT mxardamxar
asdevnebian am literaturis winsvlasa, warmatebasa da
ar gaCerebulan mis romelime xanaze”8. ZiriTadad aseT
xasiaTs atarebda dasavleTisa da ruseTis gamoCenili
moazrovneebis gavlena qarTvel samocianelebze.
kantis, i. miuleris da h. helmholcis ideebi safuZv-
lad daedo ivane TarxniSvilis gnoseologiuri ideebis
Camoyalibebas. ivane TarxniSvili xSirad mogzaurobda
dasavleT evropaSi, axlo urTierToba hqonda gamoCenil
fiziologebTan da paralelurad ecnoboda sxvadsxva
filosofiur mimarTulebas. amodis ra i. miuleris
specifikuri energiis Teoriidan, romlis Tanaxmad Cveni
SegrZnebani saganTa Tvisebebs ki ar asaxavs, aramed
mxolod grZnobis organos specifikur energias gamoxa-
tavs, ivane TarxniSvili midis obieqturi sinamdvilis
Semecnebis SeuZleblobis mtkicebamde, e.i. iziarebs
agnostikur ideebs, romlis dasabuTebas bunebismetyve-
lebaSi xedavs. igi Tu dogmaturad ara, yovel
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovanwilad mainc iziarebs cnobili
germaneli fiziologiisa da filosofiuri moazrovnis
diubua reimonis Teziss ,,Ignorabimus” (,,Seumecnebadia”),
romelmac XIX saukuneSi aaRorZina hiumesa da kantis
agnostikuri Tvalsazrisi saganTa arsebis Semecnebis
SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb. i. miuleris specifikuri ener-
giis Teoria safuZvlad daedo h. helmholcis simboloe-
bis anu ieroglifebis Teorias, romlis mixedviT Cveni
SegrZnebani aris obieqturi sinamdvilis pirobiTi niS-
nebi anu ieroglifebi, romelTa urTierTobaSi garkveu-
414
li kanonzomiereba sufevs, rasac Cven bunebis kanonebs
vuwodebT. ivane TarxniSvili iziarebs helmholcis
ieroglifebis Teorias da amdenad agnosticizmis pozi-
ciaze dgeba. ivane TarxniSvilis gnoseologiuri Sexe-
dulebani gadmocemulia specialur naSromSi _ ,,cno-
bierebis cTunebani” (1886).
ivane TarxniSvilis filosofiuri ideebis Camoyali-
bebaze didi gavlena moaxdina agreTve misi maswavleb-
lis i. seCenovis moZRvrebam Tavis tvinis refleqsebis
Sesaxeb. am moZRvrebis safuZvelze ivane TarxniSvilma misi moRvaweobis pirvel periodSi uaryo nebelobis
Tavisufleba da meqanisturi determinizmis poziciebze
dadga. marTalia, amgvari pozicia mas bolomde ar
SeunarCunebia, magram rusul sabunebismetyvelo azrov-
nebaSi damkvidrebuli meqanicizmis gavlena mis naaz-
revze sruliad aSkaraa. XX saukunis damdegidan qarTve-
li mecnierebi, mwerlebi da, saerTod, kulturis moRva-
weni kidev ufro mWidrod daukavSirdnen dasavleTisa
da ruseTis filosofiursa da sazogadoebriv-politi-
kur azrovnebas.
415
SeniSvnebi:
pirveli Tavi
1. n. berZeniSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. Tb.,
1965, II wigni, gv. 257.
2. g. gozaliSvili. 1832 wlis SeTqmuleba. Tb., 1970, II t.
gv. 30.
3. i. anTelava. saglexo reforma saqarTveloSi da misi
mniSvneloba. Tb., 1966, gv. 21-22.
4. i. anTelava, v. guCua. saqarTveloSi sicialuri urTi-
erTobis istoriidan. Tb., 1967, gv. 28-34.
5. iqve, gv. 35-36, 42.
6. T. kukava. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriidan.
Tb., 1967, gv. 137.
7. S. nucubiZe. qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II
t., gv. 386-445.
8. iqve, gv. 398.
9. И. Джавахов. Политическoе и социальное движение в Грузии в XIX в. Спб, 1906, gv. 21-22.
10. T. kukava. qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoriidan.
Tb., 1967, gv. 181-183.
11. z. WiWinaZe. solomon dodaSvili. Tb., 1893, gv. 15.
12. filadelfos kiknaZe. siyvaruli mamulisa. Tb., 1996, gv.
51.
13. iqve, gv. 58-63.
14. iqve, gv. 41.
15. gabriel episkoposi. cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvle-
bi. Tb., 1993, gv.6.
16. iqve, gv. 60.
17. gabriel episkoposi. qadagebani. Tb., 1989, I t. Ggv. 377-
378.
18. iqve, gv. XII-XIII.
19. i. gogebaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1954, III. t. gv.11.
20. iqve.
21. a. boWoriSvili. gabriel qiqoZis ,,cdiseuli fsiqolo-
giis safuZvlebi”. angia boWoriSvili. Txzulebebi, Tb., 1991, I
416
t. gv. 245-261., T. buaCiZe. nebis Tavisuflebis problema
gabriel episkoposis ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebSi”.,
T. buaCiZe. filosofiuri narkvevebi. Tb., 2005, II t., gv. 572-584,
i. imedaZe. g. qiqoZis cdiseuli fsiqologia. saqarTvelos
fsiqologiis macne. 2007, #1, gv. 119-132. m. maxaraZe. gabriel
qiqoZe adamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. Jurnali, ,,kldekari”,
1951, #1.
22. a. surgulaZe. qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris istoria
XIX s-is meore naxevarSi. Tb., 1973. gv. 86.
23. iqve, gv. 87.
24. iqve, gv. 92.
25. iqve, gv. 95.
26. iqve, gv. 372.
27. iqve, gv. 390.
meore Tavi
$1. iona xelaSvili
1. iona xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. gv. 17-18.
2. iqve.
3. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 304. 4. ,,arxieri” – saeklesio piri /s. klarki saeklesio moRva-
we iyo/.
5. iona xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. gv. 39.
6. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 1532. 7. iqve.
8. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 142. 9. iqve, S – 307. 10. iqve, S – 1532. 11. iqve, S – 1537. 12. iona xelaSvili. ocdaToTxmeti SekiTxvis wigni. gv. 10-
14.
13. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 1532. 14. iqve, Q – 81. 15. iqve, H – 716.
417
16. И.А. Орбели. Грузинские рукописи Института востоковедения. Москва-Ленинград, 1956.
$2. daviT bagrationi
17. daviT bagrationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tb., 2003, gv. 22.
18. iqve, gv. 30.
19. iqve, gv. 22.
20. iqve.
21. iqve, gv. 23.
22. Р. Декарт. Избранные произведения. М., 1950, gv. 472. 23. iqve, gv. 471.
24. daviT bagrationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tb., 2003, gv. 25.
25. iqve, gv. 90-91.
26. iqve, gv. 91.
27. iqve, gv. 26-27.
28. iqve, gv. 27.
29. iqve.
30. iqve, gv. 67.
31. iqve, gv. 27.
32. iqve.
33. iqve.
34. iqve, gv. 28.
35. iqve.
36. iqve.
37. iqve, gv. 30.
38. iqve, gv. 29.
39. iqve, gv. 90.
40. iqve.
41. iqve, gv. 65.
42. v. parkaZe. daviT bagrationi da misi ,,Semoklebuli
fisika”. Tb., 1954, gv. 183.
43. daviT bagrationi. Semoklebuli fisika. Tb., 2003, gv. 97 44. daviT bagrationi. saqarTvelos samarTlisa da
kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva. Tb., 1969, Sesavali.
45. iqve, $ 595. 46. iqve, $120.
418
$3. ioane bagrationi
47. k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 142. 48. ,,kalmasoba” ioane batoniSvilisa. z. WiWinaZis gamocema.
d. baqraZis winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1896, gv. XVII.
49. es nawili calke wignad gamosca g. dedabriSvilma.
50. T. kukava. narkvevebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris istoriidan.
Tb., 1956, gv. 42.
51. ioane bagrationi. kalmasoba. filosofiuri nawili. Tb.,
1974, gv. 61-62.
52. iqve, gv. 32.
53. iqve, gv. 16.
54. iqve.
55. iqve, gv. 80.
56. iqve, gv. 14.
mesame Tavi
solomon dodaSvili
1. solomon dodaSvilis filosofia
1. s. dodaSvili. logika. p. iaSvilis Targmani, a. quTelias
redaqciiTa da winasityvaobiT. Tb., 1949.
2. amis Sesaxeb ix. g. rusia. solomon dodaSvilis filo-
sofiuri Sexedulebebi. cxinvali, 1961.
3. n. polevois («Московский телеграф», ч. 18, отд. Первое, gv. 167-168), g. titovisa («Московский вестник», ч. 6, № 22, gv. 201-206) da xelmouwereli («Северная пчела», № 72, 16.06. 1827).
4. Р. Воскресенский. История русской философии. Казань, 1840., Я. Колубовский. Очерки славянской философии (Приложение к кн.: Ибервег-Гейнце. История новой философии. СПБ, 1890)., П. Лейкфельд, Различные направления в логике и основные задачи этой науки. Харьков, 1890. Э. Радлов, Философский словарь. СПБ, 1911., Г. Каландаришвили. Очерки по истории логики в Грузии. Тбилиси, 1952., T. kukava. narkvevebi XIX s.
pirveli naxevris sazogadoebrivi da filosofiuri azris
419
istoriidan. Tb., 1956. S. nucubiZe, qarTuli filosofiis
istoria. Tbilisi, 1958., II t.
5. ,,saliteraturoni nawilni...”. # 1, # 2. maSinve qveyndeba
am nawarmoebis rusuli variantic: «Тифлисские ведомости», 1832, №1. «Московские ведомости». 1832, №10, agreTve wignSi: А. Жари де Манси. История древних и новых литератур. Наука и искусство. М., 1836.
6. unda aRiniSnos agreTve: solomon dodaSvilis bibliog-
rafia: 1825-1966 ww. (s. xuciSvilis redaqciiTa da winasity-
vaobiT). Tb., 1967.
7. i. kanti. logika. I, pirveli ganyofileba, §11 (wignSi: И. Кант. Трактаты и письма. М.,1980).
8. iqve, Sesavali, VIII (5).
9. В. В. Зеньковский. История русской философии. Часть II, ХIХ век. www.magister.msk.ru /library/philos/, Tavi I (1,2), Tavi II (1).
10. iqve, II Tavi (2,3).
11. iqve, I Tavi (8)
12. И.В. Кобзарь. Предистория факультета. http://philosophy.pu.ru /history/#.
13. iqve.
14. l. mWedliSvili. didi moazrovne, tragikuli pirovneba.
,,macne, filosofiis seria”. 2005, #1, gv. 5-25.
15. k. kacitaZe. solomon dodaSvili da germanuli klasi-
kuri idealizmi. solomon dodaSvili. saiubileo krebuli,
miZRvnili s. dodaSvilis dabadebis 180 wlisTavisadmi, Tb.,
1986. gv. 177.
16. I. Schad. Institutiones philosophiae universae, tomus primus, logicam puram et applicatam complectens (xarkovi, 1812).
17. Русский биографический словарь А. А. Половцова. www.rulex.ru. 18. v. v. zenkovskis dasaxelebuli Sroma. Tavi II (6).
19. S. nucubiZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 513-522.
20. g. kalandariSvilis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 244.
21. S. nucubiZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 504-512
22. k. kacitaZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 188
23. iqve, gv. 180-182.
24. iqve, gv. 185 da agreTve: s. xuciSvili., k. kacitaZe.
dodaSvili solomon ioanes Ze. qarTvel filosofosTa
leqsikoni. personalia. Tb., 2000, gv. 109-117.
420
25. k. kacitaZis dasaxelebuli Sroma. gv. 190.
26. g abzianiZe. s. dodaSvilis cxovreba da moRvaweoba.
Txzulebani. Tb., 1961, gv. 32.
2. s. dodaSvili da qarTuli kultura
27. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 2001, gv. 214.
28. iqve.
29. z. WiWinaZe. solomon dodaSvili. Tb.,1893, gv. 18-19.
30. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 2001, gv. 214.
31. iqve, gv. 215.
32. iqve.
33. iqve, gv. 215-216.
34. iqve, gv. 216.
35. iqve.
36. iqve.
37. iqve.
38. iqve, gv. 219.
39. iqve.
40. iqve.
41. qarTuli mwerloba. Tb., 1984, I nakveTi, gv. 313.
42. s. dodaSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 2001, gv. 365-366.
43. m. berZniSvili. masalebi XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris
qarTuli sazogadoebis istoriisaTvis. Tb.,.1983, II t.
meoTxe Tavi
filosofiuri ideebi qarTul romantizmSi
1. g. TevzaZe. solomon dodaSvili. Tb., 2005, gv. 5.
2. i. WavWavaZe. werilebi qarTul literaturaze. ix. i.
WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli oc tomad. Tb., 1991, V
t. gv. 531-532.
3. adamianis, rogorc gonebisa da grZnobis nazavis ganma-
saxierebeli individualurobis mniSvnelovani modeli ekuTv-
nis fr. nicSes. misi azriT, adamianuri arsebobis damadastu-
rebeli instancia, uwinares yovlisa, mgrZnobelobaSi (sxeul-
421
Si) unda veZioT da ara gonebaSi; ix. T. iremaZe. fridrix
nicSe. Tb., 2006, gv. 58-63.
4. Novalis, Blütenstaub, in: Athenaum. Eine Zeitschrift von August Wilhelm Schlegel und Friedrich Schlegel. Auswahl, hrsg. von G. Heinrich. Leipzig, 1984, gv. 11.
5. l. asaTiani. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1958, I t. gv. 64-102.
6. g. natroSvilis azriT, ,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci” J. J.
rusos mimdevris _ volneis erT-erTi Txzulebis arazusti,
Tavisufali, komentarebis msgavsi Targmania. ix. g. natroSvi-
li. ,,udabnoSi dawerili wigni”. ,,mnaTobi”, # 12 (1969), gv. 146.
,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci”. ix. qarTuli mwerloba, Tb., 1992,
IX t. gv. 71-79.
7. ,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci”. qarTuli mwerloba, Tbili-
si, 1992, IX t. gv. 72.
8. socialuri Tanasworobis motivs eZRvneba al. WavWavaZis
cnobili leqsi ,,vah, sofelsa amas da misTa mdgmurTa”.
9. ,,axloiT ganCxrekili kaci”, gv. 76-79: ,,Wia, dabadebuli
furcelsa zeda, sunTqavs TavisuflebiT, xolo kaci vera
sada hpoebs Tavisufalsa adgilsa! [...] yovelgan hsCans ul-
mobeloba, sulmokleoba, mrisxaneba, Suri, siZulvili, kacTa
kvla da mxecobrioba”.
10. iqve, gv. 79.
11. iqve, gv. 72.
12. al. WavWavaZe. saqarTvelos mokle istoriuli narkvevi
1801-dan 1831 wlamde. werili nikoloz pirvelisadmi. qarTuli
mwerloba. Tb., 1992, IX t. gv. 80-104.
13. F. Schlegel, A. W. Schlegel, Novalis, F. Schleiermacher. Fragmente, in: Athenaum, gv. 125.
14. Cven vsargeblobT 1834 wlis gamocemiT; ix. Ф. Шлегель. История древней и новой литературы. СПб. т. I-II. 1834.
15. a. gawerelia. grigol orbeliani. grigol orbeliani.
saRamo gamosalmebisa. Tb., 1989, gv. 12.
16. gr. orbeliani. fsalmuni. gr. orbeliani. TxzulebaTa
sruli krebuli. a. gawerelias da j. WumburiZis Sesavali
weriliT, redaqciiTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1959, gv. 83.
17. ix. gr. orbeliani. werilebi. Tb., 1936, gv. 12.
422
18. a. popiaSvili. individis problema s. kirkegorisa da f.
nicSes filosofiaSi. Tb., 1988, gv. 46.
19. v. dilTai romantizmTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb. ix. H.-G. Gadamer Das Problem Diltheys. Zwischen Romantik und Positivismus. in: H.-G. Gadamer, Neuere Philosophie II: Probleme, Gestalten. Tübingen, 1987, gv. 406-424.
20. ix. Ф. Шлегель. История древней и новой литературы, gv. 13. 21. ix. Ф. Шлегель. Эстетика. Философия. Критика. Москва, 1983, т. I,
gv. 77. 22. ix. Ф. Шлегель. История древней и новой литературы. gv. 295. 23. Шеллинг. Философия искусства. Москва, 1966, gv. 79-80. 24. hainrix cSoke iyo Zalian popularuli mwerali da
politikosi; is moRvaweobda SveicariaSi da misi Semoqmedeba
ganmsWvaluli iyo ganmanaTleblur-pedagogiuri tendenciebiT,
romantikuli sixarulis gancdiT da Sotlandieli uolter
skotisgan momdinare istoriuli realizmiT.
25. S. reviSvili. germanul-qarTuli etiudebi. Tb., 1997, gv.
26.
26. ,,pasuxi uRirsTa SvilebTa”. ,,ciskari”. ivlis –
agvisto. 1874, gv. 1-9. ganxilva ,,sityvisaTvis”, Zveli
seminaristis xelmoweriT ,,ciskari”, seqtember-oqtomberi, 1874,
gv. 14-37.
27. es recenzia pirvelad daibeWda ,,tiflisski vestnikSi”
(# 17, 1876), xolo mogvianebiT i. WavWavaZem gadabeWda `iveria-
Si~ saTauriT `baton n. i. nikolaZis azri poet nikoloz
baraTaSvilsa da mis poeziaze~. amis Sesaxeb ix. nana nikolaZe.
niko nikolaZe n. baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb. `kriteriumi~, 2005,
#13, Tb., gv. 120-122.
28. n. baraTaSvilis poeziis pirveli originaluri anali-
zi mogvca ilia WavWavaZem; ix. i. WavWavaZe. werilebi qarTul
literaturaze. ix. i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli
oc tomad. Tb., 1991, V tomi, gv. 534-544.
29. n. nikolaZe, niko nikolaZe n. baraTaSvilis Sesaxeb, gv. 121.
30. iqve, gv. 120.
31. iqve, gv. 122.
32. i. evgeniZe. qarTuli romantizmis sakiTxebi. gv. 96. ak.
gawerelia. nikoloz baraTaSvili. Tb., 1947., k. kacitaZe. solo-
423
mon dodaSvili da nikoloz baraTaSvili. `literatura da
xelovneba~. 1990, #1, gv. 74.
33. qarTuli filosofiis istoriis, rogorc mecnierebis
Camoyalibebis saTaveebTan, anton pirvelis filosofiur da
filologiur SromebTan erTad, s. dodaSvilis `mokle gan-
xilva qarTuli literaturisa anu sityvierebisa~ SeiZleba
dasaxeldes (ix. S. xidaSeli. Sesavali. qarTuli filosofiu-
ri azris istoria. redaqtorebi: S. xidaSeli da m. maxaraZe.
Tb., 1996, I t. gv. 3).
34. S. nucubiZis azriT, igi (s. dodaSvili _ l.z.) `[...] mixv-
da transcendentalobis sisustes da cnobierebis Cixidan
gamosvla sinamdvilis agebis ki ara, aramed mocemuli sinamd-
vilis gagebis (‹mocemuli cnebebi› s. dodaSvilisa, erT-erTi
safexuria am gagebisa) gziT scada. aqaa s. dodaSvilis daSo-
reba kantisagan, misi transcendentalizmisagan~ (S. nucubiZe.
qarTuli filosofiis istoria. Tb., 1958, II t. gv. 490).
35. iqve, gv. 491.
36. i. meunargias azriT, n. baraTaSvilis poeziis xasiaTi
gansazRvra `daviTn-saxarebisa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ `kargma
qarTulma enam~, amasTanave, al. WavWavaZisa da gr. orbelianis
poeziam; ix. i. meunargia. cxovreba da poezia nikoloz baraTa-
Svilisa Tb., 1968, gv. 63-64.
37. g. TevzaZe. solomon dodaSvili. gv. 5.
38. n. baraTaSvili. Txzulebani. saiubileo gamocema, Tb.,
1968, gv. 88.
39. iqve, gv. 156.
40. s. dodaSvili. Tzulebani. Semdgeneli da winasityvao-
bis avtori T. kukava. Tb., 2001, gv. 44-45.
41. aq modernizmSi hegeli romantizms gulisxmobs; ix.. Hegel. Ästhetik. hrsg. von G. Lukács. Berlin, 1955, gv. 495 ff.
42. m. gogiberiZe. n. baraTaSvilis `meranis~ esTetikur-enti-
fikaturi analizi. m. gogiberiZe. rCeuli filosofiuri Txzu-
lebani, Tb., 1978, IVt. gv. 245.
43. s. dodaSvili. Tzulebani. gv. 95-111.
44. iqve, gv. 110.
45. iqve, gv. 98.
46. iqve, gv. 109.
424
47. iqve, gv. 111.
48. k. kacitaZe. solomon dodaSvili da nikoloz baraTa-
Svili. `literatura da xelovneba~. 1990, # 1, gv. 74.
49. iqve, gv. 77-80.
mexuTe Tavi
$1. g. qiqoZis filosofiuri Sexedulebebi
1. misi samagistro disertaciis Tema iyo: ,,ganazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom mesiis movlenis droindeli xalxebis reli-
giuri, zneobrivi da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba amtkicebs
dedamiwaze misi mosvlis aucileblobas”.
2. Основания опытной психологии Архимандрита Гавриила. СПБ, 1858 г. 3. ,,qadagebani” iTargmna inglisurad da gamoica londonSi
1891 wels. 1893 wels ki quTaisSi rusul enaze gamoica ,,qada-
gebanis” erTtomeuli saTauriT _ «Слова и речи Гавриила Епископа Имеретинского».
3. n. dobroliubovma dadebiTad CauTvala g. qiqoZes am
meTodis gamoyeneba: ,,igi gansxvavdeba maTgan” (winandel fsi-
qologebisgan – v.k.) gadmocemis meTodiT da fiziologiuri
faqtebis SedarebiT didi raodenobiT, rac mis udavo upira-
tesobas Seadgens. ix. n. dobrolubovis recenzia arqimandrit
gabrielis wignis ,,cdiseuli fsiqologiis safuZvlebis”
Sesaxeb, ,,mnaTobi”, 1941, #7, gv. 111.
4. Основания опытной психологии Архимандрита Гавриила. СПБ, 1858 г. gv. 116-117.
5. iqve, gv. 117. 6. iqve, gv. 234.
7. iqve, gv. 249.
8. iqve, gv. 267.
9. iqve, gv. 269.
10. iqve, gv. 327-329.
11. iqve, gv. 84.
12. qve, gv. 235.
425
13. iqve, gv. 256.
14. iqve, gv. 262.
15. iqve, gv. 335.
16. iqve, gv. 335-336.
17. iqve, gv. 14.
18. iqve, gv. 16.
19. iqve, gv. 39.
20. iqve, gv. 53.
20. iqve, gv. 238.
21. iqve, gv. 53.
22. iqve, gv. 52.
23. iqve, gv. 55-56.
24. iqve, gv. 71.
25. iqve, gv. 76-77.
26. iqve, gv. 85.
27. iqve, gv. 81-82.
28. iqve, gv. 133.
29. iqve, gv. 48.
30. iqve, gv. 133.
31. iqve, gv. 107.
32. iqve, gv. 138.
33. iqve, gv. 141.
34. iqve, gv. 143.
35. iqve, gv. 144.
36. iqve, gv. 219.
$2. nebis Tavisuflebis problema
37. iqve, gv. 215.
38. iqve, gv. 216.
39. iqve, gv. 218-219.
40. iqve, gv. 240.
41. iqve, gv. 221.
42. iqve, gv. 223.
43. iqve.
44. iqve, gv. 224.
45. iqve, gv. 194-195.
46. iqve, gv. 203.
426
47. iqve.
48. iqve, gv. 197.
49. iqve.
50. iqve, gv. 199.
51. iqve, gv. 200.
52. iqve, gv. 211.
53. qadagebani, quTaisi, 1913, I t. gv. 4.
54. i. WavWavaZe. sityva Tqmuli gaenaTis monasterSi gab-
riel episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes. TxzulebaTa sruli
krebuli 10 tomad. Tbilisi, 1955, IV t.
$3. adamianis daniSnulebis sakiTxi qadagebebSi
55. episkoposi gabrieli. qadagebani. Tb., 1989, I t. gv. 377.
56. iqve, gv. 378.
57. iqve.
58. iqve, gv. 391.
59. iqve, gv. 393.
60. iqve, gv. 423.
61. iqve, gv. 103.
62. iqve, gv. 407.
63. iqve.
64. iqve, gv. 394.
65. iqve.
66. iqve, gv. 395.
67. episkoposi gabrieli. qadagebani. Tb., 1990, II t. gv. 262.
meeqvse Tavi
$1. ilia WavWavaZe
1. ilia WavWavaZe. nawerebis sruli krebuli cxra tomad.
Tb., 1928, IX t. gv.373.
2. iqve, gv. 376.
3. iqve, gv. 380.
4. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1931 27 oqtomberi.
5. m. toroSeliZe. qarTuli literatura. Tb., 1934, gv.34.
427
6. iqve, gv. 36.
7. iqve, gv. 38.
8. iqve, gv. 39.
9. iqve, gv. 41.
10. iqve, gv. 42.
11. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1986 29 aprili.
12. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1986 11 maisi.
13. iqve.
14. iqve.
15. gaz. ,,komunisti”. 1978 28 maisi.
16. iqve.
17. ,,macne”. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xe-
lovnebis seria. 1978, #4, gv.118-124.
18. g. meliqiSvili. saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavla oq-
tombris didi socialisturi revoluciis 50 wlisTavze. kre-
buli, ,,saistorio werilebi”. Tb., 1968, I nakveTi, gv. 72.
19. iqve, gv. 118.
20. iqve.
21. iqve, gv. 119.
22. iqve, gv. 120.
23. iqve, gv. 122-123.
24. iqve, gv. 123.
25. Большая советская энциклопедия. 1955, 36-e t. gv. 183-184. 26. iqve.
27. iqve.
28. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. Tb.,
1951, I t. gv. 7.
29. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad.
Tb., 1991, V t. gv. 344.
30. iqve.
31. iqve, gv. 345-346.
32. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. Tb.,
1957, VII t. gv. 434.
33. iqve.
34. iqve, gv. 9.
35. iqve, gv. 434.
36. iqve, gv. 416.
428
37. iqve, gv. 415.
38. igive krebuli. Tb., 1955, IV t. gv. 28.
39. igive krebuli. Tb., 1956, VI t. gv. 7-8.
40. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad. V
t. gv. 455.
41. iqve, gv. 455-456.
42. iqve, gv. 457.
43. iqve, gv. 120.
44. iqve.
45. i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. I t.
gv. 7.
$2. iakob gogebaSvili
46. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, III t. gv.
200.
47. iqve, gv. 261-262. agreTve, misive, rani viyaviT guSin, Tb.,
1990, gv. 159.
48. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. III t. gv. 328.
49. iqve.
50. iqve, gv. 336.
51. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, IV t. gv.
161.
52. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1989, I t. gv.
213-217.
53. iqve, gv. 217-218.
54. iqve, gv. 210-211.
55. iqve, gv. 230.
56. iqve, gv. 216.
57. es nawarmoebi pirvelad 1890 wels gamoqveynda gazeTeb-
Si ,,iveria” (#100-102, 104) da “mwyemsSi” (#12, 17, 19, 20) saTau-
riT ,,ZiriTadi ukuRmarToba”, 1892 wels ki calke wignadac
gamoica imave saTauriT, xolo 1903 wels saTauriT ,,burji
erovnebisa”.
58. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. Tb., 1990, II t. gv. 6-
7.
59. iqve, gv. 9.
60. iqve, gv. 11.
429
61. iqve, gv. 16-17.
62. iqve, gv. 17.
63. iqve, gv. 19.
64. iqve, gv. 21.
65. iqve, gv. 22.
66. iqve, gv. 23.
67. iqve, gv. 24-25.
68. iqve, gv. 27.
69. iqve, gv. 28.
70. iqve, gv. 30-32.
71. iqve, gv. 33-34.
72. iqve, gv. 40.
73. i. gogebaSvili. rCeuli Txzulebani. II t. gv. 45.
meSvide Tavi
Teoriuli filosofiis sakiTxebi
XIX saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi
$ 1 giorgi wereTeli
1. es Tvalsazrisi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia g. wereTlis
publicistur da ara mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi.
2. giorgi wereTeli. moleSoti. ,,kvali”. 1893, #25.
3. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 78.
4. giorgi wereTeli. jon tindali. ,,kvali”. 1894, #4.
5. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 77.
6. iqve, gv. 8-19.
7. iqve, gv. 23.
8. ,,droeba”, 1870, #48.
9. giorgi wereTeli. moleSoti. ,,kvali”. 1893, #25.
10. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,
1930, I t., gv. 107.
11. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 78.
12. iqve, gv. 31.
13. iqve, gv. 37.
14. iqve, gv. 36-37.
430
15. iqve, gv. 38-39.
16. iqve, gv. 34.
17. iqve, gv. 28.
18. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
311.
19. iqve, gv. 31.
20. giorgi wereTeli. jon tindali. ,,kvali”. 1894, #4.
21. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I t. gv.
330.
22. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 55-56
23. iqve, gv. 69.
24. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
125.
25. iqve, gv. 74.
26. iqve, gv. 71, 73.
27. iqve, gv. 120.
28. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 72.
29. giorgi wereTeli. dramatuli werili. ,,iveria”, 1889,
#22.
30. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 74.
31. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
101.
32. iqve, gv. 121.
33. iqve, gv. 121-122.
34. iqve, gv. 122.
35. giorgi wereTeli. uf.vereSCaginis azri jiqeT-
abxazeTis dasaxlebazed. ,,droeba”, 1879, #36.
36. giorgi wereTeli. peterburgidam niJnamdis. ,,droeba”.
1869, #43.
37. giorgi wereTeli. ra unda gamoetana msmenels uf. i.
TarxniSvilis leqciebidan? ,,droeba”. 1871, #45.
38. romelzec giorgi wereTeli ambobda, rom gadamuSave-
bis Semdeg igi sruliad damoukidebeli, ,,TviTarsi”, Txzu-
leba Seiqmnao.
39. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 69.
40. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, I t. gv.
127.
431
41. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 3.
42. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
130.
43. iqve, gv. 49.
44. iqve, gv. 147.
45. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tb., 1888, gv. 72.
46. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
203.
47. giorgi wereTeli. saukeTeso codna. Tbilisi, 1888, gv.
76.
48. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
130.
49. giorgi wereTeli. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb., 1947, I t., gv.
185.
50. ,,kvali”, 1893, #1.
51. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
228-229.
52. iqve, gv. 94.
53. iqve, gv. 53.
$2. anton furcelaZe
54. anton furcelaZis filosofiuri Sexedulebani
gadmocemulia ZiriTadad mis publicistur nawarmoebebSi.
55. v. vaxania. anton furcelaZis msoflmxedveloba. Tb.,
1958, gv. 72.
56. iqve, gv. 72-73.
57. anton furcelaZe. kacobrioba da xalxosnoba. Tb., 1906,
gv. 42.
58. v. vaxania. anton furcelaZis msoflmxedveloba. Tb.,
1958, gv. 86-87.
59. anton furcelaZe. kapitalizmi da kapitalisturi war-
moeba. gaz. ,,iveria”, 1895, #277.
60. v. vaxania. anton furcelaZis msoflmxedveloba. Tb.,
1958, gv. 93.
61. iqve, gv. 94.
432
62. anton furcelaZe. ,,saqarTvelo” Txzuleba d. baqraZis.
,,mnaTobi”. 1872, #1.
$3 ivane TarxniSvili
63. И. Р. Тарханов. Биологический этюд. «Свет». 1879, №2, gv. 461. 64. И.Р. Тарханов. Курс физиологии. СПБ, 1879, gv. 3-4. 65. iqve, gv, 18. 66. И.Р. Тарханов. Главные опоры биологии. «Вестник и библиотека
самообразования». 1903, №50, gv. 2005-2006. 67. И.Р. Тарханов. Телесная жизнь как брожение. «Вестник
Европы».1886, т. I, gv. 137.
68. iqve.
69. И.Р. Тарханов. Курс физиологии. СПБ, 1879, №2, gv.18. 70. И.Р. Тарханов. О влиянии теплоты и холода на чувствующие нервы
спинной и головной мозг необеcкровленных и обеcкровленных лягушек. 1871, gv. 43.
71. И.Р. Тарханов. Внушение, гипнотизм и чтение мыслей. СПБ, 1905, gv. 132.
72. И.Р. Тарханов. Физиология. Энциклопедический словаръ Брокгауза и Ефрона. Т. 70.
73. И.Р. Тарханов. Внушение, гипнотизм и чтение мыслей. СПБ, 1905, gv. 20 .
74. И.Р. Тарханов. Дух и телo. СПБ, 1904, gv. 7. 75. iqve, gv. 55. 76. iqve, gv. 55-56.
77. И.Р. Тарханов. Биологический этюд. «Свет». 1879, №12, gv. 458. 78. И.Р. Тарханов. Внушение. гипнотизм и чтение мыслей. СПБ, 1905,
gv. 59-60 . 79. iqve, gv. 59.
80. И.Р. Тарханов. Роль нервной системы в движении животных. «Медицинский сборник», 1872, №14, gv. 58.
81. И.Р. Тарханов. О спонтанизме. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №3. 82. И.Р. Тарханов. Обманы сознания. «Вестник Европы». 1886, №12,
gv. 641. 83. iqve, gv. 637. 84. iqve, 635.
433
85. И.Р. Тарханов. Ощущение. Энциклопедический словаръ. Брокгауза и Ефрона. Т. 44.
86. И.Р. Тарханов. Обманы сознания. «Вестник Европы», 1886, №12, gv. 652.
87. iqve, gv. 644. 88 iqve, gv. 640.
89. iqve, gv. 660.
90. iqve, gv. 661.
91. iqve, gv. 644.
92. iqve, gv. 659.
93. iqve, gv. 663.
94. iqve, gv. 665.
95. iqve.
merve Tavi
$1 iona xelaSvili
1. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis
saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. S – 307. 2. iqve, S – 42. 3. iqve, S – 966. 4. iqve, S – 277.
$2 ilia WavWavaZe
5. qarTuli mwerloba. ocdaaT tomad. Tb., 1987, XI t. gv. 90.
6. iqve, gv. 101.
7. iqve, gv. 80.
8. iqve, gv. 382.
9. iqve, gv. 67.
10. iqve, gv. 142-143.
11. iqve, gv. 153.
12. iqve, gv. 154.
434
$3. eTikuri problematika vaJa fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi
13. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani xuT tomad. Tb., 1994, V t., gv.
236.
14. iqve.
15. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb. 1992, I t. gv. 89.
16. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani, Tb., 1992, II t. gv. 59.
17. iqve, gv. 60.
18. iqve, gv. 277.
19. iqve, gv. 282.
20. iqve, gv. 279.
21. iqve, gv. 282.
22. iqve, gv. 291.
23. vaJa-fSavela. Txzulebani. Tb., 19923, III t. gv. 57.
24. iqve, gv. 62.
25. iqve, gv. 63.
26. iqve, gv. 67.
27. iqve, gv. 68.
28. iqve, gv. 75.
29. igive gamocema. V t. gv. 278.
30. iqve, gv. 179.
31. iqve, gv. 280.
32. iqve, gv. 377-378.
33. igive gamocema. II t. gv. 13.
34. iqve.
35. igive gamocema. III t. gv. 14.
36. iqve, gv. 60.
37. iqve, gv. 36.
$4 niko nikolaZe erovnuli sikeTisa da erovnuli
borotebis Sesaxeb
38. qarTulo mwerloba. ocdaaT tomad. Tb., 1988, IV t., gv.
140.
39. iqve, gv. 141.
40. iqve, gv. 145-146.
41. iqve, gv. 147.
42. iqve, gv. 148.
43. iqve, gv. 151.
435
44. iqve, gv. 165.
45. iqve, gv. 167.
46. iqve, gv. 172.
47. iqve, gv. 173.
48. iqve, gv. 183.
49. iqve, gv. 183.
50. iqve, gv. 183-184.
mecxre Tavi
esTetikuri azri XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi
1. ilia WavWavaZe. literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb.
Tb., I, 1997, gv. 140.
2. iqve. gv. 145.
3. iqve. gv. 146.
4. iqve. gv. 144.
5. iqve. gv. 141.
6. iqve. gv. 140.
7. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. III t., Tb.,
1953, gv. 53.
8. iqve. gv. 21.
9. ilia WavWavaZe literaturisa da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. I,
gv. 136.
10. iqve. gv. 76.
11. iqve. gv. 112.
12. akaki wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 18 tomad.
Tb., 1960, XI t. gv. 158.
13. iqve, gv. 440.
14. akaki wereTeli. igive gamocema. Tb., 1956. V t. gv. 184.
15. akaki wereTeli. igive gamocema. Tb., 1961. XI t. gv. 43.
16. akaki wereTeli. igive gamocema. Tb., 1961, XIII t. gv. 325-
326.
17. Jurn. `moambe~, 1894. #3.
18. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1960, II t.
19. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1970. VI t. gv. 44.
436
20. iqve, gv. 21.
21. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1963. III t. gv. 382-383.
22. n. nikolaZe. Txzulebani. Tb., 1970, VI t. gv. 17.
23. g. wereTeli. Txzulebani. Tb., I t. gv. 46
24. g. wereTeli. kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba. Jurn.
`kvali~. 1981, # 46.
25. g. wereTeli. `xafangi~ mevelisa. `kvali~. 1894, #.5.
26. Г. Церетели. Лекции в кружке Г.Г. Пальм и Эрицова, gaz.
`tifliski vestnik~. 1879, #38.
27. n. nikolaZe. wereTlis pirveli Sroma. `moambe~. 1844, #3.
28. gaz. `Temi~. 1913, 11 noemberi.
29. krebuli `qarTuli literaturuli kritikis istorii-
saTvis~. Tb., 1955, gv. 379.
30. a. furcelaZe. qarTuli literatura. ix. krebuli `qar-
Tuli literaturuli kritikis istoriisaTvis~. Tb.,K1955,. gv.
301.
31. vaJa-fSavela. TxzylebaTa krebuli aT tomad. Tb., 1964,
IX t. gv. 396.
32. iqve, 396.
33. vaJa-fSavela. `fiqrebi~. `iveria~. 1891. #113.
34. vaJa-fSavela. rCeuli. Tb., 1960, gv. 330.
35. vaJa-fSavela. Tb., 1964, IX t. gv. 369.
36. iqve.
37. iqve.
38. iqve.
meaTe Tavi
socialur-politikuri da socialuri azri
$1. social-politikuri azri
1. iv. surgulaZe. i. WilaSvilis politikuri Sexedulebani.
Tb., 1979w, gv. 9.
2. i. WilaSvili. bunebiTi samarTlis moxazuloba. ix. wign-
Si: iv. surgulaZe. i. WilaSvilis politikuri Sexedulebani.
Tb., 1979 gv. 52.
437
3. iqve.
4. iqve.
5. iqve, gv. 53.
6. iqve, gv. 54.
7. iqve, gv. 55.
8. iqve, gv. 57.
9. iqve, gv. 58.
10. iqve, gv. 59.
11. iqve, gv. 60.
12. iqve.
13. iv. surgulaZis dasax. Sroma. gv. 32.
14. i. WilaSvilis dasax. Sroma., gv. 61-62.
15. iqve, gv. 62.
16. iv. surgulaZeis dasax. Sroma., gv. 34.
17. s. mgalobliSvili. ,,mogonebani”. Tbilisi. 1938, gv, 70.
18. iqve, gv. 71.
19. S. daviTaSvili. ,,xalxosnuri moZraoba saqarTveloSi”.
tfilisi, 1933, gv. 15.
20. i. mansvetaSvili. ,,mogonebani”. Tb., 1985, gv. 67.
21. iqve, gv. 70.
22. g. maiaSvili. ,,rCeuli nawerebi”. Tb., 1968, gv. 71.
23. iqve, gv. 72.
24. iqve, gv. 65.
25. iqve, gv. 83.
26. iqve, gv. 57.
27. ,,iveria”, 1882, #2.
28. l. gorgilaZe. ,,qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris isto-
riidan”. Tb., 1961, gv. 193.
29. e. ninoSvili. Txzulebani. Tb., 1950, II t. gv. 276-278.
$2. sociologiuri Sexedulebebi
30. giorgi wereTeli. am drois viTareba. ,,krebuli”, 1872,
#10-12.
31. giorgi wereTeli. Cven da Cveni droeba. ,,droeba”, 1879,
#16.
32. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. Tb.,
1930, I t. gv. 143.
438
33. oqros madani. ,,sasoflo gazeTi”. 1872, #12.
34. giorgi wereTeli. Sromis moyvareoba da misi Zala.
,,sasoflo gazeTi”. 1871, #2.
35. ,,droeba”. 1871, #45.
36. giorgi wereTeli. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. I t. gv.
178.
37. iqve, gv. 81.
38. giorgi wereTeli. RvTiswyaloba. Tb., 1925, gv. 10.
39. giorgi wereTeli. gazeTi ,,iveria” da misi sapolemiko
xasiaTi. ,,kvali”, 1899 , #5.
40. И.Р. Тарханов. Нервный век. СПБ., 1906, gv. 9. 41. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №13. 42. И.Р. Тарханов. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №2. 43. И.Р. Тарханов. Нервный век. СПБ, 1906, gv. 16. 44. И.Р. Тарханов. Герой «На дне» Максима Горького с биологической
точки зрения. СПБ., 1904, gv. 5-6. 45. И.Р. Тарханов. Роль нервной системы в движении животных.
«Медицинский сборник». 1972, №14 gv.60. 46. И.Р. Тарханов. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №13. 47. И.Р. Тарханов. Свободная наука. «Знание и жизнь». 1905, №7. 48. И.Р. Тарханов. Роль нервной системы в движении животных.
«Медицинский сборник». 1872, №14, gv. 3. 49. iqve, gv. 59. 50. anton furcelaZe. kacobrioba da xalxosnoba. Tb., 1906,
gv. 23-24.
51. anton furcelaZe. ,,saqarTvelo”, Txzuleba d. baqara-
Zisa. ,,mnaTobi”, 1872, #1.
52. iqve.
53. v. vaxania. anton furcelaZis msoflmxedveloba. Tb.,
1958, gv. 111.
54. iqve.
55. anton furcelaZe. ,,saqarTvelo”, Txzuleba d. baqraZi-
sa, ,,mnaTobi’, 1872, #1.
56. anton furcelaZe (z. moene). Cveni Wkuis Zala. ,,mna-
Tobi”, 1871, #3.
57. v. vaxania. anton furcelaZis msoflmxedveloba. Tb.,
1958, gv. 120.
439
meTerTmete Tavi
qarTul-dasavluri da qarTul-rusuli filosofiuri
urTierTobani
1. «Тифлисский вестник». 1875, №110. 2. n. nikolaZe, rCeuli nawerebi. 1931, I t., gv.
3. Н. Николадзе. Освобождение Н.Г. Чернышевского. «Былое», 1906, №9, gv. 243.
4. quTaisis saxelmwifo muzeumi. kir. lorTqifaniZis arqi-
vi.
5. ,,droeba”. 1867, #35.
6. ,,mnaTobi”. 1871, #5.
7. anton furcelaZe. mamulebis sarTo mflobeloba. Tb.,
1905, gv. 29-30.
8. ilia WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 5 tomad. 2
t., gv. 607-608.
440
A History of the Georgian Philosophical Thought (19th century)
Volume Three
Summary
The third volume of a 4-volume history of the Georgian philosophical thought embraces in main the 19th century. Problems of theoretical philosophy, religious-philosophical, ethical and aesthetical problems were studied rather profoundly in Georgia of the period. Solomon Dodashvili’s and Gerasime Kikodze’s (Bishop Gabriel’s) contributions are exclusive in this respect. Both got excellent education in universities in Russia and this is reflected in their works. These works perfectly answered demands of the then progressive philosophical and psychological sciences.
During the 19th century examples of philosophical thought were rendered in scientific works and theological treatises, pedagogical theories and works of artistic creation.
Analyzing the history of the Georgian philosophical thought of the given period it is possible to single out certain key points around which Georgian philosophical and socio-political thought was formed. These points are:
1. Abolition of Kartli-Kakheti kingdom (1801) and declaration it a province of Russia. Later Russian rule expanded over Samegrelo, Imereti, Abkhazia and Guria.
2. Conspiracy of 1832 which was provoked by the existing social-political situation in Georgia, loss of state independence and struggle for its re-establishment. Exposure of the conspiracy and inflicting severe punishment on its accomplices especially on its ideologists – Solomon Dodashvili, Philadelphos Kiknadze and Solomon Razmadze.
3. Abolition of serfage in Georgia in the East Georgia – in 1864; in Kutaisi province (Imereti, Guria, Ratcha) – in 1865; in Samegrelo (Lechkhumi, Kvemo Svaneti) – in 1866; in Abkhazia – in 1870; in Svaneti – in 1871. This fact invoked diverse attitudes among the Georgian public figures.
4. Activities conducted by “Tergdaleulebi” and their importance in the process of forming Georgian philosophical and social-political thought.
441
Russian-Georgian philosophical relations which started in the second half of the 18th century and continued through the 19th century were a rather important fact as to development of the Georgian philosophical thought and mainly from the viewpoint of contacts with European culture which became possible due to Russia. At the same time, great-power politics of Russia saved nothing in order to repress Georgian spirit. An illuminating example of such politics is abolition of the century old Georgian orthodox church (in 1811 in the East Georgia, in 1814 in the West Georgia) and its transformation into one of the parishes of the Russian church. Step by step it was banned to conduct services in Georgian. Ivane Javakhishvili assessed this fact in the following way: “Thus, after 16 years from joining Georgia to Russia, Georgians are devoid of any opportunity to conduct service in their mother language at the Cathedral in the capital of Georgia where for 1499 years whole-hearted prayers were incessantly offered; neither Persians – fire worshippers and Muslims, nor Arabs, pagan Mongols or Turks have harmed more orthodox Christian ecclesiastical Georgia than the Russian authorities and clergymen appointed by them did”.
Georgians refused to submit to occupational politics of Russia and resisted it by manifestations, revolts and conspiracies. As early as in1804 Mtiuleti revolt took place, in 1810 – Imereti revolt, in 1812 – revolt of peasantry in Kakheti, in 1819-1820 – the second revolt in Imereti, in 1841 – revolt in Guria, in 1856-1857 – a large scale revolt took place in Samegrelo.
Among these events the conspiracy of 1832 in which intellectual elite of the then Georgia (Solomon Dodashvili, Philadelphos Kiknadze, Solomon Razmadze and others) and progressive members of the nobility participated is of special importance.
All these manifestations and revolts were massacred by the Russian authorities. As to the 1832 conspiracy it was unveiled and the leaders were severely punished.
“Kalmasoba” or “Khumar-stsavleba” by Ioane Batonishvili (Bagrationi) is the most important event of the 19th century Georgian philosophical thought. This work contains rather important data concerning Georgian as well as foreign theologicians, philosophers and writers (Petre Iberi, Eptvime and Giorgi Mtatsmidelis, Ephrem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi, Rustaveli, Plato, Aristotle, Porphyry, Dionysius the Areopagite, David Udzleveli, etc.).
442
At the beginning of the 19th century there were certain attempts to conduct original philosophical research in Georgia. In this respect Baram Germanozishvili’s treatise “Btchoba gonebisa” is of interest. The treatise written in Kutaisi at the beginning of the 19th century is preserved in manuscript. It consists of a preface and three parts. The treatise has Christian world outlook as its basis and ethical, social and political issues are discussed in it.
The greatest success of the 19th century Georgian philosophical thought is Solomon Dodashvili’s (1805-1835) work.
Solomon Dodashvili graduated form Petersburg university and it was there that in 1827 he published in Russian his manual “Logic”. In this book he formulated the main principles of his original philosophical outlook as well and defined the subject matter of philosophy.
Solomon Dodashvili’s “Logic” which for years was considered a model manual in universities in Russia was published only in Russian at that period. The author had prepared a Georgian version of the manual though due to certain reasons he failed to publish it. In “Logic” and in particular in the preface Solomon Dodashvili gave an outline of a comprehensive course of philosophy which he intended to fulfill in future. Even from this short outline it is clear that Solomon Dodashvili’s appearance on the stage of scientific activities was to entail a genuine revival of the Georgian philosophical thought which came to a standstill since the Middle Ages. Though this process was stopped for a certain period of time as Solomon Dodashvili was punished because of his participation in the conspiracy of 1832, he was exiled and untimely died in exile.
Solomon Dodashvili analyzed the heritage of Georgian culture from the viewpoint of philosophy and with great intuition evaluated the role and importance of works of Georgian scholars and writers for Georgia. His active participation in the conspiracy of 1832 was as well conditioned by his progressive social-political world outlook.
Apart from Solomon Dodashvili, Philadelphos Kiknadze (1793-1833) was distinguished by his philosophical thinking in the history of the Georgian philosophical thought in the first half of the 19th century. He was arrested twice: first in 1827 in Russia and for the second time in 1833 in Tbilisi for his participation in the conspiracy of 1832. He died in prison on the 5th of September, 1833. Many of his works were destroyed during his first, as well
443
as the second arrests, though several works are preserved. These are “Acti goniuri”, “Sikvaruli mamulisa” and “Godebani Ieremosni, dzisa Enaisi – khiltatuis mdgomareobasa Iveriisasa atsindelsa zeda”.
These works by Philadelphos Kiknadze, especially the second and the third ones are first of all moral-political treatises which are based on patriotic considerations. The author, on the one hand, formulates principles of moral and, on the other hand, renders his political views which present him as an advocate of a powerful and centralized state. According to him a kind monarch, king is to rule such a state.
As to “Acti goniuri” there is, in fact, a plan of activities for the conspiracy of 1832 formulated in it. The fact that “Acti goniuri” served the aims of the conspiracy is clearly seen from a secret paragraph given in it according to which every member was to keep the secret, not to communicate it to any other person save the one whom he would decide to make a member.
A very important phenomenon in the history of the 19th century Georgian philosophical thought was the contribution made by bishop Gabriel – (Gerasime Kikodze) (1825-1896). Gerasime Kikodze’s activities can be conditionally divided into two parts: the first part when he conducted pure scientific research work in result of which he in 1858 published a scientific work in psychology “Foundations of Experimental Psychology” in (Russian) which was used as a manual in the Russian seminaries and the second part which embraces his practical activities during the period of his episcopacy in Imereti (1860-1896). His preaches and speeches uttered by him during his episcopacy were published in Georgian (1865 – v. I, II; 1884-1885); in English (1867); in Russian (1893).
“Foundations of Experimental Psychology” turned out to be an important event in the scientific spheres in Russia. This book was accepted as a manual in collages and universities of Russia. In this work Gerasime Kikodze attempted to establish psychology as a science not on a contemplative basis but on data obtained via observation of the empirical experience. But according to the author this does not mean that “psychology is replaced by physiology”.
The subject of Gerasime Kikodze’s preaches is man’s relation to God. Kikodze uses the New Testament as a basis in his analysis of this problem and gives comprehensive and original interpretation of the corresponding passages of the New Testament.
444
Due to his theoretical-scientific as well as practical (ethical viewpoints elaborated in his preaches) activities, Gerasime Kikodze is an important representative of the Georgian philosophical thought in the second half of the 19th century.
Georgian Romanticism (Alexandre Chavchavadze, Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili) was a rather significant phenomenon in the 19th century Georgian literature. Georgian Romanticism, in main, expressed the principal ideas of Romanticism generally, though at the same time the problem of man acquired special importance (especially in Nikoloz Baratashvili’s works).
Beginning from the 60s of the 19th century a new wave of Georgian young people went to Russia to get higher education. The place of “Tergdaleulebi” is special among them as their main aim was liberation of their country. The leader of this movement was Ilia Chavchavadze.
The concept of “Tergdaleulebi” implies ideological and political struggle which began in the 60s of the 19th century and played the decisive role for almost half a century in the life of the nation. The concept “Tergdaleulebi” was used earlier in Georgia though after the conspiracy of 1832 failed it was used to denote those Georgians who got education in Russia and therefore lost contacts with their homeland.
Though it is more precise to say that among those Georgians who got education in Russia in 60s the concept “Tergdaleulebi” acquired a new content. In particular, those Georgians who got education in 60s drew a boundary between themselves and “Rusetume” (those Georgians who preferred Russian language and culture) and set service to their country as their primary objective. These ideas were shared by Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Niko Nikoladze, Giorgi Tsereteli, Kirile Lortkipanidze and others. Among the “Tergdaleulebi” there were such persons who did not get education in Russia but were ready to serve the national interests and supported Ilia Chavchavadze.
To be a “Tergdaleuli” did not mean only that one got education in Russia. Later this concept acquired serious national content and was used in relation to those Georgians whose utmost objective was service of their country.
The most urgent aim of the ,,Tergdaleulebi” was adoption of the progressive European ideas to the Georgian reality and in doing so they strived to find ways to save the country and achieve finally its independence.
445
It was a patriotic movement of the Georgians who got education in Russia. The main body of the movement remained faithful to their ideals.
In the second half of the 19th century social-political movements whose main and uppermost objective was to overthrow the existing regime were formed. This objective united people of different nations and countries therefore homeland and its interests as such were not valid for them. Such movements were: Narodism (since the 70s of the 19th c.), the first social-democratic organization “Mesame dasi” (1892) and anarchism (beginning of the 20th century). The main objective of the first as well as the second and the third movements was replacement of the existing Russian regime and establishment of such state order which would be in accordance with their political platform. Though national problems were not strange for the Georgian anarchists and this fact determined specificity of anarchism in Georgia.
Georgian Narodians, as well as social-democrats and Bolsheviks in the later period, in fact, acted according to the main principle of Russian Narodians. They borrowed from Russian narodians (Lavrov, Bakunin, Tkachov) such ideas as necessity to overthrough the government, decisive role of the peasantry, strengthening of the role on intelligentsia, organization of cooperative institutions in villages, etc.
The history of the Georgian philosophical thought in the second half of the 19th century is marked by variety of aspects. Alongside with the above mentioned philosophical-theoretical, social-political and patriotic problems, purely philosophical problems of natural sciences, ethical and aesthetical problems received serious attention. Works of the Georgian writers of the second half of the 19th century are of great interest in this respect. The world outlook of Ivane Tarknishvili, a famous Georgian physiologist who worked in Peterburg should be discussed within this period.
Philosophical ideas and, in particular, ethical, aesthetical and socio-political views occupy an important place in works of the Georgian writers who worked in the second half of the 19th century (Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Iacob Gogebashvili, Giorgi Tsereteli, Vazha Pshavela, Anton Purtseladze, etc.). The Georgian writers of this period did not compose philosophical treatises and theories. As to their philosophical ideas and viewpoints they are given in their literary and publicist works.
446
Philosophical relationships are of special importance if the essence of national philosophy and philosophical thought of this period is to be understood. In this respect the 19th century is no exception either. During the period the existing tradition was carried on, Russian-Georgian relations became more intense. At the same time institutes and higher schools of Russia turned in fact into the arena for creative work of young Georgians. If at the beginning of the period there were just few instances of it, the process became rather common in the second half of the 19th century.
Georgian scholars’ philosophical interrelations were various in the 19th century. These interrelations were not confined only to translations of works of foreign authors but implied study and assimilation of their viewpoints. Therefore Georgian scholars underwent certain world outlook influence. In this respect Georgian scholars communicated not only with Russian but with the Western thought as well.
Philosophical interrelations with Russia and the West in the 19th century played a positive role in development of Georgian culture and philosophy as well. By the end of the 19th century purely philosophical works were written. The author of these works was Archil Jorjadze. A. Jorjadze stands at the origins of new Georgian philosophical thought which was followed by a strong progression in the 20th century. The century old tradition of Georgian philosophy which almost faded in the 13-17th centuries, revived in the 18th century and sufficiently developed in the 19th century was successfully and on a high level continued by Shalva Nutsubidze, Dimitri Uznadze, Sergi Danelia, Mose Gogiberidze and others in the 20th century.
447
pirTa saZiebeli
a
aaroni - 333
abaSiZe k. – 130, 438
abzianiZe g. – 81, 105, 422
ainStaini a. - 32, 73
aleqsandre mesame - 369
aleqsandre pirveli - 6
amilaxvari a. – 361
anTelava i. – 417
ansilioni J.p. - 406
anton pirveli (anton
kaTolikosi) - 15,25, 48,
54, 64, 71, 72, 74, 111, 425
aristotele - 33, 34, 53 - 55,
73, 74, 91, 101, 206, 256, 257,
344
arsen iyalToeli - 108
arqimandriti gabrieli
(voskresenski) - 102
asaTiani l. – 423
b
bagrationi daviT (daviT
batoniSvili) - 3, 9, 19, 27,
47 – 67, 72, 406, 419
bagrationi Teimuraz
(Teimuraz batoniSvili)
– 8, 9, 10, 19
bagrationi i. – 32
bagrationi ioane (ioane
batoniSvili) -3, 9, 11, 19,
27, 30, 66, 69, 71 – 75, 406,
419, 420
bagrationi p. - 219
baironi j.- 141, 190, 320, 324,
331, 341
bakunini m. - 22, 408
baraTaSvili n. – 19, 23, 24,
116, 118, 131 - 134, 136, 138,
139, 141 - 143, 192, 213, 284,
285, 284, 318, 319 - 321, 331,
332, 350
basili kesarieli (didi) –
55, 424 - 426
bastia - 389
baumaisteri q.r. - 72
baqraZe d. - 71, 433, 440
baqraZe k. – 13, 26
bekoni f. - 18, 97, 101, 198, 234
belinski b. - 218, 339, 370, 407
bereliZe i. – 10
berkli j. - 370
bernari klod - 255
berne - 370
berZeniSvili n. - 417
berZniSvili m. – 114, 422
biuxneri l. - 223, 411, 414
blani l. - 408. 410, 411
bludovi d. – 113
bokli h. - 414
bolardo - 370
bolqvaZe n. – 208.
boWoriSvili a. – 19, 81, 417
buaCiZe T. – 19, 418
bule - 98
448
g
gabiZaSvili o. – 81
galenosi - 256, 257
galeri a. - 257
galilei g. - 97, 406
galiCi a. – 98, 99, 104
gamsaxurdia k. – 25
gamyreliZe a. – 369
gawerelia a. – 423
germanoziSvili b. - 13
gerceni a.- 80, 246, 407, 408 (?)
giorgi mTawmideli - 11
gogebaSvili i. – 3, 18, 19, 23,
180, 209 - 220, 417, 425, 430,
431
gogelia S. – 22
gogiberiZe m. – 26, 141, 307
gogiCaiSvili f. – 385.
gogoli n. – 339, 340
goeTe – 141, 143, 324.
gozaliSvili g. –190, 417
golci a. - 255
gorgilaZe l. - 182, 183, 388,
439
gorki m. – 269, 399
griboedovi a. – 362
guramiSvili d. – 132
d
daviTaSvili S. -22, 370, 439
daviT uZleveli (daviT
anhaRTi) - 11, 72
dalamberi S. - 27, 155
danelia s. – 26
dante aligieri – 71, 141.
darvini C. - 190, 237, 249, - 251,
260, 370, 389, 394, 403
dedabriSvili g. – 420
dekarti - 53, 54, 56
demokrite - 257
didro d. - 27, 155
dilTai v. – 125, 424
diubua-reimoni - 263, 415
diuma a. – 254
dobroliubovi n. - 17, 426,
370
dodaSvili s. – 1, - 4, 7 - 9, 13 -
15, 30, 37, 39, 42, 46, 76 - 82,
85 - 113, 116, 133 - 138, 142,
144, 284, 417, 420 - 422, 424 -
426
dode a. – 408
dreperi h. - 253, 403
e
evgeniZe i. – 424
eileri l. – 406
ekaterine meore - 212, 284
empedokle - 66
engelsi - 385
epikure - 257
erekle meore - 71, 114, 122,
212, 318
erisTavi d. - 326
efrem mcire - 257
eqvTime mTawmideli - 11, 108
449
v
vagneri - 191
vakenroderi vilhelm - 144
vaJa-fSavela - 19, 23, 24, 286,
299, 301, 302, 304, 306, 307,
351, 353, 354 - 360, 435, 436,
438
vaxania v. – 433, 440
vaxtang batoniSvli - 362
vaxtang meeqvse - 8, 111, 318
vaxuSti batoniSvili - 8, 111,
216
verSCagini uf. – 432
viko J. b.- 122, 123
volski g. – 385
volteri - 27, 39, 46, 121, 155,
406
volfi qr.- 65
z
zdanoviCi - ix. maiaSvili g.
zenkovski v. – 33, 98, 421
T
TarxniSvili i. – 3, 19, 23, 24,
219, 238, 239, 253 - 283, 396 -
402, 411, 415, 416, 432, 434
TevzaZe g. – 422, 425
Teofilaqte - 12
Teofile - 108
TumaniSvili m. – 133
i
iaSvili p. – 420
ilarion qarTveli - 108
imedaZe i. – 19, 418
ingoroyva p. – 108, 181
ioane - (,,wmida mama ioane“) -
108
ioane bodbeli - 76
ioane damaskeli - 55, 90
ioane Teofilaqte - 11
ioane petriwi - 13,108 - 110,
171
ioseb samebeli - 216
ioseliani e. - 370
iremaZe T. – 423
isarliSvili i. – 222
iumi - 279, 415
k
kalandariSvili g. - 421
kanti - 87,89 -91, 94, 95, 98 -
100, 101, 135, 142, 160, 161,
246, 247, 257, 274, 277, 280,
415, 421, 425
kapaneli k. – 26, 321
kacitaZe k. – 81, 102 - 104, 114,
121, 422, 424, 426
kekeliZe k. – 418 - 420, 435
kepleri i. - 406
450
keteli a. – 268
kiknaZe f. – 7 - 9, 13, 15, 16, 417
kirkegori s. – 423
kiuevie J. - 389
klarki - 31, 32, 42, 418
kobiaSvili e. – 80
kovalevski m. – 208
kolubovski e. – 100
kondiliaki e.- 28, 72, 75, 406,
407
konti o. – 370, 373
koperniki n. - 64, 74
kukava T. – 81, 417, 420, 425
l
lavrovi p. - 22, 370
laibnici - 31, 32, 42, 47, 54, 58
lametri J. - 240
laplasi p.- 248
lasali z. - 370
lafargi p. – 807
lenini – 183, 186, 187, 189
lermontovi m. – 132
lesingi - 190
lodii p. d. – 98, 99
loki j. - 50, 158, 270, 271
lomonosovi m. – 65
lorTqifaniZe k. – 20, 441
losevi a. – 25
m
mabli g. - 362
maiaSvili g. (zdanoviCi) – 22,
369, 374 - 376, 378 - 380, 382,
384, 439
malTusi T. - 389
mamuliSvili i. – 11
mansvetaSvili i. – 373, 414,
439
mariam dedofali - 39
marqsi – 182, 370, 378, 381, 385,
388, 389, 394, 408
maxaraZe m.– 5, 19, 218, 425
maxaraZe f. – 180, 181
mgalobliSvili s. – 22,
368,369, 373, 439
megreliZe k. – 26
meliqiSvili g. – 185, 186, 429
mendeleevi d. – 227
meunargia i. – 425
mili j. s. – 226, 414
miuleri 257, 274 - 276, 415
moleSoti i. - 223, 411, 414,
431
monteskie S. - 67, 199, 362, 404,
406, 407
mWedliSvili l. - 421
mWedliZe e. (bosleveli) –
380, 381, 385
n
napoleoni, bonaparti – 38,
124
natroSvili g. – 423
nikolaZe n. – 3, 9, 21, 23, 24,
132, 209, 222, 286, 311, 314,
315, 318, 322, 336 - 341, 345,
451
346, 384, 407 - 410, 414, 424,
436 - 438, 441
nikoloz pirveli - 123, 423
ninoSvili e. – 22, 362, 385 -
390, 394, 395, 412, 439
niutoni i. 31, 32, 42, 59, 406
nicSe fr. – 135, 321, 422, 423
novalisi - 120, 125, 140
nucubiZe S. – 11, 13, 25, 26, 102,
103, 417, 421, 425
o
okeni - 98
orbeliani gr. – 19, 116, 124,
125, 128 - 130, 131, 134, 423,
425
orbeliani d. – 111
orbeliani v. – 111
orbeliani i. – 125
orbeliani s. s. – 29, 64, 72, 111
ordeevi gr. – 112
oueni r. - 370, 373, 410, 413
p
parkaZe v. – 47, 65, 419
parmenide - 28
pasteri l. - 256
petre iberi - 11
pisarevi d. - 370, 407, 414
platoni - 11, 127, 141
pleSCevi a. - 218
plexanovi g. – 385, 388
polevoi n. – 420
popiaSvili a. – 423
porfiri (porfiriosi) - 406
prokle - 13, 406
prudoni p. u. - 370, 373, 409
ptolemeosi - 74
puSkini a. – 130, 141, 327
J
Jordania n. – 22, 180, 386, 387, 389
r
radlovi e. – 100, 102
razmaZe s. – 7, 8
ramiSvili i. – 386
ratiani p. – 182
reviSvili S. – 424
repini i.- 398
rusTaveli (SoTa
rusTaveli) – 11, 141, 204,
330, 335
rusia g. – 420
ruso Jan-Jak - 11, 27, 122, 370
s
sen-simoni k. - 370,773, 410, 411,
413
seCenovi i. m. – 238, 253, 254,
255, 256, 411, 416
skoti v. - 424
452
smiti a. - 370
sobolSCikovi k. – 229, 240,
412
sokrate - 36
spenseri h. – 258, 370, 373, 374,
403
spinoza - 27, 34, 246, 247
surgulaZe a. – 20, 22, 418
surgulaZe i. – 366, 438, 439
t
teni i. - 190
tiki l. – 125, 144
tindali j. – 432
titovi g. – 420
titovi v. – 144
tkaCovi p. - 22
tolandi j. - 60
toroSeliZe m. – 181, 428
turgenevi i. 246
u
uznaZe d. – 26
f
faliaSvili z. – 209
farnavaz batoniSvili - 10
fixte i. g. – 95, 98, 99, 102, 103,
127, 136, 246, 247, 381
florovski - 370
fogti k. - 370, 414
fsevdo-dionise areopageli
- 11
furie S. - 370, 373, 410, 411,
413
furcelaZe a. – 19, 23, 24, 245 -
253, 347 - 349, 362, 402 - 405,
412 - 414, 433, 440, 441
q
qiqoZe gerasime (gabriel
episkoposi) - 3, 4, 16 - 19,
246 - 152, 154, 155, 157 - 162,
166, 169 - 175, 177, 417, 418,
426, 427
qriste (ieso qriste) - 170
quTelia a. – 420
R
RoRoberiZe n. – 222
y
yifSiZe g. – 388
453
S
Sadi i. g. – 99, 102, 103, 104
Sarko J. - 255
SevCenko t. – 186
Selingi - 98, 99, 102, 104, 125 -
128, 134, 135, 246, 247
Seqspiri – 71, 141, 190, 214,
331
Slegeli a. - 124, 127, 128, 135
Slegeli f. - 116, 124 - 129,
131, 135
Sopenhaueri a. – 135
C
CerniSevski n. – 186, 222, 246,
339, 345, 346, 370, 407, 408,
410, 412 - 414
CerqeziSvili v. – 22, 26
CikoiZe m. – 369
c
ciciSvili a. – 369
cxakaia m. – 22, 385, 386
cSoke h. – 424
w
wereTeli a. – 19 - 21, 23, 24,
209, 322, 330 - 332, 335, 336,
345, 346, 350, 407, 437
wereTeli g. – 20 - 24, 222 - 227,
229 - 245, 249, 322, 333, 342 -
344, 346, 349, 362, 384, 388,
390 - 395, 405, 407, 410 - 412,
431 - 433, 437 - 440
wereTeli m. – 22
wereTeli s. – 13, 26
W
WavWavaZe a. – 19, 116 – 123, 125,
423, 425.
WavWavaZe i. – 3, 4, 9, 18 - 24, 76,
78, 114, 117, 170, 176, 179 -
204, 207 - 209, 246, 286, 290 -
296, 322 - 330, 340, 350, 354,
358, 359, 373, 381 - 384, 388,
393, 396, 407, 414, 424, 428 -
430, 435, 437, 441
WilaSvili i. – 362, 438, 439
WiWinaZe z. – 14, 71, 107, 417,
420, 422
WonqaZe d. – 349
WrelaSvili s. – 22
WumburiZe j. – 423
454
x
xelaSvili i. – 3, 9, 12, 19, 27 -
47, 66, 76, 81, 82, 98, 286 -
290, 418, 435
xidaSeli S. – 25, 184 - 187,
190, 425.
xizaniSvili n. – 385.
xundaZe s. – 384.
xuciSvili s. – 81, 421.
j
jabadari i. – 22, 198, 362, 369,
385
javaxiSvili iv. – 12, 25, 114
jiblaZe s. – 386
jorjaZe a. – 26
h
harvi u. - 256
hegeli – 127, 190, 246, 247, 324,
328
heksli j. - 370
helveciusi k. - 155
helmholci - 255, 274, 276,
279, 415, 416
holbaxi p. - 60, 61
homerosi - 71, 190
hope-zieleri - 255
Архимандитр Гавриил (Герасиме
Кикодзе) - 426. Брокгауз - 434 Воскренский Г. - 420. Горъкий М. – 440. Декарт – 411 Джавахов И. - 417. Ефрон – 434. Жари Де Манси А. - 421. Зенъковский В. – 421 Каландаришвили Г.– 420. Кобзар В. – 241.
Колубовский Я. – 420. Лейкфелъд П. – 420. Николадзе Н. - 41б, 446. Орбели И А. – 419. Палъм Г. – 438. Половцов А. – 421 Радлов Э. – 420. Тарханов И. – 434. Церетели Г. – 438. Чернишевский Н. – 441. Шлегелъ Ф. – 423, 424.
455
Aristotle - 443 Bakunin M. - 447 Baratashvili N. - 446 Chavchavadze A. - 446, 447 .Chavchavadze I. - 446, 447 Danelia S. - 448 David Udzleveli – 443
Dionysius the Areopagite – 443
Dodashvili S. - 442, 443, 444 Efrem Mtsire - 443 Eptvime Mtatsmideli – 443 Gadamer H.G.- 424 Germanozishvili B. – 444 Giorgi Mtatsmideli- 443 Gogebashvili I. – 447 .Gogiberidze M. – 448 Ioane Batonishvili – 443 Ioane Petritsi – 443 Javakhishvili I. – 443 Jorjadze A. – 448 Kiknadze Ph.- 442, 443, 444, 445 .Kikodze G. - 442, 445, 446
Lavrov P. – 447 Lortkipanidze K.– 446 Nikoladze N. – 446 Nutsubidze Sh. – 448 Novalias – 223 Orbeliani G. - 446 Petre Iberi – 443 Plato – 443 Porphyry – 443 Purtseladze A. – 447 Razmadze S. – 442 Rustaveli (Shota Rustaveli) – 443 Schad I.- 421 Schlegel F. - 423 Schlegel W. - 423 Schleiermacher F.- 423 Tarkhnishvili I. – 447 Tkachov P.– 447 Tsereteli A. - 446, 447 Tsereteli G.- 446, 447 Uznadze D. – 448 Vazha-Pshavela – 447
456
s a r C e v i
winaTqma (m. maxaraZe) 3
pirveli Tavi
XIX saukunis qarTuli filosofiuri azris
Taviseburebani (m. maxaraZe) 6
meore Tavi
qarTuli filosofiuri azri XVIII-XIX saukuneTa
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1. iona xelaSvilis filosofiuri
M msoflmxedveloba 27
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4. iona xelaSvilis religiuri Sexedulebebi 40
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3. Semecnebis unarebi, Semecnebis procesi 83
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457
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$2. anton furcelaZe 243
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merve Tavi
eTikuri Sexedulebebi XIX saukunis saqarTveloSi
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meaTe Tavi
social politikuri da sociologiuri azri
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